Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:4.33 billion bbl (37257)
Natural gas - production:22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:542.4 billion cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products: rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish
Exports: $44.5 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Exports - commodities:textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals,leather manufactures
Exports - partners:US 22.5%, UK 5.1%, UAE 5.1%, Hong Kong 4.5%, Germany 4.3%, China4.1% (2002)
Imports:$53.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Imports - commodities:crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
Imports - partners:US 7.1%, Belgium 6.7%, China 4.6%, Singapore 4.6%, UK 4.6% (2002)
Debt - external:$100.6 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$2.9 billion (FY 98/99)
Currency:Indian rupee (INR)
Currency code:INR
Exchange rates:Indian rupees per US dollar - 48.61 (2002), 47.19 (2001), 44.94(2000), 43.06 (1999), 41.26 (1998)
Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
Communications India
Telephones - main lines in use:27.7 million (October 2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular:2.93 million (November 2000)
Telephone system:general assessment: mediocre service; local and long distanceservice provided throughout all regions of the country, withservices primarily concentrated in the urban areas; major objectiveis to continue to expand and modernize long-distance network to keeppace with rapidly growing number of local subscriber lines; steadyimprovement is taking place with the recent admission of private andprivate-public investors, but, with telephone density at about twofor each 100 persons and a waiting list of over 2 million, demandfor main line telephone service will not be satisfied for a verylong timedomestic: local service is provided by microwave radio relay andcoaxial cable, with open wire and obsolete electromechanical andmanual switchboard systems still in use in rural areas; starting inthe 1980s, a substantial amount of digital switch gear has beenintroduced for local and long-distance service; long-distancetraffic is carried mostly by coaxial cable and low-capacitymicrowave radio relay; since 1985 significant trunk capacity hasbeen added in the form of fiber-optic cable and a domestic satellitesystem with 254 earth stations; mobile cellular service is providedin four metropolitan citiesinternational: satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); nine gateway exchangesoperating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta),Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gaidhinagar, Hyderabad, andErnakulam; 4 submarine cables - LOCOM linking Chennai (Madras) toPenang; Indo-UAE-Gulf cable linking Mumbai (Bombay) to Al Fujayrah,UAE; India-SEA-ME-WE-3, SEA-ME-WE-2 with landing sites at Cochin andMumbai (Bombay); Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) withlanding site at Mumbai (Bombay) (2000)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)
Radios:116 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Televisions:63 million (1997)
Internet country code:.in
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):43 (2000)
Internet users:7 million (2002)
Transportation India
Railways:total: 63,518 km (15,009 km electrified)broad gauge: 45,142 km 1.676-m gaugenarrow gauge: 15,013 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,363 km 0.762-m gauge and0.610-m gauge (2002)
Highways: total: 3,319,644 km paved: 1,517,077 km unpaved: 1,802,567 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:16,180 kmnote: 3,631 km navigable by large vessels
Pipelines:gas 5,798 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km; refinedproducts 5,567 km (2003)
Ports and harbors:Chennai (Madras), Cochin, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata(Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Vishakhapatnam
Merchant marine:total: 305 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,753,279 GRT/9,621,911 DWTships by type: bulk 100, cargo 82, chemical tanker 15, combinationbulk 2, combination ore/oil 2, container 10, liquefied gas 10,passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 75, roll on/roll off 1,short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker 1note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag ofconvenience: China 1, UAE 10, UK 1 (2002 est.)
Airports:334 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 232 over 3,047 m: 14 2,438 to 3,047 m: 47 914 to 1,523 m: 73 under 914 m: 20 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 78
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 102 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 under 914 m: 48 (2002) 914 to 1,523 m: 42
Heliports: 19 (2002)
Military India
Military branches:Army, Navy (including naval air arm), Air Force, Strategic NuclearCommand (SNC), Coast Guard, various security or paramilitary forces(including Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, Rashtriya Rifles,National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, SpecialFrontier Force, Ladakh Scouts, Central Reserve Police Force, CentralIndustrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, DefenseSecurity Corps, and Indian Reserve Battalions)
Military manpower - military age:17 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 288,251,975 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 169 million (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:males: 11,035,174 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$11.52 billion (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.3% (FY02)
Transnational Issues India
Disputes - international:much of the rugged, militarized boundary with China is in dispute,but the two sides have participated in more than 13 rounds of jointworking group sessions on this issue; India objects to Pakistanceding lands to China in 1965 boundary agreement that India believesare part of disputed Kashmir; with Pakistan, armed stand-off overthe status and sovereignty of Kashmir continues; disputes withPakistan over Indus River water sharing and the terminus of the Rannof Kutch, which prevents maritime boundary delimitation; JointBorder Committee with Nepal continues to work on resolution ofdisputed boundary sections; dispute with Bangladesh over NewMoore/South Talpatty Island in the Bay of Bengal prevents maritimeboundary delimitation
Illicit drugs:world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceuticaltrade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicitinternational drug markets; transit point for illicit narcoticsproduced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@Indian Ocean
Introduction Indian Ocean
Background:The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five oceans(after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than theSouthern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important accesswaterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb(Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait ofMalacca (Indonesia-Malaysia).
Geography Indian Ocean
Location:body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, andAustralia
Geographic coordinates:20 00 S, 80 00 E
Map references:Political Map of the World
Area:total: 68.556 million sq kmnote: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea,Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea,Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait ofMalacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative:about 5.5 times the size of the US
Coastline:66,526 km
Climate:northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June toOctober); tropical cyclones occur during May/June andOctober/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/Februaryin the southern Indian Ocean
Terrain:surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular systemof currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal ofsurface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmosphericpressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results inthe southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents,while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winterair results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwestwinds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian OceanRidge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, SouthwestIndian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 mhighest point: sea level 0 m
Natural resources:oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates,placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Natural hazards:occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches
Environment - current issues:endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, andwhales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
Geography - note:major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Straitof Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait
Economy Indian Ocean
Economy - overview:The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the MiddleEast, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carriesa particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum productsfrom the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish areof great and growing importance to the bordering countries fordomestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan,South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly forshrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped inthe offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and westernAustralia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil productioncomes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals andoffshore placer deposits are actively exploited by borderingcountries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,and Thailand.
Transportation Indian Ocean
Ports and harbors:Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (SouthAfrica), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India) Melbourne(Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South Africa)
Transnational Issues Indian Ocean
Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@Indonesia
Introduction Indonesia
Background:Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago; it achievedindependence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include:alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms ofthe banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly-electedgovernment after four decades of authoritarianism, addressingcharges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and policeaccountable for human rights violations, and resolving growingseparatist pressures in Aceh and Papua.
Geography Indonesia
Location:Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and thePacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates:5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references:Southeast Asia
Area:total: 1,919,440 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq kmland: 1,826,440 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:total: 2,830 kmborder countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua NewGuinea 820 km
Coastline:54,716 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate:tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain:mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources:petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use: arable land: 9.9% permanent crops: 7.2% other: 82.9% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land:48,150 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,volcanoes, forest fires
Environment - current issues:deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; airpollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, TropicalTimber 94, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine LifeConservation
Geography - note:archipelago of more than 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited);straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sealanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
People Indonesia
Population:234,893,453 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 29.7% (male 35,437,274; female 34,232,824)15-64 years: 65.4% (male 76,743,613; female 76,845,245)65 years and over: 4.9% (male 5,086,465; female 6,548,032) (2003est.)
Median age: total: 25.8 years male: 25.4 years female: 26.2 years (2002)
Population growth rate:1.52% (2003 est.)
Birth rate:21.49 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate:6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 38.09 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 32.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)male: 43.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 68.94 yearsmale: 66.54 yearsfemale: 71.47 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.5 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:120,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:4,600 (2001 est.)
Nationality:noun: Indonesian(s)adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups:Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%,other 26%
Religions:Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages:Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English,Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 88.5%male: 92.9%female: 84.1% (2003 est.)
Government Indonesia
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Indonesiaconventional short form: Indonesialocal long form: Republik Indonesiaformer: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indieslocal short form: Indonesia
Government type:republic
Capital:Jakarta
Administrative divisions:27 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 specialregions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*,Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, JawaBarat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, KalimantanSelatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan BangkaBelitung, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, NusaTenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah,Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan,Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation ofdecentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts (regencies)have become the key administrative units responsible for providingmost government servicesnote: following the 30 August 1999 provincial referendum forindependence that was overwhelmingly approved by the people of TimorTimur and the October 1999 concurrence of Indonesia's nationallegislature, the name East Timor was adopted as the provisional namefor the political entity formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur;East Timor gained its formal independence on 20 May 2002
Independence:17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949,Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)
National holiday:Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution:August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 andProvisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Legal system:based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenousconcepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
Executive branch:chief of state: President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected separately by thePeople's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year terms; selectionof president last held 23 July 2001; selection of vice presidentlast held 26 July 2001; next election to be held in July 2004; inaccordance with constitutional changes, the election of thepresident and vice president will be by direct vote of the citizenrynote: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis PermusyawaratanRakyat or MPR) includes the House of Representatives (DewanPerwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 195 indirectly selected members; itmeets every five years to elect the president and vice president andto approve broad outlines of national policy and also has yearlymeetings to consider constitutional and legislative changes;constitutional amendments adopted in 2001 and 2002 provide for theMPR to be restructured in 2004 and to consist entirely ofpopularly-elected members who will be in the DPR and the new Houseof Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD); theMPR will no longer formulate national policyelection results: MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected president, receiving591 votes in favor (91 abstentions); Hamzah HAZ elected vicepresident, receiving 340 votes in favor (237 against)
Legislative branch:unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat(DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointedmilitary representatives until 2004 election when military seatsexpire; members serve five-year terms)election results: percent of vote by party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%; seatsby party - PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14,other 30; note - subsequent to the election, there has been a changein the distribution of seats; the new distribution is: PDI-P 153,Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 13, other 32elections: last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held April 2004)
Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by thepresident from a list of candidates approved by the legislature);note - the Supreme Court is preparing to assume administrativeresponsibility for the lower court system, currently run by theMinistry of Justice and Human Rights; a separate ConstitutionalCourt was invested by the president on 16 August 2003
Political parties and leaders:Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,chairman]; Federation of Functional Groups or Golkar [AkbarTANDJUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party-Struggle orPDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National Awakening Partyor PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [AmienRAIS, chairman]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Hidayat NUR WAHID,chairman]; United Development Party or PPP (federation of formerIslamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC,OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH,UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningratchancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, andSan FranciscoFAX: [1] (202) 775-5365telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCEembassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189consulate(s) general: Surabaya
Flag description:two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to theflag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag ofPoland, which is white (top) and red
Economy Indonesia
Economy - overview:Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces severe economicdevelopment problems stemming from secessionist movements and thelow level of security in the regions; the lack of reliable legalrecourse in contract disputes; corruption; weaknesses in the bankingsystem; and strained relations with the IMF. Investor confidencewill remain low and few new jobs will be created under thesecircumstances. In November 2001, Indonesia agreed with the IMF on aseries of economic reforms in 2002, thus enabling further IMFdisbursements. Negotiations with the IMF and bilateral donorscontinued in 2002. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, thebuild-up of the confidence of international donors and investors,and a strong comeback in the global economy.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $714.2 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:3.7% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17% industry: 41% services: 42% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:27% (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 4%highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:31.7 (1999)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):11.9% (2002 est.)
Labor force:99 million (1999)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:10.6% (2002 est.)
Budget:revenues: $26 billionexpenditures: $30 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(2000 est.)
Industries:petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear; mining,cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism
Industrial production growth rate:4.9% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production:95.78 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 86.9% hydro: 10.5% other: 2.5% (2001) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption:89.08 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:1.451 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:1.045 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:7.083 billion bbl (37257)
Natural gas - production:69 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:36.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:32.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:2.549 trillion cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products: rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Exports:$52.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities:oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
Exports - partners:Japan 21.1%, US 13.2%, Singapore 9.4%, South Korea 7.2%, China5.1%, Taiwan 4.2% (2002)
Imports:$32.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:Japan 14.1%, Singapore 13.1%, US 8.5%, China 7.8%, South Korea5.3%, Taiwan 5.1%, Australia 5.1% (2002)
Debt - external:$131 billion (2002 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing(1997-2000)
Currency:Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Currency code:IDR
Exchange rates:Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,311.19 (2002), 10,260.8(2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998)
Fiscal year:calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, butstarting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year
Communications Indonesia
Telephones - main lines in use:5,588,310 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular:1.07 million (1998)
Telephone system:general assessment: domestic service fair, international servicegooddomestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;domestic satellite communications systeminternational: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Oceanand 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
Radios:31.5 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:41 (1999)
Televisions:13.75 million (1997)
Internet country code:.id
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):24 (2000)
Internet users:4.4 million (2002)
Transportation Indonesia
Railways:total: 6,458 kmnarrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km0.750-m gauge (2002)
Highways:total: 342,700 kmpaved: 158,670 kmunpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:21,579 km totalnote: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Pipelines:condensate 672 km; condensate/gas 125 km; gas 8,183 km; oil 7,429km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km; water 72 km(2003)
Ports and harbors:Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang, Semarang,Surabaya
Merchant marine:total: 710 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,045,673 GRT/4,106,508 DWTnote: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag ofconvenience: Greece 1, Hong Kong 2, India 1, Japan 2, Malaysia 1,Monaco 3, Panama 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 11, South Korea 1,Switzerland 1, UK 2, US 1 (2002 est.)ships by type: bulk 42, cargo 400, chemical tanker 15, container 56,liquefied gas 3, livestock carrier 1, passenger 9, passenger/cargo13, petroleum tanker 127, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 16,short-sea passenger 9, specialized tanker 11, vehicle carrier 6
Airports:631 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 153 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 48 under 914 m: 43 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 46
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 478 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 25 under 914 m: 450 (2002)
Heliports: 9 (2002)
Military Indonesia
Military branches:Army, Navy (including marines and naval air arm), Air Force
Military manpower - military age:18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 65,665,721 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 38,290,550 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:males: 2,213,727 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$1 billion (FY98)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.3% (FY98)
Transnational Issues Indonesia
Disputes - international:East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet regularlyto survey and delimit land boundary; East Timor refugees delayreturn from camps in Indonesia; maritime delimitations withAustralia and East Timor await further discussions; ICJ awardedSipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002; Indonesiansecessionists, squatters and illegal migrants create repatriationproblems for Papua New Guinea
Illicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possiblegrowing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@Iran
Introduction Iran
Background:Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979after the ruling shah was forced into exile. Conservative clericalforces established a theocratic system of government with ultimatepolitical authority vested in a learned religious scholar. A groupof Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November1979 and held it until 20 January 1981. During 1980-88, Iran foughta bloody, indecisive war with Iraq over disputed territory. Over thepast decade, popular dissatisfaction with the government, driven bydemographic changes, restrictive social policies, and poor economicconditions, has created a powerful and enduring pressure forpolitical reform.
Geography Iran
Location:Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and theCaspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates:32 00 N, 53 00 E
Map references:Middle East
Area:total: 1.648 million sq kmland: 1.636 million sq kmwater: 12,000 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:total: 5,440 kmborder countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km,Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km
Coastline:2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 NMterritorial sea: 12 NMcontinental shelf: natural prolongationexclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in thePersian Gulf
Climate:mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Terrain:rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts,mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 mhighest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m
Natural resources:petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead,manganese, zinc, sulfur
Land use: arable land: 10.17% permanent crops: 1.16% other: 88.67% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land:75,620 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakesalong western border and in the northeast
Environment - current issues:air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions,refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation;overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf;wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination);inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from rawsewage and industrial waste; urbanization
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of theSea, Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, whichare vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport
People Iran
Population:68,278,826 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 29.3% (male 10,279,588; female 9,727,668)15-64 years: 65.9% (male 22,916,431; female 22,095,124)65 years and over: 4.8% (male 1,625,113; female 1,634,902) (2003est.)
Median age: total: 22.9 years male: 22.7 years female: 23.2 years (2002)
Population growth rate:1.08% (2003 est.)
Birth rate:17.23 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate:5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate:-0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.99 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 44.17 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 44.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)male: 44.31 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 69.35 yearsmale: 68.04 yearsfemale: 70.73 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.99 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:20,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:290 (2001 est.)
Nationality:noun: Iranian(s)adjective: Iranian
Ethnic groups:Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
Religions:Shi'a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 10%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian,and Baha'i 1%
Languages:Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%,Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 79.4%male: 85.6%female: 73% (2003 est.)
Government Iran
Country name:conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iranconventional short form: Iranlocal short form: Iranformer: Persialocal long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
Government type:theocratic republic
Capital:Tehran
Administrative divisions:28 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Ardabil, Azarbayjan-eGharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari,Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman,Kermanshah, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad,Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan,Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan
Independence:1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)
National holiday:Republic Day, 1 April (1979)note: additional holidays celebrated widely in Iran includeRevolution Day, 11 February (1979); Noruz (New Year's Day), 21March; Constitutional Monarchy Day, 5 August (1925)
Constitution:2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidencyand eliminate the prime ministership
Legal system:the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government
Suffrage:15 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI(since 4 June 1989)elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life bythe Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for afour-year term; election last held 8 June 2001 (next to be held June2005)election results: (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani reelectedpresident; percent of vote - (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani 77%cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president withlegislative approval; the Supreme Leader has some control overappointments to the more sensitive ministrieshead of government: President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani (since3 August 1997); First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-YAZDI(since 26 August 2001)
Legislative branch:unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly orMajles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seatswith the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular voteto serve four-year terms)elections: last held 18 February 2000 with a runoff held 5 May 2000(next to be held February 2004)election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - reformers189, conservatives 54, independents 42, seats reserved for religiousminorities 5
Judicial branch:Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:a loose pro-reform coalition called the 2nd Khordad front achievedconsiderable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000,and groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran ParticipationFront (IIPF); Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran);Solidarity Party; Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization(MIRO); and Militant Clerics Society (Ruhaniyun); a new apparentlyconservative group, the Builders of Islamic Iran, emerged at thelocal level in early 2003
Political pressure groups and leaders: active pro-reform student groups include the "Organization for Strengthening Unity"; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat), Islamic Coalition Association, and Islamic Engineers Society; opposition groups include Freedom Movement of Iran, the National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, and various Monarchist organizations; armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, and Komala
International organization participation:CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US: none; note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani Embassy, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990
Diplomatic representation from the US:none; note - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland
Flag description:three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; thenational emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in theshape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in thewhite band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script isrepeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11times along the top edge of the red band
Economy Iran
Economy - overview:Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership ofoil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, andsmall-scale private trading and service ventures. President KHATAMIhas continued to follow the market reform plans of former PresidentRAFSANJANI and has indicated that he will pursue diversification ofIran's oil-reliant economy although he has made little progresstoward that goal. Relatively high oil prices in recent years haveenabled Iran to amass some $15 billion in foreign exchange reserves,but have not solved Iran's structural economic problems, includinghigh unemployment and inflation.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $458.3 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:7.6% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $6,800 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 19% industry: 26% services: 55% (2002 est.)
Population below poverty line:40% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):15.3% (2002 est.)
Labor force: 21 million note: shortage of skilled labor (1998)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate:16.3% (2003 est.)
Budget:revenues: $29.5 billionexpenditures: $31.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(2002 est.)
Industries:petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other constructionmaterials, food processing (particularly sugar refining andvegetable oil production), metal fabricating, armaments
Industrial production growth rate:5.5% excluding oil (2001 est.)
Electricity - production:124.6 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 97.1% hydro: 2.9% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption:115.9 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:3.804 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:1.277 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:94.39 billion bbl (37257)
Natural gas - production:61.5 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:65.59 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:110 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:4.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:24.8 trillion cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products: wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairy products, wool; caviar
Exports:$24.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities:petroleum 85%, carpets, fruits and nuts, iron and steel, chemicals
Exports - partners:Japan 17.4%, China 8.6%, UAE 7.6%, Italy 6.6%, South Korea 4.9%,South Africa 4.4% (2002)
Imports:$21.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities:industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods,foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, militarysupplies
Imports - partners:Germany 10.9%, Italy 9%, France 7.9%, China 7.4%, South Korea 6.5%,UAE 4.4%, Japan 4.1%, Russia 4% (2002)
Debt - external:$8.7 billion (2002 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$408 million (2002 est.)
Currency:Iranian rial (IRR)
Currency code:IRR
Exchange rates:rials per US dollar 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43(2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998)note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; oneof these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which mostessential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar;in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into onerate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
Fiscal year:21 March - 20 March
Communications Iran
Telephones - main lines in use:6.313 million (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular:265,000 (August 1998)
Telephone system:general assessment: inadequate but currently being modernized andexpanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency andincreasing the volume of the urban service but also bringingtelephone service to several thousand villages, not presentlyconnecteddomestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone systemsince 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwaveradio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have beenbrought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systemshas approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellularsubscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of thesystem has been raised by the installation of thousands of digitalswitchesinternational: HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey,Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait,Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE withaccess to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG);Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijanthrough the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansionto Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and4 Inmarsat
Radio broadcast stations:AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)
Radios:17 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:28 (plus 450 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Televisions:4.61 million (1997)
Internet country code:.ir
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):100 (2002)
Internet users:1.326 million (2002 est.)
Transportation Iran
Railways:total: 7,201 kmbroad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gaugestandard gauge: 7,107 km 1.435-m gauge (146 km electrified) (2002)
Highways:total: 167,157 kmpaved: 94,109 km (including 890 km of expressways)unpaved: 73,048 km (1998)
Waterways:904 kmnote: the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic forabout 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use
Pipelines:condensate/gas 212 km; gas 16,998 km; liquid petroleum gas 570 km;oil 8,256 km; refined products 7,808 km (2003)
Ports and harbors:Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Ahvaz,Bandar 'Abbas, Bandar-e Anzali, Bushehr, Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni,Bandar-e Lengeh, Bandar-e Mahshahr, Bandar-e Torkaman, Chabahar(Bandar Beheshti), Jazireh-ye Khark, Jazireh-ye Lavan, Jazireh-yeSirri, Khorramshahr (limited operation since November 1992), NowShahr
Merchant marine:total: 139 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,190,576 GRT/7,276,700 DWTships by type: bulk 43, cargo 34, chemical tanker 4, container 10,liquefied gas 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 6, petroleumtanker 30, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 9, short-seapassenger 1 (2002 est.)
Airports:309 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 122 over 3,047 m: 39 2,438 to 3,047 m: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 4 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 27
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 187 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 under 914 m: 39 (2002) 914 to 1,523 m: 138
Heliports: 13 (2002)
Military Iran
Military branches:Islamic Republic of Iran regular forces (includes Ground Forces,Navy, Air Force and Air Defense Command), Iranian RevolutionaryGuards Corps (IRGC) (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy, Qods[special operations], and Basij [Popular Mobilization Army] forces),Law Enforcement Forces
Military manpower - military age:21 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 20,343,063 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 12,094,551 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:males: 870,711 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$9.7 billion (FY00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:3.1% (FY00)
Transnational Issues Iran
Disputes - international:Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed waters onHelmand River tributaries in response to prolonged drought inregion; thousands of Afghan refugees still reside in Iran; despiterestored diplomatic relations in 1990, disputes with Iraq overmaritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, and other issuesfrom eight-year war persist; UAE engage direct talks and Arab Leaguesupport to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islandsand Abu Musa Island; Iran insists on division of the Caspian Seainto five equal sectors, while other littoral states have generallyagreed to equidistant seabed boundaries - Iran has threatenedAzerbaijanian hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters
Illicit drugs:despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a keytransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domesticnarcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and Iranian pressreports estimate at least 2 million drug users in the country
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@Iraq
Introduction Iraq
Background:Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by Britainduring the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a Leagueof Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the nextdozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A"republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series ofmilitary strongmen have ruled the country since then, the latestbeing SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to aninconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990,Iraq seized Kuwait, but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forcesduring the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait'sliberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrapall weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allowUN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSCresolutions over a period of 12 years resulted in the US-ledinvasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husaynregime. Coalition forces remain in Iraq, helping to restore degradedinfrastructure and facilitating the establishment of a freelyelected government.
Geography Iraq
Location:Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait
Geographic coordinates:33 00 N, 44 00 E
Map references:Middle East
Area:total: 437,072 sq kmwater: 4,910 sq kmland: 432,162 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly more than twice the size of Idaho
Land boundaries:total: 3,650 kmborder countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 240 km, SaudiArabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km
Coastline:58 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: not specifiedterritorial sea: 12 NM
Climate:mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudlesssummers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkishborders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows thatmelt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding incentral and southern Iraq