French Guiana:Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani andRiviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa)
French Polynesia:none
French Southern and Antarctic Lands:"Adelie Land" claim inAntarctica is not recognized by the US
Gabon:maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because ofdisputed sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay
Gambia, The:none
Gaza Strip:West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied withcurrent status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Georgia:none
Germany:none
Ghana:none
Gibraltar:source of friction between Spain and the UK
Glorioso Islands:claimed by Madagascar
Greece:complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Turkeyin Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; dispute with The FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia over its name
Greenland:none
Grenada:none
Guadeloupe:none
Guam:none
Guatemala:Guatemala periodically asserts claims to territory insouthern Belize; to deter cross-border squatting, both states in2000 agreed to a "line of adjacency" based on the de facto boundary,which is not recognized by Guatemala
Guernsey:none
Guinea:border incursions by Revolutionary United Front combatantsfrom Sierra Leone; civil war in that country has engendered amassive flow of refugees to southern Guinea and Liberia
Guinea-Bissau:none
Guyana:all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) claimed byVenezuela; Suriname claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) andCourantyne/Kutari [Koetari] rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne)
Haiti:claims US-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islands:none
Holy See (Vatican City):none
Honduras:with respect to the maritime boundary in the Golfo deFonseca, the ICJ referred to the line determined by the 1900Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that sometripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragualikely would be required; the maritime boundary dispute withNicaragua in the Caribbean Sea is before the ICJ
Hong Kong:none
Howland Island:none
Hungary:Gabcikovo/Nagymaros Dam dispute with Slovakia is before theICJ
Iceland:Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark and theUK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in theRockall area); dispute with Denmark over the Faroe Islands fisheriesmedian line boundary within 200 NM; disputes with Denmark, the UK,and Ireland over the Faroe Islands continental shelf boundaryoutside 200 NM
India:boundary with China in dispute; status of Kashmir withPakistan; water-sharing problems with Pakistan over the Indus River(Wular Barrage); a portion of the boundary with Bangladesh isindefinite; exchange of 151 enclaves along border with Bangladeshsubject to ratification by Indian parliament; dispute withBangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty Island
Indian Ocean:some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Indonesia:Sipadan and Ligitan Islands in dispute with Malaysia
Iran:Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but arestill trying to work out written agreements settling outstandingdisputes from their eight-year war concerning border demarcation,prisoners-of-war, and freedom of navigation and sovereignty over theShatt al Arab waterway; Iran occupies two islands in the PersianGulf claimed by the UAE: Lesser Tunb (called Tunb as Sughra inArabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek in Persian by Iran) andGreater Tunb (called Tunb al Kubra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-yeTonb-e Bozorg in Persian by Iran); Iran jointly administers with theUAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE (called AbuMusa in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Abu Musa in Persian by Iran) -over which Iran has taken steps to exert unilateral control since1992, including access restrictions and a military build-up on theisland; the UAE has garnered significant diplomatic support in theregion in protesting these Iranian actions; Caspian Sea boundariesare not yet determined among Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia,and Turkmenistan
Iraq:Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but arestill trying to work out written agreements settling outstandingdisputes from their eight-year war concerning border demarcation,prisoners-of-war, and freedom of navigation and sovereignty over theShatt al Arab waterway; in November 1994, Iraq formally accepted theUN-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been spelled out inSecurity Council Resolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1993), and 883 (1993);this formally ends earlier claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan andWarbah islands although the government continues periodic rhetoricalchallenges; dispute over water development plans by Turkey for theTigris and Euphrates rivers
Ireland:Northern Ireland issue with the UK (historic peaceagreement signed 10 April 1998); disputes with Iceland, Denmark, andthe UK over the Faroe Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200NM
Israel:West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with currentstatus subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; GolanHeights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area ofGolan Heights)
Italy:Croatia and Italy made progress toward resolving a bilateralissue dating from World War II over property and ethnic minorityrights
Jamaica:none
Jan Mayen:none
Japan:islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomaigroup occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered byRussia, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks (Takeshima/Tokdo) disputedwith South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by Chinaand Taiwan
Jarvis Island:none
Jersey:none
Johnston Atoll:none
Jordan:none
Juan de Nova Island:claimed by Madagascar
Kazakhstan:Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined amongAzerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan
Kenya:administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide withinternational boundary
Kingman Reef:none
Kiribati:none
Korea, North:33-km section of boundary with China in the Paektu-san(mountain) area is indefinite; Demarcation Line with South Korea
Korea, South:Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks(Takeshima/Tokdo) disputed with Japan
Kuwait:in November 1994, Iraq formally accepted the UN-demarcatedborder with Kuwait which had been spelled out in Security CouncilResolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1993), and 883 (1993); this formallyends earlier claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan and Warbah islands
Kyrgyzstan:territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southwesternboundary in Isfara Valley area; periodic target of Islamicinsurgents from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan
Laos:parts of the border with Thailand are indefinite
Latvia:draft treaty delimiting the boundary with Russia has notbeen signed; has not ratified 1998 maritime boundary agreement withLithuania (primary concern is oil exploration rights)
Lebanon:Syrian troops in northern, central, and eastern Lebanonsince October 1976; Lebanese government claims Shab'a Farms area ofIsraeli-occupied Golan Heights as a part of Lebanon from whichHizballah conducts cross-border attacks
Lesotho:none
Liberia:large refugee population from civil war in Sierra Leone
Libya:Libya claims about 19,400 sq km in northern Niger and also apart of southeastern Algeria
Liechtenstein:Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918
Lithuania:Latvia has not ratified a 1998 maritime boundaryagreement with Lithuania (primary concern is oil explorationrights); 1997 border agreement with Russia not yet ratified by Russia
Luxembourg:none
Macau:none
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:dispute with Greece overits name; February 2001 agreement with Yugoslavia settled alignmentof boundary, stipulating implementation within two years
Madagascar:claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France)
Malawi:dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (LakeMalawi)
Malaysia:involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islandswith China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei;Philippines have not fully revoked claim to Sabah State; Pulau BatuPutih (Pedra Branca Island) disputed with Singapore; Sipadan andLigitan Islands in dispute with Indonesia
Maldives:none
Mali:none
Malta:none
Man, Isle of:none
Marshall Islands:claims US territory of Wake Island
Martinique:none
Mauritania:none
Mauritius:claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered BritishIndian Ocean Territory); claims French-administered Tromelin Island
Mayotte:claimed by Comoros
Mexico:none
Micronesia, Federated States of:none
Midway Islands:none
Moldova:separatist Transnistria region, comprising the area betweenthe Nistru (Dniester) River and Ukraine, has its own de factogovernment, dominated by Moldovan Slavs
Monaco:none
Mongolia:none
Montserrat:none
Morocco:claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty isunresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a referendum on theissue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been in effect sinceSeptember 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas desoberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves ofCeuta and Melilla which Morocco contests, as well as the islands ofPenon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
Mozambique:none
Namibia:none
Nauru:none
Navassa Island:claimed by Haiti
Nepal:refugee issue over the presence in Nepal of approximately98,700 Bhutanese refugees, 90% of whom are in seven United NationsOffice of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps
Netherlands:none
Netherlands Antilles:none
New Caledonia:Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledoniaclaimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealand:territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
Nicaragua:territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelagode San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; with respect tothe maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the ICJreferred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua MixedBoundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolutionamong El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be required;maritime boundary dispute with Honduras in the Caribbean Sea isbefore the ICJ; legal dispute over navigational rights of San JuanRiver on border with Costa Rica
Niger:Libya claims about 19,400 sq km in northern Niger;delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of LakeChad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, hasbeen completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, andNigeria
Nigeria:delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity ofLake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past,has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger,and Nigeria; dispute with Cameroon over land and maritime boundariesaround the Bakasi Peninsula is currently before the ICJ; tripartitemaritime boundary and economic zone dispute with Equatorial Guineaand Cameroon is currently before the ICJ
Niue:none
Norfolk Island:none
Northern Mariana Islands:none
Norway:territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Svalbardis the focus of a maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia
Oman:boundary with the UAE has not been bilaterally defined;northern section in the Musandam Peninsula is an administrativeboundary
Pacific Ocean:some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistan:status of Kashmir with India; water-sharing problems withIndia over the Indus River (Wular Barrage)
Palau:none
Palmyra Atoll:none
Panama:none
Papua New Guinea:none
Paracel Islands:occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Peru:none
Philippines:involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islandswith China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claim toMalaysia's Sabah State has not been fully revoked
Pitcairn Islands:none
Poland:none
Puerto Rico:none
Qatar:in March of 2001, the International Court of Justice (ICJ)awarded the Hawar Islands to Bahrain and adjusted its maritimeboundary with Qatar; a final border resolution was agreed to withSaudi Arabia in March of 2001
Reunion:none
Romania:none
Russia:dispute over at least two small sections of the boundarywith China remains to be settled, despite 1997 boundary agreement;islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and the Habomai groupoccupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia,claimed by Japan; Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determinedamong Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan;Estonian and Russian negotiators reached a technical borderagreement in December 1996, which has not been signed or ratified byRussia as of February 2001; draft treaty delimiting the boundarywith Latvia has not been signed; 1997 border agreement withLithuania not yet ratified; has made no territorial claim inAntarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does notrecognize the claims of any other nation; Svalbard is the focus of amaritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia
Rwanda:Rwandan military forces are supporting the rebel forces inthe civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Saint Helena:none
Saint Kitts and Nevis:none
Saint Lucia:none
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:none
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:none
Samoa:none
San Marino:none
Sao Tome and Principe:none
Saudi Arabia:a final border resolution was agreed to with Qatar inMarch of 2001; location and status of boundary with UAE is notfinal, de facto boundary reflects a 1974 agreement; a June 2000treaty delimited the boundary with Yemen, but final demarcationrequires adjustments based on tribal considerations
Senegal:none
Seychelles:claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered BritishIndian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leone:civil war has engendered massive refugee movementsinto neighboring Guinea and Liberia
Singapore:Pedra Branca Island (Pulau Batu Putih) disputed withMalaysia
Slovakia:Gabcikovo/Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary is before theICJ
Slovenia:progress with Croatia on discussions of adjustments toland boundary, but problems remain in defining maritime boundary inGulf of Piran; Austria has minor dispute with Slovenia over nuclearpower plants and post-World War II treatment of German-speakingminorities
Solomon Islands:none
Somalia:most of the southern half of the boundary with Ethiopia isa Provisional Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopiaover the Ogaden
South Africa:Swaziland has asked South Africa to open negotiationson reincorporating some nearby South African territories that arepopulated by ethnic Swazis or that were long ago part of the SwaziKingdom
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:claimed by Argentina
Southern Ocean:Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic TreatySummary in the Antarctica entry); sections (some overlapping)claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway,and UK; the US and most other nations do not recognize the maritimeclaims of other nations and have made no claims themselves (the USand Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal claims havebeen made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west
Spain:Gibraltar issue with UK; Spain controls five places ofsovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco -the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests,as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de laGomera, and Islas Chafarinas
Spratly Islands:all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and thePhilippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zonethat encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands, buthas not publicly claimed the island; in 2000, China joined ASEANdiscussions towards creating a South China Sea "code of conduct" - anon-legally binding confidence building measure
Sri Lanka:none
Sudan:administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide withinternational boundary; Egypt asserts its claim to the "Hala'ibTriangle," a barren area of 20,580 sq km under partial Sudaneseadministration that is defined by an administrative boundary whichsupersedes the treaty boundary of 1899
Suriname:area disputed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani andRiviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); area disputed byGuyana between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari[Kutari] rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne)
Svalbard:focus of a maritime boundary dispute between Norway andRussia
Swaziland:Swaziland has asked South Africa to open negotiations onreincorporating some nearby South African territories that arepopulated by ethnic Swazis or that were long ago part of the SwaziKingdom
Sweden:none
Switzerland:none
Syria:Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; dispute with upstreamriparian Turkey over Turkish water development plans for the Tigrisand Euphrates rivers; Syrian troops in northern, central, andeastern Lebanon since October 1976
Tajikistan:portions of Tajikistan's northern and western borderwith Uzbekistan and its eastern border with China have not beenofficially demarcated; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan onnorthern boundary in Isfara Valley area
Tanzania:dispute with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (LakeMalawi); a resurvey of the latitudinal boundary with Uganda in 2000revealed a 300-meter discrepancy that both sides are currentlyadjudicating
Thailand:parts of the border with Laos are indefinite; parts ofborder with Cambodia are indefinite; sporadic border hostilitieswith Burma over border alignment and ethnic Shan rebels operating incross-border region
Togo:none
Tokelau:none
Tonga:none
Trinidad and Tobago:none
Tromelin Island:claimed by Madagascar and Mauritius
Tunisia:none
Turkey:complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greecein Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Greece; dispute with downstreamriparian states (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans forthe Tigris and Euphrates rivers; traditional demands regardingformer Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided
Turkmenistan:Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined amongAzerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands:none
Tuvalu:none
Uganda:the Ugandan military is deployed to the Democratic Republicof Congo in support of rebel forces in that country's civil war; aresurvey of the latitudinal boundary with Tanzania in 2000 revealeda 300-meter discrepancy that both sides are currently adjudicating
Ukraine:has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but hasreserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims ofany other nation
United Arab Emirates:location and status of boundary with SaudiArabia is not final, de facto boundary reflects 1974 agreement;boundary with Oman has not been bilaterally defined; northernsection in the Musandam Peninsula is an administrative boundary;claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran: Lesser Tunb(called Tunb as Sughra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchekin Persian by Iran) and Greater Tunb (called Tunb al Kubra in Arabicby UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg in Persian by Iran); claimsisland in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (calledAbu Musa in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Abu Musa in Persian byIran) - over which Iran has taken steps to exert unilateral controlsince 1992, including access restrictions and a military build-up onthe island; the UAE has garnered significant diplomatic support inthe region in protesting these Iranian actions
United Kingdom:Northern Ireland issue with Ireland (historic peaceagreement signed 10 April 1998); Gibraltar issue with Spain;Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claimsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius and theSeychelles claim Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British IndianOcean Territory); Rockall continental shelf dispute involvingDenmark and Iceland; territorial claim in Antarctica (BritishAntarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlapsChilean claim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and Ireland over theFaroe Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 NM
United States:maritime boundary disputes with Canada (DixonEntrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias SealIsland); US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba andonly mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminatethe lease; Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorialclaim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and doesnot recognize the claims of any other nation; Marshall Islandsclaims Wake Island
Uruguay:none
Uzbekistan:occasional target of Islamic insurgents based inTajikistan and Afghanistan
Vanuatu:claims Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
Venezuela:claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo (river);maritime boundary dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela
Vietnam:maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in acomplex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; maritime boundaryagreement with China in the Gulf of Tonkin awaits ratification;Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan;portions of boundary with Cambodia are in dispute; agreement on landborder with China was signed in December 1999, but details ofalignment have not yet been made public
Virgin Islands:none
Wake Island:claimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futuna:none
West Bank:West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied withcurrent status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Western Sahara:claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereigntyis unresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a referendum on theissue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been in effect sinceSeptember 1991
Yemen:a June 2000 treaty delimited the boundary with Saudi Arabia,but final demarcation requires adjustments based on tribalconsiderations
Yugoslavia:Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence fromYugoslavia; Croatia and Yugoslavia are negotiating the status of thestrategically important Prevlaka Peninsula, which is currently undera UN military observer mission (UNMOP); the February 2001 agreementwith the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia settled alignment ofboundary, stipulating implementation within two years
Taiwan:involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands withChina, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; ParacelIslands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claimsJapanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai), asdoes China
======================================================================
@Economic aid - donor
Australia:ODA, $1.43 billion (FY97/98)
Austria:ODA, $472 million (1999)
Belgium:ODA, $764 million (1997)
Canada:ODA, $1.3 billion (1999)
Denmark:ODA, $1.63 billion (1999)
Finland:ODA, $379 million (1997)
France:ODA, $6.3 billion (1997)
Germany:ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)
Iceland:$NA
Ireland:ODA, $245 million (2000)
Italy:ODA, $1.3 billion (1997)
Japan:ODA, $9.1 billion (1999)
Luxembourg:ODA, $160 million (1999)
Netherlands:ODA, $3.5 billion (2000 est.)
New Zealand:ODA, $123 million (1995)
Norway:ODA, $1.4 billion (1998)
Portugal:ODA, $271 million (1995)
Saudi Arabia:pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction ofLebanon; since 1993, Saudi Arabia has committed $208 million forassistance to the Palestinians
Spain:ODA, $1.3 billion (1995)
Sweden:ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)
Switzerland:ODA, $1.1 billion (1995)
United Kingdom:ODA, $3.4 billion (1997)
United States:ODA, $6.9 billion (1997)
======================================================================
@Economic aid - recipient
Afghanistan:US provided about $70 million in humanitarianassistance in 1997; US continues to contribute to multilateralassistance through the UN programs of food aid, immunization, landmine removal, and a wide range of aid to refugees and displacedpersons
Albania:$NA; aid for energy from China, Germany, Norway (2000)
Algeria:$100 million (1999 est.)
American Samoa:important financial support from the US, more than$40 million in 1994
Andorra:none
Angola:$493.1 million (1995)
Anguilla:$3.5 million (1995)
Antigua and Barbuda:$2.3 million (1995)
Argentina:IMF offer of $13.7 billion (January 2001)
Armenia:$245.5 million (1995)
Aruba:$26 million (1995); note - the Netherlands provided a $127million aid package to Aruba and Suriname in 1996
Azerbaijan:ODA, $113 million (1996)
Bahamas, The:$9.8 million (1995)
Bahrain:$48.4 million (1995)
Bangladesh:$1.575 billion (2000 est.)
Barbados:$9.1 million (1995)
Belarus:$194.3 million (1995)
Belize:$NA
Benin:$274.6 million (1997)
Bermuda:$27.9 million (1995)
Bhutan:$73.8 million (1995)
Bolivia:$588 million (1997)
Bosnia and Herzegovina:$1 billion (1999 est.)
Botswana:$73 million (1995)
Brazil:NA
British Virgin Islands:$2.6 million (1995)
Brunei:$4.3 million (1995)
Bulgaria:$1 billion (1999 est.)
Burkina Faso:$484.1 million (1995)
Burma:$99 million (FY98/99)
Burundi:$1.344 billion (1999 est.)
Cambodia:$548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for2001 by international donors
Cameroon:on 23 January 2001, the Paris Club agreed to reduceCameroon's debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million; total debt reliefnow amounts to $1.26 billion
Cape Verde:$111.3 million (1995)
Cayman Islands:$NA
Central African Republic:$172.2 million (1995); note - traditionalbudget subsidies from France
Chad:$238.3 million (1995); note - $125 million committed by Taiwan(August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank
Chile:ODA, $40 million (2001 est.)
China:$NA
Christmas Island:$NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:$NA
Colombia:$40.7 million (1995)
Comoros:$28.1 million (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:$195.3 million (1995)
Congo, Republic of the:$159.1 million (1995)
Cook Islands:$13.1 million (1995); note - New Zealand continues tofurnish the greater part
Cote d'Ivoire:ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)
Croatia:$NA
Cuba:$68.2 million (1997 est.)
Cyprus:Greek Cypriot area - $17 million (1998); Turkish Cypriotarea - $700 million from Turkey in grants and loans (1990-97) thatare usually forgiven
Czech Republic:$NA
Djibouti:$106.3 million (1995)
Dominica:$24.4 million (1995)
Dominican Republic:$239.6 million (1995)
Ecuador:$695.7 million (1995)
Egypt:ODA, $2.25 billion (1999)
El Salvador:total $252 million; $57 million from US (1999 est.)
Equatorial Guinea:$33.8 million (1995)
Eritrea:$77 million (1999)
Estonia:$137.3 million (1995)
Ethiopia:$367 million (FY95/96)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):$1.7 million (1995)
Faroe Islands:$135 million (annual subsidy from Denmark) (1999)
Fiji:$40.3 million (1995)
French Guiana:$NA
French Polynesia:$367 million (1997)
Gabon:$331 million (1995)
Gambia, The:$45.4 million (1995)
Gaza Strip:$121 million disbursed (2000) (includes West Bank)
Georgia:$212.7 million (1995)
Ghana:$477.3 million (1995)
Gibraltar:$NA
Greece:$5.4 billion from EU (1997 est.)
Greenland:$380 million subsidy from Denmark (1999)
Grenada:$8.3 million (1995)
Guadeloupe:$NA; note - substantial annual French subsidies
Guam:Guam receives large transfer payments from the US FederalTreasury ($143 million in 1997) into which Guamanians pay no incomeor excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress,the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federalincome taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employeesstationed in Guam
Guatemala:$212 million (1995)
Guernsey:$NA
Guinea:$359.2 million (1998)
Guinea-Bissau:$115.4 million (1995)
Guyana:$84 million (1995), Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative(HIPC) $253 million (1997)
Haiti:$730.6 million (1995)
Holy See (Vatican City):none
Honduras:$557.8 million (1999)
Hungary:$122.7 million (1995)
India:$2.9 billion (FY98/99)
Indonesia:$43 billion from IMF program and other official externalfinancing (1997-2000)
Iran:$116.5 million (1995)
Iraq:$327.5 million (1995)
Israel:$1.1 billion from the US (1999)
Jamaica:$102.7 million (1995)
Jersey:none
Jordan:ODA, $850 million (1996 est.)
Kazakhstan:$409.6 million (1995)
Kenya:$457 million (1997)
Kiribati:$15.5 million (1995), largely from UK and Japan
Korea, North:$NA; note - an estimated $200 million to $300 millionin humanitarian aid from US, South Korea, Japan, and EU in 1997 plusmuch additional aid from the UN and non-governmental organizations;substantial continuing humanitarian aid, 1998-2000
Korea, South:$NA
Kuwait:$27.6 million (1995)
Kyrgyzstan:$329.4 million (1995)
Laos:$345 million (1999 est.)
Latvia:$96.2 million (1995)
Lebanon:$3.5 billion (pledges 1997-2001)
Lesotho:$123.7 million (1995)
Liberia:$200 million pledged (1998)
Libya:$8.4 million (1995)
Liechtenstein:none
Lithuania:$228.5 million (1995)
Macau:$NA
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: $100 million from the EU (2000)
Madagascar:$838 million (1997)
Malawi:$427 million (1999)
Maldives:$NA
Mali:$596.4 million (1995)
Malta:$NA
Man, Isle of:$NA
Marshall Islands:approximately $65 million annually from the US
Martinique:$NA; note - substantial annual aid from France
Mauritania:$300 million (1998)
Mauritius:$42 million (1997)
Mayotte:$107.7 million (1995); note - extensive French financialassistance
Mexico:$1.166 billion (1995)
Micronesia, Federated States of:under terms of the Compact of FreeAssociation, the US will provide $1.3 billion in grant aid duringthe period 1986-2001
Moldova:$100.8 million (1995); note - $547 million from the IMF andWorld Bank (1992-99)
Monaco:$NA
Mongolia:$200 million (1998 est.)
Montserrat:$9.8 million (1995); note - about $100 million (1996-98)in reconstruction aid from the UK; Country Policy Plan (1999) is athree-year program for spending $122.8 million in British budgetaryassistance
Morocco:$565.6 million (1995)
Mozambique:$1.04 billion (1998)
Namibia:$127 million (1998)
Nauru:$2.25 million from Australia (FY96/97 est.)
Nepal:$411 million (FY97/98)
Netherlands Antilles:IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and theNetherlands continued its support with $40 million
New Caledonia:$880 million annual subsidy from France
Nicaragua:NA
Niger:$341 million (1997)
note: the IMF approved a $73 million poverty reduction and growthfacility for Niger in 2000 and announced $115 million in debt reliefunder the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative
Nigeria:ODA $250 million (1998)
Niue:$8.3 million (1995)
Norfolk Island:$NA
Northern Mariana Islands:extensive funding from US
Oman:$76.4 million (1995)
Pakistan:$2 billion (FY99/00)
Palau:$155.8 million (1995); note - the Compact of Free Associationwith the US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1October 1994, will provide Palau with up to $700 million in US aidover 15 years in return for furnishing military facilities
Panama:$197.1 million (1995)
Papua New Guinea:$400 million (1999 est.)
Paraguay:$NA
Peru:$895.1 million (1995)
Philippines:ODA, $1.1 billion (1998)
Pitcairn Islands:$NA
Poland:$NA
Puerto Rico:$NA
Qatar:$NA
Reunion:$NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France
Russia:$8.523 billion (1995)
Rwanda:$591.5 million (1997); note - in summer 1998, Rwandapresented its policy objectives and development priorities to donorgovernments resulting in multiyear pledges in the amount of $250million
Saint Helena:$12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK(1997)
Saint Kitts and Nevis:$5.5 million (1995)
Saint Lucia:$51.8 million (1995)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:approximately $65 million in annualgrants from France
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:$47.5 million (1995); note - EU$34.5 million (1998)
Samoa:$42.9 million (1995)
San Marino:$NA
Sao Tome and Principe: $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program
Senegal:$647.5 million (1995)
Seychelles:$16.4 million (1995)
Sierra Leone:$203.7 million (1995)
Singapore:$NA
Slovakia:$421.9 million (1995)
Slovenia:ODA, $5 million (1993)
Solomon Islands:$47 million (1999 est.), mainly from Japan,Australia, China, and NZ
Somalia:$191.5 million (1995)
South Africa:$676.3 million
Sri Lanka:$577 million (1998)
Sudan:$187 million (1997)
Suriname:Netherlands provided $37 million for project and programassistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million(1998)
Svalbard:$8.2 million from Norway (1998)
Swaziland:$55 million (1995)
Syria:$199 million (1997 est.)
Tajikistan:$64.7 million (1995)
Tanzania:$963 million (1997)
Thailand:$131.5 million (1998 est.)
Togo:$201.1 million (1995)
Tokelau:$3.8 million (1995)
Tonga:$38.8 million (1995)
Trinidad and Tobago:$121.4 million (1995)
Tunisia:$933.2 million (1995); note - ODA, $90 million (1998 est.)
Turkey:ODA, $195 million (1993)
Turkmenistan:$27.2 million (1995)
Turks and Caicos Islands:$4.1 million (1997)
Tuvalu:$13 million (1999 est.); note - major donors are Japan andAustralia
Uganda:$1.4 billion (2000)
Ukraine:$637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2billion (1998)
United Arab Emirates:$NA
Uruguay:$NA
Uzbekistan:$276.6 million (1995)
Vanuatu:$45.8 million (1995)
Venezuela:$35 million with more assistance likely as a result offlooding (1999)
Vietnam:$2.1 billion in credits and grants pledged by internationaldonors for 2000
Virgin Islands:$NA
Wallis and Futuna:assistance from France
West Bank:$121 million disbursed (includes Gaza Strip) (2000)
Western Sahara:$NA
World:traditional worldwide foreign aid $50 billion (1997 est.)
Yemen:$176.1 million (1995)
Yugoslavia:$NA
Zambia:$1.99 billion (1995)
Zimbabwe:$200 million (2000 est.)
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@Economy - overview
Afghanistan:Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country,highly dependent on farming and livestock raising (sheep and goats).Economic considerations have played second fiddle to political andmilitary upheavals during two decades of war, including the nearly10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989).During that conflict one-third of the population fled the country,with Pakistan and Iran sheltering a combined peak of more than 6million refugees. In early 2000, 2 million Afghan refugees remainedin Pakistan and about 1.4 million in Iran. Gross domestic producthas fallen substantially over the past 20 years because of the lossof labor and capital and the disruption of trade and transport;severe drought added to the nation's difficulties in 1998-2000. Themajority of the population continues to suffer from insufficientfood, clothing, housing, and medical care. Inflation remains aserious problem throughout the country. International aid can dealwith only a fraction of the humanitarian problem, let alone promoteeconomic development. In 1999-2000, internal civil strife continued,hampering both domestic economic policies and international aidefforts. Numerical data are likely to be either unavailable orunreliable. Afghanistan was by far the largest producer of opiumpoppies in 2000, and narcotics trafficking is a major source ofrevenue.
Albania:Poor by European standards, Albania is making the difficulttransition to a more open-market economy. The economy rebounded in1993-95 after a severe depression accompanying the end of theprevious centrally planned system in 1990 and 1991. However, aweakening of government resolve to maintain stabilization policiesin the election year of 1996 contributed to renewal of inflationarypressures, spurred by the budget deficit which exceeded 12% of GDP.The collapse of financial pyramid schemes in early 1997 - which hadattracted deposits from a substantial portion of Albania'spopulation - triggered severe social unrest which led to more than1,500 deaths, widespread destruction of property, and a 7% drop inGDP. The government has taken measures to curb violent crime and torevive economic activity and trade. The economy is bolstered byremittances from some 20% of the labor force that works abroad,mostly in Greece and Italy. These remittances supplement GDP andhelp offset the large foreign trade deficit. Most agricultural landwas privatized in 1992, substantially improving peasant incomes. In1998, Albania recovered the 7% drop in GDP of 1997 and pushed aheadby 8% in 1999 and by 7.5% in 2000. International aid helped defraythe high costs of receiving and returning refugees from the Kosovoconflict. Privatization scored some successes in 2000, but otherreforms lagged.
Algeria:The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy,accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over95% of export earnings. Algeria has the fifth-largest reserves ofnatural gas in the world and is the second largest gas exporter; itranks fourteenth for oil reserves. Algiers' efforts to reform one ofthe most centrally planned economies in the Arab world stalled in1992 as the country became embroiled in political turmoil. Algeria'sfinancial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, inpart because of policy reforms supported by the IMF and debtrescheduling from the Paris Club. Algeria's finances in 2000benefited from the spike in oil prices and the government's tightfiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, thenear tripling of foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreigndebt. The government continues efforts to diversify the economy byattracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energysector, but has had little success in reducing high unemployment andimproving living standards.
American Samoa:This is a traditional Polynesian economy in whichmore than 90% of the land is communally owned. Economic activity isstrongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa conducts thegreat bulk of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processingplants are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna theprimary export. Transfers from the US Government add substantiallyto American Samoa's economic well-being. Attempts by the governmentto develop a larger and broader economy are restrained by Samoa'sremote location, its limited transportation, and its devastatinghurricanes. Tourism, a developing sector, has been held back by therecurring financial difficulties in East Asia.
Andorra:Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-doeconomy, accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 9 milliontourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status andby its summer and winter resorts. Andorra's comparative advantagehas recently eroded as the economies of neighboring France and Spainhave been opened up, providing broader availability of goods andlower tariffs. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, alsocontributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production islimited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to beimported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising.Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, andfurniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and istreated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs)and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.
Angola:Angola is an economy in disarray because of a quartercentury of nearly continuous warfare. Despite its abundant naturalresources, output per capita is among the world's lowest.Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 85% of thepopulation. Oil production and the supporting activities are vitalto the economy, contributing about 45% to GDP and 90% of exports.Violence continues, millions of land mines remain, and many farmersare reluctant to return to their fields. As a result, much of thecountry's food must still be imported. To fully take advantage ofits rich resources - gold, diamonds, extensive forests, Atlanticfisheries, and large oil deposits - Angola will need to end itsconflict and continue reforming government policies. Despite theincrease in the pace of civil warfare in late 1998, the economy grewby an estimated 5% in 2000. The government introduced new currencydenominations in 1999, including 1 and 5 kwanza notes. Internalstrife discourages investment outside of the petroleum sector, whichis producing roughly 800,000 barrels of oil per day. Angola hasentered into a Staff Monitored Program (SMP) with the IMF. Continuedgrowth depends on sharp cuts in inflation, further economic reform,and a lessening of fighting.
Anguilla:Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economydepends heavily on luxury tourism, offshore banking, lobsterfishing, and remittances from emigrants. The economy, and especiallythe tourism sector, suffered a setback in late 1995 due to theeffects of Hurricane Luis in September but recovered in 1996.Increased activity in the tourism industry, which has spurred thegrowth of the construction sector, has contributed to economicgrowth. Anguillan officials have put substantial effort intodeveloping the offshore financial sector. A comprehensive package offinancial services legislation was enacted in late 1994. In themedium term, prospects for the economy will depend on the tourismsector and, therefore, on continuing income growth in theindustrialized nations as well as favorable weather conditions.
Antarctica:Fishing off the coast and tourism, both based abroad,account for the limited economic activity. Antarctic fisheries in1998-99 (1 July-30 June) reported landing 119,898 metric tons.Unregulated fishing landed five to six times more than the regulatedfishery, and allegedly illegal fishing in antarctic waters in 1998resulted in the seizure (by France and Australia) of at least eightfishing ships. Companies interested in commercial fishing activitiesin Antarctica have put forward proposals. The Convention on theConservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources determines therecommended catch limits for marine species. A total of 13,193tourists visited in the 1999-2000 summer, up from the 10,013 whovisited the previous year. Nearly all of them were passengers on 24commercial (nongovernmental) ships and several yachts that made 143trips during the summer. Most tourist trips lasted approximately twoweeks.
Antigua and Barbuda:Tourism continues to be the dominant activityin the economy accounting directly or indirectly for more than halfof GDP. The budding offshore financial sector has been seriouslyhurt by financial sanctions imposed by the US and UK as a result ofthe loosening of its money-laundering controls. The government hasmade efforts to comply with international demands in order to getthe sanctions lifted. Antigua and Barbuda was listed as a tax havenby the OECD in 2000. The dual island nation's agriculturalproduction is mainly directed to the domestic market; the sector isconstrained by the limited water supply and labor shortages thatreflect the pull of higher wages in tourism and construction.Manufacturing comprises enclave-type assembly for export with majorproducts being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue todepend on income growth in the industrialized world, especially inthe US, which accounts for about one-third of all tourist arrivals.
Arctic Ocean:Economic activity is limited to the exploitation ofnatural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.
Argentina:Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highlyliterate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and adiversified industrial base. However, when President Carlos MENEMtook office in 1989, the country had piled up huge external debts,inflation had reached 200% per month, and output was plummeting. Tocombat the economic crisis, the government embarked on a path oftrade liberalization, deregulation, and privatization. In 1991, itimplemented radical monetary reforms which pegged the peso to the USdollar and limited the growth in the monetary base by law to thegrowth in reserves. Inflation fell sharply in subsequent years. In1995, the Mexican peso crisis produced capital flight, the loss ofbanking system deposits, and a severe, but short-lived, recession; aseries of reforms to bolster the domestic banking system followed.Real GDP growth recovered strongly, reaching 8% in 1997. In 1998,international financial turmoil caused by Russia's problems andincreasing investor anxiety over Brazil produced the highestdomestic interest rates in more than three years, halving the growthrate of the economy. Conditions worsened in 1999 with GDP falling by3%. President Fernando DE LA RUA, who took office in December 1999,sponsored tax increases and spending cuts to reduce the deficit,which had ballooned to 2.5% of GDP in 1999. Growth in 2000 was adisappointing 0.8%, as both domestic and foreign investors remainedskeptical of the government's ability to pay debts and maintain itsfixed exchange rate with the US dollar. One bright spot at the startof 2001 was the IMF's offer of $13.7 billion in support.