Airports: 137 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 51 over 3,047 m: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 24 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 86 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 40 under 914 m: 19 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force,Territorial Air Defense, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower—military age: 19 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 8,237,682 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 5,046,931 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 359,592 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $1.3 billion (1994)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2.7% (1994)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: part of southeastern region claimed byLibya
======================================================================
@American Samoa ———————
Geography
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 14 20 S, 170 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:total: 199 sq kmland: 199 sq kmwater: 0 sq kmnote: includes Rose Island and Swains Island
Area—comparative: slightly larger than Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 116 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Lata 966 m
Natural resources: pumice, pumicite
Land use:arable land: 5%permanent crops: 10%permanent pastures: 0%forests and woodland: 70%other: 15% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: typhoons common from December to March
Environment—current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; the water division of the government has spent substantial funds in the past few years to improve water catchments and pipelines
Environment—international agreements: party to: NA signed, but not ratified: NA
Geography—note: Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 63,786 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 39% (male 12,840; female 12,074)15-64 years: 56% (male 17,933; female 18,035)65 years and over: 5% (male 1,494; female 1,410) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.64% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 26.53 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 4.04 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 3.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.02 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 10.19 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.46 years male: 71.23 years female: 79.95 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.66 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: American Samoan(s) adjective: American Samoan
Ethnic groups: Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,other 5%
Religions: Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%,Protestant denominations and other 30%
Languages: Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and otherPolynesian languages), Englishnote: most people are bilingual
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 97%male: 98%female: 97% (1980 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Territory of American Samoaconventional short form: American Samoaabbreviation: AS
Data code: AQ
Dependency status: unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Government type: NA
Capital: Pago Pago
Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are three districts and two islands* at the second order; Eastern, Manu'a, Rose Island*, Swains Island*, Western
Independence: none (territory of the US)
National holiday: Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900)
Constitution: ratified 1966, in effect 1967
Legal system: NA
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President William Jefferson CLINTON of the US (since20 January 1993) and Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20January 1993)head of government: Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1997)and Lieutenant Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 3 January 1997)cabinet: NAelections: US president and vice president elected on the sameticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor electedon the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; electionlast held 3 November 1996 (next to be held 7 November 2000)election results: Tauese P. SUNIA elected governor; percent ofvote—Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 51%, Peter REID (independent) 49%
Legislative branch: bicameral Fono or Legislative Assemblyconsists of the House of Representatives (21 seats—20 of which areelected by popular vote and 1 is an appointed, nonvoting delegatefrom Swains Island; members serve two-year terms) and the Senate (18seats; members are elected from local chiefs and serve four-yearterms)elections: House of Representatives—last held NA November 1998 (nextto be held NA November 2000); Senate—last held 3 November 1996 (nextto be held 7 November 2000)election results: House of Representatives—percent of vote byparty—NA; seats by party—NA; Senate—percent of vote by party—NA;seats by party—NAnote: American Samoa elects one delegate to the US House ofRepresentatives; election last held 3 November 1998 (next to be held7 November 2000); results—Eni R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA (Democrat)reelected as delegate for a sixth term
Judicial branch: High Court (chief justice and associate justicesare appointed by the US Secretary of the Interior)
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party [leader NA];
International organization participation: ESCAP (associate),Interpol (subbureau), IOC, SPC
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (territory of the US)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (territory of the US)
Flag description: blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the outer side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club
Economy
Economy—overview: This is a traditional Polynesian economy in which more than 90% of the land is communally owned. Economic activity is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa conducts the great bulk of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export. Transfers from the US Government add substantially to American Samoa's economic well-being. According to one observer, attempts by the government to develop a larger and broader economy are restrained by Samoa's remote location, its limited transportation, and its devastating hurricanes. Tourism, a developing sector, may be held back by the current financial difficulties in East Asia.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$150 million (1995 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: NA%
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$2,600 (1995 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: 13,949 (1996)
Labor force—by occupation: government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990)
Unemployment rate: 12% (1991)
Budget:revenues: $121 million (37% in local revenue and 63% in US grants )expenditures: $127 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(FY96/97)
Industries: tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishingvessels), handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: 105 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 105 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, papayas; dairy products, livestock
Exports: $313 million (1996)
Exports—commodities: canned tuna 93%
Exports—partners: US 99.6%
Imports: $471 million (1996)
Imports—commodities: materials for canneries 56%, food 8%,petroleum products 7%, machinery and parts 6%
Imports—partners: US 62%, Japan 9%, NZ 7%, Australia 11%, Fiji4%, other 7%
Debt—external: $NA
Economic aid—recipient: $NA; note?important financial support from the US
Currency: 1 US dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: 1 October—30 September
Communications
Telephones: 9,000 (1994 est.)
Telephone system:domestic: good telex, telegraph, facsimile and cellular phoneservices; domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth stationinternational: satellite earth station—1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: 12,000 (1994 est.)
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 350 km paved: 150 km unpaved: 200 km
Ports and harbors: Aunu'u (new construction), Auasi, Faleosao,Ofu, Pago Pago, Ta'u
Merchant marine: none
Airports: 4 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 2under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Military
Military—note: defense is the responsibility of the US
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
======================================================================
@Andorra ———-
Geography
Location: Southwestern Europe, between France and Spain
Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N, 1 30 E
Map references: Europe
Area:total: 450 sq kmland: 450 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: total: 125 km border countries: France 60 km, Spain 65 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Riu Valira 840 m highest point: Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m
Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore,lead
Land use:arable land: 2%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 56%forests and woodland: 22%other: 20% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: snowslides, avalanches
Environment—current issues: deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion
Environment—international agreements: party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography—note: landlocked
People
Population: 65,939 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 14% (male 4,880; female 4,527)15-64 years: 73% (male 25,811; female 22,444)65 years and over: 13% (male 4,196; female 4,081) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.24% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 10.27 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 5.46 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 17.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.15 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.12 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 4.08 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 83.46 years male: 80.55 years female: 86.55 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.25 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Andorran(s) adjective: Andorran
Ethnic groups: Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3%
Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant)
Languages: Catalan (official), French, Castilian
Literacy: NA
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Principality of Andorraconventional short form: Andorralocal long form: Principat d'Andorralocal short form: Andorra
Data code: AN
Government type: parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its heads of state a coprincipality; the two princes are the president of France and bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain, who are represented locally by officials called veguers
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular—parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria
Independence: 1278
National holiday: Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September
Constitution: Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; adopted 14 March 1993
Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)represented by Veguer Jean-Pierre COURTOIS (since NA); and SpanishCoprince Episcopal Monseigneur Joan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January1971) represented by Veguer Francesc BADIA Battalla (since NA)head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE Molne(since 21 December 1994)cabinet: Executive Council designated by the Executive Councilpresidentelections: Executive Council president elected by the GeneralCouncil and formally appointed by the coprinces; election last held16 February 1997 (next to be held NA 2001)election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive councilpresident; percent of General Council vote—NA
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council of the Valleys orConsell General de las Valls (28 seats; members are elected bydirect popular vote, 14 from a single national constituency and 14to represent each of the 7 parishes; members serve four-year terms)elections: last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA February2001)election results: percent of vote by party—UL 57%, AND 21%, IDN 7%,ND 7%, other 8%; seats by party—UL 16, AND 6, ND 2, IDN 2, UPO 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan, France, (two civil judges appointed by the veguers, one appeals judge appointed by the coprinces alternately); Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain); Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal des Cortes, (presided over by the two civil judges, one appeals judge, the veguers, and two members of the General Council)
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Group or ANDnote: there are two other small parties
International organization participation: CE, ECE, ICRM, IFRCS,Interpol, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN, UNESCO, WHO, WIPO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Juli MINOVES-TRIQUELL (also Permanent Representative to the UN) chancery: 2 United Nations Plaza, 25th Floor, New York, NY 10017
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US Ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are represented by the Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda, 23, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; telephone: (3493) 280-2227; FAX: (3493) 205-7705; note—Consul General Douglas R. SMITH makes periodic visits to Andorra
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not have a national coat of arms in the center
Economy
Economy—overview: Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 10 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts. Andorra's comparative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of neighboring France and Spain have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and lower tariffs. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, also contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is limited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$1.2 billion (1995 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: NA%
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$18,000 (1995 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: NA
Unemployment rate: 0%
Budget:revenues: $138 millionexpenditures: $177 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1993)
Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber,tobacco, banking
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: 140 million kWh (1992)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: NA% hydro: NA% nuclear: NA% other: NA%
Electricity—consumption: NA kWh
Electricity—exports: NA kWh
Electricity—imports: NA kWh
Agriculture—products: tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, vegetables; sheep
Exports: $47 million (f.o.b., 1995)
Exports—commodities: electricity, tobacco products, furniture
Exports—partners: France 49%, Spain 47%
Imports: $1 billion (1995)
Imports—commodities: consumer goods, food
Imports—partners: France, Spain, US 4.2%
Debt—external: $NA
Economic aid—recipient: none
Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes; 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos; the French and Spanish currencies are used
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1—5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) per US$1—143.39 (January 1999), 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996), 124.69 (1995), 133.96 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 21,258 (1983 est.)
Telephone system: domestic: modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges international: landline circuits to France and Spain
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 15, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: 10,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 0 (1997)
Televisions: 7,000 (1991 est.)
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 269 km paved: 198 km unpaved: 71 km (1991 est.)
Ports and harbors: none
Airports: none
Military
Military—note: defense is the responsibility of France and Spain
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
======================================================================
@Angola ———
Geography
Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geographic coordinates: 12 30 S, 18 30 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total: 1,246,700 sq kmland: 1,246,700 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Land boundaries:total: 5,198 kmborder countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km of which220 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province, Republicof the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zambia 1,110 km
Coastline: 1,600 km
Maritime claims:exclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north hascool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November toApril)
Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interiorplateau
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates,copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
Land use:arable land: 2%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 23%forests and woodland: 43%other: 32% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 750 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau
Environment—current issues: the overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water
Environment—international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Law of the Sea signed, but not ratified: Climate Change
Geography—note: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by theDemocratic Republic of the Congo
People
Population: 11,177,537 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 45% (male 2,545,006; female 2,473,732)15-64 years: 52% (male 2,938,178; female 2,909,844)65 years and over: 3% (male 143,074; female 167,703) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.84% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 43.11 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 16.35 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 1.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.01 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 129.19 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.39 years male: 46.08 years female: 50.82 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.12 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Angolan(s) adjective: Angolan
Ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico(mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant15% (1998 est.)
Languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu and other Africanlanguages
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 42%male: 56%female: 28% (1998 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Angolaconventional short form: Angolalocal long form: Republica de Angolalocal short form: Angolaformer: People's Republic of Angola
Data code: AO
Government type: transitional government, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system
Capital: Luanda
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias,singular—provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango,Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, LundaNorte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note—the president is both chief of state and headof governmenthead of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since January1999); note—the president is both chief of state and head ofgovernmentcabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: President DOS SANTOS originally elected withoutopposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection inAngola's first multiparty elections in 28-29 September 1992, thelast elections to be held (next to be held NA)election results: DOS SANTOS received 49.6% of the total vote,making a run-off election necessary between him and second-placefinisher Jonas SAVIMBI; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI'sNational Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or AssembleiaNacional (220 seats; members elected by proportional vote to servefour-year terms)elections: last held 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)election results: percent of vote by party—MPLA 54%, UNITA 34%,others 12%; seats by party—MPLA 129, UNITA 70, PRS 6, FNLA 5, PLD 3,others 7
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Tribunal da Relacao, judges ofthe Supreme Court are appointed by the president
Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement for the in power since 1975; National Union for the Total Independence of years of armed resistance before joining the current unity note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections but won few seats and have little influence in the National Assembly
Political pressure groups and leaders: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC,ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU,SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Antonio dos Santos FRANCA "N'dalu" chancery: 1615 M Street, NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20036
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph G. SULLIVAN embassy: number 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne, Miramar, Luanda mailing address: international mail: Caixa Postal 6484, Luanda; pouch: American Embassy Luanda, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2550
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)
Economy
Economy—overview: Angola is an economy in disarray because of more than 20 years of nearly continuous warfare. Despite its abundant natural resources, output per capita is among the world's lowest. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 85% of the population. Oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy, contributing about 45% to GDP. Notwithstanding the signing of a peace accord in November 1994, sporadic violence continues, millions of land mines remain, and many farmers are reluctant to return to their fields. As a result, much of the country's food must still be imported. To take advantage of its rich resources—gold, diamonds, extensive forests, Atlantic fisheries, arable land, and large oil deposits—Angola will need to implement the peace agreement and reform government policies. The increase in the pace of civil warfare in late 1998 dims economic prospects for 1999 especially if the oil sector were to be damaged.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$11 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 0.5% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,000 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 13% industry: 53% services: 34% (1998 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 90% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 5 million (1997 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 85%, industry and services15% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate: extensive unemployment and underemploymentaffecting more than half the population (1997 est.)
Budget:revenues: $928 millionexpenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963million (1992 est.)
Industries: petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar,bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fishprocessing; food processing; brewing; tobacco products; sugar;textiles
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: 1.86 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 24.73% hydro: 75.27% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 1.86 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, manioc (tapioca), tobacco, vegetables, plantains; livestock; forest products; fish
Exports: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Exports—commodities: crude oil 90%, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton (1998)
Exports—partners: US 65%, EU, China (1997)
Imports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Imports—commodities: machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts; medicines, food, textiles and clothing; substantial military goods
Imports—partners: Portugal 21%, US 15%, France 14%, South Africa (1997)
Debt—external: $13 billion (1998 est.)
Economic aid—recipient: $493.1 million (1995)
Currency: 1 kwanza (NKz) = 100 lwei
Exchange rates: kwanza (NKz) per US$1—350,000 (February 1999), 392,824 (1998), 229,040 (1997), 128,029 (1996), 2,750 (1995), 59,515 (1994); note—readjusted Kwanzas per US$1,000 through 1994, per US$1 thereafter
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 78,000 (1991 est.)
Telephone system: telephone service limited mostly to governmentand business use; HF radiotelephone used extensively for militarylinksdomestic: limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, andtropospheric scatterinternational: satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 8 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 7 (1997)
Televisions: 50,000 (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways:total: 2,952 km (limited trackage in use because of land mines stillin place from the civil war) (1997 est.)narrow gauge: 2,798 km 1.067-m gauge; 154 km 0.600-m gauge
Highways:total: 76,626 kmpaved: 19,156 kmunpaved: 57,470 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 1,295 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 179 km
Ports and harbors: Ambriz, Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Malongo,Namibe, Porto Amboim, Soyo
Merchant marine:total: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 48,384 GRT/78,357 DWTships by type: cargo 9, oil tanker 1 (1998 est.)
Airports: 252 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 32over 3,047 m: 42,438 to 3,047 m: 91,524 to 2,437 m: 12914 to 1,523 m: 6under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 220over 3,047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 51,524 to 2,437 m: 32914 to 1,523 m: 100under 914 m: 82 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces,National Police Force
Military manpower—military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 2,544,203 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 1,280,377 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 111,168 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $1 billion (FY97/98)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 25% (FY97/98)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
Illicit drugs: increasingly used as a transshipment point for cocaine and heroin destined for Western Europe and other African states
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@Anguilla ————
Geography
Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, east of PuertoRico
Geographic coordinates: 18 15 N, 63 10 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total: 91 sq kmland: 91 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: about half the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 61 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Crocus Hill 65 m
Natural resources: salt, fish, lobster
Land use:arable land: 0%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 0%forests and woodland: 0%other: 100% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, somecommercial salt ponds)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms(July to October)
Environment—current issues: supplies of potable water sometimescannot meet increasing demand largely because of poor distributionsystem
Environment—international agreements:party to: NAsigned, but not ratified: NA
People
Population: 11,510 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 27% (male 1,581; female 1,529)15-64 years: 66% (male 3,874; female 3,695)65 years and over: 7% (male 366; female 465) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.16% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 16.68 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 5.3 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 20.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.02 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 18.72 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.71 years male: 74.72 years female: 80.78 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.95 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Anguillan(s) adjective: Anguillan
Ethnic groups: black
Religions: Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%,Baptist 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, other 12%
Languages: English (official)
Literacy:definition: age 12 and over can read and writetotal population: 95%male: 95%female: 95% (1984 est.)
Government
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Anguilla
Data code: AV
Dependency status: overseas territory of the UK
Government type: NA
Capital: The Valley
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Independence: none (overseas territory of the UK)
National holiday: Anguilla Day, 30 May
Constitution: Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Legal system: based on English common law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Alan HOOLE (since 1 November 1995)head of government: Chief Minister Hubert HUGHES (since 16 March1994)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among theelected members of the House of Assemblyelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among themembers of the House of Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (11 seats total,7 elected by direct popular vote; members serve five-year terms)elections: last held 4 March 1999 (next to be held March 2004)election results: percent of vote by party—NA; seats by party—ANA 2,AUP 2, ADP 2, independent 1
Judicial branch: High Court (judge provided by Eastern CaribbeanSupreme Court)
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla National Alliance or ANA
International organization participation: Caricom (observer),CDB, Interpol (subbureau), OECS (associate), ECLAC (associate)
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (overseas territory ofthe UK)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (overseas territoryof the UK)
Flag description: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with blue wavy water below
Economy
Economy—overview: Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on luxury tourism, offshore banking, lobster fishing, and remittances from emigrants. The economy, and especially the tourism sector, suffered a setback in late 1995 due to the effects of Hurricane Luis in September but recovered in 1996. Increased activity in the tourism industry, which has spurred the growth of the construction sector, contributed to economic growth in 1997-98. Anguillan officials have put substantial effort into developing the offshore financing sector. A comprehensive package of financial services legislation was enacted in late 1994. In the medium term, prospects for the economy will depend on the tourism sector and, therefore, on continuing income growth in the industrialized nations.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$81 million (1997 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 6.5% (1997 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$7,300 (1997 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 16% services: 80% (1996 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.6% (1997)
Labor force: 4,400 (1992)
Labor force—by occupation: commerce 36%, services 29%, construction 18%, transportation and utilities 10%, manufacturing 3%, agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining 4%
Unemployment rate: 7% (1992 est.)
Budget:revenues: $20.4 millionexpenditures: $23.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.8million (1997 est.)
Industries: tourism, boat building, offshore financial services
Industrial production growth rate: 3.1% (1997 est.)
Electricity—production: NA kWh
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: NA% hydro: NA% nuclear: NA% other: NA%
Electricity—consumption: NA kWh
Electricity—exports: NA kWh
Electricity—imports: NA kWh
Agriculture—products: pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes; sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry; fish, lobsters
Exports: $1.6 million (1997)
Exports—commodities: lobster, fish, livestock, salt
Exports—partners: NA
Imports: $54.2 million (1997)
Imports—commodities: NA
Imports—partners: NA
Debt—external: $8.5 million (1996)
Economic aid—recipient: $3.5 million (1995)
Currency: 1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1—2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April—31 March
Communications
Telephones: 890
Telephone system:domestic: modern internal telephone systeminternational: microwave radio relay to island of Saint Martin(Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios: 2,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: NA
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 105 km paved: 65 km unpaved: 40 km (1992 est.)
Ports and harbors: Blowing Point, Road Bay
Merchant marine: none
Airports: 3 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 1914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 2under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Military
Military—note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
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@Antarctica —————
Geography
Location: continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle
Geographic coordinates: 90 00 S, 0 00 E
Map references: Antarctic Region
Area:total: 14 million sq kmland: 14 million sq km (280,000 sq km ice-free, 13.72 million sq kmice-covered) (est.)note: second-smallest continent (after Australia)
Area—comparative: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US
Land boundaries: 0 km note: see entry on International disputes
Coastline: 17,968 km
Maritime claims: none, but see entry on International disputes
Climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to about 5,000 meters; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Vinson Massif 5,140 m
Natural resources: none presently exploited; iron ore, chromium,copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal andhydrocarbons have been found in small, uncommercial quantities
Land use:arable land: 0%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 0%forests and woodland: 0%other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1993)
Natural hazards: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak
Environment—current issues: in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants
Environment—international agreements: party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography—note: the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly uninhabitable
People
Population: no indigenous inhabitants, but there are seasonallystaffed research stationsnote: approximately 29 nations, all signatory to the AntarcticTreaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) and year-roundresearch on the continent and in its surrounding oceans; thepopulation of persons doing and supporting science on the continentand its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (theregion covered by the Antarctic Treaty) varies from approximately4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000personnel including ship's crew and scientists doing onboardresearch are present in the waters of the treaty region; Summer(January) population—3,687 total; Argentina 302, Australia 201,Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Bulgaria 16, Chile 352, China 70, Finland 11,France 100, Germany 51, India 60, Italy 106, Japan 136, South Korea14, Netherlands 10, NZ 60, Norway 40, Peru 28, Poland 70, Russia254, South Africa 80, Spain 43, Sweden 20, UK 192, US 1,378(1998-99); Winter (July) population—964 total; Argentina 165,Australia 75, Brazil 12, Chile 129, China 33, France 33, Germany 9,India 25, Japan 40, South Korea 14, NZ 10, Poland 20, Russia 102,South Africa 10, UK 39, US 248 (1998-99); year-round stations—42total; Argentina 6, Australia 4, Brazil 1, Chile 4, China 2, Finland1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, South Korea 1, NZ1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 6, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Ukraine 1,UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 1 (1998-99); Summer-only stations—32 total;Argentina 3, Australia 4, Bulgaria 1, Chile 7, Germany 1, India 1,Japan 3, NZ 1, Peru 1, Russia 3, Sweden 2, UK 5 (1998-99) inaddition, during the austral summer some nations have numerousoccupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporaryfacilities, and mobile traverses in support of research
Government