Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Gonzalo SANCHEZ DELOZADA Bustamente (since 6 August 1993) and Vice President VictorHugo CARDENAS Conde (since 6 August 1993) were elected for four-yearterms by popular vote; election last held 6 June 1993 (next to beheld NA May 1997); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (MNR) 34%,Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN/MIR alliance) 20%, Carlos PALENQUE Aviles(CONDEPA) 14%, Max FERNANDEZ Rojas (UCS) 13%, Antonio ARANIBARQuiroga (MBL) 5%; no candidate received a majority of the popularvote; Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA won a congressional runoff electionon 4 August 1993 after forming a coalition with Max FERNANDEZ andAntonio ARANIBAR; FERNANDEZ died in a plane crash 26 November 1995cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the president from panel ofcandidates proposed by the Senate
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA May 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (130 total) MNR 52, UCS 20, ADN 17, MIR 17, CONDEPA 13, MBL 7, ARBOL 1, ASD 1, EJE 1, PCD 1 Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores): elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA May 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) MNR 17, ADN 4, MIR 4, CONDEPA 1, UCS 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema), judges appointedfor a 10-year term by National Congress
Political parties and leaders:Left parties: Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; April 9Revolutionary Vanguard (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE; Alternative ofDemocratic Socialism (ASD), Jerjes JUSTINIANO; Revolutionary Frontof the Left (FRI), Oscar ZAMORA; Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB);Socialist Unzaguista Movement (MAS); Socialist Party One (PS-1);Bolivian Communist Party (PCB)Center-Left parties: Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR),Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA; Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR),Jaime PAZ Zamora, Oscar EID; Christian Democrat (PCD), Jorge AGREDACenter-Right party: Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), JorgeLANDIVAR, Hugo BANZERPopulist parties: Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Johnny FERNANDEZ;Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE Aviles;Popular Patriotic Movement (MPP), Julio MANTILLA; Unity and ProgressMovement (MUP), Ivo KULJISEvangelical: Bolivian Renovating Alliance (ARBOL), Hugo VILLEGASindigenous: Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement (MRTK-L),Victor Hugo CARDENAS Conde; Patriotic Axis of Convergence (EJE-P),Ramiro BARRANCHEA; National Katarista Movement (MKN), Fernando UNTOJA
International organization participation: AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11,G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS,OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Fernando Alvaro COSSIOchancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410 through 4412FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Curtis Warren KAMMANembassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Pazmailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032telephone: [591] (2) 430251FAX: [591] (2) 433900
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band
Economy ———-
Economic overview: With its long history of semifeudal social controls, dependence on volatile prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of hyperinflation, Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and least developed Latin American countries. However, Bolivia has experienced generally improving economic conditions since the PAZ Estenssoro administration (1985-89) introduced market-oriented policies which reduced inflation from 11,700% in 1985 to about 20% in 1988. PAZ Estenssoro was followed as president by Jaime PAZ Zamora (1989-93) who continued the free-market policies of his predecessor, despite opposition from his own party and from Bolivia's once powerful labor movement. By maintaining fiscal discipline, PAZ Zamora helped reduce inflation to 9.3% in 1993, while GDP grew by an annual average of 3.25% during his tenure. Inaugurated in August 1993, President SANCHEZ DE LOZADA has vowed to advance the market-oriented economic reforms he helped launch as PAZ Estenssoro's planning minister. His successes so far have included the signing of a free trade agreement with Mexico and progress on his unique privatization plan. The main privatization bill was passed by the Bolivian legislature in late March 1994. Since that time, the administration has privatized the electric power generation sector, the state airline, the state telephone company, and the national railroad. The state mining and petroleum companies are expected to be privatized in 1996.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $20 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 3.7% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $2,530 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 3.54 million by occupation: agriculture NA%, services and utilities 20%, manufacturing, mining and construction 7% (1993)
Unemployment rate: urban rate 8% (1995 est.)
Budget:revenues: $3.75 billionexpenditures: $3.75 billion, including capital expenditures of$556.2 million (1995 est.)
Industries: mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages,tobacco, handicrafts, clothing
Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1994 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 756,200 kW production: 2.116 billion kWh consumption per capita: 367 kWh (1994)
Agriculture: coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber
Illicit drugs: world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Peru and Colombia) with an estimated 48,600 hectares under cultivation in 1995, a one percent increase in overall cultivation of coca over 1994 levels; Bolivia, however, is the second-largest producer of harvested coca leaf; even so, voluntary and forced eradication programs resulted in leaf production dropping from 89,800 metric tons in 1994 to 85,000 tons in 1995; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and Brazil to the US and other international drug markets; alternative crop program aims to reduce illicit coca cultivation
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: metals 39%, natural gas 9%, soybeans 11%, jewelry 11%,wood 8%partners: US 26%, Argentina 15% (1993 est.)
Imports: $1.21 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)commodities: capital goods 48%, chemicals 11%, petroleum 5%, food 5%(1993 est.)partners: US 24%, Argentina 13%, Brazil 11%, Japan 11% (1993 est.)
External debt: $4.4 billion (November 1995)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $362 million (1993)
Currency: 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 4.9137 (December 1995), 4.8003 (1995), 4.6205 (1994), 4.2651 (1993), 3.9005 (1992), 3.5806 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways:total: 3,691 km (single track)narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 39 km 0.760-m gauge (13 kmelectrified) (1995)
Highways:total: 46,311 kmpaved: 1,940 km (including 27 km of expressways)unpaved: 44,371 km (1991 est.)
Waterways: 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways
Pipelines: crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; naturalgas 1,495 km
Ports: none; however, Bolivia has free port privileges in themaritime ports of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay
Merchant marine:total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,214 GRT/6,390 DWT(1995 est.)
Airports:total: 1,017with paved runways over 3 047 m: 3with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3with paved runways under 914 m: 750with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 69with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 186 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 144,300 (1987 est.)
Telephone system: new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities domestic: microwave radio relay system being expanded international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 129, FM 0, shortwave 68
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 43
Televisions: 500,000 (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 1,685,572 males fit for military service: 1,098,948 males reach military age (19) annually: 76,035 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $145 million; 1.9% of GDP (1996)
======================================================================
@Bosnia and Herzegovina ———————————
On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the former Yugoslavia's three warring parties signed a peace agreement that brought to a halt over three years of interethnic civil strife in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Agreement, signed by Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC, Croatian President TUDJMAN, and Serbian President MILOSEVIC, divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally between the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serbs while maintaining Bosnia's currently recognized borders. An international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops began to enter Bosnia in late 1995 to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement and is scheduled to depart the country within one year. A High Representative appointed by the UN Security Council is responsible for civilian implementation of the accord, including monitoring implementation, facilitating any difficulties arising in connection with civilian implementation, and coordinating activities of the civilian organizations and agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian conflict began in the spring of 1992 when the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence and the Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosnia's Muslims and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement in Washington creating their joint Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Map —-
Location: 44 00 N, 18 00 E — Southeastern Europe, bordering theAdriatic Sea and Croatia
Flag ——
Description: white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white fleurs-de-lis with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower outer side
Geography ————-
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea andCroatia
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E
Map references: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe
Area:total area: 51,233 sq kmland area: 51,233 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:total: 1,459 kmborder countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro)
Coastline: 20 km
Maritime claims: NA
International disputes: none
Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevationhave short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainywinters along coast
Terrain: mountains and valleyslowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 mhighest point: Maglic 2,386 m
Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests,copper, chromium, lead, zinc
Land use:arable land: 20%permanent crops: 2%meadows and pastures: 25%forest and woodland: 36%other: 17%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites fordisposing of urban waste are limited; widespread casualties, watershortages, and destruction of infrastructure because of civil strifenatural hazards: frequent and destructive earthquakesinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Law of the Sea,Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection
Geographic note: as of January 1996, Bosnian Serb leaders continued to demand revisions to the territorial aspects of the Dayton Agreement, especially in Sarajevo - designated to be under Federation control - and the Brcko/Posavina corridor area; members of the Bosnian Croat community also reject several territorial aspects of the agreement, citing that historically Bosnian Croat lands are to be transferred to Bosnian Serb control; despite disagreements, initial implementation of the agreement as of January 1996 appeared on course with the warring parties meeting the deadline for withdrawal of forces from the front lines in Sarajevo
People ———
Population: 2,656,240 (July 1996 est.) note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing
Age structure:0-14 years: 20% (male 276,530; female 248,519)15-64 years: 68% (male 892,807; female 915,686)65 years and over: 12% (male 133,081; female 189,617) (July 1996est.)
Population growth rate: -2.84% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 6.34 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 15.92 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -18.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.07 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.11 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.96 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.11 years male: 51.16 years female: 61.39 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Ethnic divisions: Serb 40%, Muslim 38%, Croat 22% (est.)
Religions: Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%
Languages: Serbo-Croatian 99%
Literacy: NA
Government —————
Government note: The US recognizes the Republic of Bosnia andHerzegovina. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, formed by theMuslims and Croats in March 1994, remains in the implementationstages.
Name of country:conventional long form: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovinaconventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovinalocal long form: Republika Bosna i Hercegovinalocal short form: Bosna i Hercegovinanote: under the new constitution initialed in Dayton, Ohio, on 21November 1995, the name of the country will be changed from Republicof Bosnia and Herzegovina to simply Bosnia and Herzegovina and willbe made up of the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serbentity now called Republika Srpska
Data code: BK
Type of government: emerging democracy
Capital: Sarajevo
Administrative divisions: 109 districts (opstinas, singular -opstina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, BosanskaDubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, BosanskiNovi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac,Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajnice, Capljina, Celinac,Citluk, Derventa, Doboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc,Gorazde, Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak,Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj,Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica,Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar,Mrkonjic-Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje,Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo,Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza,Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale,Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, SkenderVakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stolac, Sekovici,Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla,Ugljevik, Vares, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez, Vlasenica,Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinicenote: administrative reorganization is currently under negotiationwith the assistance of international mediators; spellings not yetapproved by the US Board on Geographic Names
Independence: NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday: NA
Constitution: first promulgated in 1974 (under the Communists), amended 1989, 1990, and 1991; constitution of Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ratified April 1994; under the Dayton Agreement signed 21 November 1995, the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Serb republic government agreed to accept new basic principles in their constitutions
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 20 December 1990)was elected by a collective (seven-member) presidency (of which heis a member); other members of the collective presidency are: EjupGANIC (since NA November 1990), Nijaz DURAKOVIC (since NA October1993), Stjepan KLJUJIC (since NA October 1993), Ivo KOMSIC (since NAOctober 1993), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA June 1992), TatjanaLJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992); the collective presidencyis elected from among the National Assembly with at least twomembers drawn from each of the three main ethnic groupshead of government: Prime Minister Hasan MURATOVIC (since 30 January1996) was elected by the collective presidency and the NationalAssemblycabinet: there is an executive body of ministers with no formal namewho are members of, and responsible to, the National Assemblynote: the president of the Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia andHerzegovina is Kresimir ZUBAK (since 31 May 1994); Vice PresidentEjup GANIC (since 31 May 1994); elections for the Presidency ofBosnia and Herzegovina and the Presidency of the Republika Srpskawill take place between six and nine months after the entry intoforce of the Dayton Agreement (14 December 1995)
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina): elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1 Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo): elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, LBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1 note: the new constitution signed as part of the Dayton agreement on 21 November 1995 provides for a new bicameral Parliamentary assembly which will consist of a House of Peoples with 15 delegates, two-thirds from the Muslim/Croat Federation and one-third from the Serbian republic, and a House of Representatives with 42 members, two-thirds from the Muslim/Croat Federation and one-third from the Serbian republic; elections are scheduled to be held six to nine months after the entry into force of the Dayton Agreement
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders: Civic Democratic Party (GDS), Ibrahim SPAHIC; Party for Bosnia, Haris SILAJDZIC; Croatian Democratic Union of BiH (HDZ), Bozo RAJIC; Croatian Peasants' Party of BiH (HSS), Stanko STISKOVIC; Independent Serbian Democratic Party (NSDS), Petar DODIK; Liberal Bosniak Organization (LBO), Muhamed FILIPOVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president; Muslim-Bosniac Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC; Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Republican Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Stjepan KLUJIC; Serb Democratic Party (SDS), Radovan KARADZIC, president; Serbian Civic Council (SGV), Mirko PEJANOVIC; Serbian Consultative Council, Ljubomir BERBEROVIC; Social Democratic Party (SDP - formerly the Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS)), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska, Zivko RADISIC; Union of Social Democrats (SSDB), Salim BESLAGIC; United Left of the Bosnian Serb Republic (ULRS), Mile IVOSEVIC; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC, note - this party participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA, note - this party participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now; Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president, note - this party participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen PETROVIC, note - this party participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now; Yugoslav United Left (JUL), CAREVIC; Serb Liberal Party, Miodrag ZIVANOVIC; Serb Radical Party; Serb Patriotic Party, Slavko ZUPLJANIN; Serb Homeland Party
Other political or pressure groups: NA
International organization participation: CE (guest), CEI, ECE,FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol,IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM (guest), OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ chancery: Suite 760, 1707 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 833-3612, 3613, 3615 FAX: [1] (202) 833-2061 consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John K. MENZIES embassy: 43 Ul. Djure Djakovica, Sarajevo mailing address: use street address telephone: [387] (71) 645-992, 445-700, 659-743
Flag: white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white fleurs-de-lis with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower outer side
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of communist central planning and management. TITO had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. The bitter interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No economic statistics for 1992-95 are available, although output clearly has fallen substantially below the levels of earlier years and almost certainly is well below $1,000 per head. The country receives substantial amounts of humanitarian aid from the international community.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: NA%
GDP per capita: $300 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: 1,026,254 by occupation: NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining; much of capacity damaged or shut down (1995)
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity: capacity: 3,800,000 kW production: NA kWh consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993)
Agriculture: wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
Illicit drugs: NA
Exports: $NAcommodities: NApartners: NA
Imports: $NAcommodities: NApartners: NA
External debt: $NA
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held area, presumably to be replaced by new Croatian kuna; old and new Serbian dinars used in Serb-held area; hard currencies probably supplanting local currencies in areas held by Bosnian Government
Exchange rates: NA
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways:total: 1,021 km (electrified 795 km)standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (1991)
Highways: total: 21,168 km paved: 11,436 km unpaved: 9,732 km (1991 est.)
Waterways: NA km
Pipelines: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted
Ports: Bosanski Brod
Merchant marine: none
Airports:total: 24with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 7with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 9 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 727,000
Telephone system: telephone and telegraph network is in need ofmodernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average whencompared with services in other former Yugoslav republicsdomestic: NAinternational: no satellite earth stations
Radio broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 2, shortwave 0
Radios: 840,000
Television broadcast stations: 6
Televisions: 1,012,094
Defense ———-
Branches: Army
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 654,326 males fit for military service: 524,963 males reach military age (19) annually: 22,902 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
======================================================================
@Botswana ————
Map —-
Location: 22 00 S, 24 00 E — Southern Africa, north of SouthAfrica
Flag ——
Description: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripein the center
Geography ————-
Location: Southern Africa, north of South Africa
Geographic coordinates: 22 00 S, 24 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 600,370 sq kmland area: 585,370 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:total: 4,013 kmborder countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe813 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe) River remained unresolved in January 1996 and the parties have agreed to refer the matter to the ICJ
Climate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Terrain: predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; KalahariDesert in southwestlowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 mhighest point: Tsodilo Hill 1,489 m
Natural resources: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash,potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Land use:arable land: 2%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 75%forest and woodland: 2%other: 21%
Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: overgrazing, primarily as a result of the expansionof the cattle population; desertification; limited natural freshwater resourcesnatural hazards: periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow fromthe west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which canobscure visibilityinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone LayerProtection; signed, but not ratified - Desertification
Geographic note: landlocked; population concentrated in easternpart of the country
People ———
Population: 1,477,630 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 42% (male 317,254; female 309,617)15-64 years: 54% (male 374,572; female 419,991)65 years and over: 4% (male 22,314; female 33,882) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.63% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 33.34 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 17.01 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 54.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 46.01 years male: 44.94 years female: 47.11 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.26 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Ethnic divisions: Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi4%, white 1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%
Languages: English (official), Setswana
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 69.8%male: 80.5%female: 59.9%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Republic of Botswanaconventional short form: Botswanaformer: Bechuanaland
Data code: BC
Type of government: parliamentary republic
Capital: Gaborone
Administrative divisions: 10 districts and four town councils*;Central, Chobe, Francistown*, Gaborone*,Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng,Kweneng, Lobatse*, Ngamiland, North-East, Selebi-Phikwe*,South-East, Southern,
Independence: 30 September 1966 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 September (1966)
Constitution: March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Sir Ketumile MASIRE(since 13 July 1980) was elected for a five-year term by theNational Assembly; election last held 15 October 1994 (next to beheld October 1999); Vice President Festus MOGAE (since 9 March 1992)was appointed by the presidentcabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the president
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament House of Chiefs: is a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of the chiefs of the eight principal tribes, four elected subchiefs, and three members selected by the other 12 National Assembly: elections last held 15 October 1994 (next to be held October 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total, 40 elected and 4 appointed by the majority party) BDP 27, BNF 13
Judicial branch: High Court; Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP),Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA;Botswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana IndependenceParty (BIP), Motsamai MPHO
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UN SecurityCouncil (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,WMO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Archibald MOGWEchancery: Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990, 4991FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Howard F. JETER embassy: address NA, Gaborone mailing address: P. O. Box 90, Gaborone telephone: [267] 353982 FAX: [267] 356947
Flag: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in thecenter
Economy ———-
Economic overview: The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population but supplies only about 50% of food needs and accounts for only 5% of GDP. Subsistence farming and cattle raising predominate. The sector is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils. The driving force behind the rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 to 39% in 1994. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 21%. Hampered by a still sluggish diamond market in 1994 and 1995, GDP grew by only 1% in both years.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.5 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 1% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $3,200 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 5% industry: NA% services: NA% (1995 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1994 est.)
Labor force: 428,000 (1992)by occupation: 220,000 formal sector employees; 14,300 are employedin various mines in South Africa; most others are engaged in cattleraising and subsistence agriculture (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate: 21% (1995 est.)
Budget:revenues: $1.7 billionexpenditures: $1.99 billion, including capital expenditures of $652million (FY93/94)
Industries: diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash,potash; livestock processing
Industrial production growth rate: 4.6% (FY92/93)
Electricity: capacity: 220,000 kW production: 900 million kWh consumption per capita: 694 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: sorghum, maize, millet, pulses, groundnuts (peanuts), beans, cowpeas, sunflower seed; livestock
Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b. 1994) commodities: diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 6%, meat 5% partners: Switzerland, UK, Southern African Customs Union (SACU),
Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992)commodities: foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles,petroleum productspartners: Switzerland, Southern African Customs Union (SACU), UK, US
External debt: $691 million (1994)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $189 million (1993)
Currency: 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe
Exchange rates: pula (P) per US$1 - 2.8305 (January 1996), 2.7716 (1995), 2.6831 (1994), 2.4190 (1993), 2.1327 (1992), 2.0173 (1991)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Communications ———————
Telephones: 19,109 (1985 est.)
Telephone system: sparse system domestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations international: microwave radio relay links to Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 13, shortwave 0
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 0 (1988 est.)
Televisions: 13,800 (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Botswana Defense Force (includes Army and Air Wing),Botswana National Police
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 334,177 males fit for military service: 175,471 males reach military age (18) annually: 17,088 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $199 million, 5.2% of GDP (FY93/94)
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@Bouvet Island ——————-
(territory of Norway)
Map —-
Location: 54 26 S, 3 24 E — Southern Africa, island in the SouthAtlantic Ocean, south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (SouthAfrica)
Flag ——
Description: the flag of Norway is used
Geography ————-
Location: Southern Africa, island in the South Atlantic Ocean,south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa)
Geographic coordinates: 54 26 S, 3 24 E
Map references: Antarctic Region
Area:total area: 58 sq kmland area: 58 sq kmcomparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 29.6 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 4 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: antarctic
Terrain: volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inaccessible lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 780 m
Natural resources: none
Land use:arable land: 0%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 0%forest and woodland: 0%other: 100% (all ice)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA
Geographic note: covered by glacial ice
People ———
Population: uninhabited
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bouvet Island
Data code: BV
Type of government: territory of Norway
Capital: none; administered from Oslo, Norway
Independence: none (territory of Norway)
Flag: the flag of Norway is used
Economy ———-
Economic overview: no economic activity
Transportation ———————
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
Communications ———————
Communications note: automatic meteorological station
Defense ———-
Defense note: defense is the responsibility of Norway
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@Brazil ———
Map —-
Location: 10 00 S, 55 00 W — Eastern South America, bordering theAtlantic Ocean
Flag ——
Description: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
Geography ————-
Location: Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S, 55 00 W
Map references: South America
Area:total area: 8,511,965 sq kmland area: 8,456,510 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than the USnote: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas,Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e SaoPaulo
Land boundaries:total: 14,691 kmborder countries: Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km,Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
Coastline: 7,491 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: short section of the boundary with Paraguay, just west of Salto das Sete Quedas (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute - Arroio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay River
Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m
Natural resources: bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel,phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
Land use:arable land: 7%permanent crops: 1%meadows and pastures: 19%forest and woodland: 67%other: 6%
Irrigated land: 27,000 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitatand endangers the existence of a multitude of plant and animalspecies indigenous to the area; air and water pollution in Rio deJaneiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradationand water pollution caused by improper mining activitiesnatural hazards: recurring droughts in northeast; floods andoccasional frost in southinternational agreements: party to - Antarctic-EnvironmentalProtocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of theSea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but notratified - Desertification
Geographic note: largest country in South America; shares commonboundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador
People ———
Population: 162,661,214 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 31% (male 25,286,278; female 24,422,897)15-64 years: 65% (male 52,232,435; female 53,094,724)65 years and over: 4% (male 3,072,720; female 4,552,160) (July 1996est.)
Population growth rate: 1.16% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 20.8 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 9.19 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 55.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.62 years male: 56.67 years female: 66.81 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.34 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Brazilian(s)adjective: Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian,Spanish, Polish) 55%, mixed white and African 38%, African 6%, other(includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%
Religions: Roman Catholic (nominal) 70%
Languages: Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 83.3%male: 83.3%female: 83.2%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazilconventional short form: Brazillocal long form: Republica Federativa do Brasillocal short form: Brasil
Data code: BR
Type of government: federal republic
Capital: Brasilia
Administrative divisions: 26 states (estados, singular - estado)and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa,Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias,Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para,Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande doNorte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, SaoPaulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
Independence: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
Constitution: 5 October 1988
Legal system: based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsoryICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70;compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Fernando HenriqueCARDOSO (since 1 January 1995) was elected for a four-year term bypopular vote; election last held 3 October 1994; (next to be heldOctober 1998); results - Fernando Henrique CARDOSO 53%, Luis InacioLULA da Silva 26%, Eneas CARNEIRO 7%, Orestes QUERCIA 4%, LeonelBRIZOLA 3%, Espiridiao AMIN 3%; note - second direct presidentialelection since 1960; Vice President Marco MARCIEL (since NA)cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the president
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (CongressoNacional)Federal Senate (Senado Federal): election last held 3 October 1994for two-thirds of Senate (next to be held October 1996 for one-thirdof the Senate); results - PMBD 28%, PFL 22%, PSDB 12%, PPR 7%, PDT7%, PT 6%, PTB 6%, other 12%; seats - (81 total) seats by party NAChamber of Deputies (Camara dos Deputados): election last held 3October 1994 (next to be held October 1998); results - PMDB 21%, PFL18%, PDT 7%, PSDB 12%, PPR 10%, PTB 6%, PT 10%, other 16%; seats -(517 total) seats by party NAnote: party totals since Fall 1994 have changed considerably due toextensive party-switching
Judicial branch: Supreme Federal Tribunal, judges are appointedfor life by the Senate
Political parties and leaders: National Reconstruction Party(PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian Democratic MovementParty (PMDB), Paes DE ANDRADE, president; Liberal Front Party (PFL),Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president; Workers' Party (PT), Jose DIRCEU,president; Brazilian Workers' Party (PTB), Rodrigues PALMA,president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, president;Brazilian Progressive Party (PPB), Espiridiao AMIN, president;Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Artur DA TAVOLA, president;Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; CommunistParty of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, chairman; Liberal Party(PL), Alvaro VALLE, president
Other political or pressure groups: left wing of the CatholicChurch and labor unions allied to leftist Workers' Party arecritical of government's social and economic policies
International organization participation: AfDB, AG (observer),CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES,LAIA, Mercosur, MTCR, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN,UNAVEM III, UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR,UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Paulo Tarso FLECHA de LIMAchancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 745-2700FAX: [1] (202) 745-2827consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York,San Juan (Puerto Rico), and San Franciscoconsulate(s): Houston
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Melvyn LEVITSKYembassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federalmailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030telephone: [55] (61) 321-7272FAX: [55] (61) 225-9136consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Pauloconsulate(s): Porto Alegre, Recife
Flag: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
Economy ———-
Economic overview: With its large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil has South America's largest GDP by far and has the potential to become a major player in the world economy. Prior to the institution of a stabilization plan in mid-1994, stratospheric inflation rates had devastated the economy and discouraged foreign investment. Since then, tight monetary policy has apparently brought inflation under control - consumer prices increased by 23% in 1995 compared to more than 1,000% in 1994. At the same time, GDP growth slowed from 5.7% to 4.2% as credit was tightened and the steadily appreciating real encouraged imports while depressing export growth. The increased stability of the Brazilian economy allowed it to weather the fallout from the Mexican peso crisis relatively well, with foreign funds flowing in during the second half of 1995 to swell official foreign exchange reserves past the $50 billion mark. Stock market indices in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, however, ended 26% lower in 1995. President CARDOSO remains committed to further reducing inflation in 1996 while boosting growth, but he faces key challenges. Servicing domestic debt has become dramatically more burdensome for both public and private sector entities because of very high real interest rates which are contributing to growing budget deficits and a surge in bankruptcies. Fiscal reforms, many of which require constitutional amendments, are proceeding at a slow pace through the Brazilian legislature; in their absence, the government is maintaining its strict monetary policy. Brazil's natural resources remain a major, long-run economic strength.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $976.8 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 4.2% (1995)
GDP per capita: $6,100 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 16% industry: 25% services: 59% (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23% (1995)
Labor force: 57 million (1989 est.) by occupation: services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%
Unemployment rate: 5% (1995 est.)
Budget:revenues: $58.7 billionexpenditures: $54.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1994)
Industries: textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (1995 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 55,130,000 kW production: 241.4 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,589 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, coca cultivation in the Amazon region has diminished in recent years because of its low alkaloid content, mostly for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian cocaine headed for the US and Europe
Exports: $46.5 billion (f.o.b., 1995)commodities: iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee,motor vehicle partspartners: EU 27.6%, Latin America 21.8%, US 17.4%, Japan 6.3% (1993)
Imports: $49.7 billion (f.o.b., 1995)commodities: crude oil, capital goods, chemical products,foodstuffs, coalpartners: US 23.3%, EU 22.5%, Middle East 13.0%, Latin America11.8%, Japan 6.5% (1993)
External debt: $94 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $107 million (1993)
Currency: 1 real (R$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: R$ per US$1 - 0.975 (January 1996), 0.918 (1995),0.639 (1994); CR$ per US$1 - 390.845 (January 1994), 88.449 (1993),4.513 (1992), 0.407 (1991)note: on 1 August 1993 the cruzeiro real (CR$), equal to 1,000cruzeiros, was introduced; another new currency, the real (R$) wasintroduced on 1 July 1994, equal to 2,750 cruzeiro reals
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways:total: 27,418 km (1,750 km electrified)broad gauge: 5,730 km 1.600-m gaugestandard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gaugenarrow gauge: 20,958 km 1.000-m gauge; 13 km 0.760-m gaugedual gauge: 523 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges
Highways: total: 1,661,850 km paved: 142,919 km unpaved: 1,518,931 km (1992 est.)
Waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km;natural gas 1,095 km
Ports: Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Imbituba, Manaus, Paranagua,Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos,Vitoria
Merchant marine:total: 207 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,108,543GRT/8,477,760 DWTships by type: bulk 48, cargo 29, chemical tanker 11, combinationore/oil 12, container 14, liquefied gas tanker 11, multifunctionlarge-load carrier 1, oil tanker 64, passenger-cargo 5, refrigeratedcargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11 (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 2,950with paved runways over 3 047 m: 5with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 19with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 122with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 295with paved runways under 914 m: 1,298with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 66with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1,145 (1995 est.)