Railways:total: 7,606 kmbroad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gaugestandard gauge: 7,394 km 1.435-m gauge (2,207 km electrified; 1,236km double track)narrow gauge: 176 km 0.760-m gauge (1996)note: Hungary and Austria jointly manage the cross-borderstandard-gauge railway between Gyor, Sopron, Ebenfurt(Gyor-Sopron-Ebenfurti Vasut Rt) a distance of about 101 km inHungary and 65 km in Austria
Highways:total: 188,203 kmpaved: 81,680 km (including 438 km of expressways)unpaved: 106,523 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 1,622 km (1988)
Pipelines: crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)
Ports and harbors: Budapest, Dunaujvaros
Merchant marine:total: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,210 GRT/19,810DWT (1998 est.)
Airports: 25 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 15 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Ground Forces, Air Force, Border Guard
Military manpower—military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 2,601,741 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 2,073,419 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 70,393 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $645 million (1997)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 1.4% (1997)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: ongoing Gabcikovo Dam dispute withSlovakia is before the International Court of Justice
Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and transit point for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamines and methamphetamines
======================================================================
@Iceland ———-
Introduction
Background: Iceland boasts the oldest surviving parliament in the world, the Althing, established in 930. Subsequently this Nordic island, whose small population has largely depended on fishing and sheep-herding for a living, came under the rule of Norway and then Denmark. It gained home rule in 1874 and full independence in 1944. Literacy, longevity, and social cohesion are topnotch by world standards. Tensions continue with Norway, Russia, and other nearby countries over fishing rights in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas.
Geography
Location: Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the UK
Geographic coordinates: 65 00 N, 18 00 W
Map references: Arctic Region
Area:total: 103,000 sq kmland: 100,250 sq kmwater: 2,750 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Kentucky
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 4,988 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild,windy winters; damp, cool summers
Terrain: mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks,icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Hvannadalshnukur 2,119 m
Natural resources: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
Land use:arable land: 0%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 23%forests and woodland: 1%other: 76% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: earthquakes and volcanic activity
Environment—current issues: water pollution from fertilizerrunoff; inadequate wastewater treatment
Environment—international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent OrganicPollutants, Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation
Geography—note: strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe
People
Population: 272,512 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 23% (male 32,608; female 31,061)15-64 years: 65% (male 89,258; female 87,449)65 years and over: 12% (male 14,510; female 17,626) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.57% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 14.87 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 7.01 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 5.22 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.96 years male: 76.85 years female: 81.19 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.03 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Icelander(s) adjective: Icelandic
Ethnic groups: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegiansand Celts
Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and RomanCatholic 3%, none 1% (1988)
Languages: Icelandic
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 100% (1976 est.)male: NA%female: NA%
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Icelandconventional short form: Icelandlocal long form: Lyoveldio Islandlocal short form: Island
Data code: IC
Government type: constitutional republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Administrative divisions: 23 counties (syslar, singular—sysla)and 14 independent towns* (kaupstadhir, singular—kaupstadhur);Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla, Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla,Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla, Borgarfjardharsysla,Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, Hafnarfjordhur*,Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*,Myrasysla, Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla,Nordhur-Mulasys-la, Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*,Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*, Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*,Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla, Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla,Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla, Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla,Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Vestur-Hunavatnssysla,Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla
Independence: 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of theRepublic, 17 June (1944)
Constitution: 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1 August1996)head of government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April1991)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;election last held 29 June 1996 (next to be held NA June 2000);prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president; percentof vote—41.4%
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Althing (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 8 April 1995 (next to be held by April 1999) election results: percent of vote by party—Independence Party 37.1%, Progressive Party 23.3%, Social Democratic Party 11.4%, Socialists 14.3%, People's Movement 7.2%, Women's Party 4.9%; seats by party—Independence 25, Progressive 15, Social Democratic 7, Socialists 9, People's Movement 4, Women's Party 3
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Haestirettur, justices are appointed for life by the president
Political parties and leaders: Independence Party (conservative)
International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS,CBSS, CCC, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat,Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD,OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNMIBH, UNU, UPU, WEU(associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Jon-Baldvin HANNIBALSSONchancery: Suite 1200, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Day Olin MOUNTembassy: Laufasvegur 21, Reykjavikmailing address: US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340
Flag description: blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
Economy
Economy—overview: Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, yet with an extensive welfare system, low unemployment, and remarkably even distribution of income. The economy depends heavily on the fishing industry, which provides 75% of export earnings and employs 12% of the work force. In the absence of other natural resources—except energy—Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world fish prices. The economy remains sensitive to declining fish stocks as well as to drops in world prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. The center-right government plans to continue its policies of reducing the budget and current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The government remains opposed to EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders' concern about losing control over their fishing resources. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, and new developments in software production, biotechnology, and financial services are taking place. The tourism sector is also expanding, with the recent trends in ecotourism and whale-watching. Growth is likely to slow in 1999, to a still respectable 4.6%.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$6.06 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 5.1% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$22,400 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 13% industry: 24% services: 63% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.7% (1998)
Labor force: 130,000 (1998 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: manufacturing 12.9%, fishing and fish processing 11.8%, construction 10.7%, other services 59.5%, agriculture 5.1% (1996 est.)
Unemployment rate: 3% (1998 est.)
Budget:revenues: $1.9 billionexpenditures: $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $146million (1996 est.)
Industries: fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosiliconproduction, geothermal power; tourism
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: 5.048 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 0.06% hydro: 93.43% nuclear: 0% other: 6.51%
Electricity—consumption: 5.532 billion kWh (1997)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: potatoes, turnips; cattle, sheep; fish
Exports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports—commodities: fish and fish products 70%, animal products,aluminum, diatomite and ferrosilicon
Exports—partners: EU 60% (UK 19%, Germany 13%, France 6%, Denmark6%), US 14% (1997)
Imports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Imports—commodities: machinery and equipment, petroleum products,foodstuffs, textiles
Imports—partners: EU 58% (Germany 12%, Norway 12%, UK 10%,Denmark 9%, Sweden 7%), US 9% (1997)
Debt—external: $2.2 billion (1996 est.)
Economic aid—recipient: $NA
Currency: 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar
Exchange rates: Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1—69.250 (January 1999), 70.958 (1998), 70.904 (1997), 66.500 (1996), 64.692 (1995), 69.944 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 143,600 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: adequate domestic service domestic: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic cables and microwave radio relay links international: satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note—Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 147 (transmitters and repeaters), shortwave 0
Radios: 91,500 licensed (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 14 (in addition, there are 156 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 96,100 (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 12,691 km paved: 3,262 km unpaved: 9,429 km (1997 est.)
Ports and harbors: Akureyri, Hornafjordur, Isafjordhur, Keflavik,Raufarhofn, Reykjavik, Seydhisfjordhur, Straumsvik, Vestmannaeyjar
Merchant marine:total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,085 GRT/16,938 DWTships by type: chemical tanker 1, container 1, oil tanker 1 (1998est.)
Airports: 87 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 10over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 4914 to 1,523 m: 5 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 771,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 21under 914 m: 53 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: no regular armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; note—Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 70,958 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 62,570 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: none
Military—note: Iceland's defense is provided by the US-mannedIcelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)
======================================================================
@India ——-
Geography
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay ofBengal, between Burma and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 N, 77 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area:total: 3,287,590 sq kmland: 2,973,190 sq kmwater: 314,400 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries:total: 14,103 kmborder countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
Coastline: 7,000 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate innorth
Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rollingplain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
Natural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world),iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, naturalgas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone
Land use:arable land: 56%permanent crops: 1%permanent pastures: 4%forests and woodland: 23%other: 16% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 480,000 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; earthquakes
Environment—current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and rapidly growing population is overstraining natural resources
Environment—international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography—note: dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes
People
Population: 1,000,848,550 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 34% (male 175,463,726; female 165,722,164)15-64 years: 61% (male 318,004,920; female 295,245,556)65 years and over: 5% (male 23,571,270; female 22,840,914) (1999est.)
Population growth rate: 1.68% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 25.39 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 8.5 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.07 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 60.81 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.4 years male: 62.54 years female: 64.29 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.18 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Indian(s) adjective: Indian
Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other3%
Religions: Hindu 80%, Muslim 14%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%,Buddhist 0.7%, Jains 0.5%, other 0.4%
Languages: English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali (official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani (a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India) note: 24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 52%male: 65.5%female: 37.7% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Indiaconventional short form: India
Data code: IN
Government type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Administrative divisions: 25 states and 7 union territories*;Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh,Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*,Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab,Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of theRepublic, 26 January (1950)
Constitution: 26 January 1950
Legal system: based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN (since 25 July1997); Vice President Krishnan KANT (since 21 August 1997)head of government: Prime Minister Atal Behari VAJPAYEE (since 19March 1998)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by an electoral college consisting ofelected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures ofthe states for a five-year term; election last held 14 July 1997(next to be held NA July 2002); vice president elected by bothhouses of Parliament; election last held 16 August 1997 (next to beheld NA August 2002); prime minister elected by parliamentarymembers of the majority party following legislative elections;election last held NA March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003)election results: Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN elected president;percent of electoral college vote—NA; Krishnan KANT elected vicepresident; percent of Parliament vote—NA; Atal Behari VAJPAYEEelected prime minister; percent of vote—NA
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to 12 of which are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) elections: People's Assembly—last held 16 February through 7 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003) election results: People's Assembly—percent of vote by party—NA; seats by party—BJP 178, Congress (I) Party 141, CPI/M 32, SP 20, ADMK 18, RJD 17, Telugu Desam 12, SAP 12, CPI 9, BJD 9, Akali Dal factions 8, Trinamool Congress 7, SHS 6, DMK 6, Janata Dal Party 6, BSP 5, RSP 5, independents and others 44, vacant 8, appointed by the president 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by thepresident and remain in office until they reach the age of 65
Political parties and leaders: Bharatiya Janata Party or BJPPALIWAL (chairman), Chitta BASU (general secretary)]; Muslim Leaguefactions representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab;National Conference or NC (a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir)NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders: various separatist groupsseeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; numerousreligious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including AdamSena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya SwayamsevakSangh
International organization participation: AfDB, AsDB, BIS, C,CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA (observer), IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,ITU, MIPONUH, MONUA, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNOMIL,UNOMSIL, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Naresh CHANDRAchancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008;note—Embassy located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC20008consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard F. CELESTE embassy: Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, New Delhi mailing address: use embassy street address consulate(s) general: Calcutta, Chennai (Madras), Mumbai (Bombay)
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
Economy
Economy—overview: India's economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services. 67% of India's labor force work in agriculture, which contributes 25% of the country's GDP. Production, trade, and investment reforms since 1991 have provided new opportunities for Indian businesspersons and an estimated 300 million middle class consumers. New Delhi has avoided debt rescheduling, attracted foreign investment, and revived confidence in India's economic prospects since 1991. Many of the country's fundamentals—including savings rates (26% of GDP) and reserves (now about $30 billion)—are healthy. Even so, the Indian Government needs to restore the early momentum of reform, especially by continuing reductions in the extensive remaining government regulations. India's exports, currency, and foreign institutional investment were affected by the East Asian crisis in late 1997 and 1998; but capital account controls, a low ratio of short-term debt to reserves, and enhanced supervision of the financial sector helped insulate it from near term balance-of-payments problems. Exports fell 5% in 1998 mainly because of the fall in Asian currencies relative to the rupee. Energy, telecommunications, and transportation bottlenecks continue to constrain growth. A series of weak coalition governments have lacked the political strength to push reforms forward to address these and other problems. Indian think tanks project GDP growth of about 4.5% in 1999. Inflation will remain a worrisome problem.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$1.689 trillion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 5.4% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,720 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 25% industry: 30% services: 45% (1997)
Population below poverty line: 35% (1994 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 25% (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (1998 est.)
Labor force: NA
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 67%, services 18%, industry 15% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $42.12 billionexpenditures: $63.79 billion, including capital expenditures of$13.8 billion (FY98/99 budget est.)
Industries: textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel,transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery
Industrial production growth rate: 5.5% (1997)
Electricity—production: 404.475 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 80.35% hydro: 17.8% nuclear: 1.83% other: 0.02% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 406.02 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 130 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 1.675 billion kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish
Exports: $32.17 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports—commodities: textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineeringgoods, chemicals, leather manufactures
Exports—partners: US 19%, Hong Kong 6%, UK 6%, Japan 6%, Germany5% (1997)
Imports: $41.34 billion (c.i.f., 1998)
Imports—commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, machinery,gems, fertilizer, chemicals
Imports—partners: US 10%, Belgium 7%, UK 7%, Germany 7%, SaudiArabia 6%, Japan 6% (1997)
Debt—external: $93 billion (1998)
Economic aid—recipient: $1.604 billion (1995)
Currency: 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise
Exchange rates: Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1—42.508 (January 1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996), 32.427 (1995), 31.374 (1994)
Fiscal year: 1 April—31 March
Communications
Telephones: 12 million (1996)
Telephone system: mediocre; local and long distance service provided throughout all regions of the country, with services primarily concentrated in the urban areas; major objective is to continue to expand and modernize long-distance network in order to keep pace with rapidly growing number of local subscriber lines; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admission of private and private-public investors, but demand for communication services is also growing rapidly domestic: local service is provided by microwave radio relay and coaxial cable, with open wire and obsolete electromechanical and manual switchboard systems still in use in rural areas; starting in the 1980s, a substantial amount of digital switch gear has been introduced for local- and long-distance service; long-distance traffic is carried mostly by coaxial cable and low-capacity microwave radio relay; since 1985, however, significant trunk capacity has been added in the form of fiber-optic cable and a domestic satellite system with 254 earth stations; cellular telephone service in four metropolitan cities international: satellite earth stations—8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean Region); four gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai, New Delhi, Calcutta, and Chennai; submarine cables to Malaysia, UAE, Singapore, and Japan
Radio broadcast stations: AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 62 (1998 est.)
Radios: 111 million (1998 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 562 (82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Televisions: 50 million (1999 est.)
Transportation
Railways:total: 62,915 km (12,307 km electrified; 12,617 km double track)broad gauge: 40,620 km 1.676-m gaugenarrow gauge: 18,501 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,794 km 0.762-m and 0.610-mgauge (1998 est.)
Highways: total: 3,319,644 km paved: 1,517,077 km unpaved: 1,802,567 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels
Pipelines: crude oil 3,005 km; petroleum products 2,687 km;natural gas 1,700 km (1995)
Ports and harbors: Calcutta, Chennai (Madras), Cochin, JawaharalNehru, Kandla, Mumbai (Bombay), Vishakhapatnam
Merchant marine:total: 311 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,627,497GRT/11,038,723 DWTships by type: bulk 126, cargo 63, chemical tanker 11, combinationbulk 2, combination ore/oil 3, container 12, liquefied gas tanker10, oil tanker 76, passenger-cargo 5, short-sea passenger 1,specialized tanker 2 (1998 est.)
Airports: 341 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 230 over 3,047 m: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 48 1,524 to 2,437 m: 82 914 to 1,523 m: 70 under 914 m: 19 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 111 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 50 under 914 m: 51 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 17 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy (including naval air arm), AirForce, various security or paramilitary forces (includes BorderSecurity Force, Assam Rifles, and Rashtriya Rifles)
Military manpower—military age: 17 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 269,339,985 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 158,141,508 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 10,661,786 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $10.012 billion (FY98/99)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2.7% (FY98/99)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: boundary with China in dispute; status ofKashmir with Pakistan; water-sharing problems with Pakistan over theIndus River (Wular Barrage); a portion of the boundary withBangladesh is indefinite; dispute with Bangladesh over NewMoore/South Talpatty Island
Illicit drugs: world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of hashish and methaqualone; cultivated 2,050 hectares of illicit opium in 1997, a 34% decrease from 1996, with a potential production of 30 metric tons, a 36% decrease from 1996
======================================================================
@Indian Ocean ——————
Geography
Location: body of water between Africa, Antarctica, Asia, andAustralia
Geographic coordinates: 30 00 S, 80 00 E
Map references: World
Area:total: 73.6 million sq kmnote: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, GreatAustralian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique Channel,Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, and other tributary waterbodies
Area—comparative: slightly less than eight times the size of theUS; third-largest ocean (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean,but larger than the Arctic Ocean)
Coastline: 66,526 km
Climate: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon(June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June andOctober/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/Februaryin the southern Indian Ocean
Terrain: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 m highest point: sea level 0 m
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand andgravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Natural hazards: ships subject to superstructure icing in extremesouth near Antarctica from May to October
Environment—current issues: endangered marine species include thedugong, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the ArabianSea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
Environment—international agreements:party to: none of the selected agreementssigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography—note: major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Straitof Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, andthe Lombok Strait
Government
Data code: none; the US Government has not approved a standard for hydrographic codes—see the Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic Codes appendix
Economy
Economy—overview: The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Communications
Telephone system:international: submarine cables from India to UAE and Malaysia andfrom Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia
Transportation
Ports and harbors: Calcutta (India), Chennai (Madras; India),Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia),Melbourne (Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (SouthAfrica)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
======================================================================
@Indonesia ————-
Introduction
Background: Indonesia declared its independence in 1945 from the Netherlands, a claim disputed, then recognized by the Dutch in 1949. In 1975 Indonesian troops occupied Portuguese East Timor. Current issues include implementing IMF-mandated reforms (particularly restructuring and recapitalizing the insolvent banking sector), effecting a transition to a popularly elected government, addressing longstanding grievances over the role of the ethnic Chinese business class and charges of cronyism and corruption, alleged human rights violations by the military, the role of the military and religion in politics, and growing pressures for some form of independence or autonomy by Aceh, Irian Jaya, and East Timor.
Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total: 1,919,440 sq kmland: 1,826,440 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total: 2,602 km border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
Coastline: 54,716 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber,bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use:arable land: 10%permanent crops: 7%permanent pastures: 7%forests and woodland: 62%other: 14% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 45,970 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes
Environment—current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
Environment—international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertication, EndangeredSpecies, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, TropicalTimber 94, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine LifeConservation
Geography—note: archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 216,108,345 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 30% (male 33,367,287; female 32,411,786)15-64 years: 65% (male 70,541,893; female 70,866,972)65 years and over: 5% (male 3,936,415; female 4,983,992) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.46% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 22.78 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 8.14 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 57.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.92 years male: 60.67 years female: 65.29 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.57 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%,coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Religions: Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay),English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which isJavanese
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 83.8%male: 89.6%female: 78% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Indonesiaconventional short form: Indonesialocal long form: Republik Indonesialocal short form: Indonesiaformer: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
Data code: ID
Government type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular—propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular—daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*
Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from theNetherlands)
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married personsregardless of age
Executive branch:note: on 21 May 1998—less than three months after being selected fora seventh five-year term—President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO resignedfrom office; immediately following his resignation he announced thatVice President HABIBIE would assume the presidency for the remainderof the term which expires in 2003; on 28 May 1998, HABIBIE andlegislative leaders announced an agreement to select a new presidentin 1999chief of state: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 May1998); note—the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 May1998); note—the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmentcabinet: Cabinetelection: president and vice president selected by consensus by thePeople's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms; selection lastheld 10 March 1998 (next to be held by 10 November 1999)election results: Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO selected president byconsensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; Bacharuddin J.HABIBIE selected vice president by consensus by the People'sConsultative Assembly; note—Vice President HABIBIE assumed thepresidency after SOEHARTO's resignation
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives or DewanPerwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 425 elected by popular vote, 75are appointed military representatives; members serve five-yearterms)elections: last held 29 May 1997 (next to be held 7 June 1999)election results: percent of vote by party—Golkar 74.5%, PPP 22.43%,PDI 3.07%; seats by party—Golkar 325, PPP 89, PDI 11note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis PermusyawaratanRakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 200 indirectly selectedmembers; it meets every five years to elect the president and vicepresident and to approve the broad outlines of national policy
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges areappointed by the president
Political parties and leaders: Golkar (de facto ruling politicalIndonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalistchairman]
International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC,CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat,Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW,OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT,UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador DORODJATUN Kuntoro-Jaktichancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, andSan Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROYembassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakartamailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520consulate(s) general: Surabaya
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
Economy
Economy—overview: The collapse of the rupiah in late 1997 and early 1998 caused GDP to contract by an estimated 13.7% in 1998 because of Indonesian firms' reliance on short-term dollar-denominated debt and high levels of nonperforming loans in the banking sector. The Indonesian Government initially wavered on meeting the conditions it agreed to in exchange for a $42 billion IMF assistance package, contributing to further loss in investor confidence and outflows of capital. Riots that in many cases targeted ethnic Chinese business owners also set back chances that Indonesia would quickly stabilize its financial crisis and contributed to President SOEHARTO's resignation on 21 May 1998. His successor, B.J. HABIBIE, improved cooperation with the IMF. The money supply—which expanded rapidly early in the year to prop up banks hit by deposit runs—was tightened within a few months, and by October, inflation—which reached a 77% annual rate—was significantly dampened. The government also announced a bank recapitalization program in late 1998, but by early 1999 the plan faced growing challenges over its reliance on public funds. Doubts about whether the program is adequate underlie forecasts of continued—although much less severe—GDP contraction for 1999. Signs of spreading unrest and sectarian violence and concern that social instability will increase as the 7 June 1999 national election approaches also contribute to pessimism about the economy, particularly because foreign investors remain reluctant to begin to increase capital inflows again. The next government will face the challenge of establishing a macroeconomic policy framework that addresses longstanding grievances and inequities underlying much of the current unrest without hampering an economic recovery.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$602 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: -13.7% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$2,830 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 18.8% industry: 40.3% services: 40.9% (1998 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 28.3% (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 77% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 87 million (1997 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 41%, trade, restaurant, and hotel 19.8%, manufacturing 14%, construction 4.8%, transport and communications 4.75%, other 15.65% (1997)
Unemployment rate: 15%-20% (1998 est.)
Budget:revenues: $35 billion (of which $15 billion is from internationalfinancial institutions)expenditures: $35 billion, including capital expenditures of $12billion (FY98/99 est.)
Industries: petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear; mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism
Industrial production growth rate: -13.7% (1998 est.)
Electricity—production: 66.8 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 82.34% hydro: 14.97% nuclear: 0% other: 2.69% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 66.8 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Exports: $49 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Exports—commodities: garments 7.9%, textiles 7.3%, gas 6.4%, electrical appliances 5.9%, pulp and paper 5.3%, oil 4.7%, plywood 4.7%
Exports—partners: Japan 18%, EU 15%, US 14%, Singapore 13%, SouthKorea 5%, Hong Kong 4%, China 3.9%, Taiwan 3.4% (1998 est.)
Imports: $24 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Imports—commodities: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%,foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7%
Imports—partners: Japan 20%, US 13%, Germany 9%, Singapore 9%,Australia 6.4%, South Korea 5.4%, Taiwan 3.4%, China 3.1% (1998 est.)
Debt—external: $136 billion (yearend 1997 est.)
Economic aid—recipient: $43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing (1997-2000)
Currency: Indonesian rupiah (Rp)
Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1—8,714.3 (January 1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994)
Fiscal year: 1 April—31 March
Communications
Telephones: 1,276,600 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: domestic service fair, international servicegooddomestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;domestic satellite communications systeminternational: satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (1 Indian Oceanand 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0
Radios: 28.1 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 41 (of which 18 are government-owned and 23 are commercial) (1997)
Televisions: 11.5 million (1992 est.)
Transportation
Railways:total: 6,458 kmnarrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 kmdouble track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)
Highways:total: 342,700 kmpaved: 158,670 kmunpaved: 184,030 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; naturalgas 1,703 km (1989)
Ports and harbors: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang,Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang
Merchant marine:total: 587 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,707,004GRT/3,701,001 DWTships by type: bulk 37, cargo 348, chemical tanker 8, container 20,liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 116,passenger 9, passenger-cargo 13, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11,short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 5 (1998est.)
Airports: 443 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 125 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 41 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m: 30 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 318 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 31 under 914 m: 282 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 4 (1998 est.)
Military