Third World another term for the less developed countries; the term is fading from use; see less developed countries (LDCs) _________________________________________________________________
underdeveloped countries refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs) _________________________________________________________________
undeveloped countries refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs) _________________________________________________________________
Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC) see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) _________________________________________________________________
United Nations (UN)address-United Nations, New York, NY 10017, UStelephone-[1] (212) 963 1234FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879established-26 June 1945effective-24 October 1945aim-to maintain international peace and security and to promotecooperation involving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarianproblemsmembers-(184 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria,Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma,Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republicof the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar,Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco,Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama,Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan,Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zambia,Zimbabwe; note-all UN members are represented in the General Assemblyobservers-(2 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Holy See,Switzerland, Palestine Liberation Organization_________________________________________________________________
United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM III) successor to original UNAVEM and UNAVEM II; established 20 December 1988; renewed for third time 8 February 1995; aim was to assist the parties in restoring peace and achieving national reconciliation in Angola on the basis of the Peace Accords, the Lusaka Protocol, and relevant Security Council resolutions; established by the UN Security Council; members Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Egypt, Fiji, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Jordan, Mongolia, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Sweden, Tanzania, Uruguay, Zambia, Zimbabwe; disbanded 30 June 1997 _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) established 5 October 1993 to support and provide safe conditions for displaced persons and human rights monitors, and to assist in training a new national police force; established by the UN Security Council; members were Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Fiji, Germany, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Jordan, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uruguay, Zambia, Zimbabwe; terminated 8 March 1996 _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) note-acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN International Children's Emergency Fund address-UNICEF House, Three United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 326 7000 FAX-[1] (212) 888 7465, 888 7454 established-11 December 1946 aim-to help establish child health and welfare services members-(36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) address-UNCTAD, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34 FAX-[41] (22) 907 00 57 established-30 December 1964 aim-to promote international trade members-(188) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO) established 31 March 1995 to separate Croatian and Krajina Serb forces; to monitor demilitarization of the Prevlaka Peninsula; to maintain a presence on Croatia's international borders; to monitor and report the crossing of military personnel, equipment, supplies and weapons; to facilitate delivery of humanitarian assistance; to aid refugees and displaced persons; to protect ethnic minorities; and to clear mines; established by the UN Security Council; members were Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US; disbanded January 1996 _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) address-One United National Plaza, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 906 5788, 906 5000 FAX-[1] (212) 906 5365 established-22 November 1965 aim-to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social development members-(36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, United Nations, Room S-3260E, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879 established-31 May 1974 aim-to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli cease-fire; established by the UN Security Council members-(4) Austria, Canada, Japan, Poland _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)address-7 place de Fontenoy, F-75352 Paris 07SP, Francetelephone-[33] (1) 45 68 10 00FAX-[33] (1) 45 67 16 90established-16 November 1945effective-4 November 1946aim-to promote cooperation in education, science, and culturemembers-(185) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antiguaand Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, TheBahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil,Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, CookIslands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia,Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati,North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova,Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal,Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman,Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts andNevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, SanMarino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, SouthAfrica, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga,Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda,Ukraine, UAE, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,Yugoslavia (suspended), Zambia, Zimbabweassociate members-(4) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Macau,Netherlands Antilles_________________________________________________________________
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) address-P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya telephone-[254] (2) 230800, 520600 FAX-[254] (2) 226890 established-15 December 1972 aim-to promote international cooperation on all environmental matters members-(58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) address-Chief of Mission, P.O. Box 1642, Nicosia, Cyprus telephone-[357] (2) 359 700 FAX-[357] (2) 359 753 established-4 March 1964 aim-to serve as a peacekeeping force between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus; established by the UN Security Council members-(8) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, UK _________________________________________________________________
United Nations General Assembly address-see United Nations established-26 June 1945 effective-24 October 1945 aim-to function as the primary deliberative organ of the UN members-(185) all UN members are represented in the General Assembly _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)address-Vienna International Center, P.O. Box 300, A-1400 Vienna,Austriatelephone-[43] (1) 211 310FAX-[43] (1) 23 21 56established-17 November 1966effective-1 January 1967aim-UN specialized agency that promotes industrial developmentespecially among the membersmembers-(169) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina,Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, BurkinaFaso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, CentralAfrican Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Coted'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, EquatorialGuinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia,Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts andNevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia,Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK,US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,Yugoslavia (suspended), Zambia, Zimbabwe_________________________________________________________________
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) address-Palais des Nations, Bureau 1070, CH-1211, Geneva 10, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 798-58-50, 798-84-00 FAX-[41] (22) 733-13-83 established-11 December 1963 aim-to help the UN become more effective through training and research members (Board of Trustees)-(17) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Cameroon, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland; note-the UN Secretary General can appoint up to 30 members _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879 established-19 March 1978 aim-to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces, and assist in reestablishing Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon; established by the UN Security Council members-(9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway, Poland _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879 established-9 April 1991 aim-to observe and monitor the demilitarized zone established between Iraq and Kuwait; established by the UN Security Council members-(33) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room 3727, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 5721 FAX-[1] (212) 758 2718 established-13 August 1948 aim-to observe the 1949 India-Pakistan cease-fire; established by the UN Security Council members-(8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, South Korea, Sweden, Uruguay _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879 established-29 April 1991 aim-to supervise the cease-fire and conduct a referendum in Western Sahara; established by the UN Security Council members-(28) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, China, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, South Korea, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Togo, Tunisia, US, Uruguay, Venezuela _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 758 2718 established-13 December 1995 aim-to establish a UN civilian police force (IPTF) to implement the Peace Agreement in Bosnia members-(39) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) established 23 September 1993;aim was to assist in implementing the agreement to transfer power back into the civilian government; established by the UN Security Council; became the United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) 28 June 1996 with the aim to assist in the professionalization of the Haitian National Police; members were Algeria, Canada, France, India, Mali, Pakistan, Togo, US; disbanded 31 July 1997 _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 758 2718 established-13 December 1992 aim-to monitor the demilitarization of the Prevlaka peninsula members-(25) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan (UNMOT) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 758 2718 established-16 December 1994 aim-to monitor and investigate violations of the cease-fire of 17 September 1994 between Tajikistan and the Tajik opposition and to assist in the political negotiation process; established by the UN Security Council members-(9) Austria, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Denmark, Jordan, Poland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uruguay _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 758 2718 established-1 July 1997 aim-to assist in implementation of peace agreement; oversee normalization of state administration throughout National territory; established by UN Security Council members-(17) Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Jordan, Malaysia, Mali, Nigeria, Portugal, Sweden, Tanzania, Uruguay, Zambia, Zimbabwe _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) established 20 May 1991 to verify cease-fire arrangements and to monitor the maintenance of public order pending the organization of a new National Civil Police; established by the UN Security Council; members were Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, Venezuela; disbanded April 1995 _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879 established-August 1993 aim-to verify compliance with the cease-fire agreement, to monitor weapons exclusion zone, and to supervise CIS peacekeeping force for Abkhazia; established by the UN Security Council members-(22) Albania, Austria, Bangladesh, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Jordan, South Korea, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879 established-22 September 1993 aim-to assist in the implementation of the peace agreement; established by the UN Security Council members-(6) Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) established 1993 for six months to monitor the Uganda/Rwanda border to verify that no military assistance reaches Rwanda across the border; established by the UN Security Council; members were Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Hungary, Netherlands, Senegal, Slovakia, Zimbabwe; subsumed by UNAMIR _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) address-Case postale 2500, Depot, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 739 81 11 FAX-[41] (22) 731 95 46 established-3 December 1949 effective-1 January 1951 aim-to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent solutions to refugee problems members-(50) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ) established 16 December 1992 to supervise the cease-fire; established by the UN Security Council; members were Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, US, Uruguay, Zambia; shut down operations 31 January 1995 _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II) established 24 April 1992 to facilitate an immediate cessation of hostilities, to maintain a cease-fire in order to promote a political settlement, and to provide urgent humanitarian assistance; established by the UN Security Council; members were Australia, Bangladesh, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, India, Ireland, Malaysia, Nepal, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Zimbabwe; UN peacekeepers left Somalia on 1 March 1995; some UN personnel remain in Somalia engaged in humanitarian work _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US established-1 December 1997 aim-to support the professionalization of the Haitian National Police; established by UN Security Council members-(11) Argentina, Benin, Canada, France, India, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia, US _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) note-acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for Population Activities address-220 East 42nd Street, 19th Floor, Room DN-1901, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 297 5000 FAX-[1] (212) 557 6416 established-NA July 1967 aim-to assist both developed and developing countries to deal with their population problems members-(34) selected on a rotating basis from all regions _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879 established-31 March 1995 aim-to monitor border activity in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia members-(27) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, US _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) established 28 February 1992; to create conditions for peace and security required for the negotiation of an overall settlement of the "Yugoslav" crisis; established by the UN Security Council; members were Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US; disbanded December 1995; replaced by the Implementation Force (IFOR), which has been replaced by the Stabilization Force (SFOR) _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) address-Vienna International Center, P. O. Box 700, A-1400 Vienna, Austria telephone-[43] (1) 21345, ext. 4531 FAX-[43] (1) 21345-5877 established-8 December 1949 aim-to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees members-(11) Austria, Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, UK, US _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) address-Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 798 84 00, 798 58 50 FAX-[41] (22) 740 07 91 established-1 July 1964 aim-to conduct research into the problems of economic development during different phases of economic growth members-no country members, but a Board of Directors consisting of a chairman appointed by the UN secretary general and 10 individual members _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Secretariat address-see United Nations established-26 June 1945 effective-24 October 1945 aim-to serve as the primary administrative organ of the UN; a Secretary General is appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council members-the UN secretary general and staff _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Security Council address-c/o United Nations, Room S-3520A, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 758 2718 established-26 June 1945 effective-24 October 1945 aim-to maintain international peace and security permanent members-(5) China, France, Russia, UK, US nonpermanent members-(10) elected for two-year terms by the UN General Assembly; Bahrain (1998-99), Brazil (1998-99), Costa Rica (1997-98), Gabon (1998-99), The Gambia (1998-99), Japan (1997-98), Kenya (1997-98), Poland (1996-97), Portugal(1997-98), Slovenia (1998-99), Sweden(1997-98) _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja, and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) established 12 November 1995; aim to facilitate and supervise the Basic Agreement between the government of the Republic of Croatia and the local Serbian community that will lead to a peaceful integration of that region into the national state of Croatia; members were Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Fiji, Finland, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Russian, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US; disbanded 15 January 1998; a UN Civilian Police Support Group was established in December 1997 as follow-on mission to UNTAES; the support group will continue to monitor the Croatian police in the Danube region, particularly in connection with the return of displaced people _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) established by the UN Security Council on 28 February 1992 to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace and to the holding of free elections; disbanded sometime after the UN-supervised election in May 1993; members were Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Fiji, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) address-Government House, P.O. Box 490, Jerusalem, Israel telephone-[972] (2) 734 223 FAX-[972] (2) 735 282, 734 223 extension 400 established-NA May 1948 aim-to supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli cease-fire; currently supports timely deployment of reinforcements to other peacekeeping operations in the region as needed; initially established by the UN Security Council members-(20) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US _________________________________________________________________
United Nations Trusteeship Council established on 26 June 1945, effective on 24 October 1945, to supervise the administration of the 11 UN trust territories; members were China, France, Russia, UK, US; it formally suspended operations 1 November 1995 after the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) became the Republic of Palau, a constitutional government in free association with the US; the Trusteeship Council was not dissolved _________________________________________________________________
United Nations University (UNU) address-53-70 Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan telephone-[81] (3) 3499 2811 FAX-[81] (3) 3499 2828 established-6 December 1973 aim-to conduct research in development, welfare, and human survival and to train scholars members-(38 associated institutes in 33 countries) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela _________________________________________________________________
United National Verification Mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA) address-c/o Department of Peace-keeping Operations, Room S-3260E, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4879 established-20 January 1997 aim-to verify fulfillment of cease-fire provisions; established by UN Security Council members-(18) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Columbia, Ecuador, Germany, Italy, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, US, Uruguay, Venezuela _________________________________________________________________
Universal Postal Union (UPU)address-Bureau International de l'UPU, Weltpoststrasse 4, CH-3000Berne 15, Switzerlandtelephone-[41] (31) 350 31 11FAX-[41] (31) 350 31 10established-9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947effective-1 July 1948aim-to promote international postal cooperation; a UN specializedagencymembers-(189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua andBarbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, TheBahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil,Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of theCongo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia,Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, HolySee, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar,Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Overseas Territories of the UK, Pakistan,Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, SaintLucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tomeand Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad andTobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE,UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,Yugoslavia (suspended), Zambia, Zimbabwe_________________________________________________________________
Warsaw Pact (WP) established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR; earlier members included East Germany and Albania _________________________________________________________________
West African Development Bank (WADB) note-also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD); is a financial institution of WAEMU address-68 av de la Liberation, BP 1172, Lome, Togo telephone-[228] 21 59 06, 21 42 44, 21 01 13 FAX-[228] 21 52 67, 21 72 69 established-14 November 1973 aim-to promote regional economic development and integration members-(7) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo _________________________________________________________________
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) note-also known as Union economique et monetaire Ouest africaine (UEMOA) address-Commission de l'UEMOA, 01 BP 543, Ouadgadougou, Burkina Faso telephone-[226] 31 88 73 through 76 FAX-[226] 31 88 72 established-1 August 1994 aim-to increase competitiveneess of members' economic markets; to create a common market members-(7) Benin, Burkino Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo _________________________________________________________________
West African Economic Community (CEAO) note-acronym from Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest established on 3 June 1972 to promote regional economic development; its members were Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal; it was disbanded in 1994 _________________________________________________________________
Western European Union (WEU) address-Rue de la Regence 4, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium telephone-[32] (2) 500 44 11 FAX-[32] (2) 511 32 70 established-23 October 1954 effective-6 May 1955 aim-to provide mutual defense and to move toward political unification members-(10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK associate members-(3) Iceland, Norway, Turkey associate partners-(10) Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia observers-(5) Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden _________________________________________________________________
World Bank see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) _________________________________________________________________
World Bank Group includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), and International Finance Corporation (IFC) _________________________________________________________________
World Confederation of Labor (WCL)address-Rue de Treves 33, B-1040 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone-[32] (2) 230 62 95FAX-[32] (2) 230 87 22established-19 June 1920 as the International Federation of ChristianTrade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968aim-to promote the trade union movementmembers-(99 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua andBarbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize,Benin, Bolivia, Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso,Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, ElSalvador, France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada,Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong,Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta,Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands,Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Rwanda, SaintKitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka,Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US,Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe_________________________________________________________________
World Court see International Court of Justice (ICJ) _________________________________________________________________
World Customs Organization (WCO) see Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) _________________________________________________________________
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)address-Branicka 112, 14000 Prague 4, Czech Republictelephone-[42] (2) 46 21 40, 46 20 85, 46 29 61FAX-[42] (2) 46 13 78established-3 October 1945aim-to promote the trade union movementmembers-(125 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Benin,Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon,Canada, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic ofthe Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea,Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, The Gambia, Ghana,Greece, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan,Jordan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon,Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali,Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, NZ,Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Romania, Russia,Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, SolomonIslands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Syria,Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization_________________________________________________________________
World Food Council (WFC) established 17 December 1974; to study world food problems and to recommend solutions; ECOSOC organization; there were 36 members selected on a rotating basis from all regions; subsumed by the World Food Program and Food and Agriculture Organization _________________________________________________________________
World Food Program (WFP) address-Via Cristoforo Colombo 426, I-00145 Rome, Italy telephone-[39] (6) 522821 FAX-[39] (6) 5123700, 5133537, 52282840 established-24 November 1961 aim-to provide food aid in support of economic development or disaster relief; an ECOSOC organization members-(36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions _________________________________________________________________
World Health Organization (WHO)address-CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerlandtelephone-[41] (22) 791 21 11, 791 32 23FAX-[41] (22) 791 07 46established-22 July 1946effective-7 April 1948aim-to deal with health matters worldwide; a UN specialized agencymembers-(191) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antiguaand Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, TheBahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil,Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of theCongo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia,Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius,Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,Nicaragua, Niue, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau,Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, SaintLucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tomeand Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad andTobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE,UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,Yugoslavia (suspended), Zambia, Zimbabweassociate members-(2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau_________________________________________________________________
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)address-34 chemin des Colombettes, Case Postale 18, CH-1211 Geneva 20,Switzerlandtelephone-[41] (22) 730 9111FAX-[41] (22) 733 5428established-14 July 1967effective-26 April 1970aim-to furnish protection for literary, artistic, and scientificworks; a UN specialized agencymembers-(161) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Armenia,Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi,Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of theCongo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia,Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See,Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, SouthKorea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania,Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zambia,Zimbabwe_________________________________________________________________
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)address-Case Postale 2300, 41 Av Giuseppe-Motta, CH-1211 Geneva 2,Switzerlandtelephone-[41] (22) 730 81 11FAX-[41] (22) 734 23 26established-11 October 1947effective-4 April 1951aim-to sponsor meteorological cooperation; a UN specialized agencymembers-(184) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua andBarbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, TheBahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, BritishCaribbean Territories, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia,Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia,Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India,Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Macau, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NewCaledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Sao Tomeand Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad andTobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia(suspended), Zambia, Zimbabwe_________________________________________________________________
World Tourism Organization (WToO)address-Calle Capitan Haya 42, 28020 Madrid, Spaintelephone-[34] (1) 571 06 28FAX-[34] (1) 571 37 33established-2 January 1975aim-to promote tourism as a means of contributing to economicdevelopment, international understanding, and peacemembers-(131) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola,Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo,Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia,Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, The Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco,Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan,Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey,Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela,Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabweassociate members-(4) Aruba, Macau, Madeira Islands, NetherlandsAntillesobserver-(1) Holy See_________________________________________________________________
World Trade Organization (WTrO) note-succeeded General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) address-Centre William Rappard, 154 rue de Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 21, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 739 51 11 FAX-[41] (22) 739 54 58 established-15 April 1994 effective-1 January 1995 aim-to provide a means to resolve trade conflicts between members and to carry on negotiations with the goal of further lowering and/or eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers members-(139) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Libya, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe observers-(5) Azerbaijan, Laos, Somalia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan applicants-(31) Albania, Armenia, The Bahamas, Belarus, Cambodia, Cape Verde, China, Comoros, Croatia, Estonia, Georgia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Nepal, Oman, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen, Taiwan; note-some of these countries applied to GATT and are still under consideration for membership in WTrO note-the following member of GATT had not become a member of WTrO as of 1 January 1998: Yugoslavia (suspended) _________________________________________________________________
Zangger Committee (ZC) established-early 1970s aim-to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT) members-(29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US _________________________________________________________________
Note: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations specialized agencies. The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership of the former Yugoslavia. The World Factbook therefore continues to list Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or where no action has yet been taken.
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Appendix D: Selected International Environmental Agreements
Air Pollution see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air PollutionAir Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides see Protocol to the 1979 Convention onLong-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control ofEmissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary FluxesAir Pollution-Sulphur 85 see Protocol to the 1979 Convention onLong-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of SulphurEmissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 see Protocol to the 1979 Convention onLong-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of SulphurEmissionsAir Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds see Protocol to the 1979Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning theControl of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or TheirTransboundary FluxesAntarctic-Environmental Protocol see Protocol on EnvironmentalProtection to the Antarctic TreatyAntarctic Treaty
opened for signature-1 December 1959 entered into force-23 June 1961 objective- to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes, such as, for international cooperation in scientific research, and that it does not become the scene or object of international discord parties-(43) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
note-abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes opened for signature-22 March 1989 entered into force-5 May 1992 objective-to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate parties-(118) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, UAE, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(3) Afghanistan, Haiti, US Biodiversity see Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity
note-abbreviated as Biodiversityopened for signature-5 June 1992entered into force- 29 December 1993objective-to develop national strategies for the conservation andsustainable use of biological diversityparties-(173) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, TheGambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan,Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius,Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, PapuaNew Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, SouthAfrica, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay,Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified- (12) Afghanistan,Azerbaijan, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Malta, Sao Tome and Principe,Thailand, Tuvalu, UAE, US, former YugoslaviaClimate Change see United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChangeClimate Change-Kyoto Protocol see Kyoto Protocol to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate ChangeConvention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the HighSeas
note-abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation opened for signature-29 April 1958 entered into force-20 March 1966 objective-to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited parties-(37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(21) Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Uruguay Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
note-abbreviated as Air Pollution opened for signature-13 November 1979 entered into force-16 March 1983 objective-to protect the human environment against air pollution and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution parties-(43) Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(2) Holy See, San Marino Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
note-abbreviated as Endangered Speciesopened for signature-3 March 1973entered into force-1 July 1975objective-to protect certain endangered species from overexploitationby means of a system of import/export permitsparties-(134) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, TheBahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia,Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon,Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo,Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, EquatorialGuinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, TheGambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy,Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Liberia, Liechtenstein,Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius,Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, SierraLeone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand,Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, UAE, UK, US,Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(4) Cambodia,Ireland, Kuwait, LesothoConvention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes andOther Matter (London Convention)
note-abbreviated as Marine Dumping opened for signature-29 December 1972 entered into force-30 August 1975 objective-to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention parties-(77) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, EU, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
note-abbreviated as Environmental Modification opened for signature-10 December 1976 entered into force-5 October 1978 objective- to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties-(64) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(17) Bolivia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
note-abbreviated as Wetlandsopened for signature-2 February 1971entered into force- 21 December 1975objective-to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlandsnow and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecologicalfunctions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, andrecreational valueparties-(97) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria,Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada,Chad, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Coted'Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia,Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho,Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico,Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, formerYugoslavia, ZambiaDesertification see United Nations Convention to CombatDesertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in AfricaEndangered Species see Convention on the International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)Environmental Modification see Convention on the Prohibition ofMilitary or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental ModificationTechniquesHazardous Wastes see Basel Convention on the Control of TransboundaryMovements of Hazardous Wastes and Their DisposalInternational Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
note-abbreviated as Whaling opened for signature-2 December 1946 entered into force- 10 November 1948 objective-to protect all species of whales from overhunting; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks parties-(57) Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark (including Greenland), Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kiribati, Latvia, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands (Netherlands also extended the convention to Netherlands Antilles), NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, UK, US, former Yugoslavia International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
note-abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83 opened for signature-18 November 1983 entered into force-1 April 1985; this agreement will expire when the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, goes into force objective- to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources parties-(54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
note-abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94 opened for signature-26 January 1994, but not yet in force objective-to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary to reach this objective parties-(51) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Venezuela countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(3) Ireland, Italy, Portugal Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
note-abbreviated as Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol opened for signature-16 March 1998, but not yet in force objective-to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries parties-(0) countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(12) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Philippines, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Switzerland Law of the Sea see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) Marine Dumping see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) Marine Life Conservation see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
note-abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protectionopened for signature-16 September 1987entered into force-1 January 1989objective-to protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions ofsubstances that deplete itparties-(165) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of theCongo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, ElSalvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, TheGambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland,Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea,South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States ofMicronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,Portugal (Portugal has also extended the protocol to Macau), Qatar,Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent andthe Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore,Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan,Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia,Zambia, ZimbabweNuclear Test Ban see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in theAtmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under WaterOzone Layer Protection see Montreal Protocol on Substances ThatDeplete the Ozone LayerProtocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for thePrevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)