Chapter 139

Yugoslavia:Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA];Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC]; Coalition Sandzak[Rasim JAJIC]; Coalition Sumadija [Branislav KOVACEVIC]; DemocraticAlternative of DA [Nebojsa COVIC]; Democratic Center or DC[Dragoljub MICUNOVIC]; Democratic Christian Party of Serbia of DHSS[Vladan BATIC]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. IbrahimRUGOVA, president]; Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS [leaderNA]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic Party ofSerbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialistsof Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Movement for a DemocraticSerbia or PDS [Momcilo PERISIC]; New Democracy or ND [DusanMIHAJLOVIC]; New Serbia [Velimir ILIC and Milan St. PROTIC];People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Serb People's Partyor SNS [leader NA]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ];Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC, president]; SerbianSocialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party) [SlobodanMILOSEVIC]; Social Democracy or SD [Vuk OBRADOVIC]; SocialDemocratic Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC]; Socialist People's Party ofMontenegro or SNP [Momir BULATOVIC]; Yugoslav United Left or JUL[Ljubisa RISTIC]

Zambia:Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Akashambatwa LEWANIKA]; Labor Partyor LP [Chibiza MFUNI]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [RogerCHONGWE, president]; Movement for Democratic Process or MDP [ChamaCHAKOM BOKA]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [FrederickCHILUBA]; National Party or NP [Daniel LISULO]; Republican Party orRP [Ben MWILA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline Konie];United National Independence Party or UNIP [Tilyenji KAUNDA]; UnitedParty for National Development or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA]; ZambiaDemocratic Congress or Zadeco [Eden JERRY, acting head]

Zimbabwe:Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI];Popular Democratic Front or PDF [Austin CHAKAODZA]; United Parties[Abel MUZOREWA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga orZANU-Ndonga [Ndabaningi SITHOLE]; Zimbabwe African NationalUnion-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert MUGABE]; Zimbabwe UnityMovement or ZUM [Edgar TEKERE]

Taiwan:Chinese New Party or CNP [HAU Lang-bin]; DemocraticProgressive Party or DPP [Frank HSIEH, chairman]; Kuomintang or KMT(Nationalist Party) [LIEN Chan, chairman]; New Party or NP [LIChing-hwa]; People First Party or PFP [James SOONG, chairman]; otherminor parties

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@Political pressure groups and leaders

Afghanistan:Afghan refugees in Pakistan, Australia, US, andelsewhere have organized politically; Mellat (Social DemocraticParty) [leader NA]; Peshawar, Pakistan-based groups such as theCoordination Council for National Unity and Understanding inAfghanistan or CUNUA [Ishaq GAILANI]; tribal elders representtraditional Pashtun leadership; Writers Union of Free Afghanistan orWUFA [A. Rasul AMIN]

Albania:NA

Algeria:NA

American Samoa:NA

Andorra:NA

Angola:Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC[N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE]

note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armedstruggle for the independence of Cabinda Province

Anguilla:NA

Antigua and Barbuda:Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [WilliamROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Argentina:Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA);Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); ArgentineRural Society (large landowners' association); businessorganizations; General Confederation of Labor or CGT(Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominatedlabor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students

Armenia:NA

Aruba:NA

Australia:Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist LaborParty splinter group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (NuclearDisarmament Party splinter group)

Austria:Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist) orOeGB; Federal Economic Chamber; OeVP-oriented League of AustrianIndustrialists or VOeI; Roman Catholic Church, including its chieflay organization, Catholic Action; three composite leagues of theAustrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, andfarmers

Azerbaijan:Sadval, Lezgin movement; self-proclaimed ArmenianNagorno-Karabakh Republic; Talysh independence movement

Bahamas, The:NA

Bahrain:Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically 1994-97,demanding the return of an elected National Assembly and an end tounemployment; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamicfundamentalist groups are active

Bangladesh:NA

Barbados:Barbados Workers Union [Leroy TROTMAN]; Clement PayneLabor Union [David COMMISSIONG]; People's Progressive Movement [EricSEALY]; Worker's Party of Barbados [Dr. George BELLE]

Belarus:NA

Belgium:Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of BelgianIndustries; numerous other associations representing bankers,manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medicalprofessions; various organizations represent the cultural interestsof Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christiand groups representing immigrants

Belize:Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR[Diane HAYLOCK]; United Worker's Front

Benin:NA

Bermuda:Bermuda Industrial Union or BIU [Derrick BURGESS]; BermudaPublic Services Association or BPSA [Betty CHRISTOPHER]

Bhutan:Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leadingmilitant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; UnitedFront for Democracy (exiled)

Bolivia:Cocalero Groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions

Bosnia and Herzegovina:NA

Botswana:NA

Brazil:left wing of the Catholic Church, Landless Worker'sMovement, and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's Party arecritical of government's social and economic policies

British Virgin Islands:NA

Brunei:NA

Bulgaria:agrarian movement; Bulgarian Democratic Center;Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB;Democratic Alliance for the Republic or DAR; New Union for Democracyor NUD; Podkrepa Labor Confederation; numerous regional, ethnic, andnational interest groups with various agendas

Burkina Faso:Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB;Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or HBDHP; Group of 14 February;National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB; NationalOrganization of Free Unions or ONSL; watchdog/political actiongroups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Burma:All Burma Student Democratic Front or ABSDF; KachinIndependence Army or KIA; Karen National Union or KNU; NationalCoalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB [Dr. SEIN WIN]consists of individuals legitimately elected to the People'sAssembly but not recognized by the military regime; the group fledto a border area and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to forma parallel government; several Shan factions; United Wa State Armyor UWSA

Burundi:Loosely organized Tutsi militias, often affiliated withTutsi extremist parties

Cambodia:NA

Cameroon:Cameroon Anglophone Movement or CAM [Vishe FAI, secretarygeneral]; Southern Cameroon National Council [Nfor Ngala NFOR,acting]

Canada:NA

Cape Verde:NA

Cayman Islands:NA

Central African Republic:NA

Chad:NA

Chile:revitalized university student federations at all majoruniversities; Roman Catholic Church; United Labor Central or CUTincludes trade unionists from the country's five largest laborconfederations

China:no substantial political opposition groups exist, althoughthe government has identified the Falungong sect and the ChinaDemocracy Party as potential rivals

Christmas Island:none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:none

Colombia:two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia - NationalLiberation Army or ELN and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia orFARC; largest paramilitary group is United Self-Defense Groups ofColombia or AUC

Comoros:NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:NA

Congo, Republic of the:Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC;General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC;Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC; Union of CongoleseSocialist Youth or UJSC

Cook Islands:NA

Costa Rica:Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD(Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; ConfederatedUnion of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa RicanConfederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Partyaffiliate); Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; NationalAssociation for Economic Development or ANFE; National Associationof Educators or ANDE; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [GilbertBrown]

Cote d'Ivoire:NA

Croatia:NA

Cuba:NA

Cyprus:Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West);Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation ofTurkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian LaborFederation or PEO (Communist controlled)

Czech Republic:Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions[Richard FALBR]

Denmark:NA

Djibouti:Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy or FRUDand affiliates; Movement for Unity and Democracy or MUD

Dominica:Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

Dominican Republic:Collective of Popular Organizations or COP

Ecuador:Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador orCONAIE [Antonio VARGAS]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F.Napoleon SANTOS]; Popular Front or FP [Luis VILLACIS]

Egypt:despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties,the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK'spotentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK toleratedlimited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first twoterms, but moved more aggressively since then to block itsinfluence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained inpractical terms; trade unions and professional associations areofficially sanctioned

El Salvador:labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of ElSalvador or SIES; Federation of the Construction Industry, SimilarTransport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS; NationalConfederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS; National Union ofSalvadoran Workers or UNTS; Port Industry Union of El Salvador orSIPES; Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers orUSEPOC; Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS; Workers Union ofElectrical Corporation or STCEL; business organizations - NationalAssociation of Small Enterprise or ANEP; Salvadoran AssemblyIndustry Association or ASIC; Salvadoran Industrial Association orASI

Equatorial Guinea:NA

Eritrea:Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ; Eritrean Liberation Front orELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed]; Eritrean Liberation Front-RevolutionaryCouncil or ELF-RC [Ahmed NASSER]; Eritrean Liberation Front-UnitedOrganization or ELF-UO [Mohammed Said NAWD]

Estonia:NA

Ethiopia:Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic Coalition; numeroussmall, ethnically based groups have formed since the defeat of theformer MENGISTU regime in 1991, including several Islamic militantgroups

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):none

Faroe Islands:NA

Fiji:NA

Finland:Communist Workers Party [Timo LAHDENMAKI]; ConstitutionalRightist Party; Finnish Communist Party-Unity [Yrjo HAKANEN];Finnish Pensioners Party

France:Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale duTravail) or CGT, nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); independentlabor union or Force Ouvriere, 1 million members (est.); independentwhite-collar union or Confederation Generale des Cadres, 340,000members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (ConseilNational du Patronat Francais) or CNPF or Patronat;Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratiquedu Travail) or CFDT, about 800,000 members (est.)

French Guiana:NA

French Polynesia:NA

Gabon:NA

Gambia, The:NA

Georgia:Georgian refugees from Abkhazia (Abkhaz faction in GeorgianParliament); separatist elements in the breakaway region ofAbkhazia; supporters of the late ousted President Zviad GAMSAKHURDYAremain a source of opposition

Germany:employers' organizations; expellee, refugee, trade unions,and veterans groups

Ghana:NA

Gibraltar:Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar RepresentativesOrganization; Housewives Association

Greece:NA

Greenland:NA

Grenada:NA

Guadeloupe:Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe orKLPG; General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G; GeneralUnion of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG; Movement for IndependentGuadeloupe or MPGI

Guam:NA

Guatemala:Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO; Alliance AgainstImpunity or AAI; Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC; CoordinatingCommittee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and FinancialAssociations or CACIF; Mutual Support Group or GAM

Guernsey:none

Guinea:NA

Guinea-Bissau:NA

Guyana:Civil Liberties Action Committee or CLAC; Guyana Council ofIndian Organizations or GCIO; Rise, Organize and Rebuild or ROAR[Ravi DEV]; Trades Union Congress or TUC

note: the GCIO and the CLAC are small and active but not wellorganized

Haiti:Autonomous Haitian Workers or CATH; Confederation of HaitianWorkers or CTH; Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS; NationalPopular Assembly or APN; Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP; PopularOrganizations Gathering Power or PROP; Roman Catholic Church

Holy See (Vatican City):none (exclusive of influence exercised bychurch officers)

Honduras:Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras orCODEH; Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH; CoordinatingCommittee of Popular Organizations or CCOP; General WorkersConfederation or CGT; Honduran Council of Private Enterprise orCOHEP; National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH;National Union of Campesinos or UNC; Popular Bloc or BP; UnitedFederation of Honduran Workers or FUTH

Hong Kong:Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); ChineseManufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Confederation of TradeUnions (pro-democracy) [LAU Chin-shek, president; LEE Cheuk-yan,general secretary]; Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Federationof Trade Unions (pro-China) [LEE Chark-tim, president]; Hong KongAlliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China[Szeto WAH, chairman]; Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council(pro-Taiwan); Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Hong KongProfessional Teachers' Union [CHEUNG Man-kwong, president]; LiberalDemocratic Federation [HU Fa-kuang, chairman]

Hungary:NA

Iceland:NA

India:numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations,including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and RashtriyaSwayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greatercommunal and/or regional autonomy, including the All PartiesHurriyat Conference

Indonesia:NA

Iran:active student groups include the pro-reform "Organization forStrengthening Unity" and "the Union of Islamic Student Societies';groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-eHizballah, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim StudentsFollowing the Line of the Imam, and the Islamic CoalitionAssociation; opposition groups include the Liberation Movement ofIran and the Nation of Iran party; armed political groups that havebeen almost completely repressed by the government includeMojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, DemocraticParty of Iranian Kurdistan; the Society for the Defense of Freedom

Iraq:any formal political activity must be sanctioned by thegovernment; opposition to regime from Kurdish groups and southernShi'a dissidents

Ireland:NA

Israel:Gush Emunim, Israeli nationalists advocating Jewishsettlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now supportsterritorial concessions in the West Bank and is critical ofgovernment's Lebanon policy

Italy:Italian manufacturers and merchants associations(Confindustria, Confcommercio); organized farm groups(Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura); Roman Catholic Church; threemajor trade union confederations (Confederazione Generale Italianadel Lavoro or CGIL [Sergio COFFERATI] which is left wing,Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [SergioD'ANTONI] which is Catholic centrist, and Unione Italiana del Lavoroor UIL [Pietro LARIZZA] which is lay centrist)

Jamaica:New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (blackreligious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Japan:NA

Jersey:none

Jordan:Council of Professional Association Presidents [Ahmadal-QADIRI, chairman]; Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF,president]; Muslim Brotherhood [Abd-al-Majid DHUNAYBAT, secretarygeneral]

Kazakhstan:Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights[Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director]

Kenya:human rights groups; labor unions; Muslim organizations;National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalitionof political parties and nongovernment organizations [KivuthaKIBWANA]; Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK[Mutava MUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches;Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafural-BUSAIDY, chairman]

Kiribati:NA

Korea, North:NA

Korea, South:Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of KoreanTrade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean NationalCouncil of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans'Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National DemocraticAlliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations;National Federation of Student Associations

Kuwait:several political groups act as de facto parties: Bedouins,merchants, Sunni and Shi'a activists, and secular leftists andnationalists

Kyrgyzstan:Council of Free Trade Unions; Kyrgyz Committee on HumanRights [Ramazan DYRYIDAYEV]; National Unity Democratic Movement;Union of Entrepreneurs

Laos:noncommunist political groups proscribed; most oppositionleaders fled the country in 1975

Latvia:NA

Lebanon:NA

Lesotho:NA

Liberia:NA

Libya:various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligiblememberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as someIslamic elements

Liechtenstein:NA

Lithuania:NA

Luxembourg:ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sectortrade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of agriculturalproducers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade unionrepresenting civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber ofCommerce); Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL(federation of industrialists); LCGP (center-right trade union);OGBL (center-left trade union)

Macau:Catholic Church [Domingos LAM, bishop]; Macau Society ofTourism and Entertainment or STDM [Stanley HO, managing director];Union for Democracy Development [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong, leader]

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:NA

Madagascar:Federalist Movement; National Council of ChristianChurches or FFKM

Malawi:NA

Malaysia:NA

Maldives:none

Mali:Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movementand Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

Malta:NA

Man, Isle of:none

Marshall Islands:NA

Martinique:Association for the Protection of Martinique's Heritage(ecologist) [Garcin MALSA]; Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC;Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM [Marc PULVAR]; FrantzFanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants; Proletarian ActionGroup or GAP; Socialist Revolution Group or GRS [PhilippePIERRE-CHARLES]

Mauritania:Arab nationalists; Ba'athists; General Confederation ofMauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretarygeneral]; Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM[Samory Ould BEYE]; Islamists; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM[Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

Mauritius:various labor unions

Mayotte:NA

Mexico:Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic orCOPARMEX; Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN;Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM; Confederation of NationalChambers of Commerce or CONCANACO; Coordinator for Foreign TradeBusiness Organizations or COECE; Federation of Unions ProvidingGoods and Services or FESEBES; National Chamber of TransformationIndustries or CANACINTRA; National Peasant Confederation or CNC;National Union of Workers or UNT; Regional Confederation of MexicanWorkers or CROM; Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasantsor CROC; Roman Catholic Church

Moldova:NA

Monaco:NA

Mongolia:NA

Montserrat:NA

Morocco:Association of Popular Trade Unions or ADP [leader NA];Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI]; DemocraticNational Trade Union or USND [leader NA]; Democratic Trade Union orSD [leader NA]; General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM[Abderrazzak AFILAL]; Labor Union Commissions or CS [leader NA];Moroccan National Workers Union or UNMT [leader NA]; Moroccan Unionof Workers or UTM [Mahjoub BENSEDIQ]; Party of Shura and Istiqla[Abdelwaheb MAASH]

Mozambique:NA

Namibia:NA

Nauru:NA

Nepal:Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency; numerous small,left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, radicalNepalese antimonarchist groups

Netherlands:Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement(comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestanttrade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant EmployersAssociations; Interchurch Peace Council or IKV; large multinationalfirms; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises

Netherlands Antilles:NA

New Caledonia:NA

New Zealand:NA

Nicaragua:National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrellagroup of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association orATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and MartyrsConfederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, NationalAssociation of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union ofEmployees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG,Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists ofNicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is anumbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including -Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation ofLabor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Laboror CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; NicaraguanWorkers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; SuperiorCouncil of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation ofbusiness groups

Niger:NA

Nigeria:NA

Niue:NA

Norfolk Island:none

Northern Mariana Islands:NA

Norway:NA

Oman:none

Pakistan:military remains important political force; ulema(clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants alsoinfluential

Palau:NA

Panama:Chamber of Commerce; National Civic Crusade; NationalCouncil of Organized Workers or CONATO; National Union ofConstruction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS); National Council ofPrivate Enterprise or CONEP; Panamanian Association of BusinessExecutives or APEDE; Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP;Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Papua New Guinea:NA

Paraguay:Ahorristas Estafados or AE; National Workers Central orCNT; Paraguayan Workers Confederation or CPT; Roman Catholic Church;Unitary Workers Central or CUT

Peru:leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMANReynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; TupacAmaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned),Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]

Philippines:NA

Pitcairn Islands:none

Poland:All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union); RomanCatholic Church; Solidarity (trade union)

Portugal:NA

Puerto Rico:Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN; ArmedForces of Popular Resistance; Boricua Popular Army (also known asthe Macheteros); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

Qatar:none

Reunion:NA

Romania:various human rights and professional associations

Russia:NA

Rwanda:IBUKA - association of genocide survivors

Saint Helena:none

Saint Kitts and Nevis:NA

Saint Lucia:NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:NA

Samoa:NA

San Marino:NA

Sao Tome and Principe:NA

Saudi Arabia:none

Senegal:labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers

Seychelles:Roman Catholic Church; trade unions

Sierra Leone:Trade Unions and Student Unions

Singapore:NA

Slovakia:Association of Employers of Slovakia; Association of Townsand Villages or ZMOS; Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ; MetalWorkers Unions or KOVO and METALURG

Slovenia:NA

Solomon Islands:NA

Somalia:numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying forpower

South Africa:Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU[Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary]; South African Communist Partyor SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary]; South African NationalCivics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, nationalpresident]; note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with theANC

Spain:business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; EuskalHerritarok or EH [Herri BATASUNA]; free labor unions (authorized inApril 1977); on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Libertyor ETA and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group orGRAPO use terrorism to oppose the government; Opus Dei; SocialistGeneral Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent WorkersSyndical Union or USO; university students; Workers Confederation orCC.OO

Sri Lanka:Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of TamilEelam or LTTE (insurgent group fighting for a separate state);radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National MovementAgainst Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

Sudan:National Congress Party [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR] (front for theNational Islamic Front or NIF); Popular National Congress [Hassanal-TURABI]; Umma [Sadiq al-MAHDI]; Democratic Unionist Party[Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI]; National Democratic Alliance[Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI, chairman]; Sudan People's LiberationArmy [Dr. John GARANG]

Suriname:General Liberation and Development Party or ABOP [RonnieBRUNSWIJK]; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement [Leendert ADAMS];Tucayana Amazonica [Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJO]; Union forLiberation and Democracy [Kofi AFONGPONG]

Swaziland:NA

Sweden:NA

Switzerland:NA

Syria:conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood (operatesin exile in Jordan and Yemen); non-Ba'th parties have littleeffective political influence

Tajikistan:NA

Tanzania:NA

Thailand:NA

Togo:NA

Tokelau:none

Tonga:Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Movement [leader NA]

Trinidad and Tobago:Jamaat Al Musilmeen [Abu BAKR]

Tunisia:the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance),is outlawed

Turkey:Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK[Ridvan BUDAK]; Independent Industrialists and Businessmen'sAssociation or MUSIAD [Erol YARAR]; Moral Rights Workers Union orHak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen'sAssociation or TUSIAD [Muharrem KAYHAN]; Turkish Confederation ofEmployers' Unions or TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation ofLabor or Turk-Is [Bayram MERAL]; Turkish Union of Chambers ofCommerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [Fuat MIRAS]

Turkmenistan:NA

Turks and Caicos Islands:NA

Tuvalu:none

Uganda:NA

Ukraine:NA

United Arab Emirates:NA

United Kingdom:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation ofBritish Industry; National Farmers' Union; Trades Union Congress

United States:NA

Uruguay:NA

Uzbekistan:Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim PULAT, chairman];Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned9 December 1992; Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [AbdumanobPULAT, chairman]; Independent Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan[Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]

Vanuatu:NA

Venezuela:FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOSgroups; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labororganization dominated by the Democratic Action)

Vietnam:none

Virgin Islands:NA

Wallis and Futuna:NA

Western Sahara:none

Yemen:NA

Yugoslavia:Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [leaderRAMUSH]; Group of 17 Independent Economists or G-17 [leader NA];National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK [SabitGASHI]; Otpor Student Resistance Movement [leader NA]; PoliticalCouncil for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA]; ThePeople's Movement for Kosovo or LPK [leader NA]

Zambia:NA

Zimbabwe:National Constitutional Assembly or NCA

Taiwan:Taiwan independence movement, various business andenvironmental groups

note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and the increased representation of opposition parties in Taiwan's legislature have opened public debate on the island's national identity; a broad popular consensus has developed that Taiwan currently enjoys de facto independence and - whatever the ultimate outcome regarding reunification or independence - that Taiwan's people must have the deciding voice; advocates of Taiwan independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually reunify with mainland China; goals of the Taiwan independence movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation Building

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@Population

Afghanistan:26,813,057 (July 2001 est.)

Albania:3,510,484 (July 2001 est.)

Algeria:31,736,053 (July 2001 est.)

American Samoa:67,084 (July 2001 est.)

Andorra:67,627 (July 2001 est.)

Angola:10,366,031 (July 2001 est.)

Anguilla:12,132 (July 2001 est.)

Antarctica:no indigenous inhabitants, but there are seasonallystaffed research stations

note: approximately 29 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) and year-round research on the continent and in its surrounding oceans; the population of persons doing and supporting science on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty) varies from approximately 4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research are present in the waters of the treaty region; Summer (January) population - 3,687 total; Argentina 302, Australia 201, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Bulgaria 16, Chile 352, China 70, Finland 11, France 100, Germany 51, India 60, Italy 106, Japan 136, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 60, Norway 40, Peru 28, Poland 70, Russia 254, South Africa 80, Spain 43, Sweden 20, UK 192, US 1,378 (1998-99); Winter (July) population - 964 total; Argentina 165, Australia 75, Brazil 12, Chile 129, China 33, France 33, Germany 9, India 25, Japan 40, South Korea 14, NZ 10, Poland 20, Russia 102, South Africa 10, UK 39, US 248 (1998-99); year-round stations - 42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 4, Brazil 1, Chile 4, China 2, Finland 1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 6, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 1 (1998-99); Summer-only stations - 32 total; Argentina 3, Australia 4, Bulgaria 1, Chile 7, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 3, NZ 1, Peru 1, Russia 3, Sweden 2, UK 5 (1998-99); in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research (July 2001 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda:66,970 (July 2001 est.)

Argentina:37,384,816 (July 2001 est.)

Armenia:3,336,100 (July 2001 est.)

Aruba:70,007 (July 2001 est.)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands:no indigenous inhabitants

note: there are only seasonal caretakers (July 2001 est.)

Australia:19,357,594 (July 2001 est.)

Austria:8,150,835 (July 2001 est.)

Azerbaijan:7,771,092 (July 2001 est.)

Bahamas, The:297,852

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Bahrain: 645,361

note: includes 228,424 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)

Baker Island: uninhabited

note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and remnants of structures from early settlement are located near the middle of the west coast; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2001 est.)

Bangladesh:131,269,860 (July 2001 est.)

Barbados:275,330 (July 2001 est.)

Bassas da India:uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Belarus:10,350,194 (July 2001 est.)

Belgium:10,258,762 (July 2001 est.)

Belize:256,062 (July 2001 est.)

Benin:6,590,782

Bermuda:63,503 (July 2001 est.)

Bhutan:2,049,412 (July 2001 est.)

note: other estimates range as low as 800,000

Bolivia:8,300,463 (July 2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:3,922,205

note: all data dealing with population are subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing (July 2001 est.)

Botswana: 1,586,119

Bouvet Island:uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Brazil:174,468,575

note: Brazil took an intercensal count in August 1996 which reported a population of 157,079,573; that figure was about 5% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, which is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

British Indian Ocean Territory: no indigenous inhabitants

note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois, were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles around the time of the construction of UK-US military facilities; in 1995, there were approximately 1,700 UK and US military personnel and 1,500 civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands:20,812 (July 2001 est.)

Brunei:343,653 (July 2001 est.)

Bulgaria:7,707,495 (July 2001 est.)

Burkina Faso:12,272,289

Burma: 41,994,678

Burundi: 6,223,897

Cambodia: 12,491,501

Cameroon: 15,803,220

Canada:31,592,805 (July 2001 est.)

Cape Verde:405,163 (July 2001 est.)

Cayman Islands:35,527 (July 2001 est.)

Central African Republic:3,576,884

Chad:8,707,078 (July 2001 est.)

Chile:15,328,467 (July 2001 est.)

China:1,273,111,290 (July 2001 est.)

Christmas Island:2,771 (July 2001 est.)

Clipperton Island:uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:633 (July 2001 est.)

Colombia:40,349,388 (July 2001 est.)

Comoros:596,202 (July 2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:53,624,718

Congo, Republic of the: 2,894,336

Cook Islands:20,611 (July 2001 est.)

Coral Sea Islands:no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a staff of three to four at the meteorologicalstation (July 2001 est.)

Costa Rica:3,773,057 (July 2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire:16,393,221

Croatia:4,334,142 (July 2001 est.)

Cuba:11,184,023 (July 2001 est.)

Cyprus:762,887 (July 2001 est.)

Czech Republic:10,264,212 (July 2001 est.)

Denmark:5,352,815 (July 2001 est.)

Djibouti:460,700 (July 2001 est.)

Dominica:70,786 (July 2001 est.)

Dominican Republic:8,581,477 (July 2001 est.)

Ecuador:13,183,978 (July 2001 est.)

Egypt:69,536,644 (July 2001 est.)

El Salvador:6,237,662 (July 2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea:486,060 (July 2001 est.)

Eritrea:4,298,269 (July 2001 est.)

Estonia:1,423,316 (July 2001 est.)

Ethiopia:65,891,874

Europa Island: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):2,895 (July 2001 est.)

Faroe Islands:45,661 (July 2001 est.)

Fiji:844,330 (July 2001 est.)

Finland:5,175,783 (July 2001 est.)

France:59,551,227 (July 2001 est.)

French Guiana:177,562 (July 2001 est.)

French Polynesia:253,506 (July 2001 est.)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: no indigenous inhabitants (July 2001 est.)

note: in 1997, there were about 100 researchers whose numbers vary from winter (July) to summer (January)

Gabon:1,221,175

Gambia, The:1,411,205 (July 2001 est.)

Gaza Strip:1,178,119 (July 2001 est.)

note: in addition, there are some 6,900 Israeli settlers in theGaza Strip (August 2000 est.)

Georgia:4,989,285 (July 2001 est.)

Germany:83,029,536 (July 2001 est.)

Ghana:19,894,014

Gibraltar:27,649 (July 2001 est.)

Glorioso Islands:no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)

Greece:10,623,835 (July 2001 est.)

Greenland:56,352 (July 2001 est.)

Grenada:89,227 (July 2001 est.)

Guadeloupe:431,170 (July 2001 est.)

Guam:157,557 (July 2001 est.)

Guatemala:12,974,361 (July 2001 est.)

Guernsey:64,342 (July 2001 est.)

Guinea:7,613,870 (July 2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau:1,315,822 (July 2001 est.)

Guyana:697,181

Haiti: 6,964,549

Heard Island and McDonald Islands:uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City):890 (July 2001 est.)

Honduras:6,406,052

Hong Kong:7,210,505 (July 2001 est.)

Howland Island:uninhabited

note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2001 est.)

Hungary:10,106,017 (July 2001 est.)

Iceland:277,906 (July 2001 est.)

India:1,029,991,145 (July 2001 est.)

Indonesia:228,437,870 (July 2001 est.)

Iran:66,128,965 (July 2001 est.)

Iraq:23,331,985 (July 2001 est.)

Ireland:3,840,838 (July 2001 est.)

Israel:5,938,093 (July 2001 est.)

note: includes about 176,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank, about 20,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, about 6,900 in the Gaza Strip, and about 173,000 in East Jerusalem (August 2000 est.)

Italy:57,679,825 (July 2001 est.)

Jamaica:2,665,636 (July 2001 est.)

Jan Mayen:no indigenous inhabitants

note: there are personnel who operate the Long Range Navigation(Loran-C) base and the weather and coastal services radio station(July 2001 est.)

Japan:126,771,662 (July 2001 est.)

Jarvis Island:uninhabited

note: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2001 est.)

Jersey:89,361 (July 2001 est.)

Johnston Atoll:no indigenous inhabitants

note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel present; as of 1 October 2000, population decreased to approximately 970 when US Army Chemical Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed (January 2001 est.)

Jordan:5,153,378 (July 2001 est.)

Juan de Nova Island:no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)

Kazakhstan:16,731,303 (July 2001 est.)

Kenya:30,765,916

Kingman Reef:uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Kiribati:94,149 (July 2001 est.)

Korea, North:21,968,228 (July 2001 est.)

Korea, South:47,904,370 (July 2001 est.)

Kuwait:2,041,961

note: includes 1,159,913 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan:4,753,003 (July 2001 est.)

Laos:5,635,967 (July 2001 est.)

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