Industrial production growth rate: 4.2% (1996 est.)
Electricity—production: 6.1 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 0.66% hydro: 99.34% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 5.88 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 225 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 5 million kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: cocoa, rice, coffee, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports—commodities: gold 39%, cocoa 35%, timber 9.4%, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, and diamonds (1996 est.)
Exports—partners: UK, Germany, US, Netherlands, Japan, Nigeria
Imports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Imports—commodities: capital equipment, petroleum, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods
Imports—partners: UK, Nigeria, US, Germany, Japan, Netherlands
Debt—external: $5.2 billion (1996 est.)
Economic aid—recipient: $477.3 million (1995)
Currency: 1 new cedi (C) = 100 pesewas
Exchange rates: new cedis per US$1—2,324.70 (September 1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23 (1996), 1,200.43 (1995), 956.71 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 100,000 (1997 est.)
Telephone system: poor to fair system domestic: primarily microwave radio relay international: satellite earth station—1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 23, shortwave 0 (1997)
Radios: 12.5 million (1997 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 7 (in addition, there are eight repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 1.9 million (1997 est.)
Transportation
Railways:total: 953 km (undergoing major rehabilitation)narrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (32 km double track) (1997 est.)
Highways:total: 39,409 kmpaved: 11,653 km (including 30 km of expressways)unpaved: 27,756 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways
Pipelines: 0 km
Ports and harbors: Takoradi, Tema
Merchant marine:total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 10,552 GRT/14,839 DWTships by type: oil tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 3 (1998 est.)
Airports: 12 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 62,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 61,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force,Palace Guard, Civil Defense
Military manpower—military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 4,520,125 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 2,507,954 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 184,360 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $53 million (1999)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 0.7% (1999)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US
======================================================================
@Gibraltar ————-
Geography
Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain
Geographic coordinates: 36 11 N, 5 22 W
Map references: Europe
Area:total: 6.5 sq kmland: 6.5 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: about 11 times the size of The Mall inWashington, DC
Land boundaries: total: 1.2 km border countries: Spain 1.2 km
Coastline: 12 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Terrain: a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use:arable land: NA%permanent crops: NA%permanent pastures: NA%forests and woodland: NA%other: 100% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: NA
Environment—current issues: limited natural freshwater resources; large concrete or natural rock water catchments collect rain water
Environment—international agreements: party to: NA signed, but not ratified: NA
Geography—note: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
People
Population: 29,165 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 20% (male 3,129; female 2,749)15-64 years: 66% (male 10,888; female 8,247)65 years and over: 14% (male 1,729; female 2,423) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.39% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 12.65 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 8.81 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.14 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.32 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.17 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.47 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.37 years male: 75.1 years female: 81.81 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Gibraltarian(s) adjective: Gibraltar
Ethnic groups: Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, Spanish
Religions: Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England8%, other 3%), Muslim 8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981)
Languages: English (used in schools and for official purposes),Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian
Literacy: definition: NA total population: above 95% male: NA% female: NA%
Government
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Gibraltar
Data code: GI
Dependency status: overseas territory of the UK
Government type: NA
Capital: Gibraltar
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Independence: none (overseas territory of the UK)
National holiday: Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March)
Constitution: 30 May 1969
Legal system: English law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects whohave been residents six months or more
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief, the Right HonorableSir Richard LUCE (since 24 February 1997)head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the electedmembers of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultationwith the chief ministernote: there is also a Gibraltar Council that advises the governorelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (18 seats—15 elected, on for the Speaker, and two ex officio; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 16 May 1996 (next to be held NA May 2000) election results: percent of vote by party—SD 53%, SL 42%, NP 3%; seats by party—SD 8, SL 7
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or
Political pressure groups and leaders: Housewives Association;Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization
International organization participation: Interpol (subbureau)
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (overseas territory ofthe UK)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (overseas territoryof the UK)
Flag description: two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band
Economy
Economy—overview: Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 11% to the local economy. The financial sector accounts for 15% of GDP; tourism (more than 5 million visitors in 1995), shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of employment.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$500 million (1997 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: NA%
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$17,500 (1997 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1996)
Labor force: 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers)
Labor force—by occupation: services 60%, industry 40%, agriculture NEGL%
Unemployment rate: 13.5% (1996)
Budget:revenues: $111.6 millionexpenditures: $115.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(FY95/96)
Industries: tourism, banking and finance, ship-building and repairing; support to large UK naval and air bases; tobacco, mineral water, beer, canned fish
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: 85 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 85 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: none
Exports: $83.7 million (f.o.b., 1995)
Exports—commodities: (principally reexports) petroleum 51%,manufactured goods 41%, other 8%
Exports—partners: UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US,FRG
Imports: $778 million (c.i.f., 1995)
Imports—commodities: fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs
Imports—partners: UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands
Debt—external: $NA
Economic aid—recipient: $NA
Currency: 1 Gibraltar pound (LG) = 100 pence
Exchange rates: Gibraltar pounds (LG) per US$1—0.6057 (January 1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994); note—the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Fiscal year: 1 July—30 June
Communications
Telephones: 19,356 (1994)
Telephone system: adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international facilities domestic: automatic exchange facilities international: radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station—1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 6, shortwave 0
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 (in addition, there are 3 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: NA
Transportation
Railways: total: NA km; 1.000-m gauge system in dockyard area only
Highways: total: 49.9 km paved: 49.9 km unpaved: 0 km
Pipelines: 0 km
Ports and harbors: Gibraltar
Merchant marine:total: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 346m951 GRT/588,765 DWTships by type: chemical tanker 2, container 4, oil tanker 11,roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 (1998 est.)
Airports: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force
Military—note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: source of friction between Spain and theUK
======================================================================
@Glorioso Islands ————————
Geography
Location: Southern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Madagascar
Geographic coordinates: 11 30 S, 47 20 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total: 5 sq kmland: 5 sq kmwater: 0 sq kmnote: includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock,and South Rock
Area—comparative: about eight times the size of The Mall inWashington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 35.2 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical
Terrain: NA
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 12 m
Natural resources: guano, coconuts
Land use:arable land: NA%permanent crops: NA%permanent pastures: NA%forests and woodland: NA%other: 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1993)
Natural hazards: periodic cyclones
Environment—current issues: NA
People
Population: uninhabited
Government
Country name:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Glorioso Islandslocal long form: nonelocal short form: Iles Glorieuses
Data code: GO
Dependency status: possession of France; administered by a high commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Legal system: NA
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (possession of France)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (possession of France)
Flag description: the flag of France is used
Economy
Economy—overview: no economic activity
Transportation
Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only
Airports: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 1914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military—note: defense is the responsibility of France
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: claimed by Madagascar
======================================================================
@Greece ———
Geography
Location: Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey
Geographic coordinates: 39 00 N, 22 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:total: 131,940 sq kmland: 130,800 sq kmwater: 1,140 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Alabama
Land boundaries:total: 1,210 kmborder countries: Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km,The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 228 km
Coastline: 13,676 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationterritorial sea: 6 nm
Climate: temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Terrain: mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of islands
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Olympus 2,917 m
Natural resources: bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble
Land use:arable land: 19%permanent crops: 8%permanent pastures: 41%forests and woodland: 20%other: 12% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 13,140 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: severe earthquakes
Environment—current issues: air pollution; water pollution
Environment—international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, AirPollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, AntarcticTreaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of theSea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent OrganicPollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, ClimateChange-Kyoto Protocol
Geography—note: strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands
People
Population: 10,707,135 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 16% (male 878,349; female 818,311)15-64 years: 67% (male 3,619,982; female 3,587,591)65 years and over: 17% (male 799,053; female 1,003,849) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.41% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 9.54 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 9.44 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 4.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.07 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.98 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 7.13 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.43 years male: 75.87 years female: 81.18 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:noun: Greek(s)adjective: Greek
Ethnic groups: Greek 98%, other 2%note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions inGreece
Religions: Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%
Languages: Greek (official), English, French
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 95%male: 98%female: 93% (1991 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Hellenic Republicconventional short form: Greecelocal long form: Elliniki Dhimokratialocal short form: Ellas or Elladaformer: Kingdom of Greece
Data code: GR
Government type: parliamentary republic; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974
Capital: Athens
Administrative divisions: 51 prefectures (nomoi,singular—nomos)and 1 autonomous region*; Ayion Oros* (Mt. Athos),Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki,Dhodhekanisos, Drama, Evritania, Evros, Evvoia, Florina, Fokis,Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, Irakleion, Kardhitsa,Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkyra, Khalkidhiki, Khania, Khios,Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi,Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Preveza,Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala,Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos
Independence: 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March (1821) (proclamation of the war of independence)
Constitution: 11 June 1975
Legal system: based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:chief of state: President Konstandinos (Kostis) STEPHANOPOULOS(since 10 March 1995)head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos SIMITIS (since 19January 1996)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation ofthe prime ministerelections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;election last held 10 March 1995 (next to be held by NA March 2000);prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Konstandinos STEPHANOPOULOS elected president;percent of Parliament vote—NA
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon(300 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to servefour-year terms)elections: elections last held 22 September 1996 (next to be held byNA September 2000)election results: percent of vote by party—PASOK 41.5%, ND 38.1%,KKE 5.6%, Coalition of the Left and Progress 5.1%, DIKKI 4.4%,Political Spring 2.9%; seats by party—PASOK 162, ND 108, KKE 11,Coalition of the Left and Progress 10, DIKKI 9; note—seating hassubsequently changed as a result of disciplinary actions by PASOK,ND, and DIKKI; 1998 seating is PASOK 162, ND 105, KKE 11, Coalitionof the Left and Progress 10, DIKKI 8, independents 4
Judicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court, judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council; Special Supreme Tribunal, judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council
Political parties and leaders: New Democracy or ND (conservative)
International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS,BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, EU, FAO, G- 6, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO,MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE,PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNOMIG, UPU,WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Alexandre PHILONchancery: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, andSan Franciscoconsulate(s): Atlanta, Houston, and New Orleans
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador R. Nicholas BURNS embassy: 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens mailing address: PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108 consulate(s) general: Thessaloniki
Flag description: nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country
Economy
Economy—overview: Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the public sector accounting for about half of GDP, although the government plans to privatize some leading state enterprises. Tourism is a key industry, providing a large portion of GDP and foreign exchange earnings. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 4% of GDP. The economy has improved steadily over the last few years, as the government has tightened policy with the goal of qualifying Greece to join the EU's single currency (the euro) in 2001. In particular, Greece has cut its budget deficit to just over 2% of GDP and tightened monetary policy, with the result that inflation fell below 4% by the end of 1998—the lowest rate in 26 years. The outlook for 1999 is good with the budget deficit and inflation both expected to decline further, while GDP growth stays near 3% and the current account deficit remains below 2% of GDP.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$143 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 3% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$13,400 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 8.5% industry: 23.5% services: 68% (1996)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 4.28 million (1998)
Labor force—by occupation: services 59.2%, agriculture 19.8%, industry 21% (1998)
Unemployment rate: 10% (1998 est.)
Budget:revenues: $45 billionexpenditures: $47.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1998 est.)
Industries: tourism; food and tobacco processing, textiles;chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum
Industrial production growth rate: 7.3% (1998 est.)
Electricity—production: 40.028 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 89.16% hydro: 10.75% nuclear: 0% other: 0.09% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 41.388 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 1.3 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 2.66 billion kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; beef, dairy products
Exports: $12.4 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports—commodities: manufactured goods, foodstuffs, fuels (1998)
Exports—partners: EU 56% (Germany 25%, Italy 11%, UK 8%, France 6%), US 16% (1997)
Imports: $27.7 billion (c.i.f., 1998)
Imports—commodities: manufactured goods, foodstuffs, fuels,chemicals (1998)
Imports—partners: EU 61% (Italy 16%, Germany 16%, France 8%, UK7%, Netherlands 5%) US 11% (1997)
Debt—external: $40.8 billion (1997)
Economic aid—recipient: $5.4 billion from EU (1997 est.)
Currency: 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta
Exchange rates: drachmae (Dr) per US$1—278.78 (January 1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996), 231.66 (1995), 242.60 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 5,571,293 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: adequate, modern networks reach all areas; microwave radio relay carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine cables to off-shore islands domestic: microwave radio relay, open wire, and submarine cable international: tropospheric scatter; 8 submarine cables; satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 29, FM 17 (repeaters 20), shortwave 0
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 64 (in addition, there are about 1,000 low-power repeaters and two stations in the US armed forces network) (1997)
Televisions: 2.3 million (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways:total: 2,548 kmstandard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (36 km electrified; 23 kmdouble track)narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge (a rack typerailway for steep grades)
Highways:total: 117,000 kmpaved: 107,406 km (including 470 km of expressways)unpaved: 9,594 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals; including the Corinth Canal (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to Peiraiefs (Piraeus) by 325 km; and three unconnected rivers
Pipelines: crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km
Ports and harbors: Alexandroupolis, Elefsis, Irakleion (Crete),Kavala, Kerkyra, Chalkis, Igoumenitsa, Lavrion, Patrai, Peiraiefs(Piraeus), Thessaloniki, Volos
Merchant marine:total: 810 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,798,431GRT/44,056,618 DWTships by type: bulk 307, cargo 66, chemical tanker 19, combinationbulk 9, combination ore/oil 12, container 45, liquefied gas tanker5, multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 229, passenger 15,passenger-cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 17,short-sea passenger 76, specialized tanker 3 (1998 est.)
Airports: 78 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 63 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 16 under 914 m: 9 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 15 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 11 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic AirForce, National Guard, Police
Military manpower—military age: 21 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 2,707,628 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 2,071,670 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 79,376 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $4.04 billion (1998 est.)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: NA%
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; dispute with The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia over name; in September 1995, Skopje and Athens signed an interim accord resolving their dispute over symbols and certain constitutional provisions; Athens also lifted its economic embargo on The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Illicit drugs: a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece
======================================================================
@Greenland ————-
Geography
Location: Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada
Geographic coordinates: 72 00 N, 40 00 W
Map references: Arctic Region
Area:total: 2,175,600 sq kmland: 2,175,600 sq km (341,600 sq km ice-free, 1,834,000 sq kmice-covered) (est.)
Area—comparative: slightly more than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 44,087 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Terrain: flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Gunnbjorn 3,700 m
Natural resources: zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold,platinum, uranium, fish, seals, whales
Land use:arable land: 0%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 1%forests and woodland: 0%other: 99% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island
Environment—current issues: protection of the arctic environment; preservation of their traditional way of life, including whaling; note—Greenland participates actively in Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC)
Environment—international agreements:party to: NAsigned, but not ratified: NA
Geography—note: dominates North Atlantic Ocean between NorthAmerica and Europe; sparse population confined to small settlementsalong coast
People
Population: 59,827 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 26% (male 7,789; female 7,728)15-64 years: 68% (male 22,248; female 18,678)65 years and over: 6% (male 1,562; female 1,822) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.84% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 15.23 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 6.79 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.19 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.12 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 20.06 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.1 years male: 65.98 years female: 74.24 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.14 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Greenlander(s) adjective: Greenlandic
Ethnic groups: Greenlander 87% (Eskimos and Greenland-born whites), Danish and others 13%
Religions: Evangelical Lutheran
Languages: Eskimo dialects, Danish, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect)
Literacy: NA note: similar to Denmark proper
Government
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Greenland local long form: none local short form: Kalaallit Nunaat
Data code: GL
Dependency status: part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979
Government type: NA
Capital: Nuuk (Godthab)
Administrative divisions: 3 districts (landsdele); Avannaa(Nordgronland), Tunu (Ostgronland), Kitaa (Vestgronland)
Independence: none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979)
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
Constitution: 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Legal system: Danish
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January1972), represented by High Commissioner Gunnar MARTENS (since NA1995)head of government: Prime Minister Jonathan MOTZFELDT (since NASeptember 1997)cabinet: Landsstyre is formed from the Parliament on the basis ofthe strength of partieselections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed bythe monarch; prime minister is elected by the Parliament (usuallythe leader of the majority party); election last held 11 March 1999(next to be held NA 2003)election results: Jonathan MOTZFELDT reelected prime minister;percent of parliamentary vote—23 out of 31 votes
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Landsting (31 seats; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 17 February 1999 (next to be held by NA 2003) election results: percent of vote by party—Siumut 35.2%, Inuit Ataqatigiit 22%, Atassut Party 25.2%, Candidates' League 12.3%; seats by party—Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit Ataqatigiit 7, Candidates' League 4, independent 1 note: 2 representatives were elected to the Danish Parliament or Folketing on NA March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2002); percent of vote by party—Siumut 35.6%, Atassut 35.2%; seats by party—Siumut 1, Atassut 1; Greenlandic representatives are affiliated with Danish political parties
Judicial branch: High Court or Landsret
Political parties and leaders: two-party ruling coalition; Siumut(Forward Party, a moderate socialist party that advocates moredistinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark)Brotherhood, a Marxist-Leninist party that favors completeAtassut Party (Solidarity, a more conservative party that favors
International organization participation: NC, NIB
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (self-governingoverseas administrative division of Denmark)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (self-governingoverseas administrative division of Denmark)
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center—the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white
Economy
Economy—overview: Greenland suffered negative economic growth in the early 1990s, but since 1993 the economy has improved. The Greenland Home Rule Government (GHRG) has pursued a light fiscal policy since the late 1980s which has helped create surpluses in the public budget and low inflation. Since 1990, Greenland has registered a foreign trade deficit following the closure of the last remaining lead and zinc mine in 1989. Greenland today is critically dependent on fishing and fish exports; the shrimp fishery is by far the largest income earner. Despite resumption of several interesting hydrocarbon and minerals exploration activities, it will take several years before production can materialize. Tourism is the only sector offering any near-term potential and even this is limited due to a short season and high costs. The public sector, including publicly owned enterprises and the municipalities, plays the dominant role in Greenland's economy. About half the government revenues come from grants from the Danish Government, an important supplement of GDP.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$945 million (1997 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 0.6% (1997 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$16,100 (1997 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.6% (1997 est.)
Labor force: 24,500 (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate: 10.5% (1995 est.)
Budget:revenues: $706 millionexpenditures: $697 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1995)
Industries: fish processing (mainly shrimp), handicrafts, furs,small shipyards
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: 245 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 245 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: forage crops, garden vegetables; sheep; fish
Exports: $363.4 million (f.o.b., 1995)
Exports—commodities: fish and fish products 95%
Exports—partners: Denmark 89%, Japan 5%, UK 5%
Imports: $421 million (c.i.f., 1995)
Imports—commodities: machinery and transport equipment 25%, manufactured goods 18%, food and live animals 11%, petroleum products 6%
Imports—partners: Denmark 7.5%, Iceland 3.8%, Japan 3.3%, Norway 3.1%, US 2.4%, Germany 2.4%, Sweden 1.8%
Debt—external: $243 million (1995)
Economic aid—recipient: $427 million (annual subsidy fromDenmark) (1995)
Currency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere
Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1—6.401 (January 1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996), 5.602 (1995), 6.361 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 19,600 (1995 est.)
Telephone system: adequate domestic and international serviceprovided by cables and microwave radio relay; totally digitalized in1995domestic: microwave radio relayinternational: 2 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth station—1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: 1 publicly-owned station and some localradio and TV stations
Radios: 23,000 (1991 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1 publicly-owned station and some local low-power stations; in addition, there are three AFRTS (US Air Force) stations which broadcast in the NTSC system (1997)
Televisions: 12,000 (1991 est.)
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 150 km paved: 60 km unpaved: 90 km
Ports and harbors: Kangerluarsoruseq, Kangerlussuaq, Nanortalik,Narsarsuaq, Nuuk (Godthab), Sisimiut
Merchant marine:total: 1 passenger (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,211 GRT/162 DWT(1998 est.)
Airports: 13 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 9 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 41,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military—note: defense is the responsibility of Denmark
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
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@Grenada ———-
Geography
Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea andAtlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago
Geographic coordinates: 12 07 N, 61 40 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total: 340 sq kmland: 340 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 121 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Terrain: volcanic in origin with central mountains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Saint Catherine 840 m
Natural resources: timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors
Land use:arable land: 15%permanent crops: 18%permanent pastures: 3%forests and woodland: 9%other: 55% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November
Environment—current issues: NA
Environment—international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography—note: the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada
People
Population: 97,008 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 43% (male 21,055; female 20,365)15-64 years: 53% (male 27,524; female 23,766)65 years and over: 4% (male 2,034; female 2,264) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.87% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 27.62 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 5.15 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -13.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.02 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.16 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.09 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 11.13 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.6 years male: 68.97 years female: 74.29 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.57 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Grenadian(s) adjective: Grenadian
Ethnic groups: black
Religions: Roman Catholic 53%, Anglican 13.8%, other Protestant sects 33.2%
Languages: English (official), French patois
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 98%male: 98%female: 98% (1970 est.)
Government
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Grenada
Data code: GJ
Government type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Saint George's
Administrative divisions: 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Petit Martinique*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick
Independence: 7 February 1974 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 February (1974)
Constitution: 19 December 1973
Legal system: based on English common law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9 August 1996)head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June1995)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch; prime minister appointed by the governorgeneral from among the members of the House of Assembly
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate(a 13-member body, 10 appointed by the government and three by theleader of the opposition) and the House of Representatives (15seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)elections: last held on 18 January 1999 (next to be held by NAOctober 2004)election results: House of Representatives—percent of vote byparty—NA; seats by party—NNP 15
Judicial branch: West Indies Associate States Supreme Court (anassociate judge resides in Grenada)
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Congress or
International organization participation: ACP, C, Caricom, CDB,ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO (subscriber), ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS,OECS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WToO,WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Denis G. ANTOINEchancery: 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: the ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Grenadaembassy: Point Salines, Saint George'smailing address: P. O. Box 54, Saint George's, Grenada, West Indies
Flag description: a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven administrative divisions
Economy
Economy—overview: In this island economy progress in fiscal reforms and prudent macroeconomic management have boosted annual growth to nearly 5% in 1997-98. The increase in economic activity has been led by construction and trade. Tourist facilities are being expanded; tourism is the leading foreign exchange earner. Major short-term concerns are the rising fiscal deficit and the deterioration in the external account balance. Grenada shares a common central bank and a common currency with seven other members of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).
GDP: purchasing power parity—$340 million (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 5% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$3,500 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 9.7% industry: 15% services: 75.3% (1996 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (1998)
Labor force: 36,000
Labor force—by occupation: services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%, other 32% (1985)
Unemployment rate: 20% (1 October 1996)
Budget:revenues: $85.8 millionexpenditures: $102.1 million, including capital expenditures of $28million (1997)