Turkmenistan:Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%,other 5.1% (1995)
Turks and Caicos Islands:black
Tuvalu:Polynesian 96%
Uganda:Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso 8%, Langi 6%,Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro 3%, Batoro 3%,non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 23%
Ukraine:Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%
United Arab Emirates:Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, SouthAsian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United Kingdom:English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
United States:white 83.5%, black 12.4%, Asian 3.3%, Amerindian 0.8%(1992)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because theUS Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of LatinAmerican descent (especially of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Ricanorigin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group(white, black, Asian, etc.)
Uruguay:white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practicallynonexistent
Uzbekistan:Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Vanuatu:indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese,Pacific Islanders
Venezuela:Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,indigenous people
Vietnam:Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,mountain groups
Virgin Islands:black 80%, white 15%, other 5%
note: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% bornelsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%,other 8%
Wallis and Futuna:Polynesian
West Bank:Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western Sahara:Arab, Berber
Yemen:predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians,Europeans
Yugoslavia:Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)
Zambia:African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
Zimbabwe:African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed andAsian 1%, white less than 1%
Taiwan:Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,aborigine 2%
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@Exchange rates
Afghanistan:afghanis per US dollar - 4,700 (January 2000), 4,750(February 1999), 17,000 (December 1996), 7,000 (January 1995), 1,900(January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991); note - these ratesreflect the free market exchange rates rather than the officialexchange rate, which was fixed at 50.600 afghanis to the dollaruntil 1996, when it rose to 2,262.65 per dollar, and finally becamefixed again at 3,000.00 per dollar in April 1996
Albania:leke per US dollar - 146.08 (December 2000),143.71 (2000)137.69 (1999), 150.63 (1998), 148.93 (1997), 104.50 (1996); note -leke is the plural of lek
Algeria:Algerian dinars per US dollar - 74,813 (January 2001),75.260 (2000), 66.574 (1999), 58.739 (1998), 57.707 (1997), 54.749(1996)
American Samoa:the US dollar is used
Andorra:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367(1997), 5.1155 (1996); Spanish pesetas per US dollar - 149.40(1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996)
Angola:kwanza per US dollar - 17,910,800 (January 2001), 10,041,000(2000), 2,790,706 (1999), 392,824 (1998), 229,040 (1997), 128,029(1996); note - in December 1999 the kwanza was revalued with sixzeroes dropped off the old value
Anguilla:East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed ratesince 1976)
Antigua and Barbuda:East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000(fixed rate since 1976)
Argentina:Argentine pesos per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate peggedto the US dollar)
Armenia:drams per US dollar - 554.29 (1 February 2001), 539.53(2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998), 490.85 (1997), 414.04 (1996)
Aruba:Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.7900 (fixed ratesince 1986)
Australia:Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773(1996)
Austria:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); Austrian schillings per US dollar - 11.86 (January1999), 12.91 (1999), 12.379 (1998), 12.204 (1997), 10.587 (1996)
Azerbaijan:Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,579 (1 February2001), 4,342 (October 1999), 4,373 (1999), 3,869 (1998), 3,985.38(1997), 4,301.26 (1996)
Bahamas, The:Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed ratepegged to the dollar)
Bahrain:Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.3760 (fixed rate peggedto the US dollar)
Bangladesh:taka per US dollar - 54.000 (January 2001), 52.142(2000), 49.085 (1999), 46.906 (1998), 43.892 (1997), 41.794 (1996)
Barbados:Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed ratepegged to the US dollar)
Belarus:Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,180 (yearend 2000),730,000 (15 December 1999), 139,000 (25 January 1999), 46,080(second quarter 1998), 25,964 (1997), 15,500 (yearend 1996); note -on 1 January 2000, the national currency was redenominated at onenew ruble to 2,000 old rubles
Belgium:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); Belgian francs per US dollar - 34.77 (January 1999),36.229 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996)
Belize:Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate peggedto the US dollar)
Benin:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF ispegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Bermuda:Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate peggedto the US dollar)
Bhutan:ngultrum per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942(2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996);note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee whichis also legal tender
Bolivia:bolivianos per US dollar - 6.4071 (January 2001), 6.1835(2000), 5.8124 (1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997), 5.0746 (1996)
Bosnia and Herzegovina:marka per US dollar - 2.086 (January 2001),2.124 (2000), 1.837 (1999), 1.760 (1998), 1.734 (1997), 0.015 (1996)
Botswana:pulas per US dollar - 5.4585 (January 2001), 5.1018(2000), 4.6244 (1999), 4.2259 (1998), 3.6508 (1997), 3.3242 (1996)
Brazil:reals per US dollar - 1.954 (January 2001), 1.830 (2000),1.815 (1999), 1.161 (1998), 1.078 (1997), 1.005 (1996)
note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official ratewas determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, theofficial rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar
British Virgin Islands:the US dollar is used
Brunei:Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001),1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100(1996); note - the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singaporedollar
Bulgaria:leva per US dollar - 2.0848 (January 2001), 2.1233 (2000),1.8364 (1999), 1,760.36 (1998), 1,681.88 (1997), 177.89 (1996)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev
Burkina Faso:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Burma:kyats per US dollar - official rate - 6.5972 (January 2001),6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176(1996); kyats per US dollar - black market exchange rate - 435(yearend 2000)
Burundi:Burundi francs per US dollar - 782.36 (January 2001),720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997), 302.75(1996)
Cambodia:riels per US dollar - 3,909.0 (January 2001), 3,840.8(2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1(1996)
Cameroon:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar- 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Canada:Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001),1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635(1996)
Cape Verde:Cape Verdean escudos per US dollar - 123.080 (December2000), 115.877 (2000), 102.700 (1999), 98.158 (1998), 93.177 (1997),82.591 (1996)
Cayman Islands:Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.83 (3 November1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Central African Republic:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs(XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70(1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAFper euro
Chad:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF ispegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Chile:Chilean pesos per US dollar - 571.12 (January 2001), 535.47(2000), 508.78 (1999), 460.29 (1998), 419.30 (1997), 412.27 (1996)
China:yuan per US dollar - 8.2776 (January 2001), 8.2785 (2000),8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996)
note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotesthe midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day'sprevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market
Christmas Island:Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997),1.2773 (1996)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995(January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439(1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Colombia:Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,241.43 (January 2001),2087.90 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999), 1,426.04 (1998), 1,140.96 (1997),1,036.69 (1996)
Comoros:Comoran francs per US dollar - 524.41 (January 2001),533.98 (2000), 461.77 (1999), 442.46 (1998), 437.75 (1997), 383.66(1996)
note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to theFrench franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:Congolese francs per US dollar -50 (January 2001), 4.5 (January 2000), 4.02 (1999), 1.61 (1998),1.31 (1997), 0.50 (1996)
note: on 30 June 1998 the Congolese franc was introduced, replacingthe new zaire
Congo, Republic of the:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999),589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Cook Islands:New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997),1.4543 (1996)
Costa Rica:Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 318.95 (2001),308.19 (2000), 285.68 (1999), 257.23 (1998), 232.60 (1997), 207.69(1996)
Cote d'Ivoire:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Croatia:kuna per US dollar - 8.089 (January 2001), 8.277 (2000),7.112 (1999), 6.362 (1998), 6.101 (1997), 5.434 (1996)
Cuba:Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, officialrate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollarper 22 pesos by the Government of Cuba (January 2001)
Cyprus:Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.6146 (January 2001), 0.6208(2000), 0.5423 (1999), 0.5170 (1998), 0.5135 (1997), 0.4663 (1996);Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000), 625,219(2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996)
Czech Republic:koruny per US dollar - 37.425 (January 2001), 38.598(2000), 34.569 (1999), 32.281 (1998), 31.698 (1997), 27.145 (1996)
Denmark:Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083(2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996); note- the Danes rejected the Euro in a 28 September 2000 referendum
Djibouti:Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (fixed ratesince 1973)
Dominica:East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed ratesince 1976)
Dominican Republic:Dominican pesos per US dollar - 16.888 (January2001), 16.415 (2000), 16.033 (1999), 15.267 (1998), 14.265 (1997),13.775 (1996)
Ecuador:sucres per US dollar - 25,000 (January 2001), 24,988.4(2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.6 (1998), 3,988.3 (1997), 3,189.5(1996)
note: on 7 January 2000, the government passed a decree "dollarizing" the economy; on 13 March 2000, the National Congress approved a new exchange system whereby the US dollar is adopted as the main legal tender in Ecuador for all purposes; on 20 March 2000, the Central Bank of Ecuador started to exchange sucres for US dollars at a fixed rate of 25,000 sucres per US dollar; since 30 April 2000, all transactions are denominated in US dollars
Egypt:Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 3.8400 (January2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997),3.3880 (1996)
El Salvador:Salvadoran colones per US dollar - 8.755 (fixed ratesince 1993)
Equatorial Guinea:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) perUS dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999),589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Eritrea:nakfa per US dollar = 9.5 (January 2000), 7.6 (January1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)
Estonia:krooni per US dollar - 16.663 (January 2001), 16.969(2000), 14.678 (1999), 14.075 (1998), 13.882 (1997), 12.034 (1996);note - krooni are tied to the German deutsche mark at a fixed rateof 8 to 1
Ethiopia:birr per US dollar (end of period) - 8.3140 (December2000), 8.3140 (2000), 8.1340 (1999), 7.5030 (1998), 6.8640 (1997),6.4260 (1996)
note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Falkland pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe Islands:Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001),8.093 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1966)
Fiji:Fijian dollars per US dollar - 2.1814 (January 2001), 2.1286(2000), 1.9696 (1999), 1.9868 (1998), 1.4437 (1997), 1.4033 (1996)
Finland:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); markkaa per US dollar - 5.3441 (1998), 5.1914 (1997),4.5936 (1996)
France:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999),5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
French Guiana:Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
French Polynesia:Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) perUS dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999),107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - pegged at therate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
Gabon:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF ispegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Gambia, The:dalasi per US dollar - 15.000 (January 2001), 12.729(3d quarter 1999), 11.395 (1999), 10.643 (1998), 10.200 (1997),9.789 (1996)
Gaza Strip:new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997),3.1917 (1996)
Georgia:lari per US dollar - 1.9798 (December 2000), 1.9762 (2000),2.0245 (1999), 1.3898 (1998), 1.2975 (1997), 1.2628 (1996)
Germany:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999),1.7597 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996)
Ghana:cedis per US dollar - 6,895.77 (January 2001), 5,321.68(2000), 2,647.32 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23(1996)
Gibraltar:Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403(1996); note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greece:drachmae per US dollar - 380.21 (December 2000), 365.40(2000), 305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996)
Greenland:Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083(2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996)
Grenada:East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed ratesince 1976)
Guadeloupe:Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Guam:the US dollar is used
Guatemala:quetzales per US dollar - 7.8020 (January 2001), 7.7632(2000), 7.3856 (1999), 6.3947 (1998), 6.0653 (1997), 6.0495 (1996),5.8103 (1995)
Guernsey:Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),0.6596 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996);note - the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
Guinea:Guinean francs per US dollar - 1,855.0 (October 2000),1,572.0 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.8 (1998), 1,095.3 (1997),1,004.0 (1996)
Guinea-Bissau:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95(1998), 583.67 (1997); Guinea-Bissauan pesos per US dollar - 26,373(1996)
note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the CFA franc as thenational currency; since 1 January 1999, the CFA franc is pegged tothe euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro
Guyana:Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 184.1 (November 2000),182.2 (2000), 178.0 (1999), 150.5 (1998), 142.4 (1997), 140.4 (1996)
Haiti:gourdes per US dollar - 23.761 (January 2001), 22.524 (2000),17.965 (1999), 16.505 (1998), 17.311 (1997), 15.093 (1996)
Holy See (Vatican City):euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Vatican lire per US dollar -2,099 (2000), 1817.2 (1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9(1996); note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira; theVatican will start using euros in 2002 in conjunction with Italy ata fixed rate of 1,936.17 lire per euro
Honduras:lempiras per US dollar - 15.1407 (December 2000), 15.1407(2000), 14.5039 (1999), 13.8076 (1998), 13.0942 (1997), 12.8694(1996)
Hong Kong:Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.7990 (January 2001),7.7912 (2000), 7.7575 (1999), 7.7453 (1998), 7.7421 (1997), 7.7343(1996); note - Hong Kong became a special administrative region ofChina on 1 July 1997; before then, the Hong Kong dollar was linkedto the US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 Hong Kong dollars per USdollar
Hungary:forints per US dollar - 282.240 (January 2001), 282.179(2000), 237.146 (1999), 214.402 (1998), 186.789 (1997), 152.647(1996)
Iceland:Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 84.810 (January 2001),78.676 (2000), 72.335 (1999), 70.958 (1998), 70.904 (1997), 66.500(1996)
India:Indian rupees per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942(2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996)
Indonesia:Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 10,000 (January 2001),8,421.8 (2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997),2,342.3 (1996)
Iran:Iranian rials per US dollar - 1,754.71 (January 2001),1,764.43 (2000), 1,725.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997),1,750.76 (1996)
note: Iran has three officially recognized exchange rates; theaverages for 1999 are as follows: the official floating rate of1,750 rials per US dollar, the "export" rate of 3,000 rials per USdollar, and the variable Tehran Stock Exchange rate, which averages7,863 rials per US dollar; the market rate averages 8,615 rials perUS dollar
Iraq:Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.3109 (fixed official rate since1982); black market rate - Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,910(December 1999), 1,815 (December 1998), 1,530 (December 1997), 910(December 1996), 3,000 (December 1995); note - subject to widefluctuations
Ireland:Irish pounds per US dollar - 1.0658 (January 2001), 1.0823(2000), 0.9374 (1999), 0.7014 (1998), 0.6588 (1997), 0.6248 (1996)
Israel:new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December 2000),4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917(1996)
Italy:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,688.7 (January 1999),1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)
Jamaica:Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 45.557 (January 2001),42.701 (2000), 39.044 (1999), 36.550 (1998), 35.404 (1997), 37.120(1996)
Japan:yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000),113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996)
Jersey:Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596(2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996);the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
Jordan:Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.7090 (1996-present )
note: since May 1989, the Jordanian dinar has been pegged to agroup of currencies
Kazakhstan:tenge per US dollar - 145.09 (January 2001), 142.13(2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.30 (1998), 75.44 (1997), 67.30 (1996)
Kenya:Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.733 (December 2000),76.176 (2000), 70.326 (1999), 60.367 (1998), 58.732 (1997), 57.115(1996)
Kiribati:Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773(1996)
Korea, North:official: North Korean won per US dollar - 2.15 (May1994), 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990),2.3 (December 1989); market: North Korean won per US dollar - 200
Korea, South:South Korean won per US dollar - 1,271.89 (January2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999), 1,401.44 (1998), 951.29(1997), 804.45 (1996)
Kuwait:Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.3057 (January 2001), 0.3067(2000), 0.3044 (1999), 0.3047 (1998), 0.3033 (1997), 0.2994 (1996)
Kyrgyzstan:soms per US dollar - 48.701 (January 2001), 47.704(2000), 39.008 (1999), 20.838 (1998), 17.362 (1997), 12.810 (1996)
Laos:kips per US dollar - 7,578.00 (December 2000), 7,102.03(1999), 3,298.33 (1998), 1,259.98 (1997), 921.02 (1996)
Latvia:lati per US dollar - 0.614 (January 2001), 0.607 (2000),0.585 (1999), 0.590 (1998), 0.581 (1997), 0.551 (1996)
Lebanon:Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (January 2001),1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.8 (1999), 1,516.1 (1998), 1,539.5 (1997),1,571.4 (1996)
Lesotho:maloti per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001), 6.93983(2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935(1996); note - the Lesotho loti is at par with the South Africanrand which is also legal tender; maloti is the plural form of loti
Liberia:Liberian dollars per US dollar - 39.8100 (December 2000),41.0483 (2000), 41.9025 (1999), 41.5075 (1998), 1.0000 (officiallyfixed rate 1940-97); market exchange rate: Liberian dollars per USdollar - 40 (December 1998), 50 (October 1995)
note: until December 1997, rates were based on a fixed relationshipwith the US dollar; beginning in January 1998, rates are marketdetermined
Libya:Libyan dinars per US dollar - 0.5101 (January 2001), 0.5081(2000), 0.4616 (1999), 0.3785 (1998), 0.3891 (1997), 0.3651 (1996)
note: Libya currently has two rates for foreign trade; one forgovernment operations and foreign companies and one for Libyanindividuals (0.45 dinars per US dollar in December 1998)
Liechtenstein:Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001),1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360(1996)
Lithuania:litai per US dollar - 4.000 (fixed rate since 1 May1994); note - litai is the plural of litas
Luxembourg:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Luxembourg francs per US dollar - 34.77(January 1999), 36.299 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996); note -the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, whichcirculates freely in Luxembourg
Macau:patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2001), 8.025 (2000),7.990 (1999), 7.978 (1998), 7.974 (1997), 7.966 (1996); note -linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per HongKong dollar
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:Macedonian denars per USdollar - 64.757 (January 2001), 65.904 (2000), 56.902 (1999), 54.462(1998), 50.004 (1997), 39.981 (1996)
Madagascar:Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,656.3 (November 2000),6,283.8 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998), 5,090.9 (1997), 4,061.3 (1996)
Malawi:Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000),59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997),15.3085 (1996)
Malaysia:ringgits per US dollar - 3.8000 (January 2001), 3.8000(2000), 3.8000 (1999), 3.9244 (1998), 2.8133 (1997), 2.5159 (1996)
Maldives:rufiyaa per US dollar - 11.770 (fixed rate since 1995)
Mali:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF ispegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Malta:Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.4370 (January 2001), 0.4376(2000), 0.3994 (1999), 0.3885 (1998), 0.3857 (1997), 0.3604 (1996)
Man, Isle of:Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403(1996); the Manx pound is at par with the British pound
Marshall Islands:the US dollar is used
Martinique:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Mauritania:ouguiyas per US dollar - 250.870 (December 2000),238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998), 151.853 (1997),137.222 (1996)
Mauritius:Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.900 (January 2001),26.250 (2000), 25.186 (1999), 22.993 (1998), 21.057 (1997), 17.948(1996)
Mayotte:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367(1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Mexico:Mexican pesos per US dollar - 9.7701 (January 2001), 9.4556(2000), 9.5604 (1999), 9.1360 (1998), 7.9185 (1997), 7.5994 (1996)
Micronesia, Federated States of:the US dollar is used
Moldova:lei per US dollar - 12.3728 (January 2001), 12.4342 (2000),10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997), 4.6045 (1996); note -lei is the plural form of leu
Monaco:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367(1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Mongolia:togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,097.00 (December 2000),1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997),548.40 (1996)
Montserrat:East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixedrate since 1976)
Morocco:Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January 2001),10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996)
Mozambique:meticais per US dollar - 17,331.0 (January 2001),5,199.8 (2000), 12,775.1 (1999), 11,874.6 (1998), 11.543.6 (1997),11,293.8 (1996)
Namibia:Namibian dollars per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001),6.93983 (2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997),4.29935 (1996)
Nauru:Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773(1996)
Nepal:Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 74.129 (January 2001), 71.104(2000), 68.239 (1999), 65.976 (1998), 58.010 (1997), 56.692 (1996)
Netherlands:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Netherlands guilders per US dollar - 1.9837(1998), 1.9513 (1997), 1.6859 (1996)
Netherlands Antilles:Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -1.790 (fixed rate since 1989)
New Caledonia:Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25(1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the rate of119.25 XPF to the euro
New Zealand:New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997),1.4543 (1996)
Nicaragua:gold cordobas per US dollar - 12.96 (November 2000),12.69 (2000 est.), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998), 9.45 (1997), 8.44(1996)
Niger:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF ispegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Nigeria:nairas per US dollar - 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697(2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996)
Niue:New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001),2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5082 (1997), 1.4543(1996)
Norfolk Island:Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997),1.2773 (1996)
Northern Mariana Islands:the US dollar is used
Norway:Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001),8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498(1996)
Oman:Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)
Pakistan:Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.152 (January 2001),52.814 (2000), 49.118 (1999), 44.943 (1998), 40.918 (1997), 35.909(1996)
Palau:the US dollar is used
Panama:balboas per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate)
Papua New Guinea:kina per US dollar - 2.81 (October 2000), 2.696(2000), 2.539 (1999), 2.058 (1998), 1.434 (1997), 1.318 (1996)
Paraguay:guarani per US dollar - 3,570.0 (January 2001), 3,486.4(2000), 3,119.1 (1999), 2,726.5 (1998), 2,177.9 (1997), 2,056.8(1996); note - since early 1998, the exchange rate has operated as amanaged float; prior to that, the exchange rate was determinedfreely in the market
Peru:nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.5230 (January 2001), 3.4900(2000), 3.383 (1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996)
Philippines:Philippine pesos per US dollar - 50.969 (January 2001),44.192 (2000), 39.089 (1999), 40.893 (1998), 29.471 (1997), 26.216(1996)
Pitcairn Islands:New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502(January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083(1997), 1.4543 (1996)
Poland:zlotych per US dollar - 4.3126 (December 2000), 4.3461(2000), 3.9671 (1999), 3.4754 (1998), 3.2793 (1997), 2.6961 (1996)
Portugal:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Portuguese escudos per US dollar - 180.10(1998), 175.31 (1997), 154.24 (1996)
Puerto Rico:the US dollar is used
Qatar:Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.6400 (fixed rate)
Reunion:euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Romania:lei per US dollar - 26,243.0 (January 2001), 21,708.7(2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997), 3,084.2(1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu
Russia:Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.3592 (January 2001),28.1292 (2000), 24.6199 (1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997), 5,121(1996)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1January 1998 rubles
Rwanda:Rwandan francs per US dollar - 432.24 (January 2001), 389.70(2000), 333.94 (1999) 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996)
Saint Helena:Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6047 (1997),0.6403 (1996); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with theBritish pound
Saint Kitts and Nevis:East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000(fixed rate since 1976)
Saint Lucia:East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixedrate since 1976)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:East Caribbean dollars per USdollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Samoa:tala per US dollar - 3.3400 (January 2001), 3.2712 (2000),3.0120 (1999), 2.9429 (1998), 2.5562 (1997), 2.4618 (1996)
San Marino:euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540(2000), 0.93863 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,736.2 (1998),1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)
Sao Tome and Principe:dobras per US dollar - 2390.04 (December2000), 7,119.0 (1999), 6,883.2 (1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996)
Saudi Arabia:Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.7450 (fixed rate sinceJune 1986)
Senegal:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar- 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1966); note - from 1 January 1999,the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Seychelles:Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 6.0397 (November2000), 5.6009 (2000), 5,3426 (1999), 5.2622 (1998), 5.0263 (1997),4.9700 (1996)
Sierra Leone:leones per US dollar - 1,653.39 (January 2001),2,092.13 (2000), 1,804.20 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998), 981.48 (1997),920.73 (1996)
Singapore:Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001),1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100(1996)
Slovakia:koruny per US dollar - 48.09 (March 2001), 46.395 (2000),41.363 (1999), 35.233 (1998), 33.616 (1997), 30.654 (1996)
Slovenia:tolars per US dollar - 225.93 (January 2001), 222.66(2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998), 159.69 (1997), 135.36 (1996)
Solomon Islands:Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 5.0968(November 2000), 5.0864 (2000), 4.8381 (1999), 4.8156 (1998), 3.7169(1997), 3.5664 (1996)
Somalia:Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independentcountry not recognized by any foreign government, issues its owncurrency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africa:rand per US dollar - 7.60 (March 2001), 6.93983(2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935(1996)
Spain:euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),0.9386 (1999); pesetas per US dollar - 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997),126.66 (1996)
Sri Lanka:Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 83.506 (January 2001),77.005 (2000), 70.635 (1999), 64.450 (1998), 58.995 (1997), 55.271(1996)
Sudan:Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 257.44 (January 2001), 257.12(2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.80 (1998), 157.57 (1997), 125.08 (1996)
Suriname:Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,178.50 (December2000), 987.50 (December 1999), 401.00 (December 1998), 401.00(December 1997), 401.26 (December 1996)
note: beginning in July 1994, the central bank midpoint exchange rate was unified and became market determined; during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the government currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500 around the official rate
Svalbard:Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001),8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498(1996)
Swaziland:emalangeni per US dollar - 7.7803 (January 2001), 6.9056(2000), 6.1087 (1999), 5.4807 (1998), 4.6032 (1997), 4.2706 (1996);note - the Swazi lilangeni is at par with the South African rand;emalangeni is the plural form of lilangeni
Sweden:Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.4669 (January 2001), 9.1622(2000), 8.2624 (1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997), 6.7060 (1996)
Switzerland:Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001),1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360(1996)
Syria:Syrian pounds per US dollar - 46 (2000), 46 (1998), 41.9(January 1997)
Tajikistan:Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.2 (January 2001),1550 (January 2000), 998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284(January 1996)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles
Tanzania:Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 803.34 (December2000), 800.41 (2000), 744.76 (1999), 664.67 (1998), 612.12 (1997),579.98 (1996)
Thailand:baht per US dollar - 43.078 (January 2001), 40.112 (2000),37.814 (1999), 41.359 (1998), 31.364 (1997), 25.343 (1996)
Togo:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF ispegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Tokelau:New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001),2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543(1996)
Tonga:pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000),1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996)
Trinidad and Tobago:Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -6.2688 (January 2001), 6.2998 (2000), 6.2989 (1999), 6.2983 (1998),6.2517 (1997), 6.0051 (1996)
Tunisia:Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.3753 (January 2001),1.4667 (November 2000), 1.1862 (1999), 1.1387 (1998), 1.1059 (1997),0.9734 (1996)
Turkey:Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000),625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997),81,405 (1996)
Turkmenistan:Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (January 2001),5,200 (January 2000), 5,350 (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997),2,400 (January 1996)
Turks and Caicos Islands:the US dollar is used
Tuvalu:Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar -1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998),1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Uganda:Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,700 (February 2001),1,830.4 (January 2001), 1,644.5 (2000), 1,454.8 (1999), 1,240.2(1998), 1,083.0 (1997), 1,046.1 (1996)
Ukraine:hryvnia per US dollar - 5.4331 (January 2001), 5.4402(2000), 4.1304 (1999), 2.4495 (1998), 1.8617 (1997), 1.8295 (1996)
United Arab Emirates:Emirati dirhams per US dollar - central bankmid-point rate: 3.6725 (since 1998); 3.6711 (1997), 3.6710 (1995-96)
United Kingdom:British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997),0.6403 (1996)
United States:British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403(1996); Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001),1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635(1996); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995(1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994);Italian lire per US dollar - 1,668.7 (January 1999), 1,763.2 (1998),1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994);Japanese yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000),113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996); Germandeutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999), 1.9692 (1998),1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994); eurosper US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863(1999)
note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany andeight other European countries started using the euro on 1 January1999 with the euro replacing the local currency in consentingcountries for all transactions in 2002
Uruguay:Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 12.5610 (January 2001),12.0996 (2000), 11.3393 (1999), 10.4719 (1998), 9.4418 (1997),7.9718 (1996)
Uzbekistan:Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 325.0 (January 2001),141.4 (January 2000), 111.9 (February 1999), 110.95 (December 1998),75.8 (September 1997), 41.1 (1996)
Vanuatu:vatu per US dollar - 143.95 (December 2000), 137.82 (2000),129.08 (1999), 127.52 (1998), 115.87 (1997), 111.72 (1996)
Venezuela:bolivares per US dollar - 699.700 (January 2001), 679.960(2000), 605.717 (1999), 547.556 (1998), 488.635 (1997), 417.333(1996)
Vietnam:dong per US dollar - 14,530 (January 2001), 14,020 (January2000), 13,900 (December 1998), 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995average), 11,000 (October 1994)
Virgin Islands:the US dollar is used
Wallis and Futuna:Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) perUS dollar - 1127.11 (January 2001), 129.43 (2000), 111.93 (1999),107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at therate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
West Bank:new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997),3.1917 (1996); Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090(from 1996)
Western Sahara:Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997),8.716 (1996)
Yemen:Yemeni rials per US dollar - 164.590 (October 2000), 160.683(2000), 155.718 (1999), 135.882 (1998), 129.281 (1997), 94.157 (1996)
Yugoslavia:new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 10.0(December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5(early 1995); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)
Zambia:Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,024.53 (January 2001),3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998), 1,314.50 (1997),1,207.90 (1996)
Zimbabwe:Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 54.9451 (January 2001),43.2900 (2000), 38.3142 (1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997),9.9206 (1996)
Taiwan:new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.082 (yearend 2000),31.395 (yearend 1999), 32.216 (1998), 32.052 (1997), 27.5 (1996)
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@Executive branch
Afghanistan:on 27 September 1996, the ruling members of the AfghanGovernment were displaced by members of the Islamic Talibanmovement; the Islamic State of Afghanistan has no functioninggovernment at this time, and the country remains divided amongfighting factions
note: the Taliban have declared themselves the legitimate government of Afghanistan; however, the UN still recognizes the government of Burhanuddin RABBANI; the Organization of the Islamic Conference has left the Afghan seat vacant until the question of legitimacy can be resolved through negotiations among the warring factions; the country is essentially divided along ethnic lines; the Taliban controls the capital of Kabul and approximately two-thirds of the country including the predominately ethnic Pashtun areas in southern Afghanistan; opposing factions have their stronghold in the ethnically diverse north
Albania:chief of state: President of the Republic Rexhep MEIDANI(since 24 July 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Ilir META (since 29 October 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and approved by the president
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 24 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Rexhep MEIDANI elected president; People'sAssembly vote by number - total votes 122, for 110, against 3,abstained 2, invalid 7
Algeria:chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ali BENFLIS (since 26 August 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 April 1999 (next to be held NA April 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA elected president; percentof vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA over 70%; note - his six opposingcandidates withdrew on the eve of the election citing electoral fraud
American Samoa:chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1997) and Lieutenant Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 3 January 1997)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)
election results: Tauese P. SUNIA reelected governor; percent of vote - Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 50.7%, Lealaifuaneva Peter REID (independent) 47.8%
Andorra:chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17May 1995), represented by Frederic de SAINT-SERNIN (since NA);Spanish Coprince Episcopal Monseigneur Joan MARTI Alanis (since 31January 1971), represented by Nemesi MARQUES OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE Molne(since 21 December 1994)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the ExecutiveCouncil president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year term; election last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA 2001)
election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council president; percent of General Council vote - 64%
Angola:chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making arun-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI'sNational Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed
Anguilla:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by Governor Peter JOHNSTON (since NA February2000)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the members of the House of Assembly
Antigua and Barbuda:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE(since NA 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8March 1994)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general onthe advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosenby the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; prime ministerappointed by the governor general
Argentina:chief of state: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10December 1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6October 2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10 December 1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6 October 2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2003)
election results: Fernando DE LA RUA elected president; percent of vote - 48.5%
Armenia:chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election last held 30 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN elected president; percent of vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 59.5%, Karen DEMIRCHYAN 40.5%
Aruba:chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard of theNetherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor GeneralOlindo KOOLMAN (since 1 January 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Jan (Henny) H. EMAN (since 29July 1994) and Deputy Prime Minister Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ
cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last held 12 July 1997 (next to be held by December 2001)
election results: Jan (Henny) H. EMAN elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%; Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ elected deputy prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%
Australia:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952), represented by Governor General Rev. Peter HOLLINGSWORTH(since 29 June 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON (since NA)
cabinet: Cabinet selected from among the members of Federal Parliament by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a three-year term
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Austria:chief of state: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July1992)
head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4February 2000); Vice Chancellor Susanne RIESS-PASSER (FPOe) (since 4February 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year term; presidential election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be held in the spring of 2004); chancellor traditionally chosen by the president from the plurality party in the National Council; in the case of the current coalition, the chancellor was chosen from another party after the plurality party failed to form a government; vice chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor