Description: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions
Geography ————-
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bayof Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
Geographic coordinates: 22 00 N, 98 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total area: 678,500 sq kmland area: 657,740 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:total: 5,876 kmborder countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km,Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
Coastline: 1,930 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlandslowest point: Andaman Sea 0 mhighest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
Natural resources: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper,tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones,natural gas
Land use:arable land: 15%permanent crops: 1%meadows and pastures: 1%forest and woodland: 49%other: 34%
Irrigated land: 10,180 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil,and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute todiseasenatural hazards: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding andlandslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodicdroughtsinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, TropicalTimber 83; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea, TropicalTimber 94
Geographic note: strategic location near major Indian Oceanshipping lanes
People ———
Population: 45,975,625 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 37% (male 8,637,102; female 8,308,282)15-64 years: 59% (male 13,577,232; female 13,571,312)65 years and over: 4% (male 853,403; female 1,028,294) (July 1996est.)
Population growth rate: 1.84% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 30.01 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 11.66 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/femaleall ages: 1.01 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 80.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.14 years male: 54.46 years female: 57.92 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.83 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Burmese (singular and plural)adjective: Burmese
Ethnic divisions: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%,Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, other 5%
Religions: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic1%), Muslim 4%, animist beliefs 1%, other 2%
Languages: Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 83.1%male: 88.7%female: 77.7%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Union of Burmaconventional short form: Burmalocal long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by theUS Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union ofMyanmar)local short form: Myanma Naingngandawformer: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Data code: BM
Type of government: military regime
Capital: Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon)
Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin)and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular - pyine); Chin State, Ayeyarwady*,Bago*, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Magway*, Mandalay*,Mon State, Rakhine State, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tanintharyi*, Yangon*
Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948)
Constitution: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; chapter headings and three of 15 sections have been approved
Legal system: does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: Prime Minister and Chairmanof the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since23 April 1992)State Law and Order Restoration Council: military junta whichassumed power 18 September 1988
Legislative branch:People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw): election last held 27 May 1990,but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats - (485 total)NLD 396, NUP 10, other 79
Judicial branch: limited; remnants of the British-era legal systemin place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; thejudiciary is not independent of the executive
Political parties and leaders: Union Solidarity and DevelopmentAssociation (USDA; pro-regime), THAN AUNG, secretary; National UnityParty (NUP), pro-regime, THA KYAW; National League for Democracy(NLD), AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary; and eight minor legalparties
Other political or pressure groups: National Coalition Governmentof the Union of Burma (NCGUB), headed by the elected prime ministerSEIN WIN - consists of individuals legitimately elected to thePeople's Assembly but not recognized by the military regime; thegroup fled to a border area and joined with insurgents in December1990 to form a parallel government; Kachin Independence Army (KIA);United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karen National Union (KNU); severalShan factions, including the Mong Tai Army (MTA); All Burma StudentDemocratic Front (ABSDF)
International organization participation: AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP,FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, Mekong Group,NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador U THAUNG chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-9044, 9045 consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marilyn A.MEYERSembassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521)mailing address: Box B, APO AP 96546telephone: [95] (1) 82055, 82182 (operator assistance required)FAX: [95] (1) 80409
Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Burma has a mixed economy with about 75% private activity, mainly in agriculture, light industry, and transport, and with about 25% state-controlled activity, mainly in energy, heavy industry, and foreign trade. Government policy in the last seven years, 1989-95, has aimed at revitalizing the economy after three decades of tight central planning. Thus, private activity has markedly increased; foreign investment has been encouraged, so far with moderate success; and efforts continue to increase the efficiency of state enterprises. Published estimates of Burma's foreign trade are greatly understated because of the volume of black market trade. A major ongoing problem is the failure to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Although Burma remains a poor Asian country, its rich resources furnish the potential for substantial long-term increases in income, exports, and living standards.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $47 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 6.8% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,000 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 60% industry: 10% services: 30% (1995 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 38% (1994 est.)
Labor force: 16.007 million (1992) by occupation: agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1% (FY88/89 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $5.3 billionexpenditures: $10 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1995 est.)
Industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; petroleum refining; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer
Industrial production growth rate: 4.9% (FY92/93 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 845,000 kW production: 3.5 billion kWh consumption per capita: 46 kWh (1995 est.)
Agriculture: paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; hardwood
Illicit drugs: world's largest illicit producer of opium (2,340 metric tons in 1995) and source for over 60% of US heroin imports; minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; Rangoon's antinarcotic programs hindered by lack of resources, government commitment; growing role in methamphetamine production for regional consumption
Exports: $879 million (FY94/95 est.) commodities: pulses and beans, teak, rice, hardwood partners: Singapore, China, Thailand, India, Hong Kong
Imports: $1.5 billion (FY94/95 est.) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, construction materials, food products, consumer goods partners: Japan, China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia
External debt: $5.5 billion (FY94/95 est.)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $61 million (1993)
Currency: 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas
Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1 - 5.8475 (January 1996), 5.9170 (1995), 5.9749 (1994), 6.1570 (1993), 6.1045 (1992), 6.2837 (1991); unofficial - 120
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Transportation ———————
Railways: total: 3,569 km narrow gauge: 3,569 km 1.000-m gauge (1995)
Highways: total: 26,861 km paved: 3,181 km unpaved: 23,680 km (1988 est.)
Waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines: crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km
Ports: Bassein, Bhamo, Chauk, Mandalay, Moulmein, Myitkyina,Rangoon, Akyab (Sittwe), Tavoy
Merchant marine:total: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 444,957 GRT/610,420 DWTships by type: bulk 11, cargo 15, chemical tanker 5, container 1,oil tanker 3, passenger-cargo 3, vehicle carrier 2 (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 74with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 13with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 10with paved runways under 914 m: 28with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 17 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 122,195 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: meets minimum requirements for local andintercity service for business and government; international serviceis gooddomestic: NAinternational: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1985 est.)note: radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1988 est.)
Televisions: 88,000 (1992 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 11,759,636 females age 15-49: 11,588,181 males fit for military service: 6,291,986 females fit for military service: 6,184,667 males reach military age (18) annually: 473,255 females reach military age (18) annually: 454,786 (1996 est.) note: both sexes liable for military service
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $135 million, NA% of GDP (FY95/96)
======================================================================
@Burundi ———-
Map —-
Location: 3 30 S, 30 00 E — Central Africa, east of Zaire
Flag ——
Description: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
Geography ————-
Location: Central Africa, east of Zaire
Geographic coordinates: 3 30 S, 30 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 27,830 sq kmland area: 25,650 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
Land boundaries: total: 974 km border countries: Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: none
Climate: temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands; dry seasonfrom June to September
Terrain: hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east,some plainslowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 mhighest point: Mount Heha 2,760 m
Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat,cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium
Land use:arable land: 43%permanent crops: 8%meadows and pastures: 35%forest and woodland: 2%other: 12%
Irrigated land: 720 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and theexpansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (littleforested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees forfuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populationsnatural hazards: flooding, landslidesinternational agreements: party to - Endangered Species; signed, butnot ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law ofthe Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Geographic note: landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congowatershed
People ———
Population: 5,943,057 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 47% (male 1,404,375; female 1,398,228)15-64 years: 50% (male 1,454,545; female 1,527,644)65 years and over: 3% (male 62,955; female 95,310) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.54% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 43.02 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 15.15 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -12.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)note: in a number of waves since October 1993, hundreds of thousandsof refugees have fled the civil strife between the Hutu and Tutsifactions in Burundi and crossed into Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zaire;the refugee flows are continuing in 1996 as the ethnic violencepersists
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 102.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 49.33 years male: 48.28 years female: 50.42 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.55 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Burundian(s)adjective: Burundi
Ethnic divisions:Africans: Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%non-Africans: Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Religions: Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%),indigenous beliefs 32%, Muslim 1%
Languages: Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (alongLake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 35.3%male: 49.3%female: 22.5%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Republic of Burundiconventional short form: Burundilocal long form: Republika y'u Burundilocal short form: Burundi
Data code: BY
Type of government: republic
Capital: Bujumbura
Administrative divisions: 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura,Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo,Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgianadministration)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Constitution: 13 March 1992; provides for establishment of aplural political system
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil codes andcustomary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch:chief of state: President Sylvestre NTIBANTUNGANYA (acting presidentfrom 8 April 1994 to 30 September 1994, president since 1 October1994); note - NTIBANTUNGANYA, in his capacity as President of theNational Assembly, became acting president upon the death ofPresident Cyprien NTARYAMIRE in an airplane crash on 6 April 1994;NTIBANTUNGANYA was sworn in on 1 October 1994 as president by the"Convention on Government" to serve a four year transitional termhead of government: Prime Minister Antoine NDUWAYO (since February1995)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): election last held 29 June 1993 (next to be held NA); results - FRODEBU 71%, UPRONA 21.4%; seats - (81 total) FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16; other parties won too small shares of the vote to win seats in the assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: Unity for National Progress (UPRONA); Burundi Democratic Front (FRODEBU); Organization of the People of Burundi (RBP); Socialist Party of Burundi (PSB); People's Reconciliation Party (PRP); opposition parties, legalized in March 1992, include Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation (ABASA); Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development (RADDES); and Party for National Redress (PARENA)
Other political or pressure groups: NA
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ISO(subscriber), ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Severin NTAHOMVUKIYE chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Charles YELLIN embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura telephone: [257] (2) 23454 FAX: [257] (2) 22926
Flag: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic development. The economy is predominately agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts for 80% of foreign exchange earnings. The ability to pay for imports therefore rests largely on the vagaries of the climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi is trying to diversify its agricultural exports, attract foreign investment in industry, and modernize government budgetary practices. Since October 1993 the nation has suffered from massive ethnic-based violence which has resulted in the death of perhaps 100,000 persons and the displacement of a million others; production has fallen sharply, and an impoverished and disorganized government can hardly implement these needed reform programs.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $4 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 2.7% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $600 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 54.1% industry: 16.8% services: 29.1% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1993 est.)
Labor force: 1.9 million (1983 est.) by occupation: agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services 1.5%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $318 millionexpenditures: $326 million, including capital expenditures of $150million (1991 est.)
Industries: light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity: capacity: 55,000 kW production: 100 million kWh consumption per capita: 20 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; meat, milk, hides
Exports: $68 million (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: coffee 81%, tea, cotton, hides partners: EC 57%, US 19%, Asia 1%
Imports: $203 million (c.i.f., 1993)commodities: capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs,consumer goodspartners: EC 45%, Asia 29%, US 2%
External debt: $1.05 billion (1994 est.)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 268.13 (November 1995), 252.66 (1994), 242.78 (1993), 208.30 (1992), 181.51 (1991), 171.26 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 14,473 km paved: 1,028 km unpaved: 13,445 km (1992 est.)
Waterways: Lake Tanganyika
Ports: Bujumbura
Airports:total: 3with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 7,200 (1987 est.)
Telephone system: primitive system domestic: sparse system of open wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1
Televisions: 4,500 (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitaryGendarmerie
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 1,312,458 males fit for military service: 683,073 males reach military age (16) annually: 67,990 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $25 million, 2.6% of GDP (1993)
======================================================================
@Cambodia ————
Map —-
Location: 13 00 N, 105 00 E — Southeastern Asia, bordering theGulf of Thailand, between Thailand and Vietnam
Flag ——
Description: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band
Geography ————-
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand,between Thailand and Vietnam
Geographic coordinates: 13 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total area: 181,040 sq kmland area: 176,520 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Land boundaries: total: 2,572 km border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Coastline: 443 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined; parts of border with Thailand in dispute; maritime boundary with Thailand not clearly defined
Climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese,phosphates, hydropower potential
Land use:arable land: 16%permanent crops: 1%meadows and pastures: 3%forest and woodland: 76%other: 4%
Irrigated land: 920 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: logging activities throughout the country and stripmining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailandare resulting in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (inparticular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens naturalfisheries); deforestation; soil erosion; in rural areas, a majorityof the population does not have access to potable waternatural hazards: monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding;occasional droughtsinternational agreements: party to - Marine Life Conservation, ShipPollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,Tropical Timber 94
Geographic note: a land of paddies and forests dominated by theMekong River and Tonle Sap
People ———
Population: 10,861,218 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 45% (male 2,505,998; female 2,432,620)15-64 years: 51% (male 2,579,986; female 3,007,838)65 years and over: 4% (male 143,759; female 191,017) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.77% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 43.5 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 15.78 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.86 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.93 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 107.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 49.86 years male: 48.39 years female: 51.39 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.81 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Cambodian(s) adjective: Cambodian
Ethnic divisions: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Religions: Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5%
Languages: Khmer (official), French
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population: 35%male: 48%female: 22%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodiaconventional short form: Cambodialocal long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchealocal short form: Kampuchea
Data code: CB
Type of government: multiparty liberal democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993
Capital: Phnom Penh
Administrative divisions: 21 provinces (khett, singular and plural); Banteay Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu (Sihanoukville), Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev note: a new province of Otdar Mean Cheay may have been created from parts of Banteay Mean Cheay and Siem Reab
Independence: 9 November 1949 (from France)
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 November 1949
Constitution: promulgated 21 September 1993
Legal system: currently being defined
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)is a constitutional monarchhead of government: power shared between First Prime Minister PrinceNorodom RANARIDDH (since NA 1993) and Second Prime Minister HUN SEN(since NA 1993) who were appointed by the kingcabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the king
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly: members elected for five-year terms; elections last held 23 May 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) FUNCINPEC 58, CPP 51, Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party 10, Molinaka 1 note: the May 1993 elections were for the Constituent Assembly which became the National Assembly after the new constitution was promulgated in September 1993
Judicial branch: Supreme Court provided for by the constitution has not yet been established and the future judicial system is yet to be defined by law
Political parties and leaders: National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC), Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP), CHEA SIM; Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party, SON SANN faction; Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party, IENG MOULY faction; Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge), KHIEU SAMPHAN; Molinaka, PROM NEAKAREACH
International organization participation: ACCT, AsDB, CP, ESCAP,FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, ITU, Mekong Group, NAM, PCA,UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO(applicant)
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador VAR HUOTHchancery: 4500 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth M. QUINN embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546 telephone: [855] (23) 426436, 426438 FAX: [855] (23) 426437
Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band
Economy ———-
Economic overview: The Cambodian economy - virtually destroyed by decades of war - is slowly recovering. Government leaders are moving toward restoring fiscal and monetary discipline and have established good working relations with international financial institutions. Growth, starting from a low base, has been strong in 1991-95. Despite such positive developments, the reconstruction effort faces many tough challenges because of the persistence of internal political divisions and the related lack of confidence of foreign investors. Rural Cambodia, where 90% of about 9.5 million Khmer live, remains mired in poverty. The almost total lack of basic infrastructure in the countryside will hinder development and will contribute to a growing imbalance in growth between urban and rural areas over the near term. Moreover, the government's lack of experience in administering economic and technical assistance programs and rampant corruption among officials will slow the growth of critical public sector investment. The decline of inflation from the 1992 rate of more than 50% is one of the bright spots.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $7 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 6.7% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $660 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 52% industry: 13.5% services: 34.5% (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 2.5 million to 3 million by occupation: agriculture 80% (1988 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $210 millionexpenditures: $346 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1994 est.)
Industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber,cement, gem mining
Industrial production growth rate: 7.9% (1993 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 40,000 kW production: 160 million kWh consumption per capita: 14 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: rice, rubber, corn, vegetables
Illicit drugs: key transshipment country for Golden Triangle heroin en route to West; possibly becoming money-laundering center; high-level narcotics-related corruption in government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis
Exports: $240.7 million (1995 est.) commodities: timber, rubber, soybeans, sesame partners: Singapore, Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia
Imports: $630.5 million (1995 est.) commodities: cigarettes, construction materials, petroleum products, machinery, motor vehicles partners: Singapore, Vietnam, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia
External debt: $383 million to OECD members (1993)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA note: IMF pledged $120 million in aid for 1995-98
Currency: 1 new riel (CR) = 100 sen
Exchange rates: riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,585 (December 1994), 2,470 (December 1993), 2,800 (September 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: total: 603 km narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways: total: 34,100 km paved: 3,000 km unpaved: 31,100 km (1994 est.)
Waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m; 282km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 m
Ports: Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong,Phnom Penh
Merchant marine:total: 5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 17,451 GRT/18,280DWT (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 14with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 7 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 7,000 (1981 est.)
Telephone system: service barely adequate for governmentrequirements and virtually nonexistent for general publicdomestic: NAinternational: landline international service limited to Vietnam andother adjacent countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik(Indian Ocean Region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1986 est.)
Televisions: 70,000 (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches:Khmer Royal Armed Forces (KRAF): created in 1993 by the merger ofthe Cambodian People's Armed Forces and the two noncommunistresistance armies; note - the KRAF is also known as the RoyalCambodian Armed Forces (RCAF)Resistance forces: National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (KhmerRouge)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 2,336,606 males fit for military service: 1,302,234 males reach military age (18) annually: 79,514 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $85 million, 1.4% of GDP (1995)
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@Cameroon ————
Map —-
Location: 6 00 N, 12 00 E — Western Africa, bordering the NorthAtlantic Ocean, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria
Flag ——
Description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Geography ————-
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria
Geographic coordinates: 6 00 N, 12 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 475,440 sq kmland area: 469,440 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:total: 4,591 kmborder countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km,Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690km
Coastline: 402 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 50 nm
International disputes: demarcation of international boundaries in vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; dispute with Nigeria over land and maritime boundaries in the vicinity of the Bakasi Peninsula has been referred to the International Court of Justice
Climate: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Terrain: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Fako 4,095 m
Natural resources: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber,hydropower potential
Land use:arable land: 13%permanent crops: 2%meadows and pastures: 18%forest and woodland: 54%other: 13%
Irrigated land: 280 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation;overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishingnatural hazards: recent volcanic activity with release of poisonousgasesinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, TropicalTimber 83; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Nuclear TestBan, Tropical Timber 94
Geographic note: sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa
People ———
Population: 14,261,557 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 46% (male 3,295,924; female 3,266,429)15-64 years: 51% (male 3,602,037; female 3,627,625)65 years and over: 3% (male 213,176; female 256,366) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.89% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 42.49 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 13.56 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/femaleall ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 78.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 52.6 years male: 51.55 years female: 53.68 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.99 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Cameroonian(s)adjective: Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions: Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%,Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%,other African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16%
Languages: 24 major African language groups, English (official),French (official)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 63.4%male: 75%female: 52.1%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Republic of Cameroonconventional short form: Cameroonformer: French Cameroon
Data code: CM
Type of government: unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990)
Capital: Yaounde
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est,Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest
Independence: 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under Frenchadministration)
National holiday: National Day, 20 May (1972)
Constitution: 20 May 1972
Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law influence; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) electedfor a five-year term by universal suffrage; election last held 11October 1992 (next to be held NA October 1997); results - PresidentPaul BIYA reelected with about 40% of the vote amid widespreadallegations of fraud; SDF candidate John FRU NDI got 36% of thevote; UNDP candidate Bello Bouba MAIGARI got 19% of the votehead of government: Prime Minister Simon ACHIDI ACHU (since 9 April1992) appointed by the presidentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 1 March 1992 (next to be held NA March 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats (180 total) CPDM 88, UNDP 68, UPC 18, MDR 6
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) (government-controlled and the only party until legalization of opposition parties in 1990), Paul BIYA, president major opposition parties: National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP); Social Democratic Front (SDF); Cameroonian Democratic Union (UDC); Union of Cameroonian Populations (UPC); Movement for the Defense of the Republic (MDR)
Other political or pressure groups: Alliance for Change (FAC),Cameroon Anglophone Movement (CAM)
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC,CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jerome MENDOUGA chancery: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-8790 through 8794
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles H. TWINING embassy: Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde mailing address: B. P. 817, Yaounde telephone: [237] 23-40-14, 23-05-12 FAX: [237] 23-07-53
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Because of its offshore oil resources and favorable agricultural conditions, Cameroon has one of the best-endowed, most diversified primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led to rapid economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986, precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee, cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-93, with support from the IMF and World Bank, the government began to introduce reforms designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, and recapitalize the nation's banks. Political instability, following suspect elections in 1992, brought IMF/WB structural adjustment to a halt; currently Cameroon receives only minimal assistance from those Bretton Woods institutions. Although the 50% devaluation of the currency of 12 January 1994 improved the potential for export growth, mismanagement remains the main barrier to economic improvement. The devaluation led to a spurt in inflation, to 48% in 1994, but inflation moderated in 1995. Progress toward privatization of remaining state industry remains slow.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $16.5 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 1.8% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,200 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 29% industry: 24% services: 47% (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 48% (1994)
Labor force: NAby occupation: agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%,other services 14.2% (1983)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $1.6 billionexpenditures: $2.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $226million (FY92/93 est.)
Industries: petroleum production and refining, food processing,light consumer goods, textiles, lumber
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity: capacity: 630,000 kW production: 2.7 billion kWh consumption per capita: 196 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: coffee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, root starches; livestock; timber
Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, aluminum, cocoa beans, coffee, cotton partners: EU (particularly France) about 50%, African countries, US
Imports: $810 million (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: machines and electrical equipment, food, consumer goods, transport equipment, petroleum products partners: EU (France 38%, Germany), African countries, Japan 5%, US 5%
External debt: $6.6 billion (1993)
Economic aid:recipient: ODA, $449 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100centimes
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 500.56 (January1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992),282.11 (1991)note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since1948
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Transportation ———————
Railways:total: 1,104 km (1995 est.)narrow gauge: 1,104 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways: total: 64,626 km paved: 2,666 km unpaved: 61,960 km (1987 est.)
Waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance
Ports: Bonaberi, Douala, Garoua, Kribi, Tiko
Merchant marine:total: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509DWT (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 45with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 13with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 7with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 15 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 36,737 (1991 est.)
Telephone system: available only to business and government domestic: cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 11, shortwave 0
Radios: 2 million (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1995)
Televisions: NA
Defense ———-
Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry), Air Force,National Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 3,112,339 males fit for military service: 1,572,150 males reach military age (18) annually: 151,300 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $102 million, NA% of GDP (FY93/94)
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@Canada ———
Map —-
Location: 60 00 N, 95 00 W — Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean, north of the conterminous US
Flag ——
Description: three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band
Geography ————-
Location: Northern North America, bordering the North AtlanticOcean and North Pacific Ocean, north of the conterminous US
Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 95 00 W
Map references: North America
Area:total area: 9,976,140 sq kmland area: 9,220,970 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than US
Land boundaries: total: 8,893 km border country: US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)
Coastline: 243,791 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive fishing zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: maritime boundary disputes with the US;Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime boundary disputebetween Canada and France
Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic innorth
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands insoutheastlowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 mhighest point: Mount Logan 5,950 m
Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum,potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas
Land use:arable land: 9%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 3%forest and woodland: 45%other: 43%
Irrigated land: 8,400 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: air pollution and resulting acid rain severelyaffecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burningutilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural andforest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due toagricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activitiesnatural hazards: continuous permafrost in north is a seriousobstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the RockyMountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic,Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of thecountry's rain and snowinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, AirPollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, AntarcticTreaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, MarineDumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified -Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea, Tropical Timber 94