Population growth rate: 2.7% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 45.84 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 17.56 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 107.19 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.89 years male: 44.97 years female: 46.84 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.56 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural)adjective: Burkinabe
Ethnic groups: Mossi about 24%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo,Mande, Fulani
Religions: indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian (mainlyRoman Catholic) 10%
Languages: French (official), tribal languages belonging toSudanic family, spoken by 90% of the population
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 19.2%male: 29.5%female: 9.2% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Burkina Fasoformer: Upper Volta
Data code: UV
Government type: parliamentary
Capital: Ouagadougou
Administrative divisions: 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba,Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houe, Kadiogo,Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri,Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga, Seno,Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogonote: a new electoral code was approved by the National Assembly inJanuary 1997; the number of administrative provinces was increasedfrom 30 to 45 (Bale, Bam, Banwa, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou,Boulkiemde, Comoe, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Ioba, Kadiogo,Kenedougou, Komandjari, Kompienga, Kossi, Koupelogo, Kouritenga,Kourweogo, Leraba, Loroum, Mouhoun, Nahouri, Namentenga, Nayala,Naumbiel, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Samentenga, Sanguie,Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Tuy, Yagha, Yatenga, Ziro,Zondomo, Zoundweogo)
Independence: 5 August 1960 (from France)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983)
Constitution: 2 June 1991
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law
Suffrage: universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October1987)head of government: Prime Minister Kadre Desire OUEDRAOGO (since 6February 1996)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;the number of terms which a president may serve is not limited;election last held 15 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); primeminister appointed by the president with the consent of thelegislatureelection results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 88%percent of the vote, with 56% of voter turnout
Legislative branch: bicameral; consists of a National Assembly orAssemblee des Deputes Populaires (ADP) (111 seats; members areelected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the purelyconsultative Chamber of Representations or Chambre des Representants(120 seats; members are appointed to serve three-year terms)elections: National Assembly election last held 11 May 1997 (next tobe held NA 2002)election results: percent of vote by party—NA; seats by party—CDP101, PDP 6, RDA 2, ADF 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Appeals Court
Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Democracy andNongma OUEDRAOGO, president]; Burkinabe Environmentalist Party or
Political pressure groups and leaders: watchdog/political actiongroups throughout the country in both organizations and communities;Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or HBDHP; Burkinabe GeneralConfederation of Labor or CGTB; National Confederation of BurkinabeWorkers or CNTB; National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL; Groupof 14 February
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM,IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU,MINURCA, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Gaetan Rimwangulya OUEDRAOGO chancery: 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sharon P. WILKINSON embassy: Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou mailing address: 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Economy—overview: One of the poorest countries in the world, landlocked Burkina Faso has a high population density, few natural resources, and a fragile soil. About 85% of the population is engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture which is highly vulnerable to variations in rainfall. Industry remains dominated by unprofitable government-controlled corporations. Following the African franc currency devaluation in January 1994 the government updated its development program in conjunction with international agencies, and exports and economic growth have increased. Maintenance of its macroeconomic progress in 1999-2000 depends on continued low inflation, reduction in the trade deficit, and reforms designed to encourage private investment.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$11.6 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 6% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,000 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 35% industry: 25% services: 40% (1997)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 4.679 million (persons 10 years old and over, according to a sample survey taken in 1991) note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 85%, industry, commerce, services, government (1998)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $277 millionexpenditures: $492 million, including capital expenditures of $233million (1995 est.)
Industries: cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing,soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold
Industrial production growth rate: 4.2% (1995)
Electricity—production: 220 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 63.64% hydro: 36.36% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 220 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, cotton, sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock
Exports: $400 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Exports—commodities: cotton, animal products, gold
Exports—partners: Cote d'Ivoire, France, Italy, Mali
Imports: $700 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Imports—commodities: machinery, food products, petroleum
Imports—partners: Cote d'Ivoire, France, Togo, Nigeria
Debt—external: $715 million (December 1996)
Economic aid—recipient: $484.1 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 21,000 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: all services only fair domestic: microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communication stations international: satellite earth station—1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 17, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: 49,000 (1991 est.)
Transportation
Railways:total: 622 km (517 km from Ouagadougou to the Cote d'Ivoire borderand 105 km from Ouagadougou to Kaya)narrow gauge: 622 km 1.000-m gauge (1995 est.)
Highways:total: 12,506 kmpaved: 2,001 kmunpaved: 10,505 km (1995 est.)
Ports and harbors: none
Airports: 33 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 2 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 31 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 16 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie,National Police, People's Militia
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 2,399,724 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 1,230,713 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $66 million (1996)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2% (1996)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
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@Burma ——-
Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and theBay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
Geographic coordinates: 22 00 N, 98 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total: 678,500 sq kmland: 657,740 sq kmwater: 20,760 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:total: 5,876 kmborder countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km,Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
Coastline: 1,930 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 mhighest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
Natural resources: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc,copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, preciousstones, natural gas
Land use:arable land: 15%permanent crops: 1%permanent pastures: 1%forests and woodland: 49%other: 34% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 10,680 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; floodingand landslides common during rainy season (June to September);periodic droughts
Environment—current issues: deforestation; industrial pollutionof air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatmentcontribute to disease
Environment—international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography—note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
People
Population: 48,081,302 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 36% (male 8,883,099; female 8,542,087)15-64 years: 60% (male 14,343,888; female 14,293,233)65 years and over: 4% (male 906,517; female 1,112,478) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.61% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 28.48 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 12.39 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.01 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 76.25 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.74 years male: 53.24 years female: 56.32 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.63 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:noun: Burmese (singular and plural)adjective: Burmese
Ethnic groups: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, other 5%
Religions: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic1%), Muslim 4%, animist beliefs 1%, other 2%
Languages: Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their ownlanguages
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 83.1%male: 88.7%female: 77.7% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Union of Burmaconventional short form: Burmalocal long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by theUS Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union ofMyanmar)local short form: Myanma Naingngandawformer: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Data code: BM
Government type: military regime
Capital: Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon)
Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular—yin)and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular—pyine); Chin State, Ayeyarwady*,Bago*, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Magway*, Mandalay*,Mon State, Rakhine State, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tanintharyi*, Yangon*
Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948)
Constitution: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; chapter headings and three of 15 sections have been approved
Legal system: does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace andDevelopment Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note—theprime minister is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peaceand Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992);note—the prime minister is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmentcabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta,so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18September 1988 under the name State Law and Order RestorationCouncil; the SPDC oversees the cabinetelections: none; the prime minister assumed power upon resignationof the former prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly or PyithuHluttaw (485 seats; members elected by popular vote to servefour-year terms)elections: last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convenedelection results: percent of vote by party—NA%; seats by party—NLD396, NUP 10, other 79
Judicial branch: limited; remnants of the British-era legalsystem in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial;the judiciary is not independent of the executive
Political parties and leaders: National Unity Party or NUPSHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; UnionSolidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a socialeight minor legal parties
Political pressure groups and leaders: National Coalition individuals legitimately elected to the People's Assembly but not recognized by the military regime; the group fled to a border area and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government; Kachin Independence Army or KIA; United Wa State Army or UWSA; Karen National Union or KNU; several Shan factions; All Burma Student Democratic Front or ABSDF
International organization participation: AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP,ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU,NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador TIN WINNchancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Kent M.WIEDEMANNembassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521)mailing address: Box B, APO AP 96546
Flag description: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions
Economy
Economy—overview: Burma has a mixed economy with private activity dominant in agriculture, light industry, and transport, and with substantial state-controlled activity, mainly in energy, heavy industry, and the rice trade. Government policy in the last 10 years, 1989-98, has aimed at revitalizing the economy after three decades of tight central planning. Thus, private activity has markedly increased; foreign investment has been encouraged, so far with moderate success; and efforts continue to increase the efficiency of state enterprises. Published estimates of Burma's foreign trade are greatly understated because of the volume of black-market trade. A major ongoing problem is the failure to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Although Burma remains a poor Asian country, its rich resources furnish the potential for substantial long-term increases in income, exports, and living standards. The short-term outlook is for continued sluggish growth because of internal unrest, minimal foreign investment, and the large trade deficit.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$56.1 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 1.1% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,200 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 59% industry: 11% services: 30% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 18.8 million (FY95/96 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1% (FY88/89 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $7.9 billionexpenditures: $12.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.7billion (FY96/97)
Industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer
Industrial production growth rate: 9.2% (FY95/96 est.)
Electricity—production: 3.75 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 61.33% hydro: 38.67% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 3.75 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; hardwood
Exports: $940 million (1997)
Exports—commodities: pulses and beans, teak, rice, rubber,hardwood
Exports—partners: India 17%, Singapore 14%, China 11%, Thailand9%, Japan 4% (1997)
Imports: $2.2 billion (1997)
Imports—commodities: machinery, transport equipment, constructionmaterials, food products
Imports—partners: Singapore 30%, Japan 17%, China 10%, Thailand10%, Malaysia 7% (1997)
Debt—external: $4.3 billion (1997 est.)
Economic aid—recipient: $156.9 million (1995)
Currency: 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas
Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1—6.1163 (January 1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176 (1996), 5.6670 (1995), 5.9749 (1994); unofficial—310-350 (1998)
Fiscal year: 1 April—31 March
Communications
Telephones: 122,195 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: meets minimum requirements for local andintercity service for business and government; international serviceis gooddomestic: NAinternational: satellite earth station—1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 2 (1998 est.)
Televisions: 88,000 (1992 est.)
Transportation
Railways: total: 3,740 km narrow gauge: 3,740 km 1.000-m gauge (1997)
Highways: total: 28,200 km paved: 3,440 km unpaved: 24,760 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines: crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km
Ports and harbors: Bassein, Bhamo, Chauk, Mandalay, Moulmein,Myitkyina, Rangoon, Akyab (Sittwe), Tavoy
Merchant marine:total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 464,478 GRT/695,923 DWTships by type: bulk 14, cargo 20, container 2, oil tanker 3,passenger-cargo 2note: a flag of convenience registry; includes ships of 2 countries:Japan owns 2 ships, US 3 (1998 est.)
Airports: 80 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 11over 3,047 m: 22,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 5914 to 1,523 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 69over 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 12914 to 1,523 m: 23under 914 m: 32 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower—military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower—availability: males age 15-49: 12,475,987 females age 15-49: 12,224,947 (1999 est.) note: both sexes liable for military service
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 6,660,309females age 15-49: 6,510,730 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 496,912females: 477,803 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $3.904 billion (FY97/98)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2.1% (FY97/98)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: sporadic conflict with Thailand over alignment of border
Illicit drugs: world's largest producer of illicit opium (cultivation in 1998—130,300 hectares, a 16% decline from 1997; potential production—1,750 metric tons, down 26% due to drought and the first eradication effort since the current government took power in 1987) and a minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; surrender of drug warlord KHUN SA's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a major counternarcotics success, but lack of serious government commitment and resources continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; growing role in the production of methamphetamines for regional consumption
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@Burundi ———-
Introduction
Background: Since the end of the Belgian trusteeship in 1962, Burundi has suffered from ethnic uprisings, coups, and other societal dislocations. In a series of waves since October 1993, hundreds of thousands of refugees have fled the ethnic violence between the Hutu and Tutsi factions in Burundi and have crossed into Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo or DROC). Since October 1996, an estimated 120,000 Burundian Hutu refugees from the DROC have been compelled to return to Burundi because of insecurity in the region. Continuing ethnic violence with the Tutsi has caused additional Hutu to flee to Tanzania, thus raising their numbers in the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps in that country to about 260,000. Burundian troops have joined armies from Rwanda and Uganda and Congolese Tutsi in trying to overthrow DROC President KABILA and restore security to their borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Geography
Location: Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geographic coordinates: 3 30 S, 30 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total: 27,830 sq kmland: 25,650 sq kmwater: 2,180 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:total: 974 kmborder countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda290 km, Tanzania 451 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,760 m); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
Terrain: hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m
Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat,cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium
Land use:arable land: 44%permanent crops: 9%permanent pastures: 36%forests and woodland: 3%other: 8% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 140 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: flooding, landslides
Environment—current issues: soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
Environment—international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Geography—note: landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed
People
Population: 5,735,937 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 47% (male 1,349,995; female 1,345,201)15-64 years: 50% (male 1,392,880; female 1,479,835)65 years and over: 3% (male 69,748; female 98,278) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.54% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 41.27 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 17.23 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 11.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.96 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 99.36 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.44 years male: 43.54 years female: 47.41 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.33 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Burundian(s) adjective: Burundi
Ethnic groups: Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy)1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Religions: Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%),indigenous beliefs 32%, Muslim 1%
Languages: Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (alongLake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 35.3%male: 49.3%female: 22.5% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Burundiconventional short form: Burundilocal long form: Republika y'u Burundilocal short form: Burundi
Data code: BY
Government type: republic
Capital: Bujumbura
Administrative divisions: 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura,Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo,Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyiginote: there may be a new province named Mwaro
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgianadministration)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Constitution: 13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a Transitional Constitution which enlarged the National Assembly and created two vice presidents
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch:chief of state: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president since 27September 1996 and officially sworn in on 11 June 1998) is chief ofstate and head of government and is assisted by First Vice PresidentFrederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA) and Second Vice PresidentMathias SINAMENYA (since NA); note—former President NTIBANTUNGANYAwas overthrown in a coup on 25 July 1996head of government: President Pierre BUYOYA is both chief of stateand head of government; assisted by First Vice President FredericBAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA) and Second Vice President MathiasSINAMENYA (since NA)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by presidentelections: NA
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (81 seats; note—new Transitional Constitution calls for 121 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be held in 1998, but suspended by presidential decree in 1996) election results: percent of vote by party—FRODEBU 71%, UPRONA 21.4%; seats by party—FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16; other parties won too small shares of the vote to win seats in the assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Political parties and leaders: Unity for National Progress ornote: opposition parties, legalized in March 1992, include BurundiAfrican Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA; Rally for Democracy andBAGAZA]
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU,NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas NDIKUMANA chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Morris N. HUGHES, Jr. embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura
Flag description: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
Economy
Economy—overview: Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with a poorly developed manufacturing sector. The economy is predominately agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts for 80% of foreign exchange earnings. The ability to pay for imports therefore rests largely on the vagaries of the climate and the international coffee market. Since October 1993 the nation has suffered from massive ethnic-based violence which has resulted in the death of perhaps 250,000 persons and the displacement of about 800,000 others. Foods, medicines, and electricity remain in short supply.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$4.1 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 4.5% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$740 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 58% industry: 18% services: 24% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: 36.2% (1990 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 1.9 million
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 93%, government 4%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services 1.5% (1983 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $NAexpenditures: $165 million, including capital expenditures of $42.6million (1998 est.)
Industries: light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: 122 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 1.64% hydro: 98.36% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 152 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 30 million kWh (1996)note: imports some electricity from Democratic Republic of the Congo
Agriculture—products: coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweetpotatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides
Exports: $49 million (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports—commodities: coffee, tea, cotton, hides
Exports—partners: UK, Germany, Benelux, Switzerland (1997)
Imports: $102 million f.o.b., 1998)
Imports—commodities: capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Imports—partners: Benelux, France, Germany, Japan (1997)
Debt—external: $1.1 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid—recipient: $286.1 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1—508 (January 1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997), 302.75 (1996), 249.76 (1995), 252.66 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 7,200 (1987 est.)
Telephone system: primitive system domestic: sparse system of open wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay international: satellite earth station—1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: 4,500 (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 14,480 km paved: 1,028 km unpaved: 13,452 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: Lake Tanganyika
Ports and harbors: Bujumbura
Airports: 4 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower—military age: 16 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 1,260,909 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 658,115 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 73,271 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $25 million (1993)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2.6% (1993)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
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@Cambodia ————
Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Geographic coordinates: 13 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total: 181,040 sq kmland: 176,520 sq kmwater: 4,520 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Land boundaries: total: 2,572 km border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Coastline: 443 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese,phosphates, hydropower potential
Land use:arable land: 13%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 11%forests and woodland: 66%other: 10% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 920 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
Environment—current issues: illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand are resulting in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) in December 1998
Environment—international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Geography—note: a land of paddies and forests dominated by theMekong River and Tonle Sap
People
Population: 11,626,520 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 45% (male 2,667,768; female 2,587,590)15-64 years: 52% (male 2,821,772; female 3,197,604)65 years and over: 3% (male 143,016; female 208,770) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.49% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 41.05 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 16.2 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.94 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 105.06 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.24 years male: 46.81 years female: 49.75 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.81 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Cambodian(s) adjective: Cambodian
Ethnic groups: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Religions: Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5%
Languages: Khmer (official), French
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 35%male: 48%female: 22% (1990 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodiaconventional short form: Cambodialocal long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchealocal short form: Kampuchea
Data code: CB
Government type: multiparty liberal democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993
Capital: Phnom Penh
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces (khett, singular andplural) and 3 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); BanteayMean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe,Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Krachen, Mondol Kiri,Otdar Mean Cheay, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu*(Sihanoukville), Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab,Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takevnote: there may be a new municipality called Pailin
Independence: 9 November 1953 (from France)
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
Constitution: promulgated 21 September 1993
Legal system: primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarchelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointedby the monarch after a vote of confidence by the National Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA 2003) election results: percent of vote by party—CPP 41%, FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party—CPP 64, FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15 note: pursuant to the coalition agreement signed in November 1998, a Senate is being created and the legislature will thus become bicameral
Judicial branch: Supreme Council of the Magistracy, provided for in the constitution, was formed in December 1997; a Supreme Court and lower courts exercise judicial authority
Political parties and leaders: National United Front for anIndependent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or
International organization participation: ACCT, AsDB, ASEAN(observer), CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol,IOC, ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador VAR HUOTH chancery: 4500 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth M. QUINNembassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penhmailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546
Flag description: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red(double width), and blue with a white three-towered templerepresenting Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the redband
Economy
Economy—overview: After four years of solid macroeconomic performance, Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-98 due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment fell off, and tourism has declined from 1996 levels. Also, in 1998 the main harvest was hit by drought. The long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. Human resource levels in the population are low, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside. The almost total lack of basic infrastructure in the countryside will continue to hinder development. Recurring political instability and corruption within government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid. Even so, growth may resume in 1999 at, say, 2%.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$7.8 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 0% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$700 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 51% industry: 15% services: 34% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 2.5 million to 3 million
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 80% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $261 millionexpenditures: $496 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1995 est.)
Industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products,rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Industrial production growth rate: 7% (1995 est.)
Electricity—production: 195 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 61.54% hydro: 38.46% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 195 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: rice, rubber, corn, vegetables
Exports: $736 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Exports—commodities: timber, garments, rubber, soybeans, sesame
Exports—partners: Singapore, Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong,Indonesia, Malaysia, US
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Imports—commodities: cigarettes, gold, construction materials,petroleum products, machinery, motor vehicles
Imports—partners: Singapore, Vietnam, Japan, Australia, HongKong, Indonesia, Thailand
Debt—external: $2.2 billion (1996 est.)
Economic aid—recipient: $569.8 million (1995)
Currency: 1 new riel (CR) = 100 sen
Exchange rates: riels (CR) per US$1—3,772.0 (January 1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1 (1996), 2,450.8 (1995), 2,545.3 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 7,000 (1981 est.)
Telephone system: adequate landline and/or cellular service inPhnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have littletelephone servicedomestic: NAinternational: adequate but expensive landline and cellular serviceavailable to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincialcities; satellite earth station—1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 government-operated station and four commercial stations broadcasting to Phnom Penh and major provincial cities via relay (1998)
Televisions: 800,000 (1996 est.)
Transportation
Railways: total: 603 km narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways: total: 35,769 km paved: 4,165 km unpaved: 31,604 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m;282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 m
Ports and harbors: Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, KrongKaoh Kong, Phnom Penh
Merchant marine:total: 141 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 598,867 GRT/841,240 DWTships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 16, cargo 108, container 4,livestock carrier 2, multifunctional large-load carrier 1, oiltankers 1, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 4note: a flag of convenience registry; includes ships of 8 countries:Aruba 1, Cyprus 7, Egypt 1, South Korea 1, Malta 1, Panama 1, Russia5, Singapore 1 (1998 est.)
Airports: 20 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 72,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 3 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 10 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF)—created in 1993 by the merger of the Cambodian People's Armed Forces and the two noncommunist resistance armies note: there are also resistance forces comprised of the Khmer Rouge (also known as the National United Army or NUA) and a separate royalist resistance movement
Military manpower—military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 2,562,112 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 1,428,523 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 119,839 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $85.3 million (1998)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2.4% (1998)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined; parts of border with Thailand are indefinite; maritime boundary with Thailand not clearly defined
Illicit drugs: transshipment site for Golden Triangle heroin; possible money laundering; narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market
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@Cameroon ————
Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, betweenEquatorial Guinea and Nigeria
Geographic coordinates: 6 00 N, 12 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total: 475,440 sq kmland: 469,440 sq kmwater: 6,000 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:total: 4,591 kmborder countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km,Republic of the Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298km, Nigeria 1,690 km
Coastline: 402 km