East TimorNA
Ecuadorgeneral assessment: generally elementary but being expandeddomestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliableinternational: country code - 593; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Egyptgeneral assessment: large system; underwent extensiveupgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access andcellular service are availabledomestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah,Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable andmicrowave radio relayinternational: country code - 20; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan;microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel and asignatory to Project Oxygen (a global submarine fiber-optic cablesystem)
El Salvadorgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: nationwide microwave radio relay systeminternational: country code - 503; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American MicrowaveSystem
Equatorial Guineageneral assessment: poor system with adequategovernment servicesdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 240; international communications fromBata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earthstation - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Eritreageneral assessment: inadequatedomestic: very inadequate; most telephones are in Asmara; governmentis seeking international tenders to improve the system (2002)international: country code - 291; note - international connectionsexist
Estoniageneral assessment: foreign investment in the form of jointbusiness ventures greatly improved telephone service; substantialfiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic inthe digital mode; Internet services are available throughout most ofthe country - only about 11,000 subscriber requests were unfilled bySeptember 2000domestic: a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internetservices is available throughout the countryinternational: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland,Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switchedservice; two international switches are located in Tallinn (2001)
Ethiopiageneral assessment: open-wire and microwave radio relaysystem; adequate for government usedomestic: open-wire; microwave radio relay; radio communication inthe HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; two domestic satellites providethe national trunk serviceinternational: country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti;microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earthstations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)
European Unionnote - see individual country entries of member states
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)general assessment: NAdomestic: government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CBradiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost allpoints on both islandsinternational: country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to othercountries
Faroe Islandsgeneral assessment: good international communications;good domestic facilitiesdomestic: digitalization was completed in 1998; both NMT (analog)and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installedinternational: country code - 298; satellite earth stations - 1Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands,linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-opticsubmarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable
Fijigeneral assessment: modern local, interisland, andinternational (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purposetelephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radiocommunications centerdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 679; access to important cable linksbetween US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; satelliteearth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Finlandgeneral assessment: modern system with excellent servicedomestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensivecellular network provide domestic needsinternational: country code - 358; 1 submarine cable (FinlandEstonia Connection); satellite earth stations - access to Intelsattransmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland sharesthe Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark,Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)
Francegeneral assessment: highly developeddomestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensiveintroduction of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite systeminternational: country code - 33; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 forAtlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region); HFradiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries
French Guianageneral assessment: NAdomestic: fair open-wire and microwave radio relay systeminternational: country code - 594; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
French Polynesiageneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 689; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Gabongeneral assessment: adequate service by African standards andimproving with the help of the growing mobile cell systemdomestic: adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay,tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and adomestic satellite system with 12 earth stationsinternational: country code - 241; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Gambia, Thegeneral assessment: adequate; a packet switched datanetwork is availabledomestic: adequate network of microwave radio relay and open-wireinternational: country code - 220; microwave radio relay links toSenegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat(Atlantic Ocean)
Gaza Stripgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: rudimentary telephone services provided by an open-wiresysteminternational: NA
Georgiageneral assessment: NAdomestic: local - T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi have cellular telephonenetworks; urban telephone density is about 20 per 100 people; ruraltelephone density is about 4 per 100 people; intercity facilitiesinclude a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi;nationwide pager service is availableinternational: country code - 995; Georgia and Russia are working ona fiber-optic line between P'ot'i and Sochi (Russia); presentinternational service is available by microwave, landline, andsatellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mailand telex service are available
Germanygeneral assessment: Germany has one of the world's mosttechnologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result ofintensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerlybackward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back toWorld War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of thewestern partdomestic: Germany is served by an extensive system of automatictelephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-opticcable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domesticsatellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available,expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreigncountriesinternational: country code - 49; Germany's international service isexcellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cablefacilities as well as earth stations in the INMARSAT, INTELSAT,EUTELSAT, and INTERSPUTNIK satellite systems (2001)
Ghanageneral assessment: poor to fair system; Internet accessible;many rural communities not yet connected; expansion of services isunderwaydomestic: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop hasbeen installedinternational: country code - 233; satellite earth stations - 4Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftelsystem connects Ghana to its neighbors; fiber optic submarine cable(SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Gibraltargeneral assessment: adequate, automatic domestic systemand adequate international facilitiesdomestic: automatic exchange facilitiesinternational: country code - 350; radiotelephone; microwave radiorelay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Greecegeneral assessment: adequate, modern networks reach allareas; good mobile telephone and international servicedomestic: microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wireconnections; submarine cable to offshore islandsinternational: country code - 30; tropospheric scatter; 8 submarinecables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Greenlandgeneral assessment: adequate domestic and internationalservice provided by satellite, cables and microwave radio relay;totally digitalized in 1995domestic: microwave radio relay and satelliteinternational: country code - 299; satellite earth stations - 12Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 2 Americom GE-2 (all Atlantic Ocean)
Grenadageneral assessment: automatic, islandwide telephone systemdomestic: interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone linksinternational: country code - 1-473; new SHF radiotelephone links toTrinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links toTrinidad
Guadeloupegeneral assessment: domestic facilities inadequatedomestic: NAinternational: country code - 590; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay to Antigua andBarbuda, Dominica, and Martinique
Guamgeneral assessment: modern system, integrated with USfacilities for direct dialing, including free use of 800 numbersdomestic: modern digital system, including cellular mobile serviceand local access to the Internetinternational: country code - 1-671; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to US and Japan (Guam isa trans-Pacific communications hub for MCI, Sprint, AT&T, IT&E, andGTE, linking the US and Asia)
Guatemalageneral assessment: fairly modern network centered in thecity of Guatemaladomestic: NAinternational: country code - 502; connected to Central AmericanMicrowave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (AtlanticOcean)
Guernseygeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: 1 submarine cable
Guineageneral assessment: poor to fair system of open-wire lines,small radiotelephone communication stations, and new microwave radiorelay systemdomestic: microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communicationinternational: country code - 224; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Guinea-Bissaugeneral assessment: small systemdomestic: combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines,radiotelephone, and cellular communicationsinternational: country code - 245
Guyanageneral assessment: fair system for long-distance callingdomestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk linesinternational: country code - 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad;satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Haitigeneral assessment: domestic facilities barely adequate;international facilities slightly betterdomestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay trunk serviceinternational: country code - 509; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Holy See (Vatican City)general assessment: automatic exchangedomestic: tied into Italian systeminternational: country code - 39; uses Italian system
Hondurasgeneral assessment: inadequate systemdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 504; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American MicrowaveSystem
Hong Konggeneral assessment: modern facilities provide excellentdomestic and international servicesdomestic: microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-opticnetworkinternational: country code - 852; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable toGuangzhou, China; access to 5 international submarine cablesproviding connections to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan,Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
Hungarygeneral assessment: the telephone system has been modernizedand is capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunicationservicedomestic: the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunkservices are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwaveradio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections wasinitiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephonesinternational: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cableconnections with all neighboring countries; the international switchis in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (AtlanticOcean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small apertureterminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals
Icelandgeneral assessment: extensive domestic servicedomestic: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-opticcables and microwave radio relay linksinternational: country code - 354; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Oceanregions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with theother Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)
Indiageneral assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization oftelecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid change;local and long distance service provided throughout all regions ofthe country, with services primarily concentrated in the urbanareas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admissionof private and private-public investors, but telephone densityremains low at about seven for each 100 persons nationwide but onlyone per 100 persons in rural areas and a national waiting list ofover 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service with modestgrowth in fixed linesdomestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak inrural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramaticreductions in price led in large part by wireless service; mobilecellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced in 1994 andorganized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecomcircles each with about three private service providers and onestate-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunkcapacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of theworld's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian NationalSatellite system (INSAT), with 5 satellites supporting 33,000 verysmall aperture terminals (VSAT)international: country code - 91; satellite earth stations - 8Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); ninegateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata(Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar,Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic LinkAround the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), SouthAfrica - Far East (SAFE) with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linkingto Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai(Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras),provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for bothvoice and data traffic (2004)
Indonesiageneral assessment: domestic service fair, internationalservice gooddomestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;domestic satellite communications systeminternational: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Irangeneral assessment: inadequate but currently being modernizedand expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency andincreasing the volume of the urban service but also bringingtelephone service to several thousand villages, not presentlyconnecteddomestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone systemsince 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwaveradio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have beenbrought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systemshas approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellularsubscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of thesystem has been raised by the installation of thousands of digitalswitchesinternational: country code - 98; HF radio and microwave radio relayto Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria,Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable toUAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG);Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijanthrough the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansionto Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and4 Inmarsat
Iraqgeneral assessment: the 2003 war severely disruptedtelecommunications throughout Iraq including internationalconnections; USAID is overseeing the repair of switching capabilityand the construction of mobile and satellite communicationsfacilitiesdomestic: repairs to switches and lines destroyed in the recentfighting continue but sabotage remains a problem; cellular serviceis expected to be in place within two yearsinternational: country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik(Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cableand microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey;Kuwait line is probably nonoperational
Irelandgeneral assessment: modern digital system using cable andmicrowave radio relaydomestic: microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 353; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Israelgeneral assessment: most highly developed system in theMiddle East although not the largestdomestic: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay;all systems are digitalinternational: country code - 972; 3 submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Italygeneral assessment: modern, well developed, fast; fullyautomated telephone, telex, and data servicesdomestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunksinternational: country code - 39; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NAEutelsat; 21 submarine cables
Jamaicageneral assessment: fully automatic domestic telephonenetworkdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 1-876; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables
Japangeneral assessment: excellent domestic and internationalservicedomestic: high level of modern technology and excellent service ofevery kindinternational: country code - 81; satellite earth stations - 5Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik(Indian Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Oceanregions); submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US(via Guam) (1999)
Jerseygeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: 3 submarine cables
Johnston Atollgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: 512 KB satellite link to Hawaii teleport; 20 (POTS) voiceand data linesinternational: NA (2002)
Jordangeneral assessment: service has improved recently withincreased use of digital switching equipment, but better access tothe telephone system is needed in the rural areas and easier accessto pay telephones is needed by the urban publicdomestic: microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial andfiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; considerable use ofmobile cellular systems; Internet service is availableinternational: country code - 962; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals;fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay linkwith Egypt and Syria; connection to international submarine cableFLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); participant in MEDARABTEL;international links total about 4,000
Kazakhstangeneral assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquateddomestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobilecellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstaninternational: country code - 7; international traffic with otherformer Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwaveradio relay and with other countries by satellite and by theTrans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations- 2 Intelsat
Kenyageneral assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernizeexcept for service to businessdomestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business datacommonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) systeminternational: country code - 254; satellite earth stations - 4Intelsat
Kiribatigeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)note: country code - 686; Kiribati is being linked to the PacificOcean Cooperative Telecommunications Network, which should improvetelephone service
Korea, Northgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 850; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Russian (Indian Ocean region); otherinternational connections through Moscow and Beijing
Korea, Southgeneral assessment: excellent domestic andinternational servicesdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 82; fiber-optic submarine cable toChina; the Russia-Korea-Japan submarine cable; satellite earthstations - 3 Intelsat (2 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
Kuwaitgeneral assessment: the quality of service is excellentdomestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for newsubscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay,coaxial cable, and open-wire and fiber-optic cable; a cellulartelephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is wellsupplied with pay telephonesinternational: country code - 965; coaxial cable and microwave radiorelay to Saudi Arabia; linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via theFiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat(1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean), and2 Arabsat
Kyrgyzstangeneral assessment: poorly developed; about 100,000unsatisfied applications for household telephonesdomestic: principally microwave radio relay; one cellular provider,probably limited to Bishkek regioninternational: country code - 996; connections with other CIScountries by landline or microwave radio relay and with othercountries by leased connections with Moscow international gatewayswitch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnikand 1 Intelsat; connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe(TAE) fiber-optic line
Laosgeneral assessment: service to general public is poor butimproving with over 20,000 telephones currently in service and anadditional 48,000 expected by 2001; the government relies on aradiotelephone network to communicate with remote areasdomestic: radiotelephone communicationsinternational: country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Latviageneral assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized toprovide an international capability independent of the Moscowinternational switch; more facilities are being installed forindividual usedomestic: expansion underway in intercity trunk line connections,rural exchanges, and mobile systems; still many unsatisfiedsubscriber applicationsinternational: country code - 371; international connections are nowavailable via cable and a satellite earth station at Riga, enablingdirect connections for most calls (1998)
Lebanongeneral assessment: telecommunications system severelydamaged by civil war; rebuilding well underwaydomestic: primarily microwave radio relay and cableinternational: country code - 961; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (erratic operations);coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria butinoperable beyond Syria to Jordan; 3 submarine coaxial cables
Lesothogeneral assessment: rudimentary systemdomestic: consists of a few landlines, a small microwave radio relaysystem, and a minor radiotelephone communication system; a cellularmobile telephone system is growinginternational: country code - 266; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Liberiageneral assessment: telephone and telegraph service viamicrowave radio relay network; main center is Monroviadomestic: NAinternational: country code - 231; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Libyageneral assessment: telecommunications system is beingmodernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in1996domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular,tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earthstationsinternational: country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables toFrance and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt;tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)
Liechtensteingeneral assessment: automatic telephone systemdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 423; linked to Swiss networks by cableand microwave radio relay
Lithuaniageneral assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized toprovide an improved international capability and better residentialaccessdomestic: a national, fiber-optic cable, interurban, trunk system isnearing completion; rural exchanges are being improved and expanded;mobile cellular systems are being installed; access to the Internetis available; still many unsatisfied telephone subscriberapplicationsinternational: country code - 370; landline connections to Latviaand Poland; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, andNorway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite
Luxembourggeneral assessment: highly developed, completelyautomated and efficient system, mainly buried cablesdomestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cableinternational: country code - 352; 3 channels leased on TAT-6coaxial submarine cable (Europe to North America)
Macaugeneral assessment: fairly modern communication facilitiesmaintained for domestic and international servicesdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 853; HF radiotelephone communicationfacility; access to international communications carriers providedvia Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat(Indian Ocean)
Macedoniageneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 389
Madagascargeneral assessment: system is above average for the regiondomestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay,and tropospheric scatter links connect regionsinternational: country code - 261; submarine cable to Bahrain;satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Malawigeneral assessment: NAdomestic: system employs open-wire lines, microwave radio relaylinks, and radiotelephone communications stationsinternational: country code - 265; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Malaysiageneral assessment: modern system; international serviceexcellentdomestic: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysiamainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radiorelay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domesticsatellite system with 2 earth stationsinternational: country code - 60; submarine cables to India, HongKong, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 IndianOcean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2001)
Maldivesgeneral assessment: minimal domestic and internationalfacilitiesdomestic: interatoll communication through microwave links; allinhabited islands are connected with telephone and fax serviceinternational: country code - 960; satellite earth station - 3Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Maligeneral assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving;provides only minimal servicedomestic: network consists of microwave radio relay, open-wire, andradiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radiorelay in progressinternational: country code - 223; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Maltageneral assessment: automatic system satisfies normalrequirementsdomestic: submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islandsinternational: country code - 356; 2 submarine cables; satelliteearth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Man, Isle ofgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: landline, telefax, mobile cellular telephone systeminternational: fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, satelliteearth station, submarine cable
Marshall Islandsgeneral assessment: digital switching equipment;modern services include telex, cellular, internet, internationalcalling, caller ID, and leased data circuitsdomestic: Majuro Atoll and Ebeye and Kwajalein islands have regular,seven-digit, direct-dial telephones; other islands interconnected byshortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)international: country code - 692; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); US Government satellite communicationssystem on Kwajalein (2001)
Martiniquegeneral assessment: domestic facilities are adequatedomestic: NAinternational: country code - 596; microwave radio relay toGuadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Mauritaniageneral assessment: limited system of cable and open-wirelines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephonecommunications stations (improvements being made)domestic: mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completeddomestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott withregional capitalsinternational: country code - 222; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat
Mauritiusgeneral assessment: small system with good servicedomestic: primarily microwave radio relay trunk systeminternational: country code - 230; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HFradiotelephone links to several countries; fiber optic submarinecable (SAT-3/WASC/SAFE) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Mayottegeneral assessment: small system administered by FrenchDepartment of Posts and Telecommunicationsdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 269; microwave radio relay and HFradiotelephone communications to Comoros (2001)
Mexicogeneral assessment: low telephone density with about 15.2main lines per 100 persons; privatized in December 1990; the openingto competition in January 1997 improved prospects for development,but Telemex remains dominantdomestic: adequate telephone service for business and government,but the population is poorly served; mobile subscribers faroutnumber fixed-line subscribers; domestic satellite system with 120earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network;considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cableinternational: country code - 52; satellite earth stations - 32Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to SouthAmerica, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancingdomestic communications), numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations;linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections;high capacity Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access tothe US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Morocco, Spain, and Italy(1997)
Micronesia, Federated States ofgeneral assessment: adequate systemdomestic: islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (usedmostly for government purposes), satellite (Intelsat) groundstations, and some coaxial and fiber-optic cable; cellular serviceavailable on Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yapinternational: country code - 691; satellite earth stations - 5Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2002)
Moldovageneral assessment: inadequate, outmoded, poor serviceoutside Chisinau; some effort to modernize is under waydomestic: new subscribers face long wait for service; mobilecellular telephone service being introducedinternational: country code - 373; service through Romania andRussia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat,and Intersputnik
Monacogeneral assessment: modern automatic telephone systemdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 377; no satellite earth stations;connected by cable into the French communications system
Mongoliageneral assessment: very low density: about 3.5 telephonesfor each thousand personsdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 976; satellite earth station - 1Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
Montserratgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 1-664
Moroccogeneral assessment: modern system with all importantcapabilities; however, density is low with only 4.6 main linesavailable for each 100 personsdomestic: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, andmicrowave radio relay links; Internet available but expensive;principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat; nationalnetwork nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved ruralservice employs microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 212; 7 submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara;coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; participant inMedarabtel; fiber-optic cable link from Agadir to Algeria andTunisia (1998)
Mozambiquegeneral assessment: fair system but not availablegenerally (telephone density is only 16 telephones for each 1,000persons)domestic: the system consists of open-wire lines and trunkconnection by microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatterinternational: country code - 258; satellite earth stations - 5Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)
Namibiageneral assessment: good system; about 6 telephones for each100 personsdomestic: good urban services; fair rural service; microwave radiorelay links major towns; connections to other populated places areby open wire; 100% digitalinternational: country code - 264; fiber-optic cable to SouthAfrica, microwave radio relay link to Botswana, direct links toother neighboring countries; connected to Africa ONE and SouthAfrican Far East (SAFE) submarine cables through South Africa;satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (2002)
Naurugeneral assessment: adequate local and internationalradiotelephone communication provided via Australian facilitiesdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 674; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Nepalgeneral assessment: poor telephone and telegraph service; fairradiotelephone communication service and mobile cellular telephonenetworkdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 977; radiotelephone communications;microwave landline to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat(Indian Ocean)
Netherlandsgeneral assessment: highly developed and well maintaineddomestic: extensive fixed-line fiber-optic network; cellulartelephone system is one of the largest in Europe with five majornetwork operators utilizing the third generation of the GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications (GSM)international: country code - 31; 9 submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2004)
Netherlands Antillesgeneral assessment: generally adequatefacilitiesdomestic: extensive interisland microwave radio relay linksinternational: country code - 599; submarine cables - 2; satelliteearth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
New Caledoniageneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 687; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
New Zealandgeneral assessment: excellent domestic and internationalsystemsdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 64; submarine cables to Australia andFiji; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Nicaraguageneral assessment: inadequate system being upgraded byforeign investmentdomestic: low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system beingexpanded; connected to Central American Microwave Systeminternational: country code - 505; satellite earth stations - 1Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Nigergeneral assessment: small system of wire, radio telephonecommunications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in thesouthwestern area of Nigerdomestic: wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radiorelay; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 plannedinternational: country code - 227; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Nigeriageneral assessment: an inadequate system, further limited bypoor maintenance; major expansion is required and a start has beenmadedomestic: intercity traffic is carried by coaxial cable, microwaveradio relay, a domestic communications satellite system with 19earth stations, and a coastal submarine cable; mobile cellularfacilities and the Internet are availableinternational: country code - 234; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); fiber opticsubmarine cable (SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Niuedomestic: single-line telephone system connects all villages onislandinternational: country code - 683
Norfolk Islandgeneral assessment: adequatedomestic: NAinternational: country code - 672; undersea coaxial cable links withAustralia, New Zealand, and Canada; satellite service planned fornear future
Northern Mariana Islandsgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 1-670; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Norwaygeneral assessment: modern in all respects; one of the mostadvanced telecommunications networks in Europedomestic: Norway has a domestic satellite system; moreover, theprevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of cellular mobilesystems instead of fixed-wire systemsinternational: country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 4coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NAIntelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Oceanregions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with theother Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (1999)
Omangeneral assessment: modern system consisting of open-wire,microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limitedcoaxial cabledomestic: open-wire, microwave, radiotelephone communications, and adomestic satellite system with 8 earth stationsinternational: country code - 968; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
Pakistangeneral assessment: the domestic system is mediocre, butimproving; service is adequate for government and business use, inpart because major businesses have established their own privatesystems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in thenational telecommunications system on a priority basis,significantly increasing network capacity; despite majorimprovements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication servicesare still not readily available to the majority of the ruralpopulationdomestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,cellular, and satellite networksinternational: country code - 92; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operationalinternational gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad);microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (1999)
Palaugeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 680; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Panamageneral assessment: domestic and international facilitieswell developeddomestic: NAinternational: country code - 507; 1 coaxial submarine cable;satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected tothe Central American Microwave System
Papua New Guineageneral assessment: services are adequate;facilities provide radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,aeronautical radio, and international radio communication servicesdomestic: mostly radiotelephoneinternational: country code - 675; submarine cables to Australia andGuam; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean);international radio communication service
Paraguaygeneral assessment: meager telephone service; principalswitching center is Asunciondomestic: fair microwave radio relay networkinternational: country code - 595; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Perugeneral assessment: adequate for most requirementsdomestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domesticsatellite system with 12 earth stationsinternational: country code - 51; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
Philippinesgeneral assessment: good international radiotelephoneand submarine cable services; domestic and inter-island serviceadequatedomestic: domestic satellite system with 11 earth stationsinternational: country code - 63; 9 international gateways;satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 PacificOcean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, andJapan
Pitcairn Islandsgeneral assessment: only party line telephoneservice is available for this small, closely related communitydomestic: party line service onlyinternational: country code - 672; satellite earth station (Inmarsat)
Polandgeneral assessment: underdeveloped and outmoded system in theprocess of being overhauled; partial privatization of thestate-owned telephone monopoly is underway; the long waiting listfor main line telephone service has resulted in a boom in mobilecellular telephone usedomestic: cable, open-wire, and microwave radio relay; 3 cellularnetworks; local exchanges 56.6% digitalinternational: country code - 48; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat, NA Eutelsat, 2 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Oceanregions), and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Portugalgeneral assessment: Portugal's telephone system hasachieved a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speedcapabilities and a main line telephone density of 53%domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwaveradio relay, and domestic satellite earth stationsinternational: country code - 351; 6 submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean),NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth stationfor Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned
Puerto Ricogeneral assessment: modern system integrated with thatof the US by high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat withhigh-speed data capabilitydomestic: digital telephone system; cellular telephone serviceinternational: country code - 1-787, 939; satellite earth station -1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US
Qatargeneral assessment: modern system centered in Dohadomestic: NAinternational: country code - 974; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain;microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable toBahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 AtlanticOcean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
Reuniongeneral assessment: adequate system; principal center isSaint-Denisdomestic: modern open-wire and microwave radio relay networkinternational: country code - 262; radiotelephone communication toComoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius;satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); fiber opticsubmarine cable (SAT-3/WASC/SAFE) provides connectivity to Europeand Asia
Romaniageneral assessment: poor domestic service, but improvingdomestic: 90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network ismostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; aboutone-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villageshave no serviceinternational: country code - 40; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat; new digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operatein Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in severalinternational telecommunication network projects (1999)
Russiageneral assessment: the telephone system underwentsignificant changes in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000companies licensed to offer communication services; access todigital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internetand e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress towardbuilding the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for amarket economy; however, a large demand for main line serviceremains unsatisfieddomestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from SaintPetersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; thetelephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digitalinfrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, areavailable in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services arestill outdated, inadequate, and low densityinternational: country code - 7; Russia is connected internationallyby three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in severalcities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls;satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik,Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems
Rwandageneral assessment: telephone system primarily servesbusiness and governmentdomestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of theprefectures by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellulartelephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HFradiotelephoneinternational: country code - 250; international connections employmicrowave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellitecommunications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations -1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefaxservice)
Saint Helenageneral assessment: can communicate worldwidedomestic: automatic networkinternational: country code - 290; HF radiotelephone from SaintHelena to Ascension Island, which is a major coaxial submarine cablerelay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK; satellite earthstations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Saint Kitts and Nevisgeneral assessment: good interisland andinternational connectionsdomestic: inter-island links to Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin(Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles) are handled by VHF/UHF/SHFradiotelephoneinternational: country code - 1-869; international calls are carriedby radiotelephone to Antigua and Barbuda and switched there tosubmarine cable or to Intelsat; or carried to Saint Martin(Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles) by radiotelephone and switchedto Intelsat
Saint Luciageneral assessment: adequate systemdomestic: system is automatically switchedinternational: country code - 1-758; direct microwave radio relaylink with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;tropospheric scatter to Barbados; international calls beyond thesecountries are carried by Intelsat from Martinique
Saint Pierre and Miquelongeneral assessment: adequatedomestic: NAinternational: country code - 508; radiotelephone communication withmost countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domesticsatellite system
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesgeneral assessment: adequate systemdomestic: islandwide, fully automatic telephone system; VHF/UHFradiotelephone from Saint Vincent to the other islands of theGrenadinesinternational: country code - 1-784; VHF/UHF radiotelephone fromSaint Vincent to Barbados; new SHF radiotelephone to Grenada and toSaint Lucia; access to Intelsat earth station in Martinique throughSaint Lucia
Samoageneral assessment: adequatedomestic: NAinternational: country code - 685; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
San Marinogeneral assessment: adequate connectionsdomestic: automatic telephone system completely integrated intoItalian systeminternational: country code - 378; connected to Italianinternational network
Sao Tome and Principegeneral assessment: adequate facilitiesdomestic: minimal systeminternational: country code - 239; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Saudi Arabiageneral assessment: modern systemdomestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, andfiber-optic cable systemsinternational: country code - 966; microwave radio relay to Bahrain,Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable toKuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain;satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 IndianOcean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Senegalgeneral assessment: good systemdomestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxialcable and fiber-optic cable in trunk systeminternational: country code - 221; 4 submarine cables; satelliteearth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Serbia and Montenegrogeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 381; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Seychellesgeneral assessment: effective systemdomestic: radiotelephone communications between islands in thearchipelagointernational: country code - 248; direct radiotelephonecommunications with adjacent island countries and African coastalcountries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Sierra Leonegeneral assessment: marginal telephone and telegraphservicedomestic: the national microwave radio relay trunk system connectsFreetown to Bo and Kenemainternational: country code - 232; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Singaporegeneral assessment: excellent servicedomestic: excellent domestic facilitiesinternational: country code - 65; submarine cables to Malaysia(Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines;satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 PacificOcean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
Slovakiageneral assessment: a modernization and privatizationprogram is increasing accessibility to telephone service, reducingthe waiting time for new subscribers, and generally improvingservice qualitydomestic: predominantly an analog system that is now receivingdigital equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable,especially in the larger cities; mobile cellular capability has beenaddedinternational: country code - 421; three international exchanges(one in Bratislava and two in Banska Bystrica) are available;Slovakia is participating in several internationaltelecommunications projects that will increase the availability ofexternal services
Sloveniageneral assessment: NAdomestic: 100% digital (2000)international: country code - 386
Solomon Islandsgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 677; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Somaliageneral assessment: the public telecommunications system wasalmost completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions;private wireless companies offer service in most major cities andcharge the lowest international rates on the continentdomestic: local cellular telephone systems have been established inMogadishu and in several other population centersinternational: country code - 252; international connections areavailable from Mogadishu by satellite
South Africageneral assessment: the system is the best developedand most modern in Africadomestic: consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxialcables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable,radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops; keycenters are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, PortElizabeth, and Pretoriainternational: country code - 27; 2 submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islandsgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: coastal radiotelephone station at Grytviken
Spaingeneral assessment: generally adequate, modern facilities;teledensity is 44 main lines for each 100 personsdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 34; 22 coaxial submarine cables;satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 IndianOcean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries
Sri Lankageneral assessment: very inadequate domestic service,particularly in rural areas; likely improvement with privatizationof national telephone company and encouragement to privateinvestment; good international service (1999)domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digitalmicrowave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo areaand two fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competitionis strong in mobile cellular systems; telephone density remains lowat 2.6 main lines per 100 persons (1999)international: country code - 94; submarine cables to Indonesia andDjibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)
Sudangeneral assessment: large, well-equipped system by regionalstandards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in1996 and have expanded substantiallydomestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephonecommunications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellitesystem with 14 earth stationsinternational: country code - 249; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2000)
Surinamegeneral assessment: international facilities are gooddomestic: microwave radio relay networkinternational: country code - 597; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Svalbardgeneral assessment: probably adequatedomestic: local telephone serviceinternational: country code - 47-790; satellite earth station - 1 ofunknown type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)
Swazilandgeneral assessment: a somewhat modern but not an advancedsystemdomestic: system consists of carrier-equipped, open-wire lines andlow-capacity, microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 268; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Swedengeneral assessment: excellent domestic and internationalfacilities; automatic systemdomestic: coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voicetraffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry someadditional telephone channelsinternational: country code - 46; 5 submarine coaxial cables;satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat,and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Swedenshares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries(Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)
Switzerlandgeneral assessment: excellent domestic and internationalservicesdomestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay networksinternational: country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)
Syriageneral assessment: fair system currently undergoingsignificant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optictechnologydomestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay networkinternational: country code - 963; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region);1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq,Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel
Taiwangeneral assessment: provides telecommunications service forevery business and private needdomestic: thoroughly modern; completely digitalizedinternational: country code - 886; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); submarine cables toJapan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia,Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe (1999)
Tajikistangeneral assessment: poorly developed and not wellmaintained; many towns are not reached by the national networkdomestic: cable and microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 992; linked by cable and microwaveradio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to theMoscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat tointernational gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earthstations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat
Tanzaniageneral assessment: fair system operating below capacityand being modernized for better service; VSAT (very small apertureterminal) system under constructiondomestic: trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radiorelay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links beingmade digitalinternational: country code - 255; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Thailandgeneral assessment: service to general public adequate, butinvestment in technological upgrades reduced by recession; bulk ofservice to government activities provided by multichannel cable andmicrowave radio relay networkdomestic: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domesticsatellite system being developedinternational: country code - 66; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Togogeneral assessment: fair system based on a network of microwaveradio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobilecellular systemdomestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventionalsystem; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephonesinternational: country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie
Tokelaugeneral assessment: adequatedomestic: radiotelephone service between islandsinternational: country code - 690; radiotelephone service to Samoa;government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satelliteearth stations, established in 1997
Tongageneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (1996)
Trinidad and Tobagogeneral assessment: excellent internationalservice; good local servicedomestic: NAinternational: country code - 1-868; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados andGuyana
Tunisiageneral assessment: above the African average and continuingto be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis;Internet access availabledomestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxialcable, and microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 216; 5 submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxialcable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant inMedarabtel; two international gateway digital switches
Turkeygeneral assessment: undergoing rapid modernization andexpansion, especially with cellular telephonesdomestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapidincrease in subscribers; the construction of a network oftechnologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using bothfiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitatingcommunication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by adomestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobilecellular telephone service is growing rapidlyinternational: country code - 90; international service is providedby three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and BlackSeas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania,and Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobilesatellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)
Turkmenistangeneral assessment: poorly developeddomestic: NAinternational: country code - 993; linked by cable and microwaveradio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leasedconnections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a newtelephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a newexchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkeyvia Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat