Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protectionsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide greatleverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf andSuez Canal
People Saudi Arabia
Population: 25,795,938 note: includes 5,576,076 non-nationals (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 38.3% (male 5,039,578; female 4,845,937)15-64 years: 59.3% (male 8,810,705; female 6,494,770)65 years and over: 2.3% (male 327,047; female 277,901) (2004 est.)
Median age:total: 21.2 yearsmale: 22.8 yearsfemale: 19.1 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:2.44% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:29.74 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:2.66 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:-2.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.36 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.18 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.22 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 13.7 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 11.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 15.72 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 75.23 yearsmale: 73.26 yearsfemale: 77.3 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:4.11 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.01% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Saudi(s)adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic groups:Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions:Muslim 100%
Languages:Arabic
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 78.8%male: 84.7%female: 70.8% (2003 est.)
Government Saudi Arabia
Country name:conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaconventional short form: Saudi Arabialocal long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyahlocal short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Government type:monarchy
Capital:Riyadh
Administrative divisions:13 provinces (mintaqat, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hududash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad, AshSharqiyah (Eastern Province), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran,Tabuk
Independence:23 September 1932 (unification of the kingdom)
National holiday:Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Constitution:governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law thatarticulates the government's rights and responsibilities wasintroduced in 1993
Legal system:based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced;commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:none adult male citizens age 21 or oldernote: voter registration began in November 2004 for partialmunicipal council elections scheduled nationwide for Februarythrough April 2005
Executive branch:chief of state: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz AlSaud (since 13 June 1982, but largely incapacitated since late1995); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abdal-Aziz Al Saud since 13 June 1982, also Saudi Arabian NationalGuard Commander since 1963 and de facto ruler since early 1996; note- the monarch is both the chief of state and head of governmentelections: note - in October 2003, Council of Ministers announcedits intent to introduce elections for half of the members of localand provincial assemblies and a third of the members of the nationalConsultative Council or Majlis al-Shura, incrementally over a periodof four to five years; in November 2004, the Ministry of Municipaland Rural Affairs initiated voter registration for partial municipalcouncil elections scheduled nationwide for February through April2005head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz AlSaud (since 13 June 1982, but largely incapacitated since late1995); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abdal-Aziz Al Saud since 13 June 1982, also Saudi Arabian NationalGuard Commander since 1963 and de facto ruler since early 1996; note- the monarch is both the chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch andincludes many royal family members
Legislative branch:Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (120 members and a chairmanappointed by the monarch for four-year terms)
Judicial branch:Supreme Council of Justice
Political parties and leaders:none
Political pressure groups and leaders:none
International organization participation:ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, BIS, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC,PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WToO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan bin Abd al-Aziz AlSaudchancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New Yorktelephone: [1] (202) 342-3800
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador James Curtis OBERWETTER embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh mailing address: American Embassy Riyadh, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693 telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800 FAX: [966] (1) 488-3989 consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag description:green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada orMuslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There isno god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a whitehorizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates tothe early twentieth century and is closely associated with the AlSaud family which established the kingdom in 1932
Economy Saudi Arabia
Economy - overview:This is an oil-based economy with strong government controls overmajor economic activities. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves ofpetroleum in the world (25% of the proved reserves), ranks as thelargest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. Thepetroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 45% ofGDP, and 90% of export earnings. About 40% of GDP comes from theprivate sector. Roughly five and a half million foreign workers playan important role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil andservice sectors. The government in 1999 announced plans to beginprivatizing the electricity companies, which follows the ongoingprivatization of the telecommunications company. The government isencouraging private sector growth to lessen the kingdom's dependenceon oil and increase employment opportunities for the swelling Saudipopulation. Priorities for government spending in the short terminclude additional funds for education and for the water and sewagesystems. Economic reforms proceed cautiously because of deep-rootedpolitical and social conservatism.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $287.8 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:5.3% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $11,800 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4.7% industry: 58.8% services: 36.5% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):18% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NAhighest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):0.5% (2003 est.)
Labor force:6.43 millionnote: more than 35% of the population in the 15-64 age group isnon-national (2003)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 12%, industry 25%, services 63% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:25% (2003)
Budget:revenues: $78.77 billionexpenditures: $66.76 billion, including capital expenditures of NA(2003 est.)
Public debt:94.6% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens,eggs, milk
Industries:crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals,cement, construction, fertilizer, plastics
Industrial production growth rate:7.7% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:122.4 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:113.8 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:8.711 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:1.452 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:7.92 million bbl/day (2003)
Oil - imports:0 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - proved reserves:261.7 billion bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:53.69 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:53.69 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:6.339 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:$22.27 billion (2003)
Exports:$86.53 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:petroleum and petroleum products 90%
Exports - partners:US 20.6%, Japan 15.4%, South Korea 9.8%, China 5.5%, Taiwan 4.5%,Singapore 4.1% (2003)
Imports:$30.38 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles,textiles
Imports - partners:US 9.4%, Japan 7.7%, Germany 7.3%, UK 6.2%, China 4.4%, France 4.1%(2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$22.86 billion (2003)
Debt - external:$39.16 billion (2003)
Economic aid - donor:pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon;since 2000, Saudi Arabia has committed $307 million for assistanceto the Palestinians; pledged $240 million to development inAfghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft loansto Iraq
Currency:Saudi riyal (SAR)
Currency code:SAR
Exchange rates:Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2003), 3.745 (2002), 3.745(2001), 3.745 (2000), 3.745 (1999)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Saudi Arabia
Telephones - main lines in use:3,502,600 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:7,238,200 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: modern systemdomestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, andfiber-optic cable systemsinternational: country code - 966; microwave radio relay to Bahrain,Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable toKuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain;satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 IndianOcean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 43, FM 31, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios:6.25 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:117 (1997)
Televisions:5.1 million (1997)
Internet country code:.sa
Internet hosts:15,931 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):22 (2003)
Internet users:1.5 million (2003)
Transportation Saudi Arabia
Railways:total: 1,392 kmstandard gauge: 1,392 km 1.435-m gauge (with branch lines andsidings) (2003)
Highways:total: 151,470 kmpaved: 45,592 kmunpaved: 105,878 km (1999)
Pipelines:condensate 212 km; gas 1,780 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,191 km; oil5,068 km; refined products 1,162 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh, Ra's al Khafji,Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Madinat Yanbu' al Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:total: 66 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,306,706 GRT/1,963,191 DWTregistered in other countries: 54 (2004 est.)by type: cargo 5, chemical tanker 11, container 4, livestock carrier2, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 23, refrigerated cargo 4, rollon/roll off 10, short-sea/passenger 6foreign-owned: Egypt 3, Greece 4, Norway 2, Sudan 1, United Kingdom 3
Airports:204 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 72over 3,047 m: 322,438 to 3,047 m: 13914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)1,524 to 2,437 m: 23
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 129under 914 m: 12 (2004 est.)over 3047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 5914 to 1,523 m: 391,524 to 2,437 m: 72
Heliports:5 (2003 est.)
Military Saudi Arabia
Military branches:Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, NationalGuard, Ministry of Interior Forces (paramilitary)
Military manpower - military age and obligation:18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2004)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 8,240,714 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 4,725,514 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:males: 246,343 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$18 billion (2002)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:10% (2002)
Transnational Issues Saudi Arabia
Disputes - international:nomadic groups on border region with Yemen resist demarcation ofboundary; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe asa security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activitiesin sections of the boundary; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continuediscussions on a maritime boundary with Iran; because the treatieshave not been made public, the exact alignment of the boundary withthe UAE is still unknown and labeled approximate
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 240,000 (Palestinian Territories)(2004)
Illicit drugs:death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin,cocaine, and hashish; not a major money-laundering center, improvinganti-money-laundering legislation
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Senegal
Introduction Senegal
Background:Independent from France in 1960, Senegal joined with The Gambia toform the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. However, theenvisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out,and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southernseparatist group sporadically has clashed with government forcessince 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating ininternational peacekeeping.
Geography Senegal
Location:Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, betweenGuinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Geographic coordinates:14 00 N, 14 00 W
Map references:Africa
Area:total: 196,190 sq kmwater: 4,190 sq kmland: 192,000 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:total: 2,640 kmborder countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline:531 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strongsoutheast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot,dry, harmattan wind
Terrain:generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use: arable land: 12.78% other: 87.01% (2001) permanent crops: 0.21%
Irrigated land:710 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Geography - note:westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almostan enclave within Senegal
People Senegal
Population:10,852,147 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 43.2% (male 2,368,011; female 2,325,298)15-64 years: 53.7% (male 2,803,192; female 3,025,304)65 years and over: 3% (male 158,881; female 171,461) (2004 est.)
Median age:total: 18 yearsmale: 17.4 yearsfemale: 18.5 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:2.52% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:35.72 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:10.74 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 56.53 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 52.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 60.25 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 56.56 yearsmale: 54.94 yearsfemale: 58.23 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:4.84 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.8% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:44,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:3,500 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:typhoid fever, dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, Crimean-Congohemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever, schistosomiasisoverall degree of risk: very high (2004)
Nationality:noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic groups:Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%,Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Religions:Muslim 94%, indigenous beliefs 1%, Christian 5% (mostly RomanCatholic)
Languages:French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 40.2%male: 50%female: 30.7% (2003 est.)
Government Senegal
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Senegalconventional short form: Senegallocal short form: Senegallocal long form: Republique du Senegal
Government type:republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital:Dakar
Administrative divisions:11 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick,Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies,Ziguinchor
Independence:4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence wasachieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960
National holiday:Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution:a new constitution was adopted 7 January 2001
Legal system:based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislativeacts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits thegovernment's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJjurisdiction
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000)head of government: Prime Minister Macky SALL (since 21 April 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister inconsultation with the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year termunder new constitution; election last held 27 February and 19 March2000 (next to be held 27 February 2005); prime minister appointed bythe presidentelection results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of votein the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, AbdouDIOUF (PS) 41.51%
Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats;members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms)note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001,had 140 seatselection results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006)
Judicial branch:Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals orCour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note - the judicial system wasreformed in 1992
Political parties and leaders:African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also known asPADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party ofIndependence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP[Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (alsoknown as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic League-LaborParty Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front forSocialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; GaindeCentrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Partyor PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [MadierDIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (acoalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for DemocraticRenewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties
Political pressure groups and leaders:labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers
International organization participation:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC,UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Amadou Lamine BAchancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008consulate(s) general: New YorkFAX: [1] (202) 332-6315telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Alan ROTHembassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakarmailing address: B. P. 49, Dakartelephone: [221] 823-4296FAX: [221] 822-2991
Flag description:three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and redwith a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band;uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy Senegal
Economy - overview:In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economicreform program with the support of the international donorcommunity. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal'scurrency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to theFrench franc. Government price controls and subsidies have beensteadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reformprogram, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually during1995-2003. Annual inflation had been pushed down to the low singledigits. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union(WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration witha unified external tariff. Senegal also realized full Internetconnectivity in 1996, creating a miniboom in informationtechnology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82% ofGDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seated urban problemsof chronic unemployment, trade union militancy, juveniledelinquency, and drug addiction.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $17.09 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:5.5% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 16.8% industry: 27.2% services: 56% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):21.3% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:54% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 33.5% (1995)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:41.3 (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):0% (2003 est.)
Labor force:4.62 million NA (2003)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 70%
Unemployment rate:48% (urban youth 40%) (2001 est.)
Budget:revenues: $1.304 billionexpenditures: $1.367 billion, including capital expenditures of $357million (2003 est.)
Public debt:54.2% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, greenvegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Industries:agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizerproduction, petroleum refining, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate:2.9% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:1.518 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:1.412 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Natural gas - production:50 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:50 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Current account balance:$-389 million (2003)
Exports:$1.23 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton
Exports - partners:India 13%, France 12.2%, Mali 9.5%, Italy 8.5%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.4%,Spain 5% (2003)
Imports:$1.753 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:foods and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Imports - partners:France 24.9%, Nigeria 12.2%, Thailand 6.7%, Spain 4.3% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$780 million (2003)
Debt - external:$3.009 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$362.6 million (2002 est.)
Currency:Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Currency code:XOF
Exchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 581.2(2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000), 615.699(1999)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Senegal
Telephones - main lines in use:228,800 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:575,900 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: good systemdomestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxialcable and fiber-optic cable in trunk systeminternational: country code - 221; 4 submarine cables; satelliteearth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 8, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2001)
Radios:1.24 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:1 (1997)
Televisions:361,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.sn
Internet hosts:672 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):1 (2002)
Internet users:225,000 (2003)
Transportation Senegal
Railways: total: 906 km narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (2003)
Highways:total: 14,576 kmpaved: 4,271 km including 7 km of expresswaysunpaved: 10,305 km (2000)
Waterways:1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance rivers) (2003)
Pipelines:gas 564 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard Toll, Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor
Airports:20 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 9over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 6914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 111,524 to 2,437 m: 6914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Military Senegal
Military branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police(Surete Nationale)
Military manpower - military age and obligation:18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 2,490,290 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 1,301,761 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:males: 119,833 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$95.8 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.5% (2003)
Transnational Issues Senegal
Disputes - international:The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem refugees, cross borderraids, arms smuggling, and political instability from a separatistmovement in Senegal's Casamance region
Refugees and internally displaced persons:IDPs: 17,000 (clashes between government troops and separatists inCasamance region) (2004)
Illicit drugs:transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin movingto Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Serbia and Montenegro
Introduction Serbia and Montenegro
Background:The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; itsname was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germanyin 1941 was resisted by various paramilitary bands that fought eachother as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO tookfull control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, hisnew government and its successors (he died in 1980) managed to steertheir own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for thenext four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITOYugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia,Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were recognized as independentstates in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegrodeclared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in April 1992and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various militaryintervention efforts to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republicsinto a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimatelyunsuccessful and led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992.In 1998-99, massive expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitariesof ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo provoked an internationalresponse, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing ofa NATO-led force (KFOR), in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of2000, brought about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed VojislavKOSTUNICA as president. The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed forhis subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal forthe Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes againsthumanity. In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN was lifted,and it was once more accepted into UN organizations under the nameof the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed bythe UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June1999, under the authority of UN Security Council Resolution 1244,pending a determination by the international community of its futurestatus. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin components ofYugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. Thesetalks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers restructuredthe country into a loose federation of two republics called Serbiaand Montenegro. The Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegroincludes a provision that allows either republic to hold areferendum after three years that would allow for their independencefrom the state union.
Geography Serbia and Montenegro
Location:Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albaniaand Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geographic coordinates:44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references:Europe
Area:total: 102,350 sq kmwater: 214 sq kmland: 102,136 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Kentucky
Land boundaries:total: 2,246 kmborder countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km,Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km,Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
Coastline:199 km
Maritime claims:NA
Climate:in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humidsummers with well distributed rainfall); central portion,continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriaticclimate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relativelycold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Terrain:extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains andhills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islandsoff the coast
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 mhighest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Natural resources:oil, gas, coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, antimony,chromite, nickel, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone,marble, salt, hydropower, arable land
Land use:arable land: 33.35%permanent crops: 3.2%other: 63.45% (2001)
Irrigated land:570 sq km
Natural hazards:destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues:pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially intourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgradeand other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastesdumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
Environment - international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, MarineLife Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkeyand the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
People Serbia and Montenegro
Population:10,825,900 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 18.3% (male 1,027,479; female 956,681)15-64 years: 66.8% (male 3,602,959; female 3,627,616)65 years and over: 14.9% (male 693,929; female 917,236) (2004 est.)
Median age:total: 36.6 yearsmale: 35.1 yearsfemale: 38.1 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:0.03% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:12.13 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:-1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.08 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 13.43 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 11.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 15.04 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 74.4 yearsmale: 71.9 yearsfemale: 77.12 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.67 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.2% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:10,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:less than 100 (2003 est.)
Nationality:noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin
Ethnic groups:Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other12.6% (1991)
Religions:Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other11%
Languages:Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 93%male: 97.2%female: 88.9% (1991)
Government Serbia and Montenegro
Country name:conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegroconventional short form: nonelocal short form: nonelocal long form: Srbija i Crna Goraformer: Federal Republic of Yugoslaviaabbreviation: SCG
Government type:republic
Capital:Belgrade
Administrative divisions:2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominallyautonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomnapokrajina); Kosovo* (currently under UN administration pendingresolution of its future status), Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence:27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY - now Serbiaand Montenegro - formed as self-proclaimed successor to theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)
National holiday:National Day, 27 April
Constitution:4 February 2003
Legal system:based on civil law system
Suffrage:16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmentelection results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by theParliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47elections: president elected by the Parliament for a four-year term;election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held 2007)cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinethead of government: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernment
Legislative branch:unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin -filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for the first twoyears, after which the Constitutional Charter calls for directelectionselections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held 2005)election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -Serbian parties: SRS 30, DSS 20, DS 13, G17 Plus 12, SPO-NS 8, SPS8; Montenegrin parties: DPS 15, SNP 9, SDP 4, DSS 3, NS 2, LSCG 2
Judicial branch:The Court of Serbia and Montenegro; judges are elected by theSerbia and Montenegro Parliament for six-year termsnote: since the promulgation of the 2003 Constitution, the FederalCourt has constitutional and administrative functions; it has anequal number of judges from each republic
Political parties and leaders:Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia orDSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists ofMontenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Democratic Serbian Party ofMontenegro or DSS [Bozidar BOJOVIC]; G17 Plus [Miroljub LABUS]; NewSerbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LSCG[Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC];Power of Serbia Movement or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC]; Serbian RadicalParty or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO[Vuk DRASKOVIC]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former CommunistParty and party of Slobodan MILOSEVIC) [Ivica DACIC, president ofMain Board]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or SDP [RankoKRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [PredragBULATOVIC]note: the following political parties participate in elections andinstitutions only in Kosovo, which has been governed by the UN underUNSCR 1244 since 1999: Albanian Christian Democratic Party or PSHDK[Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [RamushHARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Serbia or GIS [SlavisaPETKOVIC]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or PDAK [SabitRRAHMANI]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA];Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party ofPD [Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP[Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergj DEDAJ]; Ora[Veton SURROI]; New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [BislimHOTI]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Numan BALIC]; PopularMovement of Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Prizren-DragasInitiative or PDI [Ismajl KARADOLAMI]; Serb List for Kosovo andMetohija or SLKM [Oliver IVANOVIC]; United Roma Party of Kosovo orPREBK [Haxhi Zylfi MERXHA]; Vakat [leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:Political Council for Presevo, Medvedja and Bujanovac or PCPMB[leader NA]; Group for Changes of Montenegro or GZP [NebojsaMEDOJEVIC]
International organization participation:BSEC, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACICconsulate(s) general: ChicagoFAX: [1] (202) 332-3933chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael C. POLT embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070 telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344 FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230 consulate(s): Podgorica note: there is a branch office in Pristina at 30 Nazim Hikmet 38000 Pristina, Kosovo; telephone: [381](38)549-516; FAX: [381](38)549-890
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
Economy Serbia and Montenegro
Economy - overview:MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period ofeconomic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructureand industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 have left theeconomy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting offormer Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, theDemocratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition governmentimplemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressivemarket reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF inDecember 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into theinternational community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and theEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A WorldBank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreementrescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government debtswas concluded in November 2001; it wrote off 66% of the debt. Thesmaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federalcontrol and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues tomaintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslavdinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and managesits own budget. Kosovo, while technically still part of the FederalRepublic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro) according toUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, is largelyautonomous under United Nations Interim Administration Mission inKosovo (UNMIK) and is greatly dependent on the internationalcommunity and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance.The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are official currencies, and UNMIKcollects taxes and manages the budget. The complexity of Serbia andMontenegro political relationships, slow progress in privatization,legal uncertainty over property rights, and scarcity offoreign-investment are holding back Serbia and Montenegro's economy.Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscaldiscipline, are an important element in policy formation. Severeunemployment remains a key political economic problem.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $23.89 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:1.5% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15.2% industry: 28.2% services: 56.5% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):14.3% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:30% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NAhighest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):11.2% (2003 est.)
Labor force:2.93 million (2003 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA
Unemployment rate:34.5% (2003 est.)
Budget:revenues: $8.668 billionexpenditures: $9.633 billion, including capital expenditures of NA(2003 est.)
Public debt:123.2% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats
Industries:machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks andweapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy(steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth,cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore,limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs,appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, andpharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate:1.7% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production:31.71 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:32.37 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:446 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:3.33 billion kWh (2001)
Oil - production:15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:64,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:38.75 million bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:602 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:602 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:24.07 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:$-2.416 billion (2003)
Exports:$2.667 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials
Exports - partners:Italy 31.6%, Germany 17.5%, Austria 6.2%, France 6%, Greece 5.4%,Slovenia 4.1%, Hungary 4% (2003)
Imports:$7.144 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants,manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
Imports - partners:Germany 18.8%, Italy 16.3%, Austria 8.1%, Slovenia 6.6%, Hungary5.8%, France 4.8%, Bulgaria 4.6%, Greece 4.4% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$3.7 billion (2003)
Debt - external:$14.01 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for severalyears)
Currency:in Serbia the Serbian dinar (CSD) is legal tender, but the euro(EUR) is the de facto currency; in Montenegro and Kosovo the euro islegal tender. (2004)
Currency code:CSD, EUR
Exchange rates:new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 65 (2002)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Serbia and Montenegro
Telephones - main lines in use:2,611,700 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:3,634,600 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 381; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios:3.15 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)
Televisions:2.75 million (1997)
Internet country code:.yu
Internet hosts:20,207 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):9 (2000)
Internet users:847,000 (2003)
Transportation Serbia and Montenegro
Railways: total: 4,380 km standard gauge: 4,380 km 1.435-m gauge (1,445 km electrified) (2003)
Highways:total: 49,805 kmpaved: 31,029 km (including 560 km of expressways)unpaved: 18,776 km (2000)
Waterways:587 kmnote: Danube River traffic delayed by pontoon bridge at Novi Sad;plan to replace by summer of 2005 (2004)
Pipelines:gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika
Airports:45 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 19 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 25 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)
Heliports: 4 (2003 est.)
Military Serbia and Montenegro
Military branches:Army (VJ) (including ground forces with border troops, navalforces, air and air defense forces)
Military manpower - military age and obligation:19 years of age (nine months compulsory service) (2004)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 2,718,234 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 2,184,937 (2004 est.)