Solomon Islandstotal: 1,360 kmpaved: 34 kmunpaved: 1,326 km (1999 est.)
Somaliatotal: 22,100 kmpaved: 2,608 kmunpaved: 19,492 km (1999 est.)
South Africatotal: 362,099 kmpaved: 73,506 km (including 2,032 km of expressways)unpaved: 288,593 km (2000)
Spaintotal: 663,795 kmpaved: 657,157 km (including 10,317 km of expressways)unpaved: 6,638 km (1999)
Sri Lankatotal: 96,695 kmpaved: 91,860 kmunpaved: 4,835 km (1999)
Sudantotal: 11,900 kmpaved: 4,320 kmunpaved: 7,580 km (1999 est.)
Surinametotal: 4,492 kmpaved: 1,168 kmunpaved: 3,324 km (2000)
Svalbardtotal: NA kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Swazilandtotal: 3,247 kmpaved: NAunpaved: NA (1998)
Swedentotal: 212,402 kmpaved: 166,523 km (including 1,499 km of expressways)unpaved: 45,879 km (2000)
Switzerlandtotal: 71,011 kmpaved: 71,011 km (including 1,638 of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2000)
Syriatotal: 43,381 kmpaved: 10,021 km (including 877 km of expressways)unpaved: 33,360 km (1999)
Taiwantotal: 35,931 kmpaved: 31,583 km (including 608 km of expressways)unpaved: 4,348 km (2000)
Tajikistantotal: 27,767 kmpaved: NAunpaved: NA (2000)
Tanzaniatotal: 88,200 kmpaved: 3,704 kmunpaved: 84,496 km (1999 est.)
Thailandtotal: 64,600 kmpaved: 62,985 kmunpaved: 1,615 km (1999 est.)
Togototal: 7,520 kmpaved: 2,376 kmunpaved: 5,144 km (1999 est.)
Tokelautotal: NA kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Tongatotal: 680 kmpaved: 184 kmunpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)
Trinidad and Tobagototal: 8,320 kmpaved: 4,252 kmunpaved: 4,068 km (1999 est.)
Tunisiatotal: 18,997 kmpaved: 12,310 km (including 142 km of expressways)unpaved: 6,687 km (2000)
Turkeytotal: 385,960 kmpaved: 131,226 km (including 1,749 km of expressways)unpaved: 254,734 km (1999)
Turkmenistantotal: 24,000 kmpaved: 19,488 kmunpaved: 4,512 km (1999 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islandstotal: 121 kmpaved: 24 kmunpaved: 97 km (2000)
Tuvalutotal: 8 kmpaved: 0 kmunpaved: 8 km (1999 est.)
Ugandatotal: 27,000 kmpaved: 1,809 kmunpaved: 25,191 km (1999 est.)
Ukrainetotal: 169,491 kmpaved: 163,898 kmunpaved: 5,593 km (2000)
United Arab Emiratestotal: 1,088 kmpaved: 1,088 km (including 253 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)
United Kingdomtotal: 371,913 kmpaved: 371,913 km (including 3,358 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (1999)
United Statestotal: 6,406,296 kmpaved: 4,148,395 km (including 74,898 km of expressways)unpaved: 2,257,902 km (2002)
Uruguaytotal: 8,983 kmpaved: 8,081 kmunpaved: 902 km (1999 est.)
Uzbekistantotal: 81,600 kmpaved: 71,237 kmunpaved: 10,363 km (1999 est.)
Vanuatutotal: 1,070 kmpaved: 256 kmunpaved: 814 km (1999 est.)
Venezuelatotal: 96,155 kmpaved: 32,308 kmunpaved: 63,847 km (1999 est.)
Vietnamtotal: 93,300 kmpaved: 23,418 kmunpaved: 69,882 km (1999 est.)
Virgin Islands total: 856 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km note: the only US possession where driving on the left side of the road is practiced (2000)
Wallis and Futuna total: 120 km (Ile Uvea 100 km, Ile Futuna 20 km) paved: 16 km (all on Ile Uvea) unpaved: 104 km (Ile Uvea 84 km, Ile Futuna 20 km)
West Banktotal: 4,500 kmpaved: 2,700 kmunpaved: 1,800 kmnote: Israelis have developed many highways to service Jewishsettlements (1997 est.)
Western Saharatotal: 6,200 kmpaved: 1,350 kmunpaved: 4,850 km (1991 est)
Worldtotal: NA kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Yementotal: 67,000 kmpaved: 7,705 kmunpaved: 59,295 km (1999 est.)
Zambiatotal: 66,781 kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km (1999 est.)
Zimbabwetotal: 18,338 kmpaved: 8,692 kmunpaved: 9,646 km (1999 est.)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@2086 Illicit drugs
Afghanistanworld's largest producer of opium; cultivation of opiumpoppy reached unprecedented level of 206,700 hectares in 2004;counterdrug efforts largely unsuccessful; potential opium productionof 4,950 metric tons; potential heroin production of 582 metric tonsif all opium was processed; source of hashish; manynarcotics-processing labs throughout the country; drug trade sourceof instability and some antigovernment groups profit from the trade;80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes from Afghan opium;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through informal financialnetworks
Albaniaincreasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asianopiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - toa far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined forWestern Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production;ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expandingin Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regionaltrafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens
Angolaused as a transshipment point for cocaine destined forWestern Europe and other African states
Anguillatransshipment point for South American narcotics destinedfor the US and Europe
Antigua and Barbudaconsidered a minor transshipment point fornarcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as anoffshore financial center
Argentinaused as a transshipment country for cocaine headed forEurope and the US; some money-laundering activity, especially in theTri-Border Area; domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers isincreasing
Armeniaillicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domesticconsumption; used as a transit point for illicit drugs - mostlyopium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to alesser extent the rest of Europe
Arubatransit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with someaccompanying money-laundering activity
AustraliaTasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licitopiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas ofopium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
Austriatransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and SouthAmerican cocaine destined for Western Europe
Azerbaijanlimited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to alesser extent the rest of Europe
Bahamas, Thetransshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound forUS and Europe; offshore financial center
Bangladeshtransit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboringcountries
Barbadosone of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcoticsbound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center
Belaruslimited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly forthe domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to andvia Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small andlightly regulated financial center; new anti-money-launderinglegislation does not meet international standards; fewinvestigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities
Belgiumgrowing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point forUS-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South Americancocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin,hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite astrengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable tomoney laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol andtobacco
Belizemajor transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicitproducer of cannabis for the international drug trade;money-laundering activity related to narcotics trafficking andoffshore sector
Benintransshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigeriantrafficking organizations and most commonly destined for WesternEurope and the US; vulnerable to money laundering due to a poorlyregulated financial infrastructure
Boliviaworld's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia andPeru) with an estimated 28,450 hectares under cultivation in June2003, a 23% increase from June 2002; intermediate coca products andcocaine exported mostly to or through Brazil, Argentina, and Chileto European and US drug markets; eradication and alternative cropprograms under the MESA administration have been unable to keep pacewith farmers' attempts to increase cultivation; money-launderingactivity related to narcotics trade, especially along the borderswith Brazil and Paraguay
Bosnia and Herzegovinaminor transit point for marijuana and opiatetrafficking routes to Western Europe; remains highly vulnerable tomoney laundering activity given a primarily cash-based andunregulated economy, weak law enforcement and instances of corruption
Brazilillicit producer of cannabis; minor coca cultivation in theAmazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has alarge-scale eradication program to control cannabis; importanttransshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian and Peruvian cocaineheaded for Europe and the US; also used by traffickers as a waystation for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia;upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; importantmarket for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicitnarcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through thefinancial system; significant illicit financial activity in theTri-Border Area
British Virgin Islandstransshipment point for South Americannarcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financialcenter makes it vulnerable to money laundering
Bruneidrug trafficking and illegally importing controlledsubstances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatorydeath penalty
Bulgariamajor European transshipment point for Southwest Asianheroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for theEuropean market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some moneylaundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions
Burmaworld's second largest producer of illicit opium (potentialproduction in 2003 - 484 metric tons, down 23% due to eradicationefforts and alternate development; cultivation in 2003 - 47,130hectares, a 39% decline from 2002); surrender of drug warlord KHUNSA's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a majorcounternarcotics success, but lack of government will and ability totake on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitmentagainst money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrugeffort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regionalconsumption; currently under Financial Action Task Forcecountermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequatemoney-laundering controls
Cambodianarcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some inthe government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium,heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis forthe international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to itscash-based economy and porous borders
Canadaillicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market andexport to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plantlarge quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit pointfor heroin and cocaine entering the US market; vulnerable tonarcotics money laundering because of its mature financial servicessector
Cape Verdeused as a transshipment point for illicit drugs movingfrom Latin America and Asia destined for Western Europe; the lack ofa well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Cayman Islandsoffshore financial center; vulnerable to drugtransshipment to the US and Europe
Chileimportant transshipment country for cocaine destined forEurope and the US; economic prosperity and increasing trade havemade Chile more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drugprofits, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone, but a newanti-money-laundering law improves controls; imported precursorspassed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising
Chinamajor transshipment point for heroin produced in the GoldenTriangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country forchemical precursors and methamphetamine
Colombiaillicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 2002 was144,450 hectares, a 15% decline since 2001); potential production ofopium between 2001 and 2002 declined by 25% to 91 metric tons;potential production of heroin declined to 11.3 metric tons; theworld's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplierof about 90% of the cocaine to the US market and the great majorityof cocaine to other international drug markets; important supplierof heroin to the US market; active aerial eradication program; asignificant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are eitherlaundered or invested in Colombia through the black market pesoexchange
Congo, Democratic Republic of the illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center
Costa Ricatransshipment country for cocaine and heroin from SouthAmerica; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots;domestic cocaine consumption is rising, particularly crack cocaine
Cote d'Ivoireillicit producer of cannabis, mostly for localconsumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asianheroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin Americancocaine destined for Europe and South Africa; while rampantcorruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking systemvulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financialsystem limits the country's utility as a major money-launderingcenter
Croatiatransit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asianheroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point formaritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe
Cubaterritorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zonefor cocaine and heroin bound for the US and Europe; established thedeath penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999
Cyprusminor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes andcontainer traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of anti-moneylaundering legislation, remains highly vulnerable to moneylaundering; identification of benefiting owners and reporting ofsuspicious transactions by nonresident-controlled companies inoffshore sector remains weak
Czech Republictransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin andminor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,organized crime
Dominicatransshipment point for narcotics bound for the US andEurope; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcementis weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to moneylaundering
Dominican Republictransshipment point for South American drugsdestined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point forecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcoticstraffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financialtransactions
East TimorNA
Ecuadorsignificant transit country for cocaine originating inColombia and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used inproduction of illicit narcotics; attractive location forcash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because ofdollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime, especiallyvulnerable along the border with Colombia; increased activity on thenorthern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents
Egypttransit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroinand opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; transit stop forNigerian couriers; concern as money-laundering site due to laxfinancial regulations and enforcement
El Salvadortransshipment point for cocaine; small amounts ofmarijuana produced for local consumption; domestic cocaine abuse onthe rise
Estoniatransshipment point for opiates and cannabis from SouthwestAsia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America toWestern Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from WesternEurope to Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem;possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking; potential moneylaundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is aconcern as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds
EthiopiaTransit hub for heroin originating in Southwest andSoutheast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well ascocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat(khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djiboutiand Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of awell-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Francetransshipment point for and consumer of South Americancocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics
French Guianasmall amount of marijuana grown for local consumption;minor transshipment point to Europe
Georgialimited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly fordomestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates viaCentral Asia to Western Europe and Russia
Germanysource of precursor chemicals for South American cocaineprocessors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asianheroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced syntheticdrugs; major financial center
Ghanaillicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to alesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and theUS; widespread crime and corruption have made money laundering aproblem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructurelimits the country's utility as a money-laundering center
Greecea gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis andheroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West andprecursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocainetransits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drugtrafficking and organized crime
Grenadasmall-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment pointfor marijuana and cocaine to US
Guatemalamajor transit country for cocaine and heroin; minorproducer of illicit opium poppy and cannabis for mostly domesticconsumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major stagingarea for drugs (particularly for cocaine); money laundering is aserious problem; corruption is a major problem; remains on FinancialAction Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List forcontinued failure to address deficiencies in money-launderingcontrol regime
Guyanatransshipment point for narcotics from South America -primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis
Haitimajor Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route tothe US and Europe; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombiannarcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financialtransactions; pervasive corruption
Hondurastransshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicitproducer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principallyfor local consumption; corruption is a major problem; somemoney-laundering activity
Hong KongMakes strenuous law enforcement efforts, but facesdifficult challenges in controlling transit of heroin andmethamphetamine to regional and world markets; modern banking systemprovides a conduit for money laundering; rising indigenous use ofsynthetic drugs, especially among young people
Hungarytransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabisand for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limitedproducer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine andmethamphetamine; improving, but remains vulnerable to moneylaundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking
Indiaworld's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceuticaltrade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicitinternational drug markets; transit point for illicit narcoticsproduced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system
Indonesiaillicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangleheroin
Irandespite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a keytransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domesticnarcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and according toofficial Iranian statistics there are at least 2 million drug usersin the country; lax anti-money-laundering regulations
Irelandtransshipment point for and consumer of hashish from NorthAfrica to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced syntheticdrugs; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined forWestern Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related moneylaundering using bureaux de change, trusts, shell companiesinvolving the offshore financial community remains a concern
Israelincreasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugsarrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan;money-laundering center
Italyimportant gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaineand Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; moneylaundering by organized crime and from smuggling
Jamaicamajor transshipment point for cocaine from South America toNorth America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis;government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;corruption is a major concern; substantial money-launderingactivity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicitfinancial transactions
Kazakhstansignificant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CISmarkets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra(for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicitcrops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russiaand the rest of Europe
Kenyawidespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transitcountry for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and NorthAmerica; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa;significant potential for money-laundering activity given thecountry's status as a regional financial center, massive corruption,and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities
Korea, Northfor years, from the 1970's into the 2000's, citizens ofthe Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many ofthem diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroadwhile trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December2004; in recent years, police investigations in Taiwan and Japanhave linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin andmethamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchantship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003;all indications point to North Korea emerging as an importantregional source of illicit drugs targeting markets in Japan, Taiwan,the Russian Far East, and China
Kyrgyzstanlimited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppyfor CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops;transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and therest of Europe
Laosworld's third-largest illicit opium producer (estimatedcultivation in 2003 - 18,900 hectares, a 19% decrease over 2002;estimated potential production in 2003 - 200 metric tons, a 11%increase from 2002); potential heroin producer; transshipment pointfor heroin and methamphetamine produced in Burma; illicit producerof cannabis; growing methamphetamine abuse problem
Latviatransshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central andSouthwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin Americancocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS; vulnerableto money laundering despite improved legislation due to nascentenforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation ofoffshore companies, exchange firms, and the gaming industry;organized crime (including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion,stolen cars, and prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds
Lebanoncannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectaresin 2002; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of LatinAmerican cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on wayto European markets and for Middle Eastern consumption
Liberiatransshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroinand South American cocaine for the European and US markets;corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond tradeprovide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack ofwell-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amajor money-laundering center
Liechtensteinhas strengthened money-laundering controls, but moneylaundering remains a concern due to Liechtenstein sophisticatedoffshore financial services sector
Lithuaniatransshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugsfrom Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to WesternEurope and Scandinavia; limited production of methamphetamine andecstasy; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to bankinglegislation
Macedoniamajor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin andhashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined forEurope; although most criminal activity is thought to be domesticand not a financial center, money laundering is a problem due to amostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement (no arrests orprosecutions for money laundering to date)
Madagascarillicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wildvarieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment pointfor heroin
Malaysiatransit point for some illicit drugs; drug traffickingprosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties
Maltaminor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa toWestern Europe
Martiniquetransshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound forthe US and Europe
Mauritiusminor consumer and transshipment point for heroin fromSouth Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally;significant offshore financial industry creates potential for moneylaundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and thegovernment appears generally to be committed to regulating itsbanking industry
Mexicoillicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 2001 -4,400 hectares; potential heroin production - 7 metric tons) and ofcannabis (in 2001 - 4,100 hectares); government eradication effortshave been key in keeping illicit crop levels low; major supplier ofheroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamineto the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country forUS-bound cocaine from South America, accounting for about 70 percentof estimated annual cocaine movement to the US; major drugsyndicates control majority of drug trafficking throughout thecountry; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significantmoney-laundering center
Moldovalimited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly forCIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs fromSouthwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, andpossibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity
Montserrattransshipment point for South American narcotics destinedfor the US and Europe
Moroccoillicit producer of hashish; shipments of hashish mostlydirected to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from SouthAmerica destined for Western Europe
MozambiqueSouthern African transit point for South Asian hashish,South Asian heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined forthe European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (forlocal consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa);corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking systemvulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developedfinancial infrastructure limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Nauruoffshore banking recently stopped, remains on Financial ActionTask Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List forcontinued failure to address deficiencies in money-launderingcontrol regime
Nepalillicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic andinternational drug markets; transit point for opiates from SoutheastAsia to the West
Netherlandsmajor European producer of ecstasy, illicitamphetamines, and other synthetic drugs; important gateway forcocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source ofUS-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to moneylaundering
Netherlands Antillestransshipment point for South American drugsbound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center
Nicaraguatransshipment point for cocaine destined for the US andtransshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
Nigeriaa transit point for heroin and cocaine intended forEuropean, East Asian, and North American markets; safehaven forNigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; majormoney-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity,remains on Financial Action Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries andTerritories List for continued failure to address deficiencies inmoney-laundering control regime
Pakistanopium poppy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas,North-West Frontier Province, and Balochistan Province has reboundedsince it was nearly eliminated in 2001; key transit point for Afghandrugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound forWestern markets, the Gulf States, and Africa; financial crimesrelated to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smugglingremain problems
Panamamajor cocaine transshipment point and primarymoney-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-launderingactivity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshorefinancial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoringof financial transactions is improving; official corruption remainsa major problem
Paraguaymajor illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which isconsumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country forAndean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets,Europe, and US; corruption and some money-laundering activity,especially in the Tri-Border Area
Peruuntil 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emergingopium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15 percent to31,150 hectares between 2002 and the end of 2003; much of thecocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing intococaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports tothe international drug market; increasing amounts of base andfinished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia foruse in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa
Philippinesexports locally-produced marijuana and hashish to EastAsia, the US, and other Western markets; serves as a transit pointfor heroin and crystal methamphetamine; domestic methamphetamineproduction is a growing problem; remains on Financial Action TaskForce Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for continuedfailure to address deficiencies in money-laundering control regime
Polandmajor illicit producer of synthetic drugs for theinternational market; minor transshipment point for Asian and LatinAmerican illicit drugs to Western Europe
Portugalgateway country for Latin American cocaine and SouthwestAsian heroin entering the European market (especially from Brazil);transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe;consumer of Southwest Asian heroin
Romaniamajor transshipment point for Southwest Asian herointransiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin Americancocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significantfinancial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerableto laundering which occurs via the banking system, currency exchangehouses, and casinos
Russialimited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy andproducer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption;government has active illicit crop eradication program; used astransshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin Americancocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extentWestern and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major sourceof heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime arekey concerns; heroin increasingly popular in domestic market
Saint Kitts and Nevistransshipment point for South American drugsdestined for the US and Europe; some money-laundering activity
Saint Luciatransit point for South American drugs destined for theUS and Europe
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinestransshipment point for SouthAmerican drugs destined for the US and Europe; small-scale cannabiscultivation
Saudi Arabiadeath penalty for traffickers; increasing consumptionof heroin, cocaine, and hashish; not a major money-launderingcenter, improving anti-money-laundering legislation
Senegaltransshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroinmoving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis
Serbia and Montenegrotransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroinmoving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable tomoney laundering
Singaporeas a transportation and financial services hub, Singaporeis vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to be used as atransit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for moneylaundering
Slovakiatransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound forWestern Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market
Sloveniaminor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroinbound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals
South Africatransshipment center for heroin, hashish, marijuana,and cocaine; cocaine consumption on the rise; world's largest marketfor illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegally from Indiathrough various east African countries; illicit cultivation ofmarijuana; attractive venue for money launderers given theincreasing level of organized criminal and narcotics activity in theregion
Spainkey European gateway country and consumer for Latin Americancocaine and North African hashish entering the European market;destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asianheroin; money laundering site for European earnings of Colombiannarcotics trafficking organizations
Surinamegrowing transshipment point for South American drugsdestined for Europe and Brazil; transshipment point forarms-for-drugs dealing
Switzerlanda major international financial center vulnerable to thelayering and integration stages of money laundering; despitesignificant legislation and reporting requirements, secrecy rulespersist and nonresidents are permitted to conduct business throughoffshore entities and various intermediaries; transit country forand consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin
Syriaa transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional andWestern markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls, bankprivatization may leave it vulnerable to money-laundering
Taiwanregional transit point for heroin and methamphetamine; majorproblem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin;renewal of domestic methamphetamine production is a problem
Tajikistanmajor transit country for Afghan narcotics bound forRussian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limitedillicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption;Tajikistan seizes roughly 80 percent of all drugs captured inCentral Asia and stands third world-wide in seizures of opiates(heroin and raw opium)
Tanzaniagrowing role in transshipment of Southwest and SoutheastAsian heroin and South American cocaine destined for South African,European, and US markets and of South Asian methaqualone bound forSouthern Africa; money laundering remains a problem
Thailanda minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; illicittransit point for heroin en route to the international drug marketfrom Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area ofcannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboringcountries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradicationefforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role inamphetamine production for regional consumption; increasingindigenous abuse of methamphetamine
Togotransit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; moneylaundering not a significant problem
Trinidad and Tobagotransshipment point for South American drugsdestined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis
Turkeykey transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to WesternEurope and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and searoutes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international traffickingorganizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convertimported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkeyas well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls overareas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy strawconcentrate
Turkmenistantransit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russianand Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursorchemicals bound for Afghanistan
Turks and Caicos Islandstransshipment point for South Americannarcotics destined for the US and Europe
Ukrainelimited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly forCIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to theWest; limited government eradication program; used as transshipmentpoint for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, LatinAmerica, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improvedanti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from theFinancial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries andTerritories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-launderingregime continues to be monitored by FATF
United Arab Emiratesthe UAE is a drug transshipment point fortraffickers given its proximity to southwest Asian drug producingcountries; the UAE's position as a major financial center makes itvulnerable to money laundering; anti-money-laundering controlsimproving
United Kingdomproducer of limited amounts of synthetic drugs andsynthetic precursor chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asianheroin, Latin American cocaine, and synthetic drugs;money-laundering center
United Statesconsumer of cocaine shipped from Colombia throughMexico and the Caribbean; consumer of heroin, marijuana, andincreasingly methamphetamine from Mexico; consumer of high-qualitySoutheast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana,depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine;money-laundering center
Uzbekistantransit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russianand, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicitcultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy fordomestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out bygovernment crop eradication program; transit point for heroinprecursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
Venezuelasmall-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for theprocessing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, largequantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the countryfrom Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-relatedmoney-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombiaand on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarilytargeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities byColombian insurgents on border
Vietnamminor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit pointfor Southeast Asian heroin; domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamineaddiction problems
Worldcocaine: worldwide, coca is grown on an estimated 173,450hectares-almost exclusively in South America with 70% in Colombia;potential cocaine production during 2003 is estimated at 728 metrictons (or 835 metric tons of export quality cocaine); cocaeradication programs continue in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru; 376metric tons of export quality cocaine are documented to have beenseized in 2003, and 26 metric tons disrupted (jettisoned ordestroyed); consumption of export quality cocaine is estimated tohave been 800 metric tonsopiates: cultivation of opium poppy occurred on an estimated 137,944hectares in 2003-mostly in Southwest and Southeast Asia-with 44% inAfghanistan, potentially produced 3,775 metric tons of opium - whichconceivably could be converted to the equivalent of 429 metric tonsof pure heroin; opium eradication programs have been undertaken inAfghanistan, Burma, Colombia, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam
Zambiatransshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone,small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa andpossibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupledwith a government commitment to combating money laundering make itan unattractive venue for money launderers
Zimbabwetransit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin,mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African andEuropean markets
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@2087 Imports
Afghanistan$1.007 billion (2002 est.)
Albania$1.76 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Algeria$12.42 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
American Samoa$123 million (2002)
Andorra$1.077 billion (1998)
Angola$4.08 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Anguilla$80.9 million (1999)
Antigua and Barbuda$692 million (2002 est.)
Argentina$13.27 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Armenia$1.18 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Aruba$841 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Australia$82.91 billion (2003 est.)
Austria$81.59 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Azerbaijan$2.498 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Bahamas, The$1.614 billion (2002 est.)
Bahrain$5.126 billion (2003 est.)
Bangladesh$9.459 billion (2003 est.)
Barbados$1.039 billion (2002)
Belarus$11.09 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Belgium$173 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Belize$500.6 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Benin$726 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Bermuda$5.523 billion (2002)
Bhutan$196 million c.i.f. (2000 est.)
Bolivia$1.505 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina$4.7 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Botswana$1.753 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Brazil$48.25 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
British Virgin Islands$187 million (2002 est.)
Brunei$1.63 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)
Bulgaria$9.723 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Burkina Faso$633.6 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Burma$2.071 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Burundi$128 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Cambodia$2.124 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Cameroon$1.959 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Canada$240.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Cape Verde$315.5 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Cayman Islands$457.4 million (1999)
Central African Republic$136 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Chad$760 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Chile$17.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
China$397.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Christmas IslandNA
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsNA
Colombia$13.06 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Comoros$88 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the$933 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Congo, Republic of the$666.9 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Cook Islands$50.7 million (2000)
Costa Rica$7.057 billion (2003 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire$2.781 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Croatia$12.86 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Cuba$4.531 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
CyprusRepublic of Cyprus: $4.637 billion f.o.b.; north Cyprus: $301million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Czech Republic$50.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Denmark$54.47 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Djibouti$665 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Dominica$98.2 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Dominican Republic$7.911 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
East Timor$237 million (2001 est.)
Ecuador$6.22 billion (2003 est.)
Egypt$14.75 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
El Salvador$5.466 billion (2003 est.)
Equatorial Guinea$1.371 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Eritrea$600 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Estonia$5.535 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Ethiopia$1.964 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
European Union$887.1 billion (2002)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)$53 million (2002)
Faroe Islands$466 million c.i.f. (2002)
Fiji$835 million c.i.f. (2002)
Finland$37.35 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
France$339.9 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
French Guiana$625 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)
French Polynesia$1.341 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Gabon$1.079 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Gambia, The$271 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Gaza Strip$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes West Bank
Georgia$1.25 billion (2003 est.)
Germany$585 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Ghana$3.24 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Gibraltar$1.743 billion c.i.f. (2002)
Greece$33.27 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Greenland$445 million c.i.f. (2002)
Grenada$208 million (2002 est.)
Guadeloupe$1.7 billion c.i.f. (1997)
Guam$462 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Guatemala$5.749 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
GuernseyNA
Guinea$646 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Guinea-Bissau$104 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Guyana$612 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Haiti$1.028 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Honduras$3.11 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Hong Kong$230.3 billion (2003 est.)
Hungary$46.19 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Iceland$2.59 billion (2003 est.)
India$74.15 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Indonesia$40.22 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Iran$25.26 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Iraq$6.521 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Ireland$57.54 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Israel$32.27 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Italy$271.1 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Jamaica$3.265 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Japan$346.6 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
JerseyNA
Jordan$4.946 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Kazakhstan$8.621 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Kenya$3.705 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Kiribati$83 million c.i.f. (2002)
Korea, North$2.042 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)
Korea, South$175.6 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Kuwait$9.606 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Kyrgyzstan$601 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Laos$492 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Latvia$4.921 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Lebanon$6.073 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Lesotho$661 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Liberia$5.051 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Libya$6.282 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Liechtenstein$917.3 million (1996)
Lithuania$9.2 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Luxembourg$11.61 billion c.i.f. (2002)
Macau$2.53 billion c.i.f. (2002)
Macedonia$2.184 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Madagascar$920 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Malawi$505 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Malaysia$74.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Maldives$392 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Mali$927 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Malta$2.761 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Man, Isle ofNA
Marshall Islands$54 million f.o.b. (2000)
Martinique$2 billion c.i.f. (1997)
Mauritania$860 million f.o.b. (2002)
Mauritius$2.136 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Mayotte$141.3 million f.o.b. (1997)
Mexico$168.9 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of$149 million f.o.b. (FY99/00 est.)
Moldova$1.34 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Monaco$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects andrebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU marketsystem through customs union with France
Mongolia$691 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)
Montserrat$17 million (2001)
Morocco$12.75 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Mozambique$1.142 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Namibia$1.371 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Nauru$31 million c.i.f. (2002)
Nepal$1.419 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Netherlands$217.7 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Netherlands Antilles$2.233 billion f.o.b. (2002)
New Caledonia$1.007 billion f.o.b. (2002)
New Zealand$16.06 billion (2003 est.)
Nicaragua$1.658 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Niger$400 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Nigeria$14.54 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Niue$2.38 million (1999)
Norfolk Island$17.9 million c.i.f. (FY91/92)
Northern Mariana IslandsNA
Norway$40.19 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Oman$5.659 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Pakistan$12.51 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Palau$99 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Panama$6.622 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Papua New Guinea$967 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Paraguay$2.77 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Peru$8.244 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Philippines$35.97 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Pitcairn IslandsNA
Poland$63.65 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Portugal$43.73 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Puerto Rico$29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001)
Qatar$5.711 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Reunion$2.5 billion c.i.f. (1997)
Romania$22.17 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Russia$74.8 billion (2003 est.)
Rwanda$245.8 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)