Tuvalutotal: 8 kmpaved: 0 kmunpaved: 8 km (1999 est.)
Ugandatotal: 27,000 kmpaved: 1,809 kmunpaved: 25,191 km (1999 est.)
Ukrainetotal: 169,491 kmpaved: 163,898 kmunpaved: 5,593 km (2000)
United Arab Emiratestotal: 1,088 kmpaved: 1,088 km (including 253 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)
United Kingdomtotal: 371,913 kmpaved: 371,913 km (including 3,358 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (1999)
United Statestotal: 6,334,859 kmpaved: 3,737,567 km (including 89,426 km of expressways)unpaved: 2,597,292 km (2000)
Uruguaytotal: 8,983 kmpaved: 8,081 kmunpaved: 902 km (1999 est.)
Uzbekistantotal: 81,600 kmpaved: 71,237 kmunpaved: 10,363 km (1999 est.)
Vanuatutotal: 1,070 kmpaved: 256 kmunpaved: 814 km (1999 est.)
Venezuelatotal: 96,155 kmpaved: 32,308 kmunpaved: 63,847 km (1999 est.)
Vietnamtotal: 93,300 kmpaved: 23,418 kmunpaved: 69,882 km (1999 est.)
Virgin Islands total: 856 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km note: the only US possession where driving on the left side of the road is practiced (2000)
Wallis and Futuna total: 120 km (Ile Uvea 100 km, Ile Futuna 20 km) paved: 16 km (all on Ile Uvea) unpaved: 104 km (Ile Uvea 84 km, Ile Futuna 20 km)
West Banktotal: 4,500 kmpaved: 2,700 kmunpaved: 1,800 kmnote: Israelis have developed many highways to service Jewishsettlements (1997 est.)
Western Saharatotal: 6,200 kmpaved: 1,350 kmunpaved: 4,850 km (1991 est)
Worldtotal: NA kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Yementotal: 67,000 kmpaved: 7,705 kmunpaved: 59,295 km (1999 est.)
Zambiatotal: 66,781 kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km (1999 est.)
Zimbabwetotal: 18,338 kmpaved: 8,692 kmunpaved: 9,646 km (1999 est.)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@2086 Illicit drugs
Afghanistanworld's largest producer of opium; cultivation of opiumpoppy - used to make heroin - expanded to 30,750 hectares in 2002,despite eradication; potential opium production of 1,278 metrictons; source of hashish; many narcotics-processing labs throughoutthe country; drug trade source of instability and some governmentgroups profit from the trade; 80-90% of the heroin consumed inEurope comes from Afghan opium; vulnerable to narcotics moneylaundering through the hawala system
Albaniaincreasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asianopiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - toa far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined forWestern Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production;ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and rapidlyexpanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated withregional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegalaliens
Angolaused as a transshipment point for cocaine destined forWestern Europe and other African states
Anguillatransshipment point for South American narcotics destinedfor the US and Europe
Antigua and Barbudaconsidered a minor transshipment point fornarcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as anoffshore financial center
Argentinaused as a transshipment country for cocaine headed forEurope and the US; some money-laundering activity, especially in theTri-Border Area; domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers isincreasing
Armeniaillicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domesticconsumption; used as a transit point for illicit drugs - mostlyopium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to alesser extent the rest of Europe
Arubatransit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with someaccompanying money-laundering activity
AustraliaTasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licitopiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas ofopium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
Austriatransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and SouthAmerican cocaine destined for Western Europe
Azerbaijanlimited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to alesser extent the rest of Europe
Bahamas, Thetransshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound forUS and Europe; offshore financial center
Bangladeshtransit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboringcountries
Barbadosone of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcoticsbound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center
Belaruslimited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly forthe domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to andvia Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; laxmoney-laundering and banking regulations
Belgiumgrowing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point forUS-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South Americancocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin,hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; money launderingrelated to trafficking of drugs, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco
Belizemajor transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicitproducer of cannabis for the international drug trade; somemoney-laundering activity related to offshore sector
Benintransshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigeriantrafficking organizations and most commonly destined for WesternEurope and the US; vulnerable to money laundering due to a poorlyregulated financial infrastructure
Boliviaworld's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia andPeru) with an estimated 24,400 hectares under cultivation in June2002, a 23% increase from June 2001; intermediate coca products andcocaine exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, andChile to the US and other international drug markets; eradicationand alternative crop programs under the SANCHEZ DE LOZADAadministration have been unable to keep pace with farmers' attemptsto increase cultivation after significant reductions in 1998 and1999; money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade,especially along the borders with Brazil and Paraguay
Bosnia and Herzegovinaminor transit point for marijuana and opiatetrafficking routes to Western Europe; organized crime laundersmoney, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructurelimits the country's utility as a money-laundering center
Brazilillicit producer of cannabis; minor coca cultivation in theAmazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has alarge-scale eradication program to control cannabis; importanttransshipment country for Colombian and Peruvian cocaine headed forthe US and Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station fornarcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge indrug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market forColombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcoticsproceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financialsystem; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area
British Virgin Islandstransshipment point for South Americannarcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financialcenter
Bruneidrug trafficking and illegally importing controlledsubstances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatorydeath penalty
Bulgariamajor European transshipment point for Southwest Asianheroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for theEuropean market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some moneylaundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions
Burmaworld's second largest producer of illicit opium (potentialproduction in 2002 - 630 metric tons, down 27% due to drought and,to a lesser extent, eradication; cultivation in 2002 - 77,000hectares, a 27% decline from 2001); surrender of drug warlord KHUNSA's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a majorcounternarcotics success, but lack of government will and ability totake on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitmentagainst money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrugeffort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regionalconsumption
Cambodianarcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some inthe government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium,heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis forthe international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to itscash-based economy and porous borders
Canadaillicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market;use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant largequantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit point forheroin and cocaine entering the US market; vulnerable to narcoticsmoney laundering because of its mature financial services sector
Cape Verdeused as a transshipment point for illicit drugs movingfrom Latin America and Asia destined for Western Europe; the lack ofa well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Cayman Islandsoffshore financial center; vulnerable to drugtransshipment to the US and Europe
Chilea growing transshipment country for cocaine destined for theUS and Europe; economic prosperity and increasing trade have madeChile more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drugprofits, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; importedprecursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption isrising
Chinamajor transshipment point for heroin produced in the GoldenTriangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country forchemical precursors and methamphetamine
Colombiaillicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 2002 was144,450 hectares, a 15% decline since 2001); potential production ofopium between 2001 and 2002 declined by 25% to 91 metric tons;potential production of heroin declined to 11.3 metric tons; theworld's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplierof about 90% of the cocaine to the US market and the great majorityof cocaine to other international drug markets; important supplierof heroin to the US market; active aerial eradication program; asignificant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are eitherlaundered or invested in Colombia through the black market pesoexchange
Congo, Democratic Republic of the illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center
Costa Ricatransshipment country for cocaine and heroin from SouthAmerica; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots;domestic cocaine consumption is rising, particularly crack cocaine
Cote d'Ivoireillicit producer of cannabis, mostly for localconsumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asianheroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin Americancocaine destined for Europe and South Africa; while rampantcorruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking systemvulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financialsystem limits the country's utility as a major money-launderingcenter
Croatiatransit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asianheroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point formaritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe
Cubaterritorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zonefor cocaine and heroin bound for the US and Europe; established thedeath penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999
Cyprusminor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes andcontainer traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;some cocaine transits as well; anti-money-laundering lawsstrengthened but few convictions
Czech Republictransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin andminor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,organized crime
Dominicatransshipment point for narcotics bound for the US andEurope; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcementis weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to moneylaundering
Dominican Republictransshipment point for South American drugsdestined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point forecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcoticstraffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financialtransactions
East TimorNA
Ecuadorsignificant transit country for cocaine originating inColombia and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used inproduction of illicit narcotics; dollarization may raise the volumeof money-laundering activity, especially along the border withColombia; increased activity on the northern frontier by traffickinggroups and Colombian insurgents
Egypttransit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroinand opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; transit stop forNigerian couriers; concern as money-laundering site due to laxbanking regulations
El Salvadortransshipment point for cocaine; small amounts ofmarijuana produced for local consumption; domestic cocaine abuse onthe rise
Estoniatransshipment point for opiates and cannabis from SouthwestAsia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America toWestern Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from WesternEurope to Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem;possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking
Ethiopiatransit hub for heroin originating in Southwest andSoutheast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well ascocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat(khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djiboutiand Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of awell-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Francetransshipment point for and consumer of South Americancocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics
French Guianasmall amount of marijuana grown for local consumption;minor transshipment point to Europe
Georgialimited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly fordomestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates viaCentral Asia to Western Europe and Russia
Germanysource of precursor chemicals for South American cocaineprocessors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asianheroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs
Ghanaillicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to alesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and theUS; widespread crime and corruption have made money laundering aproblem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructurelimits the country's utility as a money-laundering center
Greecea gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis andheroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West andprecursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocainetransits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drugtrafficking and organized crime
Grenadasmall-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment pointfor marijuana and cocaine to US
Guatemalamajor transit country for cocaine and heroin; minorproducer of illicit opium poppy and cannabis for mostly domesticconsumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major stagingarea for drugs (cocaine and heroin shipments); money laundering is aserious problem; corruption is a major problem
Guyanatransshipment point for narcotics from South America -primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis
Haitimajor Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route tothe US and Europe; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombiannarcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financialtransactions; pervasive corruption
Hondurastransshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicitproducer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principallyfor local consumption; corruption is a major problem; somemoney-laundering activity
Hong KongMakes strenuous law enforcement efforts, but faces seriouschallenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine toregional and world markets; modern banking system provides a conduitfor money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs,especially among young people
Hungarytransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabisand for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limitedproducer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine andmethamphetamine; improving, but remains vulnerable to moneylaundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking
Indiaworld's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceuticaltrade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicitinternational drug markets; transit point for illicit narcoticsproduced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system
Indonesiaillicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangleheroin
Irandespite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a keytransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domesticnarcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and Iranian pressreports estimate at least 2 million drug users in the country
Irelandtransshipment point for and consumer of hashish from NorthAfrica to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced syntheticdrugs; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined forWestern Europe
Israelincreasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugsarrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan
Italyimportant gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaineand Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; moneylaundering by organized crime and from smuggling
Jamaicamajor transshipment point for cocaine from South America toNorth America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis;government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;corruption is a major concern; substantial money-launderingactivity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicitfinancial transactions
Kazakhstansignificant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CISmarkets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra(for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicitcrops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russiaand the rest of Europe
Kenyawidespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transitcountry for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and NorthAmerica; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa;significant potential for money-laundering activity given thecountry's status as a regional financial center, massive corruption,and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities
Kyrgyzstanlimited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppyfor CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops;transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and therest of Europe
Laosworld's third-largest illicit opium producer (estimatedcultivation in 2002 - 23,200 hectares, a 5% increase over 2001;estimated potential production in 2002 - 180 metric tons, a 10%decrease from 2001); potential heroin producer; transshipment pointfor heroin and methamphetamine produced in Burma; illicit producerof cannabis; growing methamphetamine abuse problem
Latviatransshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central andSouthwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin Americancocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS; moneylaundering remains a concern despite changes to banking legislation
Lebanoncannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectaresin 2002; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of LatinAmerican cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on wayto US and European markets
Liberiatransshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroinand South American cocaine for the European and US markets;corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond tradeprovide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack ofwell-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amajor money-laundering center
Liechtensteinmultilateral organizations engaged in issuinginternational guidelines for financial sector oversight found gapsin Liechtenstein's financial services controls that made itvulnerable to money laundering, but Liechtenstein has become lessattractive as a haven for illicit funds, based on implementation in2001 of new anti-money-laundering legislation and improved mutuallegal assistance cooperation with other countries
Lithuaniatransshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugsfrom Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to WesternEurope and Scandinavia; limited production of methamphetamine andecstasy; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to bankinglegislation
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofmajor transshipment pointfor Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point forSouth American cocaine destined for Europe; while money launderingis a problem on a local level due to organized crime activities, thelack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits thecountry's utility as a money-laundering center
Madagascarillicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wildvarieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment pointfor heroin
Malaysiatransit point for some illicit drugs; drug traffickingprosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties
Maltaminor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa toWestern Europe
Martiniquetransshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound forthe US and Europe
Mauritiusminor consumer and transshipment point for heroin fromSouth Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally;significant offshore financial industry creates potential for moneylaundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and thegovernment appears generally to be committed to regulating itsbanking industry
Mexicoillicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 2001 -4,400 hectares; potential heroin production - 7 metric tons) and ofcannabis (in 2001 - 4,100 hectares); government eradication effortshave been key in keeping illicit crop levels low; major supplier ofheroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamineto the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country forUS-bound cocaine from South America; major drug syndicates controlmajority of drug trafficking throughout the country; growingproducer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-launderingcenter
Moldovalimited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly forCIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs fromSouthwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, andpossibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity
Montserrattransshipment point for South American narcotics destinedfor the US and Europe
Moroccoillicit producer of hashish; trafficking increasing for bothdomestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostlydirected to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from SouthAmerica destined for Western Europe
MozambiqueSouthern African transit point for South Asian hashish,South Asian heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined forthe European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (forlocal consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa);corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking systemvulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developedfinancial infrastructure limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Naurubroad-based money-laundering center
Nepalillicit producer of cannabis for the domestic andinternational drug markets; transit point for opiates from SoutheastAsia to the West
Netherlandsmajor European producer of illicit amphetamine and othersynthetic drugs; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashishentering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financialsector vulnerable to money laundering
Netherlands Antillestransshipment point for South American drugsbound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center
Nicaraguatransshipment point for cocaine destined for the US andtransshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
Nigeriaa transit point for heroin and cocaine intended forEuropean, East Asian, and North American markets; safehaven forNigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; majormoney-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity,along with unwillingness of the government to address thedeficiencies in its anti-money-laundering regime make moneylaundering a major problem
Pakistanopium poppy cultivation practically eliminated; key transitpoint for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western markets; Afghannarcotics continue to transit Federally Administered Tribal Areas,Balochistan Province, and Karachi; financial crimes related to drugtrafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems
Panamamajor cocaine transshipment point and primary moneylaundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activityis especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financialcenter; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring offinancial transactions is improving; official corruption remains amajor problem
Paraguaymajor illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which isconsumed in South America; transshipment country for Andean cocaineheaded for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, Europe, and US;corruption and some money-laundering activity, especially in theTri-Border Area
Peruuntil 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emergingopium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru increased by 8% to36,600 hectares between 2001 and the end of 2002; much of thecocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing intococaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports tothe international drug market; increasing amounts of base andfinished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia foruse in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa
Philippinesexports locally-produced marijuana and hashish to EastAsia, the US, and other Western markets; serves as a transit pointfor heroin and crystal methamphetamine
Polandmajor illicit producer of amphetamine for the internationalmarket; minor transshipment point for Asian and Latin Americanillicit drugs to Western Europe
Portugalgateway country for Latin American cocaine and SouthwestAsian heroin entering the European market; transshipment point forhashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asianheroin
Romaniamajor transshipment point for Southwest Asian herointransiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin Americancocaine bound for Western Europe
Russialimited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy andproducer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption;government has active illicit crop eradication program; used astransshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin Americancocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extentWestern and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major sourceof heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime arekey concerns; heroin increasingly popular in domestic market
Saint Kitts and Nevistransshipment point for South American drugsdestined for the US and Europe; some money-laundering activity
Saint Luciatransit point for South American drugs destined for theUS and Europe
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinestransshipment point for SouthAmerican drugs destined for the US and Europe; small-scale cannabiscultivation
Saudi Arabiadeath penalty for traffickers; increasing consumptionof heroin, cocaine, and hashish
Senegaltransshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroinmoving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis
Serbia and Montenegrotransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroinmoving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable tomoney laundering
Singaporeas a transportation and financial services hub, Singaporeis vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to be used as atransit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for moneylaundering
Slovakiatransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound forWestern Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market
Sloveniaminor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroinbound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals
South Africatransshipment center for heroin, hashish, marijuana,and possibly cocaine; cocaine consumption on the rise; world'slargest market for illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegallyfrom India through various east African countries; illicitcultivation of marijuana; attractive venue for money launderersgiven the increasing level of organized criminal and narcoticsactivity in the region
Spainkey European gateway country for Latin American cocaine andNorth African hashish entering the European market; destination andminor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
Surinamegrowing transshipment point for South American drugsdestined for Europe and Brazil; transshipment point forarms-for-drugs dealing
Switzerlandbecause of more stringent government regulations, usedsignificantly less as a money-laundering center; transit country forand consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin
Syriaa transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional andWestern markets
Taiwanregional transit point for heroin and methamphetamine; majorproblem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin
Tajikistanmajor transit country for Afghan narcotics bound forRussian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limitedillicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption;Tajikistan seizes roughly 80 percent of all drugs captured inCentral Asia and stands third world-wide in seizures of opiates(heroin and raw opium)
Tanzaniagrowing role in transshipment of Southwest and SoutheastAsian heroin and South American cocaine destined for South African,European, and US markets and of South Asian methaqualone bound forSouthern Africa; money laundering remains a problem
Thailanda minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; illicittransit point for heroin en route to the international drug marketfrom Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area ofcannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboringcountries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradicationefforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role inamphetamine production for regional consumption; increasingindigenous abuse of methamphetamine
Togotransit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; moneylaundering not a significant problem
Trinidad and Tobagotransshipment point for South American drugsdestined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis
Turkeykey transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to WesternEurope and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and searoutes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international traffickingorganizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convertimported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkeyas well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls overareas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy strawconcentrate
Turkmenistantransit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russianand, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicitcultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; small-scalegovernment-run eradication of illicit crops; transit point forheroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
Turks and Caicos Islandstransshipment point for South Americannarcotics destined for the US and Europe
Ukrainelimited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly forCIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to theWest; limited government eradication program; used as transshipmentpoint for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, LatinAmerica, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; drug-related moneylaundering a minor, but growing, problem; lax anti-money-launderingregime
United Arab Emiratesthe UAE is a drug transshipment point fortraffickers given its proximity to southwest Asian drug producingcountries; the UAE's position as a major financial center makes itvulnerable to money laundering; anti-money-laundering legislationwas signed into law by the president on 25 January 2002
United Kingdomgateway country for Latin American cocaine enteringthe European market; major consumer of synthetic drugs, producer oflimited amounts of synthetic drugs and synthetic precursorchemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian heroin;money-laundering center
United Statesconsumer of cocaine shipped from Colombia throughMexico and the Caribbean; consumer of heroin, marijuana, andincreasingly methamphetamine from Mexico; consumer of high-qualitySoutheast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana,depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine;money-laundering center
Uzbekistantransit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russianand, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicitcultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy fordomestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out bygovernment crop eradication program; transit point for heroinprecursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
Venezuelasmall-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for theprocessing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, largequantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the countryfrom Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-relatedmoney-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombiaand on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarilytargeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities byColombian insurgents on border
Vietnamminor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit pointfor Southeast Asian heroin; domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamineaddiction problems
Worldcocaine: worldwide, coca is grown on an estimated 205,450hectares - almost exclusively in South America with 70% in Colombia;potential cocaine production during 2002 is estimated at 938 metrictons (or 1,200 metric tons of export quality cocaine at an averageof 78% purity); coca eradication programs continue in Bolivia,Colombia, and Peru, and 292 metric tons of export quality cocaineare documented to have been seized in 2002; consumption of exportquality cocaine is estimated to have been 875 metric tonsopiates: cultivation of opium poppy occurred on an estimated 141,213hectares in 2002 and potentially produced 2,183 metric tons of opium- which conceivably could be converted to the equivalent of 238metric tons of pure heroin; opium eradication programs have beenundertaken in Afghanistan, Burma, Colombia, Mexico, Pakistan,Thailand, and Vietnam, and the annual average for opiates seizedworldwide over the past five years (1998-2002) has been 45 metrictons of pure heroin equivalent; estimates for average annualconsumption over this time period are 315 metric tons pure heroinequivalent
Zambiatransshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone,small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa andpossibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupledwith a government commitment to combating money laundering make itan unattractive venue for money launderers
Zimbabwetransit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin,mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African andEuropean markets
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@2087 Imports
Afghanistan$1.3 billion (2001 est.)
Albania$1.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Algeria$10.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
American Samoa$452 million (1999)
Andorra$1.077 billion (1998)
Angola$4.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Anguilla$80.9 million (1999)
Antigua and Barbuda$357 million (2000 est.)
Argentina$9 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Armenia$991 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Aruba$2.21 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Australia$68 billion (2002 est.)
Austria$74 billion c.i.f. (2001)
Azerbaijan$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Bahamas, The$1.86 billion (2002 est.)
Bahrain$4.2 billion (2002)
Bangladesh$8.5 billion (2002)
Barbados$987 million (2002)
Belarus$8.8 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Belgium$152 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Belize$430 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)
Benin$479 million c.i.f. (2002)
Bermuda$719 million (2000)
Bhutan$196 million c.i.f. (2000 est.)
Bolivia$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Botswana$1.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Brazil$46.2 billion f.o.b. (2002)
British Virgin Islands$187 million (2002 est.)
Brunei$1.4 billion c.i.f. (2000 est.)
Bulgaria$6.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Burkina Faso$525 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Burma$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Burundi$135 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Cambodia$1.73 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Cameroon$1.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Canada$229 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Cape Verde$220 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Cayman Islands$457.4 million (1999)
Central African Republic$102 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Chad$570 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Chile$15.6 billion f.o.b. (2002)
China$295.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Christmas Island$NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands$NA
Colombia$12.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Comoros$39.8 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the$890 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Congo, Republic of the$730 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Cook Islands$50.7 million (2000)
Costa Rica$6.4 billion (2002)
Cote d'Ivoire$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Croatia$10.7 billion c.i.f. (2002)
Cuba$4.8 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
CyprusGreek Cypriot area: $3.9 billion f.o.b.; Turkish Cypriotarea: $301 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Czech Republic$43.2 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Denmark$47.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Djibouti$255 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Dominica$135 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Dominican Republic$8.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
East Timor$237 million (2001 est.)
Ecuador$6 billion (2002 est.)
Egypt$15.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
El Salvador$4.9 billion (2002)
Equatorial Guinea$562 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Eritrea$500 million c.i.f. (2001)
Estonia$4.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Ethiopia$1.63 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)$24.7 million (1995)
Faroe Islands$469 million c.i.f. (1999)
Fiji$642 million c.i.f. (2001)
Finland$31.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
France$303.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
French Guiana$625 million c.i.f.
French Polynesia$1.2 billion f.o.b. (2000)
Gabon$1.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Gambia, The$225 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Gaza Strip$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes West Bank
Georgia$750 million (2002 est.)
Germany$487.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Ghana$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Gibraltar$492 million c.i.f. (1997)
Greece$31.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Greenland$403 million c.i.f. (2001)
Grenada$270 million (2000 est.)
Guadeloupe$1.7 billion c.i.f. (1997)
Guam$203 million f.o.b. (1999 est.)
Guatemala$5.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Guernsey$NA
Guinea$670 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Guinea-Bissau$59 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Guyana$575 million c.i.f. (2002)
Haiti$1.14 billion c.i.f. (2002)
Honduras$2.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Hong Kong$208.1 billion (2002 est.)
Hungary$33.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Iceland$2.1 billion (2002)
India$53.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Indonesia$32.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Iran$21.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Iraq$7.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Ireland$48.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Israel$30.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Italy$238.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Jamaica$3.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Japan$292.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Jersey$NA
Jordan$4.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Kazakhstan$9.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Kenya$3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Kiribati$44 million c.i.f. (1999)
Korea, North$1.314 billion c.i.f. (2001 est.)
Korea, South$148.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Kuwait$7.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Kyrgyzstan$587 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Laos$555 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Latvia$3.9 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Lebanon$6 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Lesotho$738 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Liberia$165 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Libya$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Liechtenstein$917.3 million (1996)
Lithuania$6.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Luxembourg$13.25 billion c.i.f. (2002)
Macau$2.53 billion c.i.f. (2002)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of $1.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Madagascar$985 million f.o.b. (2002)
Malawi$505 million f.o.b. (2001)
Malaysia$76.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Maldives$395 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Mali$630 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Malta$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Man, Isle of$NA
Marshall Islands$54 million f.o.b. (2000)
Martinique$2 billion c.i.f. (1997)
Mauritania$360 million f.o.b. (2000)
Mauritius$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Mayotte$141.3 million f.o.b. (1997)
Mexico$168.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Micronesia, Federated States of$149 million f.o.b. (FY 99/00 est.)
Moldova$980 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Monaco$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects andrebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU marketsystem through customs union with France
Mongolia$659 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)
Montserrat$17 million (2001)
Morocco$10.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Mozambique$1.18 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)
Namibia$1.38 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Nauru$33 million c.i.f. (1995)
Nepal$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Netherlands$201.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles$1.43 billion f.o.b. (2002)
New Caledonia$1 billion f.o.b. (2000)
New Zealand$12.5 billion (2001 est.)
Nicaragua$1.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Niger$368 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Nigeria$13.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Niue$2.38 million (1999)
Norfolk Island$17.9 million c.i.f. (FY 91/92)
Northern Mariana Islands$NA
Norway$37.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Oman$5.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Pakistan$11.1 billion f.o.b. (FY02/03 est.)
Palau$99 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Panama$6.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Papua New Guinea$1.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Paraguay$2.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Peru$7.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Philippines$33.5 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Pitcairn Islands$NA
Poland$43.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Portugal$39 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Puerto Rico$29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001)
Qatar$3.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Reunion$2.5 billion c.i.f. (1997)
Romania$16.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Russia$60.7 billion (2002 est.)
Rwanda$253 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Saint Helena$14.434 million c.i.f. (1995)
Saint Kitts and Nevis$152 million (2001 est.)
Saint Lucia$319.4 million (2000 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon$55 million f.o.b. (1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines$185.6 million (2000 est.)
Samoa$130.1 million f.o.b. (2001)
San Marinotrade data are included with the statistics for Italy
Sao Tome and Principe$24.8 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Saudi Arabia$39.5 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Senegal$1.46 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Serbia and Montenegro$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Seychelles$380 million f.o.b. (2002)
Sierra Leone$190 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Singapore$113 billion (2002 est.)
Slovakia$15.4 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Slovenia$11.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Solomon Islands$82 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Somalia$343 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
South Africa$26.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Spain$156.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Sri Lanka$5.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Sudan$1.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Suriname$300 million f.o.b. (2002)
Svalbard$NA
Swaziland$938 million f.o.b. (2002)
Sweden$68.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Switzerland$94.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Syria$4.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Taiwan$113 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Tajikistan$830 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Tanzania$1.67 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Thailand$58.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Togo$561 million f.o.b. (2002)
Tokelau$323,000 c.i.f. (1983)
Tonga$70 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago$3.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Tunisia$8.7 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Turkey$50.8 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)
Turkmenistan$2.25 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands$175.6 million (2000)
Tuvalu$7.2 million c.i.f. (1998)
Uganda$1.14 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Ukraine$18 billion (2002 est.)
United Arab Emirates$30.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
United Kingdom$330.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)
United States$1.165 trillion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Uruguay$1.87 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Uzbekistan$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Vanuatu$93 million c.i.f. (2001)
Venezuela$18.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Vietnam$16.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Virgin Islands$NA
Wallis and Futuna$300,000 f.o.b. (1999)
West Bank$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes Gaza Strip
Western Sahara$NA
World$6.6 trillion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Yemen$2.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Zambia$1.123 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Zimbabwe$1.739 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@2088 Independence
Afghanistan19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreignaffairs)
Albania28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)
Algeria5 July 1962 (from France)
American Samoanone (territory of the US)
Andorra1278 (was formed under the joint suzerainty of the Frenchcount of Foix and the Spanish bishop of Urgel)
Angola11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
Anguillanone (overseas territory of the UK)
Antigua and Barbuda1 November 1981 (from UK)