Airports:total: 104with paved runways over 3 047 m: 17with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 19with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 12with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 18with paved runways under 914 m: 28with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 8 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 6.89 million (1990 est.)
Telephone system: fair domestic and international systemsdomestic: trunk microwave radio relay network; limited open-wirenetworkinternational: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (AtlanticOcean), 1 Eutelsat, and 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Atlantic Oceanregions); 1 submarine cable
Radio broadcast stations: AM 15, FM 94, shortwave 0
Radios: 9.4 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 357
Televisions: 10.53 million (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and NavalInfantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:males age 15-49: 16,937,828males fit for military service: 10,312,010males reach military age (20) annually: 637,456 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.0 billion, 4%of GDP (1995); note - figures do not include about $7 billion forthe government's counterinsurgency effort against the separatistKurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
======================================================================
@Turkmenistan ——————
Map —-
Location: 40 00 N, 60 00 E — Central Asia, bordering the CaspianSea, between Iran and Kazakstan
Flag ——
Description: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret vertical stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet guls (an asymmetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls
Geography ————-
Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iranand Kazakstan
Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 60 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area:total area: 488,100 sq kmland area: 488,100 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:total: 3,736 kmborder countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakstan 379 km,Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline: 0 kmnote: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined
Climate: subtropical desert
Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west lowest point: Sarygamysh Koli -110 m highest point: Ayrybaba 3,139 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt
Land use:arable land: 2%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 69%forest and woodland: 0%other: 29%
Irrigated land: 12,450 sq km (1990)
Environment:current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater withagricultural chemicals, pesticides; salinization, water-logging ofsoil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution;diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya intoirrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish theAral Sea; desertificationnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Ozone Layer Protection; signed,but not ratified - Climate Change, Desertification
Geographic note: landlocked
People ———
Population: 4,149,283 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 39% (male 826,637; female 804,385)15-64 years: 56% (male 1,154,415; female 1,188,173)65 years and over: 5% (male 65,447; female 110,226) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.82% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 29.12 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 8.89 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 81.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.48 years male: 56.68 years female: 66.52 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.62 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Turkmen(s) adjective: Turkmen
Ethnic divisions: Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazak 2%, other 5.9%
Religions: Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2%
Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)total population: 98%male: 99%female: 97%
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: none local short form: Turkmenistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Data code: TX
Type of government: republic
Capital: Ashgabat
Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from welayat name
Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990,when the first direct presidential election occured) was elected toa five-year term by universal suffrage; election last held 21 June1992 (next to be held NA 2002); results - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5%(ran unopposed); note - a 15 January 1994 referendum extendedNIYAZOV's term an additional five years until 2002 (99.99% approval)head of government: Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime MinistersMukhamed ABALAKOV (since NA), Babamurad BAZAROV (since NA), HekimISHANOV (since NA), Valeriy OTCHERTSOV (since NA), Yagmur OVEZOV(since NA), Matkarim RAJAPOV (since NA), Pirkuly ODEYEV (since NA),Rejep SAPAROV (since NA), Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA), BatyrSARJAYEV (since NA), Amannazar ILAMANOV (since NA), Ilaman SHYKHYYEV(since NA) were appointed by the presidentcabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the presidentnote: NIYAZOV has been asked by various local groups, most recentlyon 26 October 1995 at the annual elders meeting, to be "presidentfor life," but that would require an amendment to the constitution
Legislative branch: under the 1992 constitution, there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis) Assembly (Majlis): elections last held 11 December 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (50 total) Democratic Party 45, other 5; note - all 50 preapproved by President NIYAZOV
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat NIYAZOV; Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMEDOV, chairman; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, cochairman note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries
International organization participation: CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE,ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat(nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE,PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Halil UGURchancery: 1511 K Street NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20005telephone: [1] (202) 737-4800FAX: [1] (202) 737-1152
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Michael W. COTTERembassy: 9 Pushkin Street, Ashgabatmailing address: use embassy street addresstelephone: [7] (3632) 35-00-45, 35-00-46, 35-00-42, Tie Line [8]962-0000FAX: [7] (3632) 51-13-05
Flag: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret vertical stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet guls (an asymmetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton making it the world's tenth largest producer. It also has the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas and substantial oil resources. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. The economy remained depressed through 1995 while inflation soared. Furthermore, with an authoritarian ex-communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. For 1996, Turkmenistan will face continuing constraints on its earnings because of its customers' inability to pay for their gas and a below average cotton crop in 1995. Turkmenistan is working hard to open new gas export channels through Iran and Turkey, but these will take many years to realize.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $11.5 billion (1995 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1994)
GDP real growth rate: -10% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $2,820 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 32.5% industry: 33.4% services: 34.1% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% monthly average (1994 est.)
Labor force: 1.642 million (January 1994) by occupation: agriculture and forestry 44%, industry and construction 20%, other 36% (1992)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
Industrial production growth rate: -7% (1995)
Electricity: capacity: 2,480,000 kW production: 9.8 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1995)
Agriculture: cotton, grain; livestock
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe
Exports: $1.9 billion to states outside the FSU (1995)commodities: natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, electricity,textiles, carpetspartners: Ukraine, Russia, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia,Azerbaijan, Armenia, Eastern Europe, Turkey, Argentina
Imports: $777 million from states outside the FSU (1995) commodities: machinery and parts, grain and food, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles partners: Russia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Turkey
External debt: $400 million (of which $275 million to Russia) (1995 est.)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $10 million (1993) note: commitments, $1,830 million ($375 million drawn), 1992-95
Currency: Turkmenistan introduced its national currency, themanat, on 1 November 1993
Exchange rates: manats per US$1 - 2,400 (January 1996)note: government established a unified rate in mid-January 1996
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways:total: 2,120 km in common carrier service; does not includeindustrial linesbroad gauge: 2,120 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
Highways:total: 23,000 kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km (1990 est.)
Waterways: the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway
Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km
Ports: Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnowodsk)
Airports:total: 64with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 13with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 8with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 7with unpaved runways under 914 m: 35 (1994 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: NA
Telephone system: poorly developeddomestic: NAinternational: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to otherCIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to theMoscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link fromAshgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabatswitches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat;satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - thereis at least one state-owned radio broadcast station of NA type
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: NA
Televisions: NA
Defense ———-
Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense, Republic Security Forces(internal and border troops), National Guard
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 1,024,398 males fit for military service: 834,803 males reach military age (18) annually: 41,697 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: 4.5 billion manats, 3.0% of GDP (1995); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
======================================================================
@Turks and Caicos Islands ————————————
(dependent territory of the UK)
Map —-
Location: 21 45 N, 71 35 W — Caribbean, two island groups in theNorth Atlantic Ocean, southeast of The Bahamas
Flag ——
Description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
Geography ————-
Location: Caribbean, two island groups in the North AtlanticOcean, southeast of The Bahamas
Geographic coordinates: 21 45 N, 71 35 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total area: 430 sq kmland area: 430 sq kmcomparative area: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 389 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Blue Hills 49 m
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
Land use:arable land: 2%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 0%forest and woodland: 0%other: 98%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, privatecisterns collect rainwaternatural hazards: frequent hurricanesinternational agreements: NA
Geographic note: 30 islands (eight inhabited)
People ———
Population: 14,302 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 2.14% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 12.85 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.15 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 13.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: NA male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: NA male(s)/female15-64 years: NA male(s)/female65 years and over: NA male(s)/femaleall ages: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: 12.57 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.4 years male: 73.46 years female: 77.07 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.86 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: none adjective: none
Ethnic divisions: African
Religions: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%,Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)
Languages: English (official)
Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970 est.)total population: 98%male: 99%female: 98%
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands
Data code: TK
Type of government: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Grand Turk
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986,restored and revised 5 March 1988
Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a smallnumber adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the United Kingdom since 6February 1953) is a hereditary monarch, represented by GovernorMartin BOURKE (since NA February 1993) who was appointed by the queenhead of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31 January1995) was appointed by the governorcabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members andfive appointed by the governor from the Legislative Council
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council: elections last held 31 January 1995 (next to be held by NA 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PDM 8, PNP 4, independent (Norman SAUNDERS) 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Progressive National Party (PNP),Washington MISSICK; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Derek H.TAYLOR; United Democratic Party (UDP), Wendal SWANN
International organization participation: Caricom (associate),CDB, Interpol (subbureau)
Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of theUK)
US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
Economy ———-
Economic overview: The Turks and Caicos economy is based on tourism, fishing, and offshore financial services. Most food for domestic consumption is imported; there is some subsistence farming - mainly corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - on the Caicos Islands. The tourism sector expanded in 1995, posting a 10% increase in the first quarter as compared to the same period in 1994. The US was the leading source of tourists in 1995, accounting for upward of 70% of arrivals or about 60,000 visitors. Major sources of government revenue include fees from offshore financial activities and customs receipts as the Islands rely on imports for nearly all consumption and capital goods.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $80.8 million (1992 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -1.5% (1992 est.)
GDP per capita: $6,000 (1992 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: 4,848 (1990 est.) by occupation: majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence agriculture
Unemployment rate: 12% (1992)
Budget:revenues: $31.9 million (1995)expenditures: $30.4 million (1995), including capital expendituresof $NA
Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity: capacity: 9,050 kW production: 11.1 million kWh consumption per capita: 860 kWh (1992)
Agriculture: corn, beans; fish
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US
Exports: $6.8 million (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells partners: US, UK
Imports: $42.8 million (1993) commodities: food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials partners: US, UK
External debt: $NA
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 121 km paved: 24 km unpaved: 97 km
Ports: Grand Turk, Providenciales
Merchant marine: none
Airports:total: 7with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 1,359 (1988 est.)
Telephone system: fair cable and radiotelephone servicesdomestic: NAinternational: 2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 7,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: television programs are available from a cable network, and broadcasts from the Bahamas can be received in the islands
Televisions: NA
Defense ———-
Defense note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
======================================================================
@Tuvalu ———
Map —-
Location: 8 00 S, 178 00 E — Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia
Flag ——
Description: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
Geography ————-
Location: Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 S, 178 00 E
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 26 sq kmland area: 26 sq kmcomparative area: 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 24 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March toNovember); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 5 m
Natural resources: fish
Land use:arable land: 0%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 0%forest and woodland: 0%other: 100%note: Tuvalu's nine coral atolls have enough soil to grow coconutsand support subsistence agriculture
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: since there are no streams or rivers and groundwateris not potable, all water needs must be met by catchment systemswith storage facilities; beachhead erosion because of the use ofsand for building materials; excessive clearance of forestundergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spreadof the crown of thorns starfishnatural hazards: severe tropical storms are rareinternational agreements: party to - Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
People ———
Population: 10,146 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 36% (male 1,865; female 1,798)15-64 years: 59% (male 2,831; female 3,162)65 years and over: 5% (male 227; female 263) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.51% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 23.95 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 8.87 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.34 years male: 62.15 years female: 64.59 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Tuvaluan(s) adjective: Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian 96%
Religions: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-DayAdventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%
Languages: Tuvaluan, English
Literacy: NA
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tuvalu former: Ellice Islands
Data code: TV
Type of government: democracy; began debating republic status in 1992
Capital: Funafuti
Administrative divisions: none
Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
Constitution: 1 October 1978
Legal system: NA
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) is ahereditary monarch, represented by Governor General Manuella TULAGA(since NA June 1994) who was appointed by the queen onrecommendation of the prime ministerhead of government: Prime Minister Kamuta LATASI (since 10 December1993) and Deputy Prime Minister Otinielu TAUSI (since 10 December1993) were elected by and from the members of Parliamentcabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the governor general onrecommendation of the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Fale I Fono): members elected for four-year terms; elections last held 25 November 1993 (next to be held by NA 1997); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) independents 12
Judicial branch: High Court
Political parties and leaders: none
International organization participation: ACP, AsDB, C (special),ESCAP, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UNESCO,UPU, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US: Tuvalu does not have an embassyin the US
US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in ======================================================================
@Uganda ———
Map —-
Location: 1 00 N, 32 00 E — Eastern Africa, west of Kenya
Flag ——
Description: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side
Geography ————-
Location: Eastern Africa, west of Kenya
Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 32 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 236,040 sq kmland area: 199,710 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:total: 2,698 kmborder countries: Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km,Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m highest point: Margherita (Mount Stanley) 5,110 m
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt
Land use:arable land: 23%permanent crops: 9%meadows and pastures: 25%forest and woodland: 30%other: 13%
Irrigated land: 90 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: draining of wetlands for agricultural use;deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching is widespreadnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but notratified - Desertification, Environmental Modification
Geographic note: landlocked
People ———
Population: 20,158,176 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 50% (male 5,006,615; female 4,972,831)15-64 years: 48% (male 4,842,908; female 4,874,471)65 years and over: 2% (male 231,156; female 230,195) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.24% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 45.92 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 20.72 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.) note: Uganda is host to refugees from a number of neighboring countries, including Zaire, Sudan, and Rwanda; probably in excess of 100,000 southern Sudanese fled to Uganda during the past year; many of the 8,000 Rwandans who took refuge in Uganda have returned home
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1 male(s)/femaleall ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 99.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 40.29 years male: 39.98 years female: 40.6 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.61 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Ugandan(s)adjective: Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso8%, Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro3%, Batobo 3%, European, Asian, Arab 1%, other 23%
Religions: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%,indigenous beliefs 18%
Languages: English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages,Nilotic languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 61.8%male: 73.7%female: 50.2%
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: Republic of Uganda conventional short form: Uganda
Data code: UG
Type of government: republic
Capital: Kampala
Administrative divisions: 39 districts; Apac, Arua, Bundibugyo,Bushenyi, Gulu, Hoima, Iganga, Jinja, Kabale, Kabarole, Kalangala,Kampala, Kamuli, Kapchorwa, Kasese, Kibale, Kiboga, Kisoro, Kitgum,Kotido, Kumi, Lira, Luwero, Masaka, Masindi, Mbale, Mbarara, Moroto,Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nebbi, Ntungamo, Pallisa, Rakai,Rukungiri, Soroti, Tororo
Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
Constitution: 8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-memberConstituent Assembly, charged with debating the draft constitutionthat had been proposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly wasdissolved on promulgation of the constitution in October 1995
Legal system: in 1995, the government restored the legal system toone based on English common law and customary law and reinstituted anormal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, withreservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (sinceseizing power 29 January 1986); election last held 9 May 1996 (nextto be held NA); results - Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 74%, Paul K.SSEMOGERERE 24%, Muhammad MAYANJA 2%; note - this was the firstpopular direct presidential election since independence in 1962head of government: Prime Minister Kintu MUSOKE (since 18 November1994);cabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameralNational Assembly: elections last held in 1980; note - the NationalAssembly was dissolved in July 1985 following a military coup andwas succeeded on 1 February 1986 by the interim National ResistanceCouncil, initially consisting of 23 appointed members, but byearly-1989 enlarged to 278 members, of whom 210 were indirectlyelected; the National Resistance Council, which had served asUganda's acting legislature for more than 10 years, was dissolved on15 June 1996 to prepare for the popular election of a newlegislature on 27 June 1996 in keeping with the provisions of thenew constitution
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal; High Court
Political parties and leaders: only officially recognized party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI note: Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), Joshua S. MAYANJA-NKANGI continue to exist but the new constitution confirms the suspension of political party activity until 2001
Other political or pressure groups: Lord's Resistance Army (LRA);West Nile Bank Front (WNBF)
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB,ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO(correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULIchancery: 5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011telephone: [1] (202) 726-7100 through 7102, 0416FAX: [1] (202) 726-1727
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador E. Michael SOUTHWICK embassy: Parliament Avenue, Kampala mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala telephone: [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795 FAX: [256] (41) 259794
Flag: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government - with the support of foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-94, the economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, and gradually improving domestic security. The economy again prospered in 1995 with rapid growth, low inflation, growing foreign investment, a trimmed bureaucracy, and the continued return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $16.8 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 7.1% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $900 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 55% industry: 12% services: 33% (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.1% (1995)
Labor force: 8.361 million (1993 est.) by occupation: agriculture 86%, industry 4%, services 10% (1980 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $574 millionexpenditures: $1.07 billion, including capital expenditures of $328million (1994/95 est.)
Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
Industrial production growth rate: 15% (1994)
Electricity: capacity: 162,000 kW production: 603 million kWh consumption per capita: 30 kWh (1990)
Agriculture: coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; beef, goat meat, milk, poultry
Exports: $424 million (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: coffee 97%, cotton, tea partners: US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%
Imports: $870 million (c.i.f., 1994) commodities: petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food partners: Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%
External debt: $3.2 billion (1994)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,032.6 (November 1995), 979.4 (1994), 1,195.0 (1993), 1,133.8 (1992), 734.0 (1991)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Transportation ———————
Railways:total: 1,241 km single tracknarrow gauge: 1,241 km 1.000-m gaugenote:: a program to rehabilitate the railroad is underway (1995)
Highways:total: 30,320 kmpaved: 3,480 kmunpaved: 26,840 km (1987 est.)
Waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George,Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile
Ports: Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell
Merchant marine:total: 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling5,091 GRT/2,743 DWT (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 21with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 7with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 5with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 54,900 (1989 est.)
Telephone system: fair systemdomestic: microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communicationsstationsinternational: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 2.04 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 9 (1987 est.)
Televisions: 193,000 (1992 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Wing
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 4,359,286 males fit for military service: 2,365,157 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $56 million, 1.7% of budget (FY93/94)
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@Ukraine ———-
Map —-
Location: 49 00 N, 32 00 E — Eastern Europe, bordering the BlackSea, between Poland and Russia
Flag ——
Description: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and goldenyellow represent grainfields under a blue sky
Geography ————-
Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Polandand Russia
Geographic coordinates: 49 00 N, 32 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area:total area: 603,700 sq kmland area: 603,700 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:total: 4,558 kmborder countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km,Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km,Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km
Coastline: 2,782 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: undefinedterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940; dispute with Romania over continental shelf of the Black Sea under which signifcant gas and oil deposits may exist; potential dispute with Russia over Crimea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation
Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southernCrimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highestin west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary fromcool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warmacross the greater part of the country, hot in the south
Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) andplateaux, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians),and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme southlowest point: Black Sea 0 mhighest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil,salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel,mercury, timber
Land use:arable land: 56%permanent crops: 2%meadows and pastures: 12%forest and woodland: 0%other: 30%
Irrigated land: 26,000 sq km (1990)
Environment:current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; air and waterpollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeastfrom 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plantnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, AirPollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, AntarcticTreaty, Biodiversity, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed,but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-VolatileOrganic Compounds, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: strategic position at the crossroads betweenEurope and Asia; second-largest country in Europe
People ———
Population: 50,864,009 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 20% (male 5,139,034; female 4,936,901)15-64 years: 66% (male 16,135,671; female 17,433,600)65 years and over: 14% (male 2,318,629; female 4,900,174) (July 1996est.)
Population growth rate: -0.4% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 11.17 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 15.16 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.86 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.8 years male: 61.54 years female: 72.32 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Ukrainian(s) adjective: Ukrainian
Ethnic divisions: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%
Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, UkrainianOrthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox,Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish
Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)total population: 98%male: 100%female: 97%
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Ukraine local long form: none local short form: Ukrayina former: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Data code: UP
Type of government: republic
Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv)
Administrative divisions: 24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalites(mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkas'ka(Cherkasy), Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi),Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k),Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv),Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy),Kirovohrads'ka (Kirovohrad), Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka(Luhans'k), L'vivs'ka (L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka(Odesa), Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'),Rivnens'ka (Rivne), Sevastopol'**, Sums'ka (Sevastopol'),Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka(Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya),Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr)note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when namediffers from oblast' name
Independence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991)
Constitution: adopted 28 June 1996
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994) waselected for a five-year term by direct popular vote; election lastheld 26 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results -Leonid KUCHMA 52.15%, Leonid KRAVCHUK 45.06%head of government: Prime Minister Yevhen MARCHUK (since NA June1995), First Deputy Prime Minister Pavlo LAZARENKO (since NA), andeight deputy prime ministers were appointed by the president andapproved by the Supreme Councilcabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president andapproved by the Supreme CouncilNational Security Council: originally created in 1992, butsignificantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA;members include the president, prime minister, ministers of finance,environment, justice, internal affairs, foreign economic relations,economic and foreign affairs; the NSC staff is tasked withdeveloping national security policy on domestic and internationalmatters and advising the presidentPresidential Administration: helps draft presidential edicts andprovides policy support to the presidentCouncil of Regions: advisory body created by President KUCHMA inSeptember 1994; includes the chairmen of Oblast and Kiev andSevastopol City Supreme Councils
Legislative branch: unicameralSupreme Council: elections last held 27 March 1994 with repeatelections continuing through December 1998 to fill empty seats (nextto be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450total) Communists 91, Rukh 22, Agrarians 18, Socialists 15,Republicans 11, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 5, Labor 5, Partyof Democratic Revival 4, Democrats 2, Social Democrats 2, CivilCongress 2, Conservative Republicans 1, Party of Economic Revival ofCrimea 1, Christian Democrats 1, independents 225; note - mostrecent repeat election held in April 1996 filling 422 of 450 seatsas follows: independents 238, Communist 95, Rukh 22, Agrarians 18,Socialist 15, Republicans 11, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 5,Labor 5, Party of Democratic Revival 4, Democratic Party of Ukraine2, Social Democrats 2, Civil Congress 2, Conservative Republicans 1,Party of Economic Rivival of Crimea 1, Christian Democrats 1, vacant28
Judicial branch: Supreme Court is the highest judicial body;Constitutional Court has exclusive jurisdiction over interpretationof the constitution and laws
Political parties and leaders: Green Party of Ukraine, VitaliyKONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr SHCHERBAN;Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr KLYMCHUK, chairman;Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych YAVORIVSKIY,chairman; People's Party of Ukraine; Peasants' Party of Ukraine;Party of Democratic Rebirth (Revival) of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO,chairman; Social Democratic Party of Ukraine, Vasyl ONOPENKO,chairman; Socialist Party of Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman;Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman;Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, Stepan KHMARA, chairman;Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDYK, chairman; Ukrainian Party ofJustice, Yuriy ZUBKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants' DemocraticParty, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party,Bondan YAROSHPSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party;Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh), VyacheslavCHORNOVIL, chairman; Ukrainian Communist Party, Petr SYMONENKO;Agrarian Party; Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, Slava STESTKO;Civil Congress, O. BAZYLUK; Party of Economic Revival of Crimea;Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, Nataliya VITRENKO andVolodymyr MARCHENKO, leaders; People's Democratic Party, AnatoliyMATVIYENKO, chairman
Other political or pressure groups: New Ukraine (Nova Ukrayina);Congress of National Democratic Forces
International organization participation: BSEC, CCC, CE, CIS,EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,ITU, NACC, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOT,UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy Mikolayevych SHCHERBAKchancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador William Green MILLERembassy: 10 Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53mailing address: use embassy street addresstelephone: [380] (44) 244-7345FAX: [380] (44) 244-7350