Military manpower—military age: 20 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 6,913,471 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 4,657,649 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 268,624 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $913 million (1998); note—may not include off-budget purchases related to military modernization program
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 1.4% (1998)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: on 26 October 1998, Peru and Ecuador concluded treaties on commerce and navigation and on boundary integration, to complete a package of agreements settling the long-standing boundary dispute between them; demarcation of the agreed-upon boundary was scheduled to begin in mid-January 1999
Illicit drugs: until recently the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation by 26%, from 68,800 hectares in 1997 to 51,000 hectares at the end of 1998; most of cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia and Brazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing
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@Philippines —————-
Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the PhilippineSea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam
Geographic coordinates: 13 00 N, 122 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total: 300,000 sq kmland: 298,170 sq kmwater: 1,830 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly larger than Arizona
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 36,289 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines continental shelf: to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);southwest monsoon (May to October)
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastallowlands
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m
Natural resources: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver,gold, salt, copper
Land use:arable land: 19%permanent crops: 12%permanent pastures: 4%forests and woodland: 46%other: 19% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 15,800 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis
Environment—current issues: uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds
Environment—international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,Desertification
People
Population: 79,345,812 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 37% (male 15,057,698; female 14,555,430)15-64 years: 59% (male 23,168,043; female 23,715,877)65 years and over: 4% (male 1,269,522; female 1,579,242) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.04% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 27.88 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 6.45 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.99 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 33.89 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.58 years male: 63.79 years female: 69.5 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.46 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Filipino(s) adjective: Philippine
Ethnic groups: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese1.5%, other 3%
Religions: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhistand other 3%
Languages: Pilipino (official, based on Tagalog), English(official)
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 94.6%male: 95%female: 94.3% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of the Philippinesconventional short form: Philippineslocal long form: Republika ng Pilipinaslocal short form: Pilipinas
Data code: RP
Government type: republic
Capital: Manila
Administrative divisions: 72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*;Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*,Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, BasilanCity*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol,Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan deOro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu,Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City*Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, EasternSamar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte,Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao,La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*,Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao,Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental,Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain,Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, NorthernSamar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*,Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*,Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon,Roxas*, Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (inPangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon,South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*,Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*,Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*,Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur
Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain)
Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30 June1998) and Vice President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 30 June1998); note—the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30 June1998) and Vice President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 30 June1998); note—the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with the consent of theCommission of Appointmentselections: president and vice president elected on separate ticketsby popular vote for six-year terms; election last held 11 May 1998(next to be held 11 May 2004)election results: Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA elected president; percentof vote—NA%; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO elected vice president; percentof vote—NA%
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists ofthe Senate or Senado (24 seats—one-half elected every three years;members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and theHouse of Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan (221 seats;members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; note—anadditional 50 members may be appointed by the president)elections: Senate—last held 11 May 1998 (next to be held 11 May2001); House of Representatives—elections last held 11 May 1998(next to be held 11 May 2001)election results: Senate—percent of vote by party—NA; seats byparty—LAMP 12, Lakas 5, PRP 2, LP 1, other 3; note—the Senate nowhas only 23 members with one seat vacated when GloriaMACAPAGAL-ARROYO became vice president; the seat can only be filledby election and is likely to remain open until the next regularelection in 2001; House of Representatives—percent of vote byparty—NA; seats by party—LAMP 135, Lakas 37, LP 13, AksyonDemokratiko 1, other 35
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, justices are appointed forfour-year terms by the president on the recommendation of theJudicial and Bar Council
Political parties and leaders: Laban Ng Masang Pilipino or LAMPEduardo "Danding" COJUANGO, chairman, Edgardo ANGARA, partyMACAPAGAL-ARROYO, secretary general, Jose DE VENECIA, partySALONGA, chairman, Florencio ABAD, secretary general]; People's
International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC,CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol,IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Raul Chaves RABE chancery: 1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Tamuning (Guam) consulate(s): San Diego and Susupe (Saipan)
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas C. HUBBARD embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita Manila 1000 mailing address: FPO 96515
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
Economy
Economy—overview: In 1998 the Philippine economy?a mixture of agriculture, light industry, and supporting services—deteriorated as a result of spillover from the Asian financial crisis and poor weather conditions. Growth fell to about -0.5% in 1998 from 5% in 1997, but is expected to recover to more than 2% in 1999. The government has promised to continue its economic reforms to help the Philippines match the pace of development in the newly industrialized countries of East Asia. The strategy includes improving infrastructure, overhauling the tax system to bolster government revenues, and moving toward further deregulation and privatization of the economy.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$270.5 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: -0.5% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$3,500 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 20% industry: 32% services: 48% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: 32% (1997 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 33.5% (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.7% (1998)
Labor force: 31.3 million (1998 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 39.8%, government and social services 19.4%, services 17.7%, manufacturing 9.8%, construction 5.8%, other 7.5% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate: 9.6% (October 1998)
Budget:revenues: $14.5 billionexpenditures: $12.6 billion (1998 est.)
Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products,food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
Industrial production growth rate: -1.7% (1998 est.)
Electricity—production: 32.2 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 62.11% hydro: 20.19% nuclear: 0% other: 17.7% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 32.2 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangoes; pork, eggs, beef; fish
Exports: $25 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Exports—commodities: electronics and telecommunications 51%,machinery and transport 10%, garments 9%, other 30%
Exports—partners: US 34%, Japan 17%, EU 17%, ASEAN 14%, Hong Kong4%, Taiwan 4% (1997 est.)
Imports: $29 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Imports—commodities: raw materials and intermediate goods 43%,capital goods 36%, consumer goods 9%, fuels 9%
Imports—partners: Japan 21%, US 20%, ASEAN 12%, EU 10%, Taiwan5%, Hong Kong 4%, Saudi Arabia 4% (1997 est.)
Debt—external: $46.4 billion (September 1998)
Economic aid—recipient: ODA, $1.1 billion (1998)
Currency: 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (P) per US$1—38.404 (January 1999), 40.893 (1998), 29.471 (1997), 26.216 (1996), 25.714 (1995), 26.417 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 1.9 million (1997)
Telephone system: good international radiotelephone and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate domestic: domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations international: submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations—3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 261, FM 55, shortwave 0
Radios: 9.03 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 37 (includes six stations of theUS Armed Forces Radio and TV Service) (1997)
Televisions: 9.2 million (1998)
Transportation
Railways:total: 897 km of which 492 km in operationnarrow gauge: 492 km 1.067-m gauge (1996)
Highways: total: 161,313 km paved: 290 km unpaved: 161,023 km (1997)
Waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: petroleum products 357 km
Ports and harbors: Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao,Guimaras Island, Iligan, Iloilo, Jolo, Legaspi, Manila, Masao,Puerto Princesa, San Fernando, Subic Bay, Zamboanga
Merchant marine:total: 513 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,544,029GRT/10,052,418 DWTships by type: bulk 179, cargo 131, chemical tanker 6, combinationbulk 13, container 9, liquefied gas tanker 12, livestock carrier 10,oil tanker 48, passenger 4, passenger-cargo 13, refrigerated cargo19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 17, short-sea passenger 31, specializedtanker 1, vehicle carrier 20note: a flag of convenience registry; Japan owns 19 ships, Hong Kong5, Cyprus 1, Denmark 1, Greece 1, Netherlands 1, Singapore 1, and UK1 (1998 est.)
Airports: 260 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 75 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 26 914 to 1,523 m: 30 under 914 m: 10 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 185 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 61 under 914 m: 121 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy (includes Coast Guard and MarineCorps), Air Force
Military manpower—military age: 20 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 20,228,797 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 14,261,514 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 818,006 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $995 million (1998)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 1.5% (1998)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: involved in a complex dispute over theSpratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possiblyBrunei; claim to Malaysia's Sabah State has not been fully revoked
Illicit drugs: exports locally produced marijuana and hashish toEast Asia, the US, and other Western markets; serves as a transitpoint for heroin and crystal methamphetamine
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@Pitcairn Islands ————————
Geography
Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Peru to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 25 04 S, 130 06 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:total: 47 sq kmland: 47 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 51 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 mhighest point: Pawala Valley Ridge 347 m
Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fishnote: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have beendiscovered offshore
Land use:arable land: NA%permanent crops: NA%permanent pastures: NA%forests and woodland: NA%other: NA%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: typhoons (especially November to March)
Environment—current issues: deforestation (only a small portionof the original forest remains because of burning and clearing forsettlement)
Environment—international agreements:party to: NAsigned, but not ratified: NA
People
Population: 49 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: -2.04% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA years
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
Nationality: noun: Pitcairn Islander(s) adjective: Pitcairn Islander
Ethnic groups: descendants of the Bounty mutineers and theirTahitian wives
Religions: Seventh-Day Adventist 100%
Languages: English (official), Pitcairnese, Tahitian, 18th century English dialect
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islandsconventional short form: Pitcairn Islands
Data code: PC
Dependency status: overseas territory of the UK
Government type: NA
Capital: Adamstown
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Independence: none (overseas territory of the UK)
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June)
Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Legal system: local island by-laws
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal with three years residency
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand and Governor(nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Robert John ALSTON (since NAAugust 1994); Commissioner (nonresident) G. D. HARRAWAY (since NA;is the liaison person between the governor and the Island Council)head of government: Island Magistrate and Chairman of the IslandCouncil Jay WARREN (since NA)cabinet: NAelections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner andcommissioner appointed by the monarch; island magistrate elected bypopular vote for a three-year term; last known election held NADecember 1993 (next to be held NA December 1996)election results: Jay WARREN reelected island magistrate; percent ofvote—NA
Legislative branch: unicameral Island Council (10 seats—6 electedby popular vote, 1 appointed by the 6 elected members, 2 appointedby the governor, and 1 seat for the Island Secretary; members serveone-year terms)elections: take place each December; last held NA December 1998(next to be held NA December 1999)election results: percent of vote—NA; seats—all independents
Judicial branch: Island Court, island magistrate presides overthe court and is elected every three years
Political parties and leaders: none
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: SPC
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (overseas territory ofthe UK)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (overseas territoryof the UK)
Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor
Economy
Economy—overview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$NA
GDP—real growth rate: NA%
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$NA
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: 14 able-bodied men (1993)
Labor force—by occupation: no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $729,884expenditures: $878,119, including capital expenditures of $NA(FY94/95 est.)
Industries: postage stamps, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: NA kWh
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: NA% hydro: NA% nuclear: NA% other: NA%
Electricity—consumption: NA kWh
Electricity—exports: NA kWh
Electricity—imports: NA kWh
Agriculture—products: wide variety of fruits and vegetables
Exports: $NA
Exports—commodities: fruits, vegetables, curios
Exports—partners: NA
Imports: $NA
Imports—commodities: fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs
Imports—partners: NA
Debt—external: $NA
Economic aid—recipient: $NA
Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1—1.8560 (January 1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994)
Fiscal year: 1 April—31 March
Communications
Telephones: 24
Telephone system: party line telephone service on the islanddomestic: NAinternational: radiotelephone
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 0 (1997)
Televisions: NA
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 6.4 km paved: 0 km unpaved: 6.4 km
Ports and harbors: Bounty Bay
Merchant marine: none
Airports: none
Military
Military—note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
======================================================================
@Poland ———
Geography
Location: Central Europe, east of Germany
Geographic coordinates: 52 00 N, 20 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:total: 312,683 sq kmland: 304,510 sq kmwater: 8,173 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than New Mexico
Land boundaries:total: 2,888 kmborder countries: Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Slovakia444 km, Ukraine 428 km
Coastline: 491 km
Maritime claims:exclusive economic zone: defined by international treatiesterritorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winterswith frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers andthundershowers
Terrain: mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Raczki Elblaskie -2 m highest point: Rysy 2,499 m
Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver,lead, salt
Land use:arable land: 47%permanent crops: 1%permanent pastures: 13%forests and woodland: 29%other: 10% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 1,000 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment—current issues: situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by postcommunist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes
Environment—international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, AntarcticTreaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, MarineDumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, AirPollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography—note: historically, an area of conflict because of flatterrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
People
Population: 38,608,929 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 20% (male 3,921,093; female 3,734,223)15-64 years: 68% (male 13,076,231; female 13,243,716)65 years and over: 12% (male 1,762,135; female 2,871,531) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.05% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 10.61 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 9.72 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 12.76 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.06 years male: 68.93 years female: 77.41 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.45 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Pole(s) adjective: Polish
Ethnic groups: Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%,Byelorussian 0.5% (1990 est.)
Religions: Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), EasternOrthodox, Protestant, and other 5%
Languages: Polish
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 99%male: 99%female: 98% (1978 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Polandconventional short form: Polandlocal long form: Rzeczpospolita Polskalocal short form: Polska
Data code: PL
Government type: democratic state
Capital: Warsaw
Administrative divisions: 16 provinces (wojewodztwa,singular—wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lodzkie,Lubelskie, Lubuskie, Malopolskie, Mazowieckie, Opolskie,Podkarpackie, Podlaskie, Pomorskie, Slaskie, Swietokrzyskie,Warminsko-Mazurskie, Wielkopolskie, Zachodniopomorskie
Independence: 11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)
National holiday: Constitution Day, 3 May (1791); IndependenceDay, November 11 (1918)
Constitution: 16 October 1997; adopted by the National Assemblyon 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 23 May 1997
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts although under the new constitution, the Constitutional Tribunal ruling will become final as of October 1999; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court of Justice in Strasbourg
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI (since 23 December1995)head of government: Prime Minister Jerzy BUZEK (since NA October1997), Deputy Prime Ministers Leszek BALCEROWICZ (since 31 October1997), Janusz TOMASZEWSKI (since 31 October 1997)cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister andthe Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, andthe Sejm approves the Council of Ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;election first round held 5 November 1995, second round held 19November 1995 (next to be held NA November 2000); prime minister anddeputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed bythe Sejmelection results: Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI elected president in 1995;percent of popular vote, second round—Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI 51.7%,Lech WALESA 48.3%; Jerzy BUZEK selected prime minister in 1997
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe consists of the Sejm (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) and the Senate or Senat (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms) elections: Sejm elections last held 21 September 1997 (next to be held by NA September 2001); Senate—last held 21 September 1997 (next to be held by NA September 2001) election results: Sejm—percent of vote by party—AWS 33.8%, SLD 27.1%, UW 13.4%, PSL 7.3%, ROP 5.6%, MN 0.4%, other 12.4%; seats by party—AWS 201, SLD 164, UW 60, PSL 27, ROP 6, MN 2; Senate—percent of vote by party—NA; seats by party—AWS 51, SLD 28, UW 8, ROP 5, PSL 3, independents 5; note—seats by party in the Sejm as of December 1997: AWS 200, SLD 164, UW 60, PSL 26, ROP 4, MN 2, other 4 note: four seats are constitutionally assigned to ethnic German parties
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period; Constitutional Tribunal, judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms
Political parties and leaders:post-Communist: Democratic Left Alliance or SLD (Social Democracy ofKALINOWSKI]post-Solidarity parties: Freedom Union or UW; note—Democratic Unionnon-Communist, non-Solidarity: Movement for the Reconstruction of
Political pressure groups and leaders: powerful Roman CatholicChurch; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance orOPZZ (trade union)
International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA (observer), IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUA, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UPU, WCL, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jerzy KOZMINSKI chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel FRIED embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-054, Warsaw P1 mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch) consulate(s) general: Krakow
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
Economy
Economy—overview: Poland today stands out as one of the most successful and open transition economies. The privatization of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms marked the rapid development of a private sector now responsible for 70% of economic activity. In contrast to the vibrant expansion of private non-farm activity, the large agriculture component remains handicapped by structural problems, surplus labor, inefficient small farms, and lack of investment. The government's determination to enter the EU as soon as possible affects all aspects of its economic policies. Improving Poland's worsening current account deficit also is a priority. To date, the government has resisted pressure for protectionist solutions and continues to support regional free trade initiatives. The government export strategy emphasizes a more aggressive export assistance program. Warsaw continues to hold the budget deficit to less than 2% of GDP. Further progress on public finance depends mainly on comprehensive reform of the social welfare system and privatization of Poland's remaining state sector. Restructuring and privatization of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, and telecommunications) has begun. Long-awaited privatizations in aviation and energy are scheduled for 1999.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$263 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 5.6% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$6,800 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 5.1% industry: 26.6% services: 68.3% (1997)
Population below poverty line: 23.8% (1993 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 4%highest 10%: 22.1% (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 17.4 million (1998 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: industry and construction 29.9%, agriculture 26%, services 44.1% (1996)
Unemployment rate: 10% (1998)
Budget:revenues: $36.5 billionexpenditures: $38.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1997 est.)
Industries: machine building, iron and steel, coal mining,chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
Industrial production growth rate: 7.9% (1998 est.)
Electricity—production: 134.731 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 97.09% hydro: 2.91% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 132.291 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 7.925 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 5.485 billion kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, beef, milk, cheese
Exports: $27.2 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports—commodities: manufactured goods, chemicals 57%, machinery and equipment 21%, food and live animals 12%, mineral fuels 7%, other 3%
Exports—partners: Germany 32.9%, Russia 8.4%, Italy 5.9%, Ukraine 4.7%, Netherlands 4.7%, France 4.4%
Imports: $38.5 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Imports—commodities: manufactured goods, chemical 43%, machinery and equipment 36%, mineral fuels 9%, food and live animals 8%, other 4%
Imports—partners: Germany 24.1%, Italy 9.9%, Russia 6.3%, UK 5.5%, US 4.5%, France 5.9%
Debt—external: $42 billion (1997)
Economic aid—recipient: $4.312 billion (1995)
Currency: 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy
Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1—3.5409 (January 1999), 3.4754 (1998), 3.2793 (1997), 2.6961 (1996), 2.4250 (1995); note—a currency reform on 1 January 1995 replaced 10,000 old zlotys with 1 new zloty; 22,723 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 8.2 million (1996)
Telephone system: underdeveloped and outmoded system; governmentaims to have 10 million telephones in service by 2000; the processof partial privatization of the state-owned telephone monopoly hasbegundomestic: cable, open wire, and microwave radio relay; 3 cellularnetworksinternational: satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat, NA Eutelsat, 2Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), and 1 Intersputnik(Atlantic Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 27, FM 75, shortwave 1 (1994 est.)
Radios: 9.9 million registered (1996)
Television broadcast stations: 150 (1997)
Televisions: 9.4 million registered (1996)
Transportation
Railways:total: 24,313 kmbroad gauge: 652 km 1.520-m gaugestandard gauge: 22,243 km 1.435-m gauge (11,648 km electrified;8,978 km double track)narrow gauge: 1,418 km various gauges including 1.000-m, 0.785-m,0.750-m, and 0.600-m (1996)
Highways:total: 377,048 kmpaved: 247,721 km (including 264 km of expressways)unpaved: 129,327 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 3,812 km navigable rivers and canals (1996)
Pipelines: crude oil and petroleum products 2,280 km; natural gas17,000 km (1996)
Ports and harbors: Gdansk, Gdynia, Gliwice, Kolobrzeg, Szczecin,Swinoujscie, Ustka, Warsaw, Wrocaw
Merchant marine:total: 61 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,162,954 GRT/1,866,462DWTships by type: bulk 53, cargo 3, chemical tanker 2, roll-on/roll-offcargo 1, short-sea passenger 2 (1998 est.)
Airports: 92 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 74 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 25 1,524 to 2,437 m: 38 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 3 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 18 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 7 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force
Military manpower—military age: 19 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 10,417,314 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 8,104,484 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 334,420 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $3.3 billion (1998)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2.2% (1998)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
Illicit drugs: major illicit producer of amphetamines for the international market; transshipment point for Asian and Latin American illicit drugs to Western Europe
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@Portugal ————
Geography
Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the North AtlanticOcean, west of Spain
Geographic coordinates: 39 30 N, 8 00 W
Map references: Europe
Area:total: 92,391 sq kmland: 91,951 sq kmwater: 440 sq kmnote: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries: total: 1,214 km border countries: Spain 1,214 km
Coastline: 1,793 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer anddrier in south
Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains insouth
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 mhighest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico inthe Azores 2,351 m
Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore,uranium ore, marble
Land use:arable land: 26%permanent crops: 9%permanent pastures: 9%forests and woodland: 36%other: 20% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 6,300 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Environment—current issues: soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas
Environment—international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of theSea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent OrganicPollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, ClimateChange-Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban,Tropical Timber 94
Geography—note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategiclocations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
People
Population: 9,918,040 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 17% (male 866,115; female 820,438)15-64 years: 68% (male 3,283,345; female 3,428,427)65 years and over: 15% (male 619,086; female 900,629) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.13% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 10.49 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 10.25 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.93 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.73 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.88 years male: 72.51 years female: 79.46 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.34 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)adjective: Portuguese
Ethnic groups: homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of blackAfrican descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonizationnumber less than 100,000
Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other2%
Languages: Portuguese
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 85%male: 89%female: 82% (1990 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Portuguese Republicconventional short form: Portugallocal long form: Republica Portuguesalocal short form: Portugal
Data code: PO
Government type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Lisbon
Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular—distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular—regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
Dependent areas: Macau (scheduled to revert to China on 20December 1999)
Independence: 1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October1910)
National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June (1580)
Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, 5 November 1992, and 3 September 1997
Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Manuel de OlivieraGUTERRES (since 28 October 1995)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministernote: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultativebody to the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held 14 January 1996 (next to be held NA January2001); following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed primeminister by the presidentelection results: Jorge SAMPAIO elected president; percent ofvote—Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 53.8%, Anibal CAVACO SILVA (SocialDemocrat) 46.2%
Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic orAssembleia da Republica (230 seats; members are elected by popularvote to serve four-year terms)elections: last held 1 October 1995 (next to be held by 1 October1999)election results: percent of vote by party—PSD 34.0%, PS 43.8%, CDU8.6%, CDS/PP 9.1%; seats by party—PSD 88, PS 112, CDU 15, CDS/PP 15
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica,judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party or PSDPopular Party or PP (formerly known as Center Democratic Party orSERGIO]; United Democratic Coalition or CDU (communists; includes
International organization participation: AfDB, Australia Group,BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IADB,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,LAIA (observer), MINURCA, MINURSO, MONUA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO,NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UN SecurityCouncil (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNPREDEP,UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Fernando Antonio de Lacerda ANDRESENGUIMARAESchancery: 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), NewBedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode Island), and San Franciscoconsulate(s): Los Angeles
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Gerald S. MCGOWAN embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon mailing address: PSC 83, APO AE 09726 consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
Flag description: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
Economy
Economy—overview: Portugal, in 1998, continued to see strong economic growth, falling interest rates, and low unemployment. The country qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and joined with 10 other European countries in launching the euro on 1 January 1999. Portugal's inflation rate for 1998, 2.8%, was low but higher than most of its European partners. The country continues to run a trade deficit and a balance of payments deficit. The government is working to modernize capital plant and increase the country's competitiveness in the increasingly integrated world markets. Growth is expected to slow to 3% in 1999 because of a slowdown in public investment and sluggish demand for exports.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$144.8 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 4.2% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$14,600 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 36% services: 60% (1998 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 4.75 million (1998 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: services 56%, manufacturing 22%, agriculture, forestry, fisheries 12%, construction 9%, mining 1% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate: 5% (August 1998)
Budget:revenues: $48 billionexpenditures: $52 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.4billion (1996 est.)
Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork;metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 4.1% (1998 est.)
Electricity—production: 32.839 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 55% hydro: 45% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1998 est.)
Electricity—consumption: 31.92 billion kWh (1997)
Electricity—exports: 3 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 4.2 billion kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, beef, dairy products
Exports: $25 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports—commodities: clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals,cork and paper products, hides
Exports—partners: EU 81% (Germany 20%, Spain 15%, France 14%, UK12% Netherlands 5%, Benelux 5%, Italy 4%), US 5% (1997)
Imports: $34.9 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Imports—commodities: machinery and transport equipment,chemicals, petroleum, textiles, agricultural products
Imports—partners: EU 76% (Spain 24%, Germany 15%, France 11%,Italy 8%, UK 7%, Netherlands 5%), US 3%, Japan 2% (1997)
Debt—external: $13.1 billion (1997 est.)
Economic aid—donor: ODA, $271 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1—172.78 (January1999), 180.10 (1998), 175.31 (1997), 154.24 (1996), 151.11 (1995),165.99 (1994)note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a commoncurrency that is now being used by financial institutions in somemember countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixedrate of 200.482 escudos per euro; the euro will replace the localcurrency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002