Political parties and leaders:Independence Party or IP [David ODDSSON]; Left-Green Alliance orLGP [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party or LP [GudjonKRISTJANSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Halldor ASGRIMSSON]; SocialDemocratic Alliance (includes People's Alliance or PA, SocialDemocratic Party or SDP, Women's List) or SDA [Ossur SKARPHEDINSSON]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, OPCW,OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO,WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Helgi AGUSTSSONconsulate(s) general: New YorkFAX: [1] (202) 265-6656telephone: [1] (202) 265-6653chancery: Suite 1200, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-1704
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador James I. GADSDENembassy: Laufasvegur 21, 101 Reykjavikmailing address: US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340telephone: [354] 562-9100FAX: [354] 562-9118
Flag description:blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges ofthe flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoistside in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
Economy Iceland
Economy - overview:Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, yetwith an extensive welfare system (including generous housingsubsidies), low unemployment, and remarkably even distribution ofincome. In the absence of other natural resources (except forabundant geothermal power), the economy depends heavily on thefishing industry, which provides 70% of export earnings and employs12% of the work force. The economy remains sensitive to decliningfish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for its mainexports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon.Government policies include reducing the budget and current accountdeficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing inflation, revisingagricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, andprivatizing state-owned industries. The government remains opposedto EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders' concern aboutlosing control over their fishing resources. Iceland's economy hasbeen diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in thelast decade, and new developments in software production,biotechnology, and financial services are taking place. The tourismsector is also expanding, with the recent trends in ecotourism andwhale watching. Growth had been remarkably steady in 1996-2001 at3%-5%, but could not be sustained in 2002 in an environment ofglobal recession. Growth resumed in 2003, and inflation dropped backfrom 5% to 2%.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $8.678 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:2.6% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $30,900 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 9.2% (includes fishing 12%) industry: 26.7% services: 64.2% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):21.6% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NAhighest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.1% (2003 est.)
Labor force:160,000 (2003)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 5.1%, fishing and fish processing 11.8%, manufacturing 12.9%, construction 10.7%, services 59.5% (1999)
Unemployment rate:3.4% (2003 est.)
Budget:revenues: $4.205 billionexpenditures: $4.405 billion, including capital expenditures of $467million (2003)
Public debt:41.5% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:potatoes, green vegetables, mutton, dairy products, fish
Industries:fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production,geothermal power; tourism
Industrial production growth rate:8.1% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:7.894 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:7.341 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:16,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:0 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports:15,470 bbl/day (2001)
Current account balance:$-574 million (2003)
Exports:$2.379 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:fish and fish products 70%, animal products, aluminum, diatomite,ferrosilicon
Exports - partners:Germany 17.4%, UK 17.4%, Netherlands 11.2%, US 9.8%, Spain 6.3%,Denmark 5%, Norway 4.5%, France 4% (2003)
Imports:$2.59 billion (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, petroleum products; foodstuffs, textiles
Imports - partners:Germany 11.8%, Denmark 8%, US 7.5%, UK 7.5%, Norway 7%, Sweden6.5%, Netherlands 6.2%, Italy 4.7% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$818.7 million (2003)
Debt - external:$2.6 billion (1999)
Economic aid - donor:NA
Currency:Icelandic krona (ISK)
Currency code:ISK
Exchange rates:Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 76.709 (2003), 91.6617 (2002),97.4246 (2001), 78.6159 (2000), 72.3353 (1999)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Iceland
Telephones - main lines in use:190,700 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:279,100 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: extensive domestic servicedomestic: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-opticcables and microwave radio relay linksinternational: country code - 354; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Oceanregions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with theother Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 3, FM about 70 (including repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios:260,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations:14 (plus 156 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Televisions:98,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.is
Internet hosts:122,175 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):20 (2001)
Internet users:195,000 (2003)
Transportation Iceland
Highways:total: 12,955 kmpaved/oiled gravel: 3,863 kmunpaved: 9,092 km (2003)
Ports and harbors:Akureyri, Hornafjordhur, Isafjordhur, Keflavik, Raufarhofn,Reykjavik, Seydhisfjordhur, Straumsvik, Vesttmannaeyjar
Merchant marine:total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,341 GRT/6,019 DWTregistered in other countries: 26 (2004 est.)by type: petroleum tanker 1
Airports:100 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 5over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 931,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 29under 914 m: 61 (2004 est.)
Military Iceland
Military branches:no regular armed forces; Police, Coast Guard
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 75,568 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 66,503 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:0
Military - note:defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF)headquartered at Keflavik
Transnational Issues Iceland
Disputes - international:Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, andthe UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in theRockall area) remains dormant; dispute with Denmark over the FaroeIslands' fisheries median line boundary within 200 nm; disputes withDenmark, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe Islands continentalshelf boundary outside 200 nm
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@India
Introduction India
Background:The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world,dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwestinvaded about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier inhabitantscreated the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting inthe 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by Europeantraders, beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th century,Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands.Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in bothWorld Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism underMohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU led to independence in 1947.The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and thesmaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the twocountries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separatenation of Bangladesh. Fundamental concerns in India include theongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation,environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic andreligious strife, all this despite impressive gains in economicinvestment and output.
Geography India
Location:Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal,between Burma and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates:20 00 N, 77 00 E
Map references:Asia
Area:total: 3,287,590 sq kmland: 2,973,190 sq kmwater: 314,400 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries:total: 14,103 kmborder countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
Coastline:7,000 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margincontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain:upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain alongthe Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
Natural resources:coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese,mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds,petroleum, limestone, arable land
Land use:arable land: 54.4%permanent crops: 2.74%other: 42.86% (2001)
Irrigated land:590,000 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructiveflooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
Environment - current issues:deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; airpollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; waterpollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tapwater is not potable throughout the country; huge and growingpopulation is overstraining natural resources
Environment - international agreements:party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine LivingResources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, ClimateChange-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, OzoneLayer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, TropicalTimber 94, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Oceantrade routes
People India
Population:1,065,070,607 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 31.7% (male 173,869,856; female 164,003,915)15-64 years: 63.5% (male 349,785,804; female 326,289,402)65 years and over: 4.8% (male 25,885,725; female 25,235,905) (2004est.)
Median age: total: 24.4 years male: 24.4 years female: 24.4 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:1.44% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:22.8 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:8.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:-0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 57.92 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 57.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 58.52 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 63.99 yearsmale: 63.25 yearsfemale: 64.77 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.85 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.8% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:3.97 million (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:310,000 (2001 est.)
Nationality:noun: Indian(s)adjective: Indian
Ethnic groups:Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Religions:Hindu 81.3%, Muslim 12%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other groupsincluding Buddhist, Jain, Parsi 2.5% (2000)
Languages:English enjoys associate status but is the most important languagefor national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is thenational language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu,Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri,Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urduspoken widely throughout northern India but is not an officiallanguage
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 59.5%male: 70.2%female: 48.3% (2003 est.)
Government India
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Indiaconventional short form: India
Government type:federal republic
Capital:New Delhi
Administrative divisions:28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*,Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*,Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa,Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand,Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab,Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal
Independence:15 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday:Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
Constitution:26 January 1950
Legal system:based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislativeacts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Abdul KALAM (since 26 July 2002); VicePresident Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT (since 19 August 2002)elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting ofelected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures ofthe states for a five-year term; election last held NA July 2002(next to be held 18 July 2007); vice president elected by bothhouses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12August 2002 (next to be held NA August 2007); prime minister chosenby parliamentary members of the majority party following legislativeelections; election last held April - May 2004 (next to be held NA2009)head of government: Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since NA May 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelection results: Abdul KALAM elected president; percent ofelectoral college vote - 89.6%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT elected vicepresident; percent of Parliament vote - 59.8%
Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States orRajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to12 of which are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosenby the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies;members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha(545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by thepresident; members serve five-year terms)elections: People's Assembly - last held 20 April through 10 May2004 (next to be held NA 2009)election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA;seats by party - INC 145, BJP 138, CPI(M) 43, SP 36, RJD 21, BSP 19,DMK 16, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 9, JDU 8, SAD 8, PMK 6, TDP 5,TRS 5, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, independents 5, other 30
Judicial branch:Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president and remain inoffice until they reach the age of 65)
Political parties and leaders:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C. JayalalithaJAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB, [D. BISWAS, generalsecretary]; Asom Gana Parishad [Brindaban GOSWAMI]; Bahujan SamajParty or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [VenkaiahNAIDU]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party ofIndia or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party ofIndia/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Dipankar BHATTACHARYA]; Congress(I) Party [Sonia GANDHI]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (aregional party in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian NationalCongress or INC [leader NA]; Indian National League [SuliamanSAITH]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA]; Janata Dal (United)or JDU [Sharad YADAV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [leader NA];Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Lok Jan Shakti Party orLSP [leader NA]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK[VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA]; Nationalist Congress Partyor NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [leader NA];Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; RevolutionarySocialist Party or RSP [Abani ROY]; Samajwadi Party or SP [MulayamSingh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [G. S. TOHRA]; Shiv Sena orSS [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil Maanila Congress [G. K. VASAN]; TelanganaRashtra Samithi or TRS [leader NA]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP[Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress [Mamata BANERJEE]
Political pressure groups and leaders:numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations,including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and RashtriyaSwayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greatercommunal and/or regional autonomy, including the All PartiesHurriyat Conference
International organization participation:AfDB, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, C, CERN (observer),CP, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM(observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW,PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE,UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Ranendra SENconsulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San FranciscoFAX: [1] (202) 265-4351telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note -Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador David C. MULFORDembassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021mailing address: use embassy street addresstelephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai(Bombay)
Flag description:three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top),white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered inthe white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a smallorange disk centered in the white band
Economy India
Economy - overview:India's economy encompasses traditional village farming, modernagriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and amultitude of support services. Government controls have been reducedon foreign trade and investment, and privatization of domesticoutput has proceeded slowly. The economy has posted an excellentaverage growth rate of 6% since 1990, reducing poverty by about 10percentage points. India is capitalizing on its large numbers ofwell-educated people skilled in the English language to become amajor exporter of software services and software workers. Despitestrong growth, the World Bank and others worry about the continuingpublic-sector budget deficit, running at approximately 60% of GDP.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $3.033 trillion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:8.3% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $2,900 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 23.6% industry: 28.4% services: 48% (2002 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):23.1% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:25% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 33.5% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:37.8 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.8% (2003 est.)
Labor force:472 million (2003)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 60%, industry 17%, services 23% (1999)
Unemployment rate:9.5% (2003)
Budget:revenues: $86.69 billionexpenditures: $114.6 billion, including capital expenditures of$13.5 billion (2003)
Public debt:59.7% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes;cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish
Industries:textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportationequipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software
Industrial production growth rate:6.5% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:533.3 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:497.2 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:321 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:1.54 billion kWh (2001)
Oil - production:732,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:2.13 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:4.33 billion bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:542.4 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:$3.41 billion (2003)
Exports:$57.24 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals,leather manufactures
Exports - partners:US 20.6%, China 6.4%, UK 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Germany 4.4% (2003)
Imports:$74.15 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
Imports - partners:US 6.4%, Belgium 5.6%, UK 4.8%, China 4.3%, Singapore 4% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$102.3 billion (2003)
Debt - external:$101.7 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$2.9 billion (FY98/99)
Currency:Indian rupee (INR)
Currency code:INR
Exchange rates:Indian rupees per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002),47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999)
Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
Communications India
Telephones - main lines in use:48.917 million (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:26,154,400 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization oftelecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid change;local and long distance service provided throughout all regions ofthe country, with services primarily concentrated in the urbanareas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admissionof private and private-public investors, but telephone densityremains low at about seven for each 100 persons nationwide but onlyone per 100 persons in rural areas and a national waiting list ofover 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service with modestgrowth in fixed linesdomestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak inrural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramaticreductions in price led in large part by wireless service; mobilecellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced in 1994 andorganized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecomcircles each with about three private service providers and onestate-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunkcapacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of theworld's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian NationalSatellite system (INSAT), with 5 satellites supporting 33,000 verysmall aperture terminals (VSAT)international: country code - 91; satellite earth stations - 8Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); ninegateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata(Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar,Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic LinkAround the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), SouthAfrica - Far East (SAFE) with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linkingto Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai(Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras),provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for bothvoice and data traffic (2004)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)
Radios:116 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Televisions:63 million (1997)
Internet country code:.in
Internet hosts:86,871 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):43 (2000)
Internet users:18.481 million (2003)
Transportation India
Railways:total: 63,140 km (15,994 km electrified)broad gauge: 45,099 km 1.676-m gaugenarrow gauge: 14,776 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,265 km 0.762-m gauge and0.610-m gauge (2003)
Highways:total: 3,319,644 kmpaved: 1,517,077 kmunpaved: 1,802,567 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:14,500 kmnote: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable formechanized vessels (2004)
Pipelines:gas 6,171 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km; refinedproducts 5,567 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Chennai (Madras), Cochin, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata(Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Vishakhapatnam
Merchant marine:total: 306 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,555,507 GRT/11,069,791 DWTby type: bulk 90, cargo 77, chemical tanker 14, combination bulk 1,combination ore/oil 2, container 10, liquefied gas 10,passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 93, roll on/roll off 1,short-sea/passenger 2, specialized tanker 1registered in other countries: 63 (2004 est.)foreign-owned: China 2, Portugal 1
Airports:333 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 234 over 3,047 m: 14 2,438 to 3,047 m: 47 914 to 1,523 m: 74 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 78
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 992,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 9under 914 m: 45 (2004 est.)914 to 1,523 m: 42
Heliports:20 (2003 est.)
Military India
Military branches:Army, Navy (including naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard,various security or paramilitary forces (including Border SecurityForce, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan BorderPolice, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police Force,Central Industrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, andDefense Security Corps)
Military manpower - military age and obligation:16 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 293,677,117 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 172,153,371 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:males: 11,174,415 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$14,018.8 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.4% (2003)
Transnational Issues India
Disputes - international:Kashmir remains the world's most highly militarized territorialdispute with portions under the de facto administration of China(Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmirand Northern Areas), but recent discussions and confidence-buildingmeasures among parties are beginning to defuse tensions; India doesnot recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to China in the 1965 boundaryagreement; disputes with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing andthe terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at the mouth of the Rann ofKutch, which prevents maritime boundary delimitation; Pakistani mapscontinue to show Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; most of therugged, militarized boundary with China is in dispute, but sideshave committed to begin resolution with discussions on the leastdisputed Middle Sector; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continuesto work on resolution of minor disputed boundary sections;discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a smallsection of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves inboth countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegalcross-border trade, migration, and violence; Bangladesh protestsIndia's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the porousboundary; dispute with Bangladesh over volcanic New Moore/SouthTalpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritimeboundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burmato keep out Indian Nagaland insurgents; joint border commissioncontinues to work on small disputed sections of boundary with Nepal;India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit ofMaoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities from Nepal
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 92,394 (China), 60,922 (Sri Lanka)IDPs: 650,000 (Jammu and Kashmir conflicts; most IDPs are KashmiriHindus) (2004)
Illicit drugs:world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceuticaltrade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicitinternational drug markets; transit point for illicit narcoticsproduced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system
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@Indian Ocean
Introduction Indian Ocean
Background:The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five oceans(after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than theSouthern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important accesswaterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb(Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait ofMalacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). The decision by the InternationalHydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifthocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Indian Oceansouth of 60 degrees south.
Geography Indian Ocean
Location:body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, andAustralia
Geographic coordinates:20 00 S, 80 00 E
Map references:Political Map of the World
Area:total: 68.556 million sq kmnote: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea,Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea,Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait ofMalacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative:about 5.5 times the size of the US
Coastline:66,526 km
Climate:northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June toOctober); tropical cyclones occur during May/June andOctober/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/Februaryin the southern Indian Ocean
Terrain:surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular systemof currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal ofsurface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmosphericpressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results inthe southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents,while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winterair results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwestwinds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian OceanRidge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, SouthwestIndian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 mhighest point: sea level 0 m
Natural resources:oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates,placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Natural hazards:occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches
Environment - current issues:endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, andwhales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
Geography - note:major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Straitof Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait
Economy Indian Ocean
Economy - overview:The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the MiddleEast, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carriesa particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum productsfrom the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish areof great and growing importance to the bordering countries fordomestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan,South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly forshrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped inthe offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and westernAustralia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil productioncomes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals andoffshore placer deposits are actively exploited by borderingcountries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,and Thailand.
Transportation Indian Ocean
Ports and harbors:Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (SouthAfrica), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India) Melbourne(Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South Africa)
Transnational Issues Indian Ocean
Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Indonesia
Introduction Indonesia
Background:The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century;the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesiadeclared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it requiredfour years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, andUN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony.Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state. Current issuesinclude: alleviating widespread poverty, preventing terrorism,continuing the transition to popularly-elected governments afterfour decades of authoritarianism, implementing reforms of thebanking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption,holding the military and police accountable for human rightsviolations, and resolving armed separatist movements in Aceh andPapua.
Geography Indonesia
Location:Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and thePacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates:5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references:Southeast Asia
Area:total: 1,919,440 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq kmland: 1,826,440 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:total: 2,830 kmborder countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua NewGuinea 820 km
Coastline:54,716 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain:mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources:petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use: arable land: 11.32% permanent crops: 7.23% other: 81.45% (2001)
Irrigated land:48,150 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,volcanoes, forest fires
Environment - current issues:deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; airpollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine LifeConservation
Geography - note:archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator;strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from IndianOcean to Pacific Ocean
People Indonesia
Population:238,452,952 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 29.4% (male 35,635,790; female 34,416,854)15-64 years: 65.5% (male 78,097,767; female 78,147,909)65 years and over: 5.1% (male 5,308,986; female 6,845,646) (2004est.)
Median age: total: 26.1 years male: 25.7 years female: 26.6 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:1.49% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:21.11 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 36.82 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 31.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 42.09 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 69.26 yearsmale: 66.84 yearsfemale: 71.8 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.47 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:110,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:2,400 (2003 est.)
Nationality:noun: Indonesian(s)adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups:Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%,other 26%
Religions:Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages:Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English,Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 87.9%male: 92.5%female: 83.4% (2002)
Government Indonesia
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Indonesiaconventional short form: Indonesialocal short form: Indonesiaformer: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indieslocal long form: Republik Indonesia
Government type:republic
Capital:Jakarta
Administrative divisions:30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 specialregions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*,Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**,Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat,Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, KepulauanBangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, NusaTenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat,Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, SulawesiUtara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara,Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of decentralization on 1January 2001, the 357 districts or regencies became the keyadministrative units responsible for providing most governmentservices
Independence:17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949(Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)
National holiday:Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution:August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 andProvisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Legal system:based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenousconcepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
Executive branch:chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmentelections: president and vice president were elected by direct voteof the citizenryhead of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelection results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected presidentreceiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%
Legislative branch:unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat(DPR) (550 seats; members serve five-year terms); House of RegionalRepresentatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionallymandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issuesaffecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly (MajelisPermusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating andimpeaching President and in amending constitution; consists ofpopularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulatenational policyelections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009)election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does notalways follow the number of votes received by parties
Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by thepresident from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); aseparate Constitutional Court or Makhama Konstitusi was invested bythe president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Courtassumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lowercourt system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights
Political parties and leaders:Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO, chairman];Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA, chairman]; IndonesiaDemocratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB,chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman];Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [MAHFUD, acting chairman]; UnitedDevelopment Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU,WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningratchancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, andSan Franciscotelephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOEembassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189consulate(s) general: Surabaya
Flag description:two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to theflag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag ofPoland, which is white (top) and red
Economy Indonesia
Economy - overview:Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces economic developmentproblems stemming from recent acts of terrorism, unequal resourcedistribution among regions, endemic corruption, the lack of reliablelegal recourse in contract disputes, weaknesses in the bankingsystem, and a generally poor climate for foreign investment.Indonesia withdrew from its IMF program at the end of 2003, butissued a "White Paper" that commits the government to maintainingfundamentally sound macroeconomic policies previously establishedunder IMF guidelines. Investors, however, continued to face a hostof on-the-ground microeconomic problems and an inadequate judicialsystem. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building upthe confidence of international and domestic investors, and strongglobal economic growth.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $758.8 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:4.1% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $3,200 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 16.6% industry: 43.6% services: 39.9% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):19.7% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:27% (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 4%highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:37 (2001)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):6.6% (2003 est.)
Labor force:105.7 million (2003)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:8.7% (2003 est.)
Budget:revenues: $40.91 billionexpenditures: $44.95 billion, including capital expenditures of NA(2003 est.)
Public debt:72.9% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil,copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Industries:petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining,cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:3.7% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:95.78 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:89.08 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:1.451 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:1.045 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:7.083 billion bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:69 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:36.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:32.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:2.549 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:$7.336 billion (2003)
Exports:$63.89 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
Exports - partners:Japan 22.3%, US 12.1%, Singapore 8.9%, South Korea 7.1%, China 6.2%(2003)
Imports:$40.22 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:Japan 13%, Singapore 12.8%, China 9.1%, US 8.3%, Thailand 5.2%,Australia 5.1%, South Korea 4.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.6% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$36.25 billion (2003)
Debt - external:$135.7 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$43 billion Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 butstill receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group onIndonesia (CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for2004. (2003 est.)
Currency:Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Currency code:IDR
Exchange rates:Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,577.13 (2003), 9,311.19(2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999)
Fiscal year:calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, butstarting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year
Communications Indonesia
Telephones - main lines in use:7.75 million (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:11.7 million (2002)
Telephone system:general assessment: domestic service fair, international servicegooddomestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;domestic satellite communications systeminternational: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
Radios:31.5 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:41 (1999)
Televisions:13.75 million (1997)
Internet country code:.id
Internet hosts:62,036 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):24 (2000)
Internet users:8 million (2002)
Transportation Indonesia
Railways:total: 6,458 kmnarrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km0.750-m gauge (2003)
Highways:total: 342,700 kmpaved: 158,670 kmunpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:21,579 kmnote: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2004)
Pipelines:condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km; oil 7,472km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)