KuwaitKuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritimeboundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in thePersian Gulf
Kyrgyzstanboundary with China is fully demarcated; delimitationwith Kazakhstan is largely complete with only minor disputed areas;disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation withTajikistan; delimitation is underway with Uzbekistan but seriousdisputes around enclaves and elsewhere continue to mar progress forsome 130 km of border
Laosdemarcation of boundaries with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnamis largely complete, but with Thailand several areas includingMekong River islets remain in dispute; ongoing disputes withThailand and Vietnam over squatters; concern among Mekong Commissionmembers that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River willaffect water levels
Latviathe Russian Duma refuses to ratify boundary delimitationtreaty with Latvia; the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concernsover oil exploration rights
LebanonSyrian troops in central and eastern Lebanon since October1976; Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area ofIsraeli-occupied Golan Heights
Lesothonone
Liberiadomestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords,and youth gangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have createdinsurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking, and ethnicconflicts and refugees in border areas; the Cote d'Ivoire Governmentaccuses Liberia of supporting Ivorian rebels
LibyaLibya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeasternAlgeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormantdisputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside insouthern Libya
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918
Lithuaniain May 2003, the Russian Parliament ratified the 1997 landand maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, which ratified thetreaty in 1999, legalizing limits of former Soviet republic borders;both states also implement a simplified transit regime for Russiannationals transiting Lithuania to and from the Russian Kaliningradcoastal enclave; the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concernsover oil exploration rights
Luxembourgnone
Macaunone
Macedoniathe Albanian government calls for the protection of therights of ethnic Albanians in Macedonia while continuing to seekregional cooperation; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo resist demarcationof a small section of the Macedonia-Kosovo boundary in accordancewith the 2000 delimitation treaty, which transferred a small amountof land to Macedonia; dispute with Greece over country's namepersists
Madagascarclaims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawidispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (LakeMalawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysiainvolved in complex dispute with China, Philippines,Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code ofconduct" desired by several of the disputants; disputes overdeliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's landreclamation, bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and PedraBranca Island/Pulau Batu Putih persist - parties agree to ICJarbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ awardedLigitan and Sipadan islands off the coast of Sabah, also claimed byIndonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia; a 1 kilometer segment at themouth of the Golok River remains in dispute with Thailand;Philippines retains a now dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State innorthern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting thePhilippines Government power of attorney to pursue the Sultanate'ssovereignty claim; in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oilexploration in their offshore and deepwater seabeds untilnegotiations progress to an agreement over allocation of disputedareas; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is indispute
Maldivesnone
Malinone
Maltanone
Man, Isle ofnone
Marshall Islandsclaims US territory of Wake Island
Martiniquenone
MauritaniaMauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant inrecent years
MauritiusMauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administeredBritish Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, whoreside chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and theright to repatriation in 2001; claims French-administered TromelinIsland
Mayotteclaimed by Comoros
Mexicoprolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practicesand infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharingarrangements with the US; nationals from Central America slip intoMexico seeking work or transit into the US; undocumented Mexicannationals continue to enter the United States
Micronesia, Federated States ofnone
Midway Islandsnone
Moldovadifficulties with the Transnistria region complicatecontrolling border crossing and customs regimes with Ukraine,despite concordance on 2003 delimitation and customs protocols andOSCE assistance
Monaconone
Mongolianone
Montserratnone
Moroccoclaims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereigntyremains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained ineffect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum havefailed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon deAlhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco alsorejected Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from theCanary Islands in 2002 to set limits to undersea resourceexploration and refugee interdiction, but agreed in 2003 to discussa comprehensive maritime delimitation; Morocco serves as one of theprimary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from NorthAfrica
Mozambiquenone
Namibiacommission established with Botswana to resolve smallresidual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngumarshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protestNamibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam onPopa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location ofthe boundary in the Orange River; Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, andZimbabwe boundary convergence is not clearly defined or delimited;Angolan rebels and refugees still reside in Namibia
Naurunone
Navassa Islandclaimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing
Nepaljoint border commission continues to work on small disputedsections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricterborder regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegalcross-border activities
Netherlandsnone
Netherlands Antillesnone
New CaledoniaMatthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledoniaclaimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealandterritorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
Nicaraguaterritorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago deSan Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank region; the 1992 ICJruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolutionto establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, whichconsiders Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute overnavigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica
NigerLibya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormantdispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint withNigeria, remains undemarcated, and ICJ ad hoc judges have beenselected to rule on disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; LakeChad Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger,and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over the lake region,which remains the site of armed clashes among local populations andmilitias
NigeriaICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land andmaritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commissionto resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced withdemarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting inLake Chad in the north; Nigeria initially rejected cession of theBakasi Peninsula; the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement ofCameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf ofGuinea, but imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision, theunresolved Bakasi allocation, and a sovereignty dispute betweenEquatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of theNtem River all contribute to the delay in implementation; severalvillages along the Okpara River are in dispute with Benin; Lake ChadCommission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, andNigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over lake region, whichremains the site of armed clashes among local populations andmilitias
Niuenone
Norfolk Islandnone
Northern Mariana Islandsnone
NorwayNorway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen MaudLand and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russiaand Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the BarentsSea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limitswithin the Svalbard Treaty zone
Omanboundary agreement signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 forentire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhahenclaves
Pacific Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
PakistanKashmir remains the world's largest and most highlymilitarized territorial dispute with portions under the de factoadministration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), andPakistan (Azad Kashmir, and Northern Areas), but recent discussionsand confidence-building measures among the parties are beginning todefuse tensions; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands toChina in 1965 boundary agreement; disputes with Pakistan over IndusRiver water sharing and the terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at themouth of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundarydelimitation; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim inIndia's Gujarat State; despite largely successful UN efforts atvoluntary repatriation, 2-3 million Afghan refugees continue toreside in Pakistan, many at their own choosing; Pakistan has senttroops into remote tribal areas to control the border withAfghanistan to stem organized terrorist and other illegalcross-border activities; regular meetings with Afghan and coalitionallies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments
Palauborder delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines,Indonesia
Palmyra Atollnone
Panamanone
Papua New Guineaseeks assistance from Australia to control illegalcross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, includingsmuggling, drug trafficking, and Indonesian squatters andsecessionists
Paracel Islandsoccupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguayunruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguayborders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drugtrafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations
PeruBolivia has reanimated its claim to restore the Atacamacorridor ceded to Chile and adjoining Peru in 1884 to securesovereign maritime assess for Bolivian natural gas
Philippinesinvolved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands, knownlocally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, the 2002 "Declaration onthe Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has eased tensionsbut falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired byseveral of the disputants; Philippines retains a dormant claim toMalaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate ofSulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney topursue a sovereignty claim
Pitcairn Islandsnone
Polandnone
Portugalsome Portuguese groups assert dormant claims to territoriesceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza
Puerto Riconone
Qatarnone
Reunionnone
Romaniahas not resolved claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmyinyy(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talksbased on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;Hungary amended status law extending special social and culturalbenefits to ethnic Hungarians in Romania, who had objected to the law
RussiaChina and Russia in 2004 resolved their last border disputeover islands in the Amur and Argun Rivers, but details ondemarcation have not yet been worked-out; the sovereignty disputeover the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomaigroup known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia asthe "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, nowadministered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primarysticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World WarII hostilities; about a third of the boundary with Georgia remainsundelimited and none of it demarcated with several small, strategicsegments remaining in dispute; OSCE observers monitor volatile areassuch as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorgein Abkhazia; equidistant seabed treaties have been signed withAzerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the Caspian Sea but no consensus ondividing the water column among the littoral states; Russia andNorway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia'sfishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within theSvalbard Treaty zone; Russia continues to reject signing andratifying the joint 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia;the Russian Parliament refuses to consider ratification of theboundary treaties with Estonia and Latvia, but in May 2003, ratifiedland and maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, which ratified the1997 treaty in 1999, legalizing limits of former Soviet republicborders; a simplified transit regime was adopted in July 2003 forresidents of the Kaliningrad coastal exclave to travel throughLithuania to Russia; delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine iscomplete, but demarcation remains unresolved; Ukraine protestsRussia's construction of a causeway in the direction ofUkrainian-administered Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait; Kazakhstanand Russia will complete delimitation of their interstate border in2004 and demarcation is underway; Russian Duma has not yet ratified1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea
RwandaTutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnicgroups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and variousgovernment forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region,transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas andnatural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, butlocalized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Saint Helenanone
Saint Kitts and Nevisjoins other Caribbean states to counterVenezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, acriterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend itsEEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Luciajoins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela'sclaim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion underUNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelfover a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelonnone
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Samoanone
San Marinonone
Sao Tome and Principenone
Saudi Arabianomadic groups on border region with Yemen resistdemarcation of boundary; Yemen protests Saudi erection of aconcrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegalcross-border activities in sections of the boundary; Kuwait andSaudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran;because the treaties have not been made public, the exact alignmentof the boundary with the UAE is still unknown and labeled approximate
SenegalThe Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem refugees, crossborder raids, arms smuggling, and political instability from aseparatist movement in Senegal's Casamance region
Serbia and Montenegrothe future status of Kosovo remains anunresolved issue in South Central Europe with Kosovo Albaniansoverwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials opposing Kosovoindependence; the international community has agreed to begin aprocess to determine final status only after significant progresshas been made in solidifying multi-ethnic democracy in Kosovo asoutlined in the policy of "standards before status"; the Contactgroup (including the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia)will review progress on the UNMIK standard around mid-2005; ethnicAlbanians in Kosovo resist demarcation of the F.Y.R.O.M. boundary inaccordance with the 2000 delimitation treaty, which transfers on neta small amount of land to F.Y.R.O.M.; Serbia and Montenegro havedelimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina,but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
Seychellestogether with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the ChagosArchipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leonedomestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,warlords, and youth gangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone havecreated insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking,ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; in 2003, Guinea andSierra Leone established a boundary commission to resolve a disputeover the town of Yenga
Singaporedisputes with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water toSingapore, Singapore's land reclamation works, bridge construction,maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putihpersist - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute withinthree years
SlovakiaHungary amended its status law extending special social andcultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, many of whom hadprotested the law; Slovakia and Hungary have renewed discussions onways to resolve differences over the Gabcikovo-Nagymaroshydroelectric dam on the Danube, with possible resort again to theICJ for final resolution
Sloveniathe Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access toSlovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains controversial, hasnot been ratified, and has been complicated by Croatia's declarationof an ecological-fisheries zone in the Adriatic Sea
Solomon IslandsAustralian defense personnel are dispatched at theinvitation of the Solomon Islands' Government to restore law andorder on the islands and reinforce regional security
Somalia"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities toland-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regionalstates; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland"secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties,each seeking support from neighboring states; Ethiopia maintainsonly an administrative line with the Oromo region of southernSomalia and maintains alliances with local Somali clans opposed tothe unrecognized Transitional National Government in Mogadishu
South Africamanaged dispute with Namibia over the location of theboundary in the Orange River
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islandsbriefly occupied bymilitary force in 1982 - claimed by Argentina in constitution butdeclares it will no longer seek settlement by force
Southern OceanAntarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarcticaentry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UKassert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf inthe Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest inextending those continental shelf claims under the United NationsConvention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersearidges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land ormaritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formalclaims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150degrees west
Spainsince Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendumin 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement, talksbetween the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year old UK colonyhave stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltargreater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastalenclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de laGomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surroundingwaters; Morocco serves as the primary launching area of illegalmigration into Spain from North Africa; Morocco rejected Spain'sunilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands in2002 to set limits to undersea resource exploration and refugeeinterdiction, but agreed in 2003 to discuss a comprehensive maritimedelimitation; some Portuguese groups assert dormant claims toterritories ceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza
Spratly Islandsall of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and thePhilippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zonethat encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but hasnot publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "codeof conduct"
Sri Lankanone
Sudanthe north-south civil war has affected Sudan's neighbors bydrawing them into the fighting and by forcing them to provideshelter to refugees, to contend with infiltration by rebel groups,and to serve as mediators; Sudan has provided shelter to Ugandanrefugees and cover to Lord's Resistance Army soldiers; Sudan accusesEritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcatethe porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by fighting inSudan; Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,creating the "Ilemi Triangle"; Egypt and Sudan retain claims toadminister the triangular areas that extend north and south of the1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawntheir military presence; Egypt is economically developing andcurrently effectively administers the "Hala'ib Triangle" north ofthe Treaty Line; Sudan has pledged to work with the Central AfricanRepublic to stem violent skirmishes over water and grazing amongrelated pastoral populations along the border
Surinamearea claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani andRiviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims atriangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari Rivers in ahistoric dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeksUNCLOS arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute withSuriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary inpotentially oil-rich waters
Svalbarddespite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute theirmaritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rightsbeyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swazilandnone
Swedennone
Switzerlandnone
SyriaGolan Heights is Israeli-occupied; Lebanon claims Shaba'afarms in Golan Heights; Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanonsince October 1976; Syria protests Turkish hydrological projectsregulating upper Euphrates waters; settled border dispute withJordan in 2004
Taiwaninvolved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South ChinaSea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "codeof conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islandsare occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,China and Taiwan asserted claims to the Japanese-administeredSenkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) with increased media coverage andprotest actions
Tajikistanprolonged regional drought created water-sharingdifficulties for Amu Darya river states; boundary agreements signedin 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in returnfor China relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani landsbut demarcation has not yet commenced; talks continue withUzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes inIsfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan
Tanzaniadisputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (LakeMalawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Thailanda 1 kilometer segment at the mouth of the Golok Riverremains in dispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laos completeexcept for certain Mekong River islets and complaints of Thaisquatters; despite continuing border committee talks, significantdifferences remain with Burma over boundary alignment and thehandling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-borderactivities; Cambodia accuses Thailand of moving boundary markers andobstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodiaby ICJ decision in 1962; 2003 anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh resultedin the destruction of the Thai Embassy and damage to 17 Thai-ownedbusinesses and disputes over payments of full compensation persist;groups in Burma and Thailand express concern over China'sconstruction of 13 hydroelectric dams on the Salween River in YunnanProvince
Togoin 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - jointcommission continues to resurvey the boundary
Tokelaunone
Tonganone
Trinidad and TobagoBarbados will assert its claim before UNCLOSthat the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundarywith Venezuela extends into its waters; Guyana has also expressedits intention to challenge this boundary as it may extend into itswaters as well
Tromelin Islandclaimed by Mauritius
Tunisianone
Turkeycomplex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greecein the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question remains with Greece; Syria andIraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upperEuphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status ofKurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed overNagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistanprolonged regional drought created water-sharingdifficulties for Amu Darya river states; Turkmenistan and Uzbekistanreached an agreement on improving water usage along the Amu Darya in2004; delimitation of Caspian seabed remains unresolved
Turks and Caicos Islands have received Haitians fleeing economic collapse and civil unrest
Tuvalunone
UgandaTutsi, Hutu, Lendu, Hema, and other ethnic groups, associatedpolitical rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various governmentforces continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending theboundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, andUganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources;government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violencecontinues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; civil conflict in Sudanhas extended Sudanese rebel forces and refugees into Uganda andgiven shelter to Ugandan Lord's Resistance Army soldiers in Sudan;Kenya and Uganda are working together to stem cattle rustling andviolence by Lord's Resistance Army along the border
Ukraine1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains unratified due tounresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and reducingborder security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia iscomplete but boundary through the Sea of Azov and Kerch Straitremains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement andon-going expert-level discussions; Ukraine protests Russia'sconstruction of a causeway in the direction ofUkrainian-administered Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait;difficulties with Moldova's Transnistria region complicatecontrolling border crossing and customs regimes despite concordanceon the 2003 delimitation and customs protocols and OSCE assistance;has not resolved Romanian claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talksbased on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;ongoing dispute between Ukraine and Romania over the Danube Riverdelta
United Arab Emiratesbecause the treaties have not been made public,the exact alignment of the boundary with Saudi Arabia is stillunknown and labeled approximate; boundary agreement signed andratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman'sMusandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves; UAE engage in directtalks and solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes overIran's occupation of Lesser and Greater Tunb Islands and Abu MusaIsland
United Kingdomsince Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly byreferendum in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement,talks between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year old UKcolony have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grantGibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim theChagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory), and its formerinhabitants since their eviction in 1965; most reside chiefly inMauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right torepatriation; UK continues to reject sovereignty talks requested byArgentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Rockallcontinental shelf dispute involving Denmark and Iceland remainsdormant; territorial claim in Antarctica (British AntarcticTerritory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chileanclaim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and Ireland over the FaroeIslands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
United StatesProlonged drought, population growth, and outmodedpractices and infrastructure in the border region has strainedwater-sharing arrangements with Mexico; undocumented nationals fromMexico and Central America continue to enter the United Statesillegally; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea stillawaits Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputeswith Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca,and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; TheBahamas have not been able to agree on a maritime boundary; US NavalBase at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreementor US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claimsUS-administered Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim inAntarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does notrecognize the claims of any other state; Marshall Islands claimsWake Island
Uruguayuncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in theQuarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint withArgentina
Uzbekistanprolonged drought and cotton monoculture createswater-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitationwith Kazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; delimitation isunderway with Kyrgyzstan but serious disputes around enclaves andelsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border; talkscontinue with Tajikistan to determine and delimit border
VanuatuMatthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed byVanuatu and France
Venezuelaclaims all of the area west of the Essequibo River,preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana hasexpressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims beforeUNCLOS that the Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary withVenezuela extends into their waters; maritime boundary dispute withColombia in the Gulf of Venezuela and the Caribbean Sea; US, Franceand the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effectto Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelfextending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, SaintKitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesprotest Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitationand other states' recognition of it
Vietnamdemarcation of the land boundary with China continues, butmaritime boundary and joint fishing zone agreement remainsunimplemented; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters andarmed encroachments along border; China occupies Paracel Islandsalso claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute withChina, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over theSpratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties inthe South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legallybinding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Virgin Islandsnone
Wake Islandclaimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futunanone
West BankWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with currentstatus subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Western SaharaMorocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whosesovereignty remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire hasremained in effect since September 1991 but attempts to hold areferendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected allbrokered proposals
Worldstretching over 250,000 km, the world's 325 international landboundaries separate the 192 independent states and 72 dependencies,areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided statesinto separate political entities as much as history, physicalterrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimesarbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimedlimits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries andjoint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to providefor national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, andterritorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant toviolent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment ofpolitical boundaries are confined to short segments and are todayless common and less hostile than borderland, resource, andterritorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, andunmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-borderactivities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorialdisputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or theymay be brought on by resource competition; ethnic clashes continueto be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation aroundthe world; disputes over islands at sea or in rivers frequently formthe source of territorial and boundary conflict; other sources ofcontention include access to water and mineral (especiallypetroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable land; nonetheless, mostnations cooperate to clarify their international boundaries and toresolve territorial and resource disputes peacefully; regionaldiscord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of localpopulations, often leaving the world community to cope withresultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, deforestation,and desertification
YemenYemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islandsawarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; nomadic groups in border regionwith Saudi Arabia resist demarcation of boundary in accordance wih2000 Jeddah Treaty; Yemen protests Saudi erection of aconcrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegalcross-border activities in sections of the boundary
Zambiathe Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundaryconvergence is not clearly defined or delimited
Zimbabwethe Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundaryconvergence is not clearly defined or delimited
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
AfghanistanPashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
AlbaniaAlbanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,and Macedonian or Bulgarian) (1989 est.)note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
AlgeriaArab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; theminority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in themountainous region of Kabylie east of Algeirs; the Berbers are alsoMuslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab culturalheritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, forautonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but hasoffered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
American SamoaSamoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,other 5%
AndorraSpanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other6% (1998)
AngolaOvimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixedEuropean and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguillablack (predominant), mulatto, white
Antigua and Barbudablack, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentinawhite (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo,Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%
ArmeniaArmenian 93%, Azeri 1%, Russian 2%, other (mostly YezidiKurds) 4% (2002)note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated fromArmenia
Arubamixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
AustraliaCaucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
AustriaGerman 88.5%, indigenous minorities 1.5% (includesCroatians, Slovenes, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma), recentimmigrant groups 10% (includes Turks, Bosnians, Serbians, Croatians)(2001)
AzerbaijanAzeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%,other 2.3% (1998 est.)note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakhregion
Bahamas, Theblack 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
BahrainBahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
BangladeshBengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbadosblack 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
BelarusBelarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, andother 7.4%
BelgiumFleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belizemestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other9.7%
BeninAfrican 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermudablack 58%, white 36%, other 6%
BhutanBhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one ofseveral Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
BoliviaQuechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and HerzegovinaSerb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other0.6% (2000)note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoidconfusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
BotswanaTswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazilwhite (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish)55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese,Arab, Amerindian) 1%
British Virgin Islandsblack 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
BruneiMalay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
BulgariaBulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (includingMacedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001)
Burkina FasoMossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,Fulani
BurmaBurman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
BurundiHutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
CambodiaKhmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
CameroonCameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, otherAfrican 13%, non-African less than 1%
CanadaBritish Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixedbackground 26%
Cape VerdeCreole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islandsmixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates ofvarious ethnic groups 20%
Central African RepublicBaya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom areMuslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000French citizens live in Chad
Chilewhite and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
ChinaHan Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas IslandChinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsEuropeans, Cocos Malays
Colombiamestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixedblack-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
ComorosAntalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of theover 200 African ethnic groups ofwhich the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about45% of the population
Congo, Republic of theKongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,Europeans and other 3%note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespreaddestruction of foreign businesses in 1997
Cook IslandsPolynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%
Costa Ricawhite (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'IvoireAkan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)
CroatiaCroat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, Bosniak 0.5%, Hungarian 0.4%,Slovene 0.3%, Czech 0.2%, Roma 0.2%, Albanian 0.1%, Montenegrin0.1%, others 4.1% (2001)
Cubamulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
CyprusGreek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)
Czech RepublicCzech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other0.5% (1991)
DenmarkScandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,Somali
DjiboutiSomali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian5%
Dominicablack, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, CaribAmerindian
Dominican Republicwhite 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%
East TimorAustronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chineseminority
Ecuadormestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
EgyptEastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian andFrench) 1%
El Salvadormestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%
Equatorial GuineaBioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish
Eritreaethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%
EstoniaEstonian 65.3%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Belarusian1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.6% (1998)
EthiopiaOromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)British
Faroe IslandsScandinavian
FijiFijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesianadmixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseasChinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
FinlandFinn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma0.2%, Sami 0.1%
FranceCeltic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,Indochinese, Basque minorities
French Guianablack or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,Amerindian 12%, other 10%
French PolynesiaPolynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,metropolitan French 4%
GabonBantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, TheAfrican 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%
Gaza StripPalestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
GeorgiaGeorgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%,Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%
GermanyGerman 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely ofGreek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)
Ghanablack African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5%(1998)
GibraltarSpanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,North Africans
GreeceGreek 98%, other 2%note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions inGreece
GreenlandGreenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danishand others 12% (January 2000)
Grenadablack 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and EastIndian 5% , and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian
Guadeloupeblack or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,Chinese less than 5%
GuamChamorro 37%, Filipino 26%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese,Korean, and other 27%
GuatemalaMestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilatedAmerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%,Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whitesand others 2%
GuernseyUK and Norman-French descent with small percentages fromother European countries
GuineaPeuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-BissauAfrican 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
GuyanaEast Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,and mixed 7%
Haitiblack 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City)Italians, Swiss, other
Hondurasmestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,black 2%, white 1%
Hong KongChinese 95%, other 5%
HungaryHungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%,Romanian 0.7%
Icelandhomogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,population of foreign origin 6%
IndiaIndo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
IndonesiaJavanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays7.5%, other 26%
IranPersian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
IraqArab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
IrelandCeltic, English
IsraelJewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)(1996 est.)
ItalyItalian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, andSlovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians andGreek-Italians in the south)
Jamaicablack 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
JapanJapanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japanin the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil(2004)
JerseyUK and Norman-French descent
JordanArab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
KazakhstanKazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek2.5%, German 2.4%, Uygur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)
KenyaKikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, andArab) 1%
Kiribatipredominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian
Korea, Northracially homogeneous; there is a small Chinesecommunity and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, Southhomogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
KuwaitKuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,other 7%
KyrgyzstanKyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)
LaosLao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnicVietnamese/Chinese 1%
LatviaLatvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)
LebanonArab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
LesothoSotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Liberiaindigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio,Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants ofimmigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)
LibyaBerber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
LiechtensteinAlemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%
LithuaniaLithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Belarusian1.6%, other 2.1%
LuxembourgCeltic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European(guest and resident workers)
MacauChinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry),Portuguese, other
MacedoniaMacedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.8%, Roma 2.7%,Serb 1.8%, other 2.3% (2002)
MadagascarMalayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,Creole, Comoran
MalawiChewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,Ngonde, Asian, European
MalaysiaMalay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 24%, Indian 8%,others 10% (2000)
MaldivesSouth Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
MaliMande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
MaltaMaltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Man, Isle ofManx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
Marshall IslandsMicronesian
MartiniqueAfrican and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,East Indian, Chinese less than 5%
Mauritaniamixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%
MauritiusIndo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,Franco-Mauritian 2%
MayotteNA
Mexicomestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantlyAmerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States ofnine ethnic Micronesian andPolynesian groups
MoldovaMoldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
MonacoFrench 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
MongoliaMongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
Montserratblack, white
MoroccoArab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Mozambiqueindigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe,Sena, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibiablack 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
NauruNauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European8%
NepalBrahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu,Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)
NetherlandsDutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western originmainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese and Indonesians)(1999 est.)
Netherlands Antillesmixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, EastAsian
New CaledoniaMelanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
New ZealandNew Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%
Nicaraguamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black9%, Amerindian 5%
NigerHausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200French expatriates
NigeriaNigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, iscomposed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the mostpopulous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
NiuePolynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)
Norfolk Islanddescendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, NewZealander, Polynesians
Northern Mariana IslandsChamorro, Carolinians and otherMicronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean
NorwayNorwegian, Sami 20,000
OmanArab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,Bangladeshi), African
PakistanPunjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir(immigrants from India at the time of partition and theirdescendants)