NiuePolynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)
Norfolk Islanddescendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, NewZealander, Polynesians
Northern Mariana IslandsChamorro, Carolinians and otherMicronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean
NorwayNorwegian, Sami 20,000
OmanArab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,Bangladeshi), African
PakistanPunjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir(immigrants from India at the time of partition and theirdescendants)
PalauPalauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, andVietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)
Panamamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian andmixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Papua New GuineaMelanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Paraguaymestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%
PeruAmerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
PhilippinesChristian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%,other 3%
Pitcairn Islandsdescendants of the Bounty mutineers and theirTahitian wives
PolandPolish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belarusian 0.5%(1990 est.)
Portugalhomogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black Africandescent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number lessthan 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Puerto Ricowhite (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%
QatarArab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
ReunionFrench, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian
RomaniaRomanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002)
RussiaRussian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% (1989)
RwandaHutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Saint HelenaAfrican descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%
Saint Kitts and Nevis predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese
Saint Luciablack 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%
Saint Pierre and MiquelonBasques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesblack 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%
SamoaSamoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European andPolynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%
San MarinoSammarinese, Italian
Sao Tome and Principemestico, angolares (descendants of Angolanslaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contractlaborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (childrenof servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Saudi ArabiaArab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
SenegalWolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Serbia and MontenegroSerb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%,Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)
Seychellesmixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab
Sierra Leone20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaveswho were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers ofEuropeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
SingaporeChinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%
SlovakiaSlovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 censusfigures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)
SloveniaSlovene 88%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Bosniak 1%, Yugoslav 0.6%,Hungarian 0.4%, other 5% (1991)
Solomon IslandsMelanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%,European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%
SomaliaSomali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs30,000)
South Africablack 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%
Spaincomposite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Sri LankaSinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, andVedda 1%
Sudanblack 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
SurinameHindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; theirancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country inthe 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%
SvalbardNorwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%(1998)
SwazilandAfrican 97%, European 3%
Swedenindigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Samiminorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
SwitzerlandGerman 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other6%
SyriaArab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
TaiwanTaiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,aborigine 2%
TajikistanTajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining becauseof emigration), other 6.6%
Tanzaniamainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantuconsisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab andnative African
ThailandThai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Togonative African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
TokelauPolynesian
TongaPolynesian, Europeans about 300
Trinidad and Tobagoblack 39.5%, East Indian (a local term -primarily immigrants from northern India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%
TunisiaArab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
TurkeyTurkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
TurkmenistanTurkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%, other5.1% (1995)
Turks and Caicos Islandsblack 90%, mixed, European, or northAmerican 10%
TuvaluPolynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%
UgandaBaganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%
UkraineUkrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, SouthAsian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)8% (1982)note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United KingdomEnglish 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%,Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
United Stateswhite 77.1%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian andAlaska native 1.5%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.3%,other 4% (2000)note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the USCensus Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin Americandescent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Ricanorigin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group(white, black, Asian, etc.)
Uruguaywhite 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practicallynonexistent
UzbekistanUzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Vanuatuindigenous Melanesian 98%, French, Vietnamese, Chinese,other Pacific Islanders
VenezuelaSpanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,indigenous people
VietnamVietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,mountain groups
Virgin Islandsblack 78%, white 10%, other 12%note: West Indian 81% (49% born in the Virgin Islands and 32% bornelsewhere in the West Indies), US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 4%,other 2%
Wallis and FutunaPolynesian
West BankPalestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western SaharaArab, Berber
Yemenpredominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
ZambiaAfrican 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
ZimbabweAfrican 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed andAsian 1%, white less than 1%
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@2076 Exchange rates
Afghanistanafghanis per US dollar - 3,000 (October-December 2002),3,000 (2001), 3,000 (2000), 3,000 (1999), 3,000 (1998), note: before2002 the market rate varied widely from the official rate; in 2002the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized
Albanialeke per US dollar - NA (2002), 143.49 (2001), 143.71(2000), 137.69 (1999), 150.63 (1998)
AlgeriaAlgerian dinars per US dollar - 79.68 (2002), 77.22 (2001),75.26 (2000), 66.57 (1999), 58.74 (1998)
American Samoathe US dollar is used
Andorraeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999)
Angolakwanza per US dollar - 43.53 (2002), 22.06 (2001), 10.04(2000), 2.79 (1999), 0.39 (1998); note - in December 1999 the kwanzawas revalued with six zeroes dropped off the old value
AnguillaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed ratesince 1976)
Antigua and BarbudaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998) (fixed ratesince 1976)
ArgentinaArgentine pesos per US dollar - 3.06 (2002), 1 (2001), 1(2000), 1 (1999), 1 (1998)
Armeniadrams per US dollar - NA (2002), 555.08 (2001), 539.53(2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998)
ArubaAruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79(2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999), 1.79 (1998)
AustraliaAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.84 (2002), 1.93(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.55 (1999), 1.59 (1998)
Austriaeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999), 12.38 (1998)
AzerbaijanAzerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,860.82 (2002),4,656.58 (2001), 4,474.15 (2000), 4,120.17 (1999), 3,869 (1998)
Bahamas, TheBahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1(2000), 1 (1999), 1 (1998)
BahrainBahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.38 (2002), 0.38 (2001),0.38 (2000), 0.38 (1999), 0.38 (1998)
Bangladeshtaka per US dollar - 57.89 (2002), 55.81 (2001), 52.14(2000), 49.09 (1999), 46.91 (1998)
BarbadosBarbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2002), 2 (2001), 2(2000), 2 (1999), 2 (1998)
BelarusBelarusian rubles per US dollar - NA (2002), 1,390 (2001),876.75 (2000), 248.8 (1999), 46.13 (1998)
Belgiumeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999), 36.3 (1998)
BelizeBelizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2002), 2 (2001), 2(2000), 2 (1999), 2 (1998)
BeninCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95(1998)
BermudaBermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate peggedto the US dollar)
Bhutanngultrum per US dollar - 48.61 (2002), 47.19 (2001), 44.94(2000), 43.06 (1999), 41.26 (1998)
Boliviabolivianos per US dollar - 7.17 (2002), 6.61 (2001), 6.18(2000), 5.81 (1999), 5.51 (1998)
Bosnia and Herzegovinamarka per US dollar - NA (2002), 2.19 (2001),2.12 (2000), 1.84 (1999), 1.76 (1998)
Botswanapulas per US dollar - 6.33 (2002), 5.84 (2001), 5.1 (2000),4.62 (1999), 4.23 (1998)
Brazilreals per US dollar - 2.92 (2002), 2.36 (2001), 1.83 (2000),1.81 (1999), 1.16 (1998)note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official ratewas determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, theofficial rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar
British Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
BruneiBruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001),1.72 (2000), 1.69 (1999), 1.67 (1998)
Bulgarialeva per US dollar - 2.08 (2002), 2.18 (2001), 2.12 (2000),1.84 (1999), 1.76 (1998)note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev
Burkina FasoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),589.95 (1998)
Burmakyats per US dollar - 6.64 (2002), 6.75 (2001), 6.52 (2000),6.29 (1999), 6.34 (1998)
BurundiBurundi francs per US dollar - NA (2002), 830.35 (2001),720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 447.77 (1998)
Cambodiariels per US dollar - 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001),3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999), 3,744.42 (1998)
CameroonCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar- 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95(1998)
CanadaCanadian dollars per US dollar - 1.57 (2002), 1.55 (2001),1.49 (2000), 1.49 (1999), 1.48 (1998)
Cape VerdeCape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - NA (2002),123.21 (2001), 115.88 (2000), 102.7 (1999), 98.16 (1998)
Cayman IslandsCaymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Central African RepublicCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs(XAF) per US dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000),615.7 (1999), 589.95 (1998)
ChadCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95(1998)
ChileChilean pesos per US dollar - 688.95 (2002), 634.94 (2001),535.47 (2000), 508.78 (1999), 460.29 (1998)
Chinayuan per US dollar - 8.28 (2002), 8.28 (2001), 8.28 (2000),8.28 (1999), 8.28 (1998)
Christmas IslandAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.9354 (2002),1.9320 (2001), 1.7173(2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.9354(2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998),1.3439 (1997)
ColombiaColombian pesos per US dollar - 2,504.24 (2002), 2,299.63(2001), 2,087.9 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999), 1,426.04 (1998)
ComorosComoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 522.74 (2002), 549.78(2001), 533.98 (2000), 461.78 (1999), 442.46 (1998)note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to theFrench franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongolese francs per US dollar -346.49 (2002), 206.62 (2001), 21.82 (2000), 4.02 (1999), 1.61 (1998)
Congo, Republic of theCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)per US dollar - 697 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7(1999), 589.95 (1998)
Cook IslandsNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.3535 (January2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998),1.5083 (1997)
Costa RicaCosta Rican colones per US dollar - 359.82 (2002), 328.87(2001), 308.19 (2000), 285.69 (1999), 257.23 (1998)
Cote d'IvoireCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),589.95 (1998)
Croatiakuna per US dollar - 7.87 (2002), 8.34 (2001), 8.28 (2000),7.11 (1999), 6.36 (1998)
CubaCuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, officialrate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollarper 27 pesos by the Government of Cuba (2002)
CyprusCypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.61 (2002), 0.64 (2001), 0.62(2000), 0.54 (1999), 0.52 (1998), Turkish lira per US dollar NA(2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724(1998)
Czech Republickoruny per US dollar - 32.74 (2002), 38.04 (2001),38.6 (2000), 34.57 (1999), 32.28 (1998)
DenmarkDanish kroner per US dollar - 7.89 (2002), 8.32 (2001), 8.08(2000), 6.98 (1999), 6.7 (1998)
DjiboutiDjiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2002), 177.72(2001), 177.72 (2000), 177.72 (1999), 177.72 (1998)
DominicaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Dominican RepublicDominican pesos per US dollar - 18.61 (2002),16.95 (2001), 16.42 (2000), 16.03 (1999), 15.27 (1998)
East Timorsee US dollar
Ecuadorsucres per US dollar - 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001),24,988.4 (2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.57 (1998)
EgyptEgyptian pounds per US dollar - 4.5 (2002), 3.97 (2001), 3.47(2000), 3.4 (1999), 3.39 (1998)
El Salvador8.75 the US dollar is the legal tender
Equatorial GuineaCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) perUS dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7(1999), 589.95 (1998)
Eritreanakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 9.5 (January 2000), 7.6 (January1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)
Estoniakrooni per US dollar - 16.61 (2002), 17.56 (2001), 16.97(2000), 14.68 (1999), 14.07 (1998)
Ethiopiabirr per US dollar - NA (2002), 8.46 (2001), 8.22 (2000),7.94 (1999), 7.12 (1998)note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a dailybasis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland pounds per US dollar -0.67 (2002), 0.69 (2001), 0.66 (2000), 0.62 (1999), 0.6 (1998); note- the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe IslandsDanish kroner per US dollar - 7.89 (2002), 8.32(2001), 8.08 (2000), 6.98 (1999), 6.7 (1998)
FijiFijian dollars per US dollar - 2.19 (2002), 2.28 (2001), 2.13(2000), 1.97 (1999), 1.99 (1998)
Finlandeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999)
Franceeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999)
French GuianaEuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09(2000), 0.94 (1999)
French PolynesiaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 126.41 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999),107.25 (1998)note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
GabonCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95(1998)
Gambia, Thedalasi per US dollar - NA (2002), 15.69 (2001), 12.79(2000), 11.4 (1999), 10.64 (1998)
Gaza Stripnew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057(2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997)
Georgialari per US dollar - 2.2 (2002), 2.07 (2001), 1.98 (2000),2.02 (1999), 1.39 (1998)
Germanyeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999), 1.76 (1998)
Ghanacedis per US dollar - NA (2002), 7,170.76 (2001), 5,455.06(2000), 2,669.3 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998)
GibraltarGibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - theGibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greeceeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 365.4 (2000),305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998)note: in January 2001, the drachma became a participating currencywithin the Eurosystem, and the euro market rate became applicable toall transactions
GreenlandDanish kroner per US dollar - 7.8947 (2002), 8.323 (2001),8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998)
GrenadaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Guadeloupeeuros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995(1998)
Guamthe US dollar is used
Guatemalaquetzales per US dollar - 7.82 (2002), 7.86 (2001), 7.76(2000), 7.39 (1999), 6.39 (1998)
GuernseyGuernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - theGuernsey pound is at par with the British pound
GuineaGuinean francs per US dollar - NA (2002), 1,950.56 (2001),1,746.87 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.83 (1998)
Guinea-BissauCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),589.95 (1998)note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the XOF franc as thenational currency; since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged tothe euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
GuyanaGuyanese dollars per US dollar - NA (2002), 187.32 (2001),182.43 (2000), 178 (1999), 150.52 (1998)
Haitigourdes per US dollar - 29.25 (2002), 24.43 (2001), 21.17(2000), 16.94 (1999), 16.77 (1998)
Holy See (Vatican City)euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.1324 (2002),1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Honduraslempiras per US dollar - 16.43 (2002), 15.47 (2001), 14.84(2000), 14.21 (1999), 13.39 (1998)
Hong KongHong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.8 (2002), 7.8 (2001),7.79 (2000), 7.76 (1999), 7.75 (1998)
Hungaryforints per US dollar - 257.89 (2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.18(2000), 237.15 (1999), 214.4 (1998)
IcelandIcelandic kronur per US dollar - 91.66 (2002), 97.42 (2001),78.62 (2000), 72.34 (1999), 70.96 (1998)
IndiaIndian rupees per US dollar - 48.61 (2002), 47.19 (2001),44.94 (2000), 43.06 (1999), 41.26 (1998)
IndonesiaIndonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,311.19 (2002),10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998)
Iranrials per US dollar 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43(2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998)note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; oneof these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which mostessential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar;in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into onerate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
IraqIraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.31 (2002), 0.31 (2001), 0.31(2000), 0.31 (1999), 0.31 (1998), note: fixed official rate since1982; market rate subject to wide fluctuations
Irelandeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999), 0.7 (1998)
Israelnew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.74 (2002), 4.21 (2001),4.08 (2000), 4.14 (1999), 3.8 (1998)
Italyeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999)
JamaicaJamaican dollars per US dollar - 48.42 (2002), 46 (2001),42.7 (2000), 39.04 (1999), 36.55 (1998)
Japanyen per US dollar - 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77(2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998)
JerseyJersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001),0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); the Jersey pound is atpar with the British pound
JordanJordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.71 (2002), 0.71 (2001),0.71 (2000), 0.71 (1999), 0.71 (1998)
Kazakhstantenge per US dollar - 153.28 (2002), 146.74 (2001),142.13 (2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.3 (1998)
KenyaKenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.75 (2002), 78.56 (2001),76.18 (2000), 70.33 (1999), 60.37 (1998)
KiribatiAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.84 (2002), 1.93(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.55 (1999), 1.59 (1998)
Korea, Northofficial: North Korean won per US dollar - 150(December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001), 2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 (May1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990); market: NorthKorean won per US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002), 200 (December2001)
Korea, SouthSouth Korean won per US dollar - 1,251.09 (2002),1,290.99 (2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999), 1,401.44 (1998)
KuwaitKuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.3 (2002), 0.31 (2001), 0.31(2000), 0.3 (1999), 0.3 (1998)
Kyrgyzstansoms per US dollar - 46.94 (2002), 48.38 (2001), 47.7(2000), 39.01 (1999), 20.84 (1998)
Laoskips per US dollar - 7,562 (2002), 8,954.58 (2001), 7,887.64(2000), 7,102.02 (1999), 3,298.33 (1998)
Latvialati per US dollar - 0.62 (2002), 0.63 (2001), 0.61 (2000),0.59 (1999), 0.59 (1998)
LebanonLebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2002), 1,507.5(2001), 1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.84 (1999), 1,516.13 (1998)
Lesothomaloti per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)
LiberiaLiberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2002), 48.58 (2001),40.95 (2000), 41.9 (1999), 41.51 (1998)note: until December 1997, rates were based on a fixed relationshipwith the US dollar; beginning in January 1998, rates are marketdetermined
LibyaLibyan dinars per US dollar - 1.2 (2003), 0.6 (2002), 0.51(2001), 0.5 (2000), 0.39 (1999)
LiechtensteinSwiss francs per US dollar - 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876(2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998)
Lithuanialitai per US dollar - 3.68 (2002), 4 (2001), 4 (2000), 4(1999), 4 (1998)
Luxembourgeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09(2000), 0.94 (1999)
Macaupatacas per US dollar - 8.03 (2002), 8.03 (2001), 8.03 (2000),7.99 (1999), 7.98 (1998)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonian denars per USdollar - 64.35 (2002), 68.04 (2001), 65.9 (2000), 56.9 (1999), 54.46(1998)
MadagascarMalagasy francs per US dollar - 6,831.96 (2002), 6,588.49(2001), 6,767.48 (2000), 6,283.77 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998)
MalawiMalawian kwachas per US dollar - 76.69 (2002), 72.2 (2001),59.54 (2000), 44.09 (1999), 31.07 (1998)
Malaysiaringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2002), 3.8 (2001), 3.8(2000), 3.8 (1999), 3.92 (1998)
Maldivesrufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2002), 12.24 (2001), 11.77(2000), 11.77 (1999), 11.77 (1998)
MaliCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95(1998)
MaltaMaltese liri per US dollar - 0.43 (2002), 0.45 (2001), 0.44(2000), 0.4 (1999), 0.39 (1998)
Man, Isle ofManx pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); the Manx poundis at par with the British pound
Marshall Islandsthe US dollar is the legal tender
Martiniqueeuros per US dollar - 1.06 euros per US dollar - 1.0626(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francsper US dollar - 5.8995 (1998)
Mauritaniaouguiyas per US dollar - ouguiyas per US dollar - 254.350(December 2001), 238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998),151.853 (1997), 137.222 (1996)
MauritiusMauritian rupees per US dollar - 29.96 (2002), 29.13(2001), 26.25 (2000), 25.19 (1999), 23.99 (1998)
Mayotteeuros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995(1998), 5.8367 (1997)
MexicoMexican pesos per US dollar - 9.66 (2002), 9.34 (2001), 9.46(2000), 9.56 (1999), 9.14 (1998)
Micronesia, Federated States ofthe US dollar is used 1
Moldovalei per US dollar - NA (2002), 12.87 (2001), 12.43 (2000),10.52 (1999), 5.37 (1998)
Monacoeuros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995(1998)
Mongoliatogrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,134 (2002), 1,097.7(2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,021.87 (1999), 840.83 (1998)
MontserratEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed ratesince 1976)
MoroccoMoroccan dirhams per US dollar - 11.02 (2002), 11.3 (2001),10.63 (2000), 9.8 (1999), 9.6 (1998)
Mozambiquemeticais per US dollar - 23,678 (2002), 20,703.6 (2001),15,447.1 (2000), 13,028.6 (1999), 12,110.2 (1998)note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as theweighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of alltransactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public
NamibiaNamibian dollars per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001),6.94 (2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)
NauruAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.2641 (2002) 1.9320(2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)
NepalNepalese rupees per US dollar - 77.88 (2002), 74.95 (2001),71.09 (2000), 68.24 (1999), 65.98 (1998)
Netherlandseuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09(2000), 0.94 (1999)
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999), 1.79 (1998)
New CaledoniaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 135.04 (January 2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93(1999), 107.25 (1998)
New ZealandNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.16 (2002), 2.38(2001), 2.2 (2000), 1.89 (1999), 1.87 (1998)
Nicaraguagold cordobas per US dollar - 14.25 (2002), 13.37 (2001),12.68 (2000), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998)
NigerCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95(1998)
Nigerianairas per US dollar - NA (2002), 111.23 (2001), 101.7(2000), 92.34 (1999), 21.89 (1998)
NiueNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.162 (2002), 2.3776(2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998)
Norfolk IslandAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.8406 (2002),1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)
Northern Mariana Islandsthe US dollar is used
NorwayNorwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.98 (2002), 8.99 (2001),8.8 (2000), 7.8 (1999), 7.55 (1998)
OmanOmani rials per US dollar - 0.38 (2002), 0.38 (2001), 0.38(2000), 0.38 (1999), 0.38 (1998)
PakistanPakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.72 (2002), 61.93(2001), 53.65 (2000), 49.12 (1999), 44.94 (1998)
Palauthe US dollar is used
Panamabalboas per US dollar - 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1 (2000), 1(1999), 1 (1998)
Papua New Guineakina per US dollar - 3.8 (2002), 3.39 (2001), 2.78(2000), 2.57 (1999), 2.07 (1998)
Paraguayguarani per US dollar - 5,720.44 (2002), 4,105.92 (2001),3,486.35 (2000), 3,119.07 (1999), 2,726.49 (1998)
Perunuevo sol per US dollar - 3.52 (2002), 3.51 (2001), 3.49(2000), 3.38 (1999), 2.93 (1998)
PhilippinesPhilippine pesos per US dollar - 51.67 (2002), 50.99(2001), 44.19 (2000), 39.09 (1999), 40.89 (1998)
Pitcairn IslandsNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.162 (2002),2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083(1997)
Polandzlotych per US dollar - 3.99 (2002), 4.09 (2001), 4.35(2000), 3.97 (1999), 3.48 (1998)note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Portugaleuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09(2000), 0.94 (1999)
Puerto Ricothe US dollar is used
QatarQatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2002), 3.64 (2001), 3.64(2000), 3.64 (1999), 3.64 (1998)
Reunioneuros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995(1998)
Romanialei per US dollar - 33,055.4 (2002), 29,060.8 (2001),21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.58 (1998)
RussiaRussian rubles per US dollar - 31.27 (2002), 29.17 (2001),28.13 (2000), 24.62 (1999), 9.71 (1998)note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1January 1998 rubles
RwandaRwandan francs per US dollar - 475.37 (2002), 442.99 (2001),389.7 (2000), 333.94 (1999), 312.31 (1998)
Saint HelenaSaint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002),0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998),
Saint Kitts and NevisEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Saint LuciaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Saint Pierre and Miqueloneuros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2001),1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesEast Caribbean dollars per USdollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Samoatala per US dollar - 3.37 (2002), 3.48 (2001), 3.29 (2000),3.01 (1999), 2.95 (1998)
San Marinoeuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09(2000), 0.94 (1999)
Sao Tome and Principedobras per US dollar - NA (2002), 8,842.11(2001), 7,978.17 (2000), 7,118.96 (1999), 6,883.24 (1998)
Saudi ArabiaSaudi riyals per US dollar - 3.75 (2002), 3.75 (2001),3.75 (2000), 3.75 (1999), 3.75 (1998)
SenegalCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95(1998)
Serbia and Montenegronew Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - officialrate: 65 (2002), 10.0 (December 1998); black market rate: 14.5(December 1998)
SeychellesSeychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.48 (2002), 5.86(2001), 5.71 (2000), 5.34 (1999), 5.26 (1998)
Sierra Leoneleones per US dollar - 2,099.03 (2002), 1,986.15(2001), 2,092.12 (2000), 1,804.19 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998)
SingaporeSingapore dollars per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.69 (1999), 1.67 (1998)
Slovakiakoruny per US dollar - 45.33 (2002), 48.35 (2001), 46.04(2000), 41.36 (1999), 35.23 (1998)
Sloveniatolars per US dollar - 240.25 (2002), 242.75 (2001), 222.66(2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998)
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands dollars per US dollar - NA (2002),NA (2001), 5.09 (2000), 4.84 (1999), 4.82 (1998)
SomaliaSomali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independentcountry not recognized by any foreign government, issues its owncurrency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africarand per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)
Spaineuros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),0.94 (1999)
Sri LankaSri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 95.66 (2002), 89.38(2001), 77.01 (2000), 70.64 (1999), 64.45 (1998)
SudanSudanese dinars per US dollar - 263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001),257.12 (2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.8 (1998)
SurinameSurinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,346.75 (2002),2,178.5 (2001), 1,322.47 (2000), 859.44 (1999), 401 (1998)note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinctrates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, butsubsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; thegovernment currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500 aroundthe official rate
SvalbardNorwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917(2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998)
Swazilandemalangeni per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)
SwedenSwedish kronor per US dollar - 9.74 (2002), 10.33 (2001),9.16 (2000), 8.26 (1999), 7.95 (1998)
SwitzerlandSwiss francs per US dollar - 1.56 (2002), 1.69 (2001),1.69 (2000), 1.5 (1999), 1.45 (1998)
SyriaSyrian pounds per US dollar - (Official rate): 11.23 (2002),11.23 (2001), 11.23 (2000), 11.23 (1999), 11.23 (1998), (Free marketrate): 49.65 (2001), 49.4 (2000), 51.7 (1999), 52 (1998)
Taiwan34.88 (2002), 34.74 (2001), 33.09 (2000), 31.6 (1999)
TajikistanTajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.37(2001), 2.08 (2000), 1.24 (1999), 0.78 (1998)note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles
TanzaniaTanzanian shillings per US dollar - NA (2002), 876.41(2001), 800.41 (2000), 744.76 (1999), 664.67 (1998)
Thailandbaht per US dollar - 42.96 (2002), 44.43 (2001), 40.11(2000), 37.81 (1999), 41.36 (1998)
TogoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95(1998)
TokelauNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.154 (2002), 2.3776(2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997)
Tongapa'anga per US dollar NA (2002), 2.12 (2001), 1.76 (2000), 1.6(1999), 1.49 (1998)
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar - 6.24(2002), 6.23 (2001), 6.3 (2000), 6.3 (1999), 6.3 (1998)
TunisiaTunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.42 (2002), 1.44 (2001),1.37 (2000), 1.19 (1999), 1.14 (1998)
TurkeyNA (2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999),260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997)
TurkmenistanTurkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (2002), 5,200(2001), 5,200 (2000), 5,200 (1999), 4,890.17 (1998); note - theofficial exchange rate has not varied for the last four years; theunofficial rate has fluctuated slightly, hovering around 21,000manats to the dollar
Turks and Caicos Islandsthe US dollar is used
TuvaluTuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.8406(2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)
UgandaUgandan shillings per US dollar - 1,797.55 (2002), 1,755.66(2001), 1,644.48 (2000), 1,454.83 (1999), 1,240.31 (1998)
Ukrainehryvnia per US dollar - 5.33 (2002), 5.37 (2001), 5.44(2000), 4.13 (1999), 2.45 (1998)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.67 (2002),3.67 (2001), 3.67 (2000), 3.67 (1999), 3.67 (1998)
United KingdomBritish pounds per US dollar - 0.67 (2002), 0.69(2001), 0.66 (2000), 0.62 (1999), 0.6 (1998)
United StatesBritish pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), Canadiandollars per US dollar - 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000),1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), Japanese yen per US dollar - 125.39(2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998),euros per US dollar - 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.08540 (2000),0.93863 (1999)note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and eightother European countries started using the euro on 1 January 1999with the euro replacing the local currency in consenting countriesfor all transactions in 2002
UruguayUruguayan pesos per US dollar - 21.26 (2002), 13.32 (2001),12.1 (2000), 11.34 (1999), 10.47 (1998)
UzbekistanUzbekistani sums per US dollar - 970 (2002), 325 (2001),236.61 (2000), 124.63 (1999), 94.49 (1998)
Vanuatuvatu per US dollar - 139.2 (2002), 145.31 (2001), 137.64(2000), 129.08 (1999), 127.52 (1998)
Venezuelabolivares per US dollar - 1,160.44 (2002), 723.67 (2001),679.96 (2000), 605.72 (1999), 547.56 (1998)
Vietnamdong per US dollar - 15,325.8 (2002), 14,725.2 (2001),14,167.7 (2000), 13,943.2 (1999), 13,268 (1998)
Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
Wallis and FutunaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) perUS dollar - 126.41 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43 (2000), 111.93(1999), 107.25 (1998)
West Banknew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057(2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997);Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090 (from 1996)
Western SaharaMoroccan dirhams per US dollar - 11.584 (2002),11.303 (2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527(1997)
YemenYemeni rials per US dollar - NA (2002), 168.67 (2001), 161.72(2000), 155.72 (1999), 135.88 (1998)
ZambiaZambian kwacha per US dollar - NA (2002), 3,610.93 (2001),3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998)
ZimbabweZimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 55 (2002), 55.05 (2001),44.42 (2000), 38.3 (1999), 23.68 (1998)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@2077 Executive branch
Afghanistannote: following the Taliban's refusal to hand over Usamabin LADIN to the US for his suspected involvement in the 11September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US, a US-led internationalcoalition was formed; after several weeks of aerial bombardment bycoalition forces and military action on the ground, including Afghanopposition forces, the Taliban was ousted from power on 17 November2001; in December 2001, a number of prominent Afghans met under UNauspices in Bonn, Germany, to decide on a plan for governing thecountry; as a result, the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) - made upof 30 members, headed by a chairman - was inaugurated on 22 December2001 with a six-month mandate to be followed by a two-yearTransitional Authority (TA), after which elections are to be held;the structure of the follow-on TA was announced on 10 June 2002,when the Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) convened establishing theTransitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA), which has 18months to hold a Loya Jirga to adopt a constitution and 24 months tohold nationwide electionschief of state: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10 June2002); note - presently the president and head of governmenthead of government: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10June 2002); note - presently the president and head of governmentcabinet: the 30-member TISAelections: nationwide elections are to be held by June 2004,according to the Bonn Agreement
Albaniachief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU(since 24 July 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Fatos NANO (since 31 July 2002)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister andapproved by the presidentelections: president elected by the People's Assembly for afive-year term; election last held 24 June 2002 (next to be held NAJune 2007); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assemblyvote by number - total votes 116, for 97, against 19
Algeriachief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28April 1999)head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held 15 April 1999 (next to be held NA April 2004);prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA elected president; percent ofvote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA over 70%; note - his six opposingcandidates withdrew on the eve of the election citing electoral fraud
American Samoachief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since20 January 2001)head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)following the death of Governor Tauese P. SUNIA on 26 March 2003;TULAFONO had been the Lieutenant Governorcabinet: NAelections: US president and vice president elected on the sameticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor electedon the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; electionlast held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)election results: Tauese P. SUNIA reelected governor; percent ofvote - Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 50.7%, Lealaifuaneva Peter REID(independent) 47.8%note: Togiola TULAFONO became acting governor 26 March 2003 upon thedeath of Governor Tauese P. SUNIA
Andorrachief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); SpanishCoprince Episcopal Monsignor Joan Enric VIVES SICILIA (since 12 May2003), represented by Nemesi MARQUES OSTE (since NA)head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE MOLNE(since 21 December 1994)cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the ExecutiveCouncil presidentelections: Executive Council president elected by the GeneralCouncil and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-yearterm; election last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive councilpresident; percent of General Council vote - NA%
Angolachief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS wasappointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not aposition of real powercabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by universal ballot for a NA-year term;President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without oppositionunder a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's firstmultiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making arun-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI'sNational Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed
Anguillachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Peter JOHNSTONE (since NA February 2000)head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March2000)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among theelected members of the House of Assemblyelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed chief minister by the governor
Antigua and Barbudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE(since NA 1993)head of government: Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8 March1994); Deputy Prime Minister Robin YEARWOODcabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general onthe advice of the prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosenby the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; followinglegislative elections, the leader of the majority party or theleader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime ministerby the governor general
Argentinachief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May2003); note - declared winner of a runoff election by default afterCarlos Saul MENEM withdrew his candidacy on the eve of the election;Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);note - declared winner of a runoff election by default after CarlosSaul MENEM withdrew his candidacy on the eve of the election; VicePresident Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the president isboth the chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for four-year terms; the last election held was thepresidential primary election of 27 April 2003 (next election to beheld NA 2007); a runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 between thetwo candidates receiving the highest votes in the primary wasawarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy onthe eve of the electionelection results: results of the presidential primary of 27 April2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo LopezMURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 wasawarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy onthe eve of the election
Armeniachief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March1998)head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May2000)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held 19 February and 5 March 2003 (next to be held NA2008); prime minister appointed by the president; the prime ministerand Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assemblyrefuses to accept their programelection results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent ofvote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%
Arubachief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30April 1980), represented by Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since 1January 1992)head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30October 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Fredis REFUNJOLcabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed fora six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy primeminister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election lastheld 28 September 2001 (next to be held by December 2005)election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percentof legislative vote - NA%
Australiachief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)Michael JEFFREY (since 11 August 2003)head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON Deputy PrimeMinister John ANDERSON (since 20 July 1999)cabinet: Parliament nominates and selects, from among its members, alist of candidates to serve as government ministers; from this list,the governor general swears in the final selections for the Cabinetelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the primeminister; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in asprime minister by the governor generalnote: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Austriachief of state: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992)head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4February 2000); Vice Chancellor Hubert GORBACH (since 21 October2003)cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the adviceof the chancellorelections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-yearterm; presidential election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be heldin the spring of 2004); chancellor traditionally chosen by thepresident from the plurality party in the National Council; vicechancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellorelection results: Thomas KLESTIL reelected president; percent ofvote - Thomas KLESTIL 63%, Gertraud KNOLL 14%, Heide SCHMIDT 11%,Richard LUGNER 10%, Karl NOWAK 2%note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe
Azerbaijanchief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October2003)head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November2003)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president andconfirmed by the National Assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;election last held 15 October 2003 (next to be held NA October2008); prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed bythe president and confirmed by the National Assemblyelection results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAROV 14%
Bahamas, Thechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952), represented by Governor General Ivy DUMONT (since NA May 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the primeminister's recommendationelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalitionis usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; theprime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Bahrainchief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of themonarch, born 21 October 1969)head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa(since NA 1971)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarchelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime ministerappointed by the monarch
Bangladeshchief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6September 2002); note - the president's duties are normallyceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomessignificant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretakergovernment is installed - at presidential direction - to supervisethe electionshead of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October2001)cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by thepresidentelections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-yearterm; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 was not held sinceIajuddin AHMED was the only presidential candidate; he was sworn inon 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by NA 2007); followinglegislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the mostseats is usually appointed prime minister by the presidentelection results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commissionelected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote- NA%