Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 2under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: no regular armed services; Samoa Police Force
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $NA
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: NA%
Military—note: Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces; informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
======================================================================
@San Marino —————
Geography
Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
Geographic coordinates: 43 46 N, 12 25 E
Map references: Europe
Area:total: 60 sq kmland: 60 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: total: 39 km border countries: Italy 39 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Terrain: rugged mountains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m highest point: Monte Titano 749 m
Natural resources: building stone
Land use:arable land: 17%permanent crops: NA%permanent pastures: NA%forests and woodland: NA%other: 83% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: NA
Environment—current issues: NA
Environment—international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution
Geography—note: landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines
People
Population: 25,061 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 16% (male 2,008; female 2,036)15-64 years: 67% (male 8,501; female 8,294)65 years and over: 17% (male 1,774; female 2,448) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.64% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 10.41 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 8.22 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 4.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 0.99 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.96 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 5.39 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 81.47 years male: 77.59 years female: 85.35 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.51 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)adjective: Sammarinese
Ethnic groups: Sammarinese, Italian
Religions: Roman Catholic
Languages: Italian
Literacy:definition: age 10 and over can read and writetotal population: 96%male: 97%female: 95% (1976 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of San Marinoconventional short form: San Marinolocal long form: Repubblica di San Marinolocal short form: San Marino
Data code: SM
Government type: republic
Capital: San Marino
Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli,singular—castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova,Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,Serravalle
Independence: 301 (by tradition)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic,3 September
Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves someof the functions of a constitution
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian lawinfluences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent Pietro BERTI andCaptain Regent Paolo BOLLINI (for the period 1 October 1998-31 March1999)head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and PoliticalAffairs Gabriele GATTI (since NA July 1986)cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Councilfor a five-year termelections: cochiefs of state (captain regents) elected by the Greatand General Council for a six-month term; election last held NASeptember 1998 (next to be held NA March 1999); secretary of statefor foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and GeneralCouncil for a five-year term; election last held NA June 1998 (nextto be held NA June 2003)election results: Pietro BERTI and Paolo BOLLINI elected captainregents; percent of legislative vote—NA; Gabriele GATTI reelectedsecretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent oflegislative vote—NAnote: the popularly elected parliament (Great and General Council)selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (cochiefsof state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of theGreat and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State) whichhas ten other members, all selected by the Great and GeneralCouncil; assisting the captains regent are three secretaries ofstate—Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, and Finance—and severaladditional secretaries; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairshas assumed many of the prerogatives of a prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral Great and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 31 May 1998 (next to be held by NA May 2003) election results: percent of vote by party—PDCS 40.8%, PSS 23.3%, PPDS 18.6%, AP 9.8%, RC 3.3%, Reformist Socialists 4.2%; seats by party—PDCS 25, PSS 14, PPDS 11, AP 6, RC 2, RS 2
Judicial branch: Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party or PDCSMACINA, secretary general]; Reformist Socialists or RS (formerly San
International organization participation: CE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU,ICRM, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM (guest), OPCW,OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US: San Marino does not have anembassy in the UShonorary consulate(s) general: Washington, DC, and New Yorkhonorary consulate(s): Detroit
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the US Consul General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San Marino
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
Economy
Economy—overview: The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1995 more than 3.3 million tourists visited San Marino. The key industries are banking, wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of Italy, which supplies much of its food.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$500 million (1997 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: NA%
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$20,000 (1997 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.3% (1995)
Labor force: 15,600 (1995)
Labor force—by occupation: services 55%, industry 43%, agriculture 2% (1995)
Unemployment rate: 3.6% (April 1996)
Budget:revenues: $320 millionexpenditures: $320 million, including capital expenditures of $26million (1995 est.)
Industries: tourism, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: NA kWh
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: NA% hydro: NA% nuclear: NA% other: NA%
Electricity—consumption: NA kWh
Electricity—exports: NA kWh
Electricity—imports: NA kWhnote: electricity supplied by Italy
Agriculture—products: wheat, grapes, maize, olives; cattle, pigs,horses, beef, cheese, hides
Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy
Exports—commodities: building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics
Imports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy
Imports—commodities: wide variety of consumer manufactures, food
Debt—external: $NA
Economic aid—recipient: $NA
Currency: 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; note—also mints its own coins
Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1—1,668.7 (January 1998),1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 15,000 (1995 est.)
Telephone system:domestic: automatic telephone system completely integrated intoItalian systeminternational: microwave radio relay and cable connections toItalian network; no satellite earth stations
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 15,000 (1994 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (San Marino residents also receive broadcasts from Italy) (1997)
Televisions: 9,000 (1994 est.)
Transportation
Railways: 0 km; note—there is a 1.5 km cable railway connecting the city of San Marino to Borgo Maggiore
Highways: total: 220 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km
Ports and harbors: none
Airports: none
Military
Military branches: Voluntary Military Force, Police Force
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $3.7 million (1995)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 1% (1995)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
======================================================================
@Sao Tome and Principe ——————————-
Geography
Location: Western Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the Equator, west of Gabon
Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 7 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total: 1,000 sq kmland: 1,000 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: more than five times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 209 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m
Natural resources: fish
Land use:arable land: 2%permanent crops: 36%permanent pastures: 1%forests and woodland: NA%other: 61% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 100 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment—current issues: deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion
Environment—international agreements: party to: Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change
People
Population: 154,878 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 48% (male 37,322; female 36,423)15-64 years: 48% (male 36,067; female 38,730)65 years and over: 4% (male 2,876; female 3,460) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.14% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 43.31 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 8.08 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -3.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.97 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 52.93 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.71 years male: 63.18 years female: 66.28 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.14 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Sao Tomean(s) adjective: Sao Tomean
Ethnic groups: mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Religions: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-DayAdventist
Languages: Portuguese (official)
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 73%male: 85%female: 62% (1991 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principeconventional short form: Sao Tome and Principelocal long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principelocal short form: Sao Tome e Principe
Data code: TP
Government type: republic
Capital: Sao Tome
Administrative divisions: 2 provinces; Principe, Sao Tome note: Principe has had self-government since 29 April 1995
Independence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Constitution: approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990
Legal system: based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)head of government: Prime Minister Guilherma Posser da COSTA (since30 December 1998)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on theproposal of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held 30 June and 15 July 1996 (next to be held in2001); prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approvedby the presidentelection results: Miguel TROVOADA reelected president in Sao Tome'ssecond multiparty presidential election; percent of vote—MiguelTROVOADA 52.74%, Manuel Pinto da COSTA 47.26%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or AssembleiaNacional (55 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote toserve five-year terms)elections: last held 8 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2003)election results: percent of vote by party—MLSTP-PSD 56%, PCD14.5%%, ADI 29%; seats by party—MLSTP-PSD 31, ADI 16, PCD 8
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by theNational Assembly
Political parties and leaders: Party for Democratic ConvergenceLiberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party orother small parties
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in the US: Sao Tome and Principe doesnot have an embassy in the US, but does have a Permanent Mission tothe UN, headed by First Secretary Domingos AUGUSTO Ferreira, locatedat 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604, New York, NY 10168, telephone
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have anembassy in Sao Tome and Principe; the Ambassador to Gabon isaccredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makesperiodic visits to the islands
Flag description: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Economy—overview: This small poor island economy has become increasingly dependent on cocoa since independence over 20 years ago. However, cocoa production has substantially declined because of drought and mismanagement. The resulting shortage of cocoa for export has created a persistent balance-of-payments problem. Sao Tome has to import all fuels, most manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a significant amount of food. Over the years, it has been unable to service its external debt and has had to depend on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also has attempted to reduce price controls and subsidies, but economic growth has remained sluggish. Sao Tome is also optimistic that significant petroleum discoveries are forthcoming in its territorial waters in the oil-rich waters of the Gulf of Guinea. Corruption scandals continue to weaken the economy.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$164 million (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 2.5% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,100 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 23% industry: 19% services: 58% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21% (1998 est.)
Labor force: NA
Labor force—by occupation: population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing note: there are shortages of skilled workers
Unemployment rate: 50% in the formal business sector (1998 est.)
Budget:revenues: $58 millionexpenditures: $114 million, including capital expenditures of $54million (1993 est.)
Industries: light construction, textiles, soap, beer; fishprocessing; timber
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity—production: 15 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 46.67% hydro: 53.33% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 15 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, copra, cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas, papayas, beans; poultry; fish
Exports: $5.3 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Exports—commodities: cocoa 90%, copra, coffee, palm oil (1997)
Exports—partners: Netherlands 51%, Germany 6%, Portugal 6% (1997)
Imports: $19.2 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Imports—commodities: machinery and electrical equipment, foodproducts, petroleum products
Imports—partners: Portugal 26%, France 18%, Angola, Belgium,Japan (1997)
Debt—external: $267 million (1997)
Economic aid—recipient: $57.3 million (1995)
Currency: 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1—6,873.5 (October 1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996), 1,420.3 (1995), 732.6 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 2,200 (1986 est.)
Telephone system: domestic: minimal system international: satellite earth station—1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0
Radios: 33,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 2 (1997)
Televisions: NA
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 320 km paved: 218 km unpaved: 102 km (1996 est.)
Ports and harbors: Santo Antonio, Sao Tome
Merchant marine:total: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,610 GRT/9,446DWT (1998 est.)
Airports: 2 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways: total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Security Police
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 31,724 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 16,766 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $500,000 (1994)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 1.5% (1994)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: none
======================================================================
@Saudi Arabia ——————
Geography
Location: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the RedSea, north of Yemen
Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 45 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area:total: 1,960,582 sq kmland: 1,960,582 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly more than one-fifth the size of the US
Land boundaries:total: 4,415 kmborder countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
Coastline: 2,640 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Land use:arable land: 2%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 56%forests and woodland: 1%other: 41% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 4,350 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: frequent sand and dust storms
Environment—current issues: desertification; depletion ofunderground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers orpermanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensiveseawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills
Environment—international agreements:party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protectionsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography—note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Seaprovide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) throughPersian Gulf and Suez Canal
People
Population: 21,504,613 (July 1999 est.)note: includes 5,321,938 non-nationals (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 43% (male 4,705,724; female 4,543,918)15-64 years: 54% (male 6,925,020; female 4,783,570)65 years and over: 3% (male 291,449; female 254,932) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.39% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 37.38 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 4.86 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.45 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.14 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.24 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 38.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.55 years male: 68.67 years female: 72.53 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.34 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Saudi(s) adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic groups: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions: Muslim 100%
Languages: Arabic
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 62.8%male: 71.5%female: 50.2% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaconventional short form: Saudi Arabialocal long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyahlocal short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Data code: SA
Government type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh
Administrative divisions: 13 provinces (mintaqat,singular—mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, AlMadinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern Province),'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification)
National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Constitution: governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); theBasic Law that articulates the government's rights andresponsibilities was introduced in 1993
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes havebeen introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees;has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: none
Executive branch:chief of state: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud(since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime MinisterABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the monarch, heirto the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1 January to 22February 1996); note—the monarch is both the chief of state and headof governmenthead of government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz AlSaud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy PrimeMinister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to themonarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1January to 22 February 1996); note—the monarch is both the chief ofstate and head of governmentcabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch andincludes many royal family memberselections: none; the monarch is hereditary
Legislative branch: a consultative council (90 members and achairman appointed by the monarch for four-year terms)
Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice
Political parties and leaders: none allowed
International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL,AMF, BIS, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW,OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO(applicant)
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan bin Abd al-Aziz AlSaudchancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Wyche FOWLER, Jr. embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh mailing address: American Embassy Riyadh, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693 consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag description: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam
Economy
Economy—overview: This is a well-to-do oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves of petroleum in the world (26% of the proved total), ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 40% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings. About 35% of GDP comes from the private sector. Roughly 4 million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and service sectors. The Saudi economy was severely hit by the large decline in world oil prices in 1998. GDP fell by nearly 11%; the budget deficit rose to $12.3 billion; and the current account recorded a $13 billion deficit—the first in three years. The government announced plans to implement large spending cuts in 1999 because of weak oil prices and will continue to call on greater private sector involvement in the economy. Shortages of water and rapid population growth will constrain government efforts to increase self-sufficiency in agricultural products.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$186 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: -10.8% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$9,000 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 6% industry: 53% services: 41% (1996)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.2% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 7 millionnote: 35% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national(July 1998 est.)
Labor force—by occupation: government 40%, industry,construction, and oil 25%, services 30%, agriculture 5%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $32.3 billionexpenditures: $44 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1999 budget est.)
Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plastics
Industrial production growth rate: 1% (1997 est.)
Electricity—production: 95 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 95 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture—products: wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk
Exports: $59.7 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports—commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 90%
Exports—partners: Japan 18%, US 15%, South Korea 11%, Singapore 8%, India 4% (1997 est.)
Imports: $26.2 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Imports—commodities: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs,chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles
Imports—partners: US 23%, UK 17%, Japan 8%, Germany 8%, Italy 5%(1997 est.)
Debt—external: $NA
Economic aid—donor: pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon; since 1993, Saudi Arabia has committed $208 million for assistance to the Palestinians
Currency: 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah
Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1—3.7450 (fixed rate since June 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 1.46 million (1993)
Telephone system: modern system domestic: extensive microwave radio relay and coaxial and fiber-optic cable systems international: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earth stations—5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 43, FM 13, shortwave 0
Radios: 5 million (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 117 (1997)
Televisions: 4.5 million (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways: total: 1,390 km standard gauge: 1,390 km 1.435-m gauge (448 km double track) (1992)
Highways: total: 162,000 km paved: 69,174 km unpaved: 92,826 km (1996 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; naturalgas 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Ports and harbors: Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan,Rabigh, Ra's al Khafji, Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, MadinatYanbu' al Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:total: 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,124,110 GRT/1,467,121DWTships by type: bulk 1, cargo 13, chemical tanker 7, container 5,liquefied gas tanker 1, livestock carrier 4, oil tanker 17,passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 12,short-sea passenger 8 (1998 est.)
Airports: 205 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 70over 3,047 m: 302,438 to 3,047 m: 121,524 to 2,437 m: 23914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 135over 3,047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 51,524 to 2,437 m: 78914 to 1,523 m: 38under 914 m: 13 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 4 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, AirDefense Force, National Guard, Ministry of Interior Forces
Military manpower—military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 5,696,772 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 3,171,860 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 197,386 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $18.1 billion (1997 est.)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 12% (1997 est.)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; location and status of boundary with UAE is not final, de facto boundary reflects 1974 agreement; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia; in 1996, agreed with Qatar to demarcate border per 1992 accord; that process is ongoing
Illicit drugs: death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin and cocaine
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@Senegal ———-
Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Geographic coordinates: 14 00 N, 14 00 W
Map references: Africa
Area:total: 196,190 sq kmland: 192,000 sq kmwater: 4,190 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:total: 2,640 kmborder countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline: 531 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:arable land: 12%permanent crops: 0%permanent pastures: 16%forests and woodland: 54%other: 18% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 710 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Environment—current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing
Environment—international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Marine Dumping
Geography—note: The Gambia is almost an enclave of Senegal
People
Population: 10,051,930 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 48% (male 2,403,384; female 2,416,791)15-64 years: 49% (male 2,360,113; female 2,594,278)65 years and over: 3% (male 134,765; female 142,599) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.32% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 43.88 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 10.71 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 0.99 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 59.81 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 57.83 years male: 54.95 years female: 60.78 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.11 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic groups: Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Diola 3.7%,Mandink 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2%(mostly Roman Catholic)
Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 33.1%male: 43%female: 23.2% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Senegalconventional short form: Senegallocal long form: Republique du Senegallocal short form: Senegal
Data code: SG
Government type: republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital: Dakar
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular—region);Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis,Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence: 4 April 1960 from France; complete independence was achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960 (The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution: 3 March 1963, revised 1991
Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the government's accounting office; Senegal has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)head of government: Prime Minister Mamadou Lamine LOUM (since 4 July1998)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister inconsultation with the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;election last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA February2000); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Abdou DIOUF reelected president; percent ofvote—Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or AssembleeNationale (140 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote toserve five-year terms)elections: last held 24 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2003)election results: percent of vote by party—PS 50.19%, PDS 19%, UDS-R13%, And/Jef-PADS 5%, LD/MPT 4%, CDP/Garab-Gi 2%, FSD 1%, PDS-R 1%,RND 1%, BCG 1%, PIT 1% ; seats by party—PS 93, PDS 23, UDS-R 11,And-Jef/PADS 4, LD-MPT 3, CDP/Garab-Gi 1, FSD 1, PDS-R 1, RND 1, BCG1, PIT 1
Judicial branch: under the terms of a reform of the judicial system implemented in 1992, the principal organs of the judiciary are as follows; Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals
Political parties and leaders: African Party for Democracy andsecretary general]; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT
Political pressure groups and leaders: students; teachers; labor;Muslim brotherhoods
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MINURCA, MIPONUH, MONUA, NAM, OAU, OIC,OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH,UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dane Farnsworth SMITH, Jr. embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Economy—overview: In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economic reform program with the support of the international donor community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which is linked at a fixed rate to the French franc. Government price controls and subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform program, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually in 1995-98. Annual inflation has been pushed below 2%, and the fiscal deficit has been cut to less than 1.5% of GDP. Investment rose steadily from 13.8% of GDP in 1993 to 16.5% in 1997. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff. Senegal also realized full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a miniboom in information technology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82% of GDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic unemployment, juvenile delinquency, and drug addiction. Forecasters predict growth will continue in the 5% range in 1999-2000.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$15.6 billion (1998 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 5.7% (1998 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,600 (1998 est.)
GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 19% industry: 17% services: 64% (1996 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.4% highest 10%: 42.8% (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.8% (1998 est.)
Labor force: NA
Labor force—by occupation: agriculture 60%
Unemployment rate: NA%; urban youth 40%
Budget:revenues: $885 millionexpenditures: $885 million, including capital expenditures of $125million (1996 est.)
Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining,fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: 7% (1998 est.)
Electricity—production: 1.027 billion kWh (1997 est.)
Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)
Electricity—consumption: 730 million kWh (1996)
Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1997)
Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1997)
Agriculture—products: peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Exports: $925 million (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports—commodities: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleumproducts, phosphates, cotton
Exports—partners: France 20%, other EU countries, India, Coted'Ivoire, Mali (1996)
Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Imports—commodities: foods and beverages, consumer goods, capitalgoods, petroleum products
Imports—partners: France 36%, other EU countries, Nigeria,Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, US, China, Japan (1996)
Debt—external: $3.8 billion (1997)
Economic aid—recipient: $647.5 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1966), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 81,988 (1995 est.)
Telephone system:domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxialcable and fiber-optic cable in trunk systeminternational: 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station—1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 6, shortwave 1
Radios: 850,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: 61,000 (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways: total: 904 km narrow gauge: 904 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track) (1995)
Highways: total: 14,576 km paved: 4,271 km unpaved: 10,305 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal river, and 112 kmon the Saloum river
Ports and harbors: Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard-Toll,Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor
Merchant marine:total: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT(1998 est.)
Airports: 20 (1998 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 10over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 7914 to 1,523 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 101,524 to 2,437 m: 5914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie,National Police (Surete Nationale)
Military manpower—military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower—availability:males age 15-49: 2,096,438 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:males age 15-49: 1,095,047 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:males: 103,348 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $68 million (1997)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 1.4% (1997)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: short section of boundary with The Gambia is indefinite
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis
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@Serbia and Montenegro ——————————-
Introduction
Background: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US. The US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation.
Geography
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:total: 102,350 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,938 sq km)land: 102,136 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,724 sq km)water: 214 sq km (Serbia 0 sq km; Montenegro 214 sq km)
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Kentucky (Serbia isslightly larger than Maine; Montenegro is slightly smaller thanConnecticut)
Land boundaries:total: 2,246 kmborder countries: Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km withMontenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km (with Serbia), Croatia (north)241 km (with Serbia), Croatia (south) 25 km (with Montenegro),Hungary 151 km (with Serbia), The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia 221 km (with Serbia), Romania 476 km (with Serbia)note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland