Death rate:6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 21.14 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 19.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 22.49 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 71.41 yearsmale: 69.23 yearsfemale: 73.71 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.89 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:1.5% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:570,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:58,000 (2003 est.)
Nationality:noun: Thai (singular and plural)adjective: Thai
Ethnic groups:Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Religions:Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other0.6% (1991)
Languages:Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic andregional dialects
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 92.6%male: 94.9%female: 90.5% (2002)
Government Thailand
Country name:conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailandconventional short form: Thailandformer: Siam
Government type:constitutional monarchy
Capital:Bangkok
Administrative divisions:76 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Amnat Charoen, AngThong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi,Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, KamphaengPhet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon(Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, MahaSarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom,Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan,Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani,Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi,Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket,Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, RoiEt, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, SamutSongkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla,Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, UbonRatchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon
Independence:1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)
National holiday:Birthday of King PHUMIPHON, 5 December (1927)
Constitution:new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997
Legal system:based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946)note: there is also a Privy Councilhead of government: Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat (since 9February 2001) and Deputy Prime Ministers CHATURON Chaisaeng, Gen.CHAWALIT Yongchaiyut (Ret.), PURACHAI Piamsombun, VISHANU Krua-ngam(since 8 November 2003); LIPTAPANLOP Suwat (since 1 July 2004);SOMSAK Thepsuthin, PHINIT Charusombat (since 6 October 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministerselections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister isdesignated from among the members of the House of Representatives;following national elections for the House of Representatives, theleader of the party that can organize a majority coalition usuallyis appointed prime minister by the king
Legislative branch:bicameral National Assembly or Rathasapha consists of the Senate orWuthisapha (200 seats; members elected by popular vote to servesix-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Sapha PhuthaenRatsadon (500 seats; members elected by popular vote to servefour-year terms)elections: Senate - last held 4 March, 29 April, 4 June, 9 July, and22 July 2000 (next to be held by March 2006); House ofRepresentatives - last held 6 January 2001 (next to be held 6February 2005)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats byparty - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party -NA%; seats by party - TRT 248, DP 128, TNP 41, NDP 29, other 54
Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Sandika (judges appointed by the monarch)
Political parties and leaders:Democrat Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [BANYAT Bantadtan];People's Party or PP (Mahachon Party) [ANEK Laothamatas]; ThaiNation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BARNHARN SILPA-ARCHA]; ThaiRak Thai Party or TRT [THAKSIN Chinnawat]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC(observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: KASIT Piromyaconsulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkFAX: [1] (202) 944-3611telephone: [1] (202) 944-3600chancery: 1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC20007-3681
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCEembassy: 120/22 Wireless Road, Bangkokmailing address: APO AP 96546telephone: [66] (2) 205-4000FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990, 205-4131consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai
Flag description:five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width),white, and red
Economy Thailand
Economy - overview:Thailand has a free-enterprise economy and welcomes foreigninvestment. Exports feature textiles and footwear, fishery products,rice, rubber, jewelry, automobiles, computers and electricalappliances. Thailand has recovered from the 1997-98 Asian FinancialCrisis and was one of East Asia's best performers in 2002. Increasedconsumption and investment spending and strong export growth pushedGDP growth up to 6.3% in 2003 despite a sluggish global economy. Thehighly popular government has pushed an expansionist policy,including major support of village economic development.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $477.5 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:6.7% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $7,400 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 9.8% industry: 44% services: 46.3% (2003)
Investment (gross fixed):25.5% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:10.4% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:41.4 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.8% (2003 est.)
Labor force:34.9 million (2003 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate:2.2% (2003 est.)
Budget:revenues: $24.41 billionexpenditures: $24.01 billion, including capital expenditures of $5billion (2003 est.)
Public debt:46.6% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans
Industries:tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages,tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry, electricappliances and components, computers and parts, integrated circuits,furniture, plastics, world's second-largest tungsten producer, andthird-largest tin producer
Industrial production growth rate:12.3% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:97.6 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:90.91 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:200 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:350 million kWh (2001)
Oil - production:173,800 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:785,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:600 million bbl (1 January 2003)
Natural gas - production:18.73 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:23.93 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:5.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:368.2 billion cu m (1 January 2003)
Current account balance:$9.44 billion (2003)
Exports:$75.99 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:computers, office machine parts, transistors, rubber, vehicles(cars and trucks), plastic, seafood (2002)
Exports - partners:US 17%, Japan 14.2%, Singapore 7.3%, China 7.1%, Hong Kong 5.4%,Malaysia 4.8% (2003)
Imports:$65.3 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumergoods, fuels (2000)
Imports - partners:Japan 24.1%, US 9.5%, China 8%, Malaysia 6%, Singapore 4.3%, Taiwan4.2% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$42.15 billion (2003)
Debt - external:$53.75 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$131.5 million (1998 est.)
Currency:baht (THB)
Currency code:THB
Exchange rates:baht per US dollar - 41.4846 (2003), 42.9601 (2002), 44.4319(2001), 40.1118 (2000), 37.8137 (1999)
Fiscal year:1 October - 30 September
Communications Thailand
Telephones - main lines in use:6.6 million (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:16.117 million (2002)
Telephone system:general assessment: service to general public adequate, butinvestment in technological upgrades reduced by recession; bulk ofservice to government activities provided by multichannel cable andmicrowave radio relay networkdomestic: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domesticsatellite system being developedinternational: country code - 66; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 204, FM 334, shortwave 6 (1999)
Radios:13.96 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:5 (all in Bangkok; plus 131 repeaters) (1997)
Televisions:15.19 million (1997)
Internet country code:.th
Internet hosts:103,700 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):15 (2000)
Internet users:6,031,300 (2003)
Transportation Thailand
Railways: total: 4,071 km narrow gauge: 4,071 km 1.000-m gauge (2003)
Highways: total: 64,600 km paved: 62,985 km unpaved: 1,615 km (1999 est.)
Waterways: 4,000 km note: 3,701 km navigable by boats with drafts up to 0.9 m (2003)
Pipelines:gas 3,112 km; refined products 265 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha, Songkhla
Merchant marine:total: 339 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,038,597 GRT/3,104,712 DWTforeign-owned: Egypt 1, Germany 3, Indonesia 1, Japan 4, Norway 38,Panama 2, Singapore 3registered in other countries: 43 (2004 est.)by type: bulk 40, cargo 135, chemical tanker 5, combination bulk 2,combination ore/oil 1, container 19, liquefied gas 22,multi-functional large load carrier 2, passenger 1, petroleum tanker79, refrigerated cargo 22, roll on/roll off 2, short-sea/passenger2, specialized tanker 6, vehicle carrier 1
Airports:109 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 65 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 19 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 23
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 44 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 28 (2004 est.)
Heliports: 3 (2003 est.)
Military Thailand
Military branches:Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai MarineCorps), Royal Thai Air Force
Military manpower - military age and obligation: 21 years of age for compulsory military service; males are registered at 18 years of age; conscript service obligation - 2 years; 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2004)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 17,944,151 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 10,735,354 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:males: 531,511 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$1.775 billion (FY00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.8% (2003)
Transnational Issues Thailand
Disputes - international:a 1 kilometer segment at the mouth of the Golok River remains indispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laos complete except forcertain Mekong River islets and complaints of Thai squatters;despite continuing border committee talks, significant differencesremain with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnicrebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodiaaccuses Thailand of moving boundary markers and obstructing accessto Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in1962; 2003 anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh resulted in the destructionof the Thai Embassy and damage to 17 Thai-owned businesses anddisputes over payments of full compensation persist; groups in Burmaand Thailand express concern over China's construction of 13hydroelectric dams on the Salween River in Yunnan Province
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 118,407 (Burma) (2004)
Illicit drugs:a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; illicit transitpoint for heroin en route to the international drug market fromBurma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area ofcannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboringcountries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradicationefforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role inamphetamine production for regional consumption; increasingindigenous abuse of methamphetamine
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Togo
Introduction Togo
Background:French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA,installed as military ruler in 1967, is Africa's longest-servinghead of state. Despite the facade of multiparty elections institutedin the early 1990s, the government continues to be dominated byPresident EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) partyhas maintained power almost continually since 1967. In addition,Togo has come under fire from international organizations for humanrights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. While mostbilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen, the EuropeanUnion initiated a partial resumption of cooperation and developmentaid to Togo in late 2004.
Geography Togo
Location:Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin andGhana
Geographic coordinates:8 00 N, 1 10 E
Map references:Africa
Area:total: 56,785 sq kmwater: 2,400 sq kmland: 54,385 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries: total: 1,647 km border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline: 56 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 30 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain:gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau;low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 mhighest point: Mont Agou 986 m
Natural resources:phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Land use: arable land: 46.15% permanent crops: 2.21% other: 51.64% (2001)
Irrigated land:70 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north duringwinter; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinctgeographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna
People Togo
Population:5,556,812note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account theeffects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lowerlife expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lowerpopulation and growth rates, and changes in the distribution ofpopulation by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 43.9% (male 1,222,622; female 1,214,443)15-64 years: 53.6% (male 1,455,373; female 1,522,456)65 years and over: 2.6% (male 59,165; female 82,753) (2004 est.)
Median age:total: 17.6 yearsmale: 17.2 yearsfemale: 17.9 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:2.27% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:34.36 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:11.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 67.66 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 59.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 75.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 53.05 yearsmale: 51.07 yearsfemale: 55.09 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:4.79 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:4.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:110,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:10,000 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:typhoid fever, malaria, yellow fever, schistosomiasisoverall degree of risk: very high (2004)
Nationality:noun: Togolese (singular and plural)adjective: Togolese
Ethnic groups:native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Religions:indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 29%, Muslim 20%
Languages:French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (thetwo major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelledKabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 60.9%male: 75.4%female: 46.9% (2003 est.)
Government Togo
Country name:conventional long form: Togolese Republicconventional short form: Togolocal short form: noneformer: French Togolandlocal long form: Republique Togolaise
Government type:republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Capital:Lome
Administrative divisions:5 regions (regions, singular - region); Kara, Plateaux, Savanes,Centrale, Maritime
Independence:27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
National holiday:Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Constitution:multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of theRepublic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Legal system:French-based court system
Suffrage:NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch:chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 6 February 2005);note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was succeededby his son, Faure GNASSINGBE, who will be allowed to complete hisfather's termhead of government: Prime Minister Koffi SAMA (since 29 June 2002)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and theprime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held 1 June 2003 (next to be held NA June 2008); primeminister appointed by the presidentelection results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent ofvote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 57.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 34.1%, YawoviAGBOYIBO 5.2%, Maurice Dahuku PERE 2.3%, Edem KODJO 1.0%
Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected bypopular vote to serve five-year terms)elections: last held 27 October 2002 (next NA 2007)note: two opposition parties boycotted the election, the Union ofthe Forces for Change, and the Action Committee for Renewalelection results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -RPT 72, RSDD 3, UDPS 2, Juvento 2, MOCEP 1, independents 1
Judicial branch:Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Political parties and leaders: Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP [leader NA]; Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harryy OLYMPIO]; Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [President Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU] note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Akoussoulelou BODJONA FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190 telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212 chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Gregory ENGLE embassy: Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome telephone: [228] 221 29 91 through 221 29 94 FAX: [228] 221 79 52
Flag description:five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternatingwith yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square inthe upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors ofEthiopia
Economy Togo
Economy - overview:This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on bothcommercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employmentfor 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still beimported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of exportearnings, with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo isthe world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate, but productionfell an estimated 22% in 2002 due to power shortages and the cost ofdeveloping new deposits. The government's decade-long effort,supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economicreform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues inline with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends onfollowing through on privatization, increased openness in governmentfinancial operations, progress toward legislative elections, andcontinued support from foreign donors.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $8.257 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:3.3% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 39.5% industry: 20.4% services: 40.1% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):18.4% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:32% (1989 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NAhighest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):-1% (2003 est.)
Labor force:1.74 million (1996)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate:NA (2003 est.)
Budget:revenues: $214.5 millionexpenditures: $296.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA(2003 est.)
Agriculture - products:coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice,millet, sorghum; livestock; fish
Industries:phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts,textiles, beverages
Industrial production growth rate:NA
Electricity - production:101.6 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:614.5 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:520 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2001)
Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:10,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Current account balance:$-140 million (2003)
Exports:$398.1 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa
Exports - partners:Burkina Faso 16.6%, Ghana 15.4%, Netherlands 13%, Benin 9.6%, Mali7.7% (2003)
Imports:$501.3 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Imports - partners:France 21.1%, Netherlands 12.1%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.9%, Germany 4.6%,Italy 4.4%, South Africa 4.3%, China 4.1% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$257 million (2003)
Debt - external:$1.4 billion (2000)
Economic aid - recipient:ODA $80 million (2000 est.)
Currency:Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Currency code:XOF
Exchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 581.2(2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000), 615.699(1999)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Togo
Telephones - main lines in use:60,600 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:220,000 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwaveradio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobilecellular systemdomestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventionalsystem; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephonesinternational: country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie
Radio broadcast stations:AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)
Radios:940,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations:3 (plus two repeaters) (1997)
Televisions:73,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.tg
Internet hosts:82 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):3 (2001)
Internet users:210,000 (2003)
Transportation Togo
Railways: total: 568 km narrow gauge: 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2003)
Highways: total: 7,520 km paved: 2,376 km unpaved: 5,144 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2003)
Ports and harbors:Kpeme, Lome
Merchant marine:total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,918 GRT/3,852 DWTby type: cargo 1, specialized tanker 1registered in other countries: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports:9 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 22,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 7914 to 1,523 m: 5under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Military Togo
Military branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Military manpower - military age and obligation:18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (2001)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 1,316,455 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 690,331 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$32.6 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.9% (2003)
Transnational Issues Togo
Disputes - international:in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - jointcommission continues to resurvey the boundary
Illicit drugs:transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; moneylaundering not a significant problem
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Tokelau
Introduction Tokelau
Background:Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding islandgroups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate in1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925.
Geography Tokelau
Location:Oceania, group of three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, aboutone-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates:9 00 S, 172 00 W
Map references:Oceania
Area:total: 10 sq kmwater: 0 sq kmland: 10 sq km
Area - comparative:about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:0 km
Coastline:101 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain:low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 mhighest point: unnamed location 5 m
Natural resources:NEGL
Land use:arable land: 0% (soil is thin and infertile)permanent crops: 0%other: 100% (2001)
Irrigated land:NA sq km
Natural hazards:lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Environment - current issues:very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing toemigration to New Zealand
Geography - note:consists of three atolls, each with a lagoon surrounded by a numberof reef-bound islets of varying length and rising to over threemeters above sea level
People Tokelau
Population: 1,405 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 42% 15-64 years: 53% 65 years and over: 5% (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:-0.01% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:NA births/1,000 population
Death rate:NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio:NA
Infant mortality rate:total: NAmale: NAfemale: NA
Life expectancy at birth:total population: NA yearsmale: 68 yearsfemale: 70 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:NA children born/woman
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Tokelauan(s)adjective: Tokelauan
Ethnic groups:Polynesian
Religions:Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; onNukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, withthe Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages:Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Literacy:NA
Government Tokelau
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tokelau
Dependency status:self-administering territory of New Zealand; note - Tokelauans aredrafting a constitution and developing institutions and patterns ofself-government as Tokelau moves toward free association with NewZealand
Government type:NA
Capital:none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions:none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence:none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday:Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereigntyover New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
Constitution:administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in1970
Legal system:New Zealand and local statutes
Suffrage:21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UKand New Zealand are represented by Administrator Neil WALTER (sinceNA 2002)elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointedby the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; thehead of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and servesa one-year termhead of government: Aliki Faipule Kuresa NASAU (since 2004) note -position rotates annually among members of the cabinetcabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of three elected leaders- one from each atoll - functions as a cabinet
Legislative branch:unicameral General Fono (48 seats; 15 members from each of thethree islands elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms andthe 3 island village mayors [pulenuku]); note - the TokelauAmendment Act of 1996 confers limited legislative power on theGeneral Fono
Judicial branch:Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and criminaljurisdiction in Tokelau
Political parties and leaders:none
Political pressure groups and leaders:none
International organization participation:UNESCO (associate), UPU
Diplomatic representation in the US:none (territory of New Zealand)
Diplomatic representation from the US:none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag description:the flag of New Zealand is used
Economy Tokelau
Economy - overview:Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack ofresources greatly restrain economic development and confineagriculture to the subsistence level. The people rely heavily on aidfrom New Zealand - about $4 million annually - to maintain publicservices, with annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. Theprincipal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postagestamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted tofamilies from relatives in New Zealand.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $1.5 million (1993 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:NA
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $1,000 (1993 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: NAindustry: NAservices: NA
Population below poverty line:NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NAhighest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA
Labor force:NA
Unemployment rate:NA
Budget:revenues: $430,800expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of$37,300 (1987 est.)
Agriculture - products:coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
Industries:small-scale enterprises for copra production, woodworking, plaitedcraft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Industrial production growth rate:NA
Electricity - production:NA kWh
Electricity - consumption:NA kWh
Exports:$98,000 f.o.b. (1983)
Exports - commodities:stamps, copra, handicrafts
Exports - partners:New Zealand (2000)
Imports:$323,000 c.i.f. (1983)
Imports - commodities:foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Imports - partners:New Zealand (2000)
Debt - external:$0
Economic aid - recipient:from New Zealand about $4 million annually
Currency:New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Currency code:NZD
Exchange rates:New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003), 2.154 (2002),2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)
Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
Communications Tokelau
Telephones - main lines in use:300 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:0 (2001)
Telephone system:general assessment: adequatedomestic: radiotelephone service between islandsinternational: country code - 690; radiotelephone service to Samoa;government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satelliteearth stations, established in 1997
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA note: each atoll has a radio broadcast station of unknown type that broadcasts shipping and weather reports (1998)
Radios:1,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.tk
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):1 (2000)
Internet users:NA
Transportation Tokelau
Highways: total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km
Ports and harbors:none; offshore anchorage only
Merchant marine:none
Airports:none; lagoon landings are possible by amphibious aircraft (2003est.)
Military Tokelau
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
Transnational Issues Tokelau
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Tonga
Introduction Tonga
Background:The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into aPolynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired itsindependence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth ofNations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.
Geography Tonga
Location:Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirdsof the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates:20 00 S, 175 00 W
Map references:Oceania
Area:total: 748 sq kmwater: 30 sq kmland: 718 sq km
Area - comparative:four times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:0 km
Coastline:419 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May),cool season (May to December)
Terrain:most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coralformation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 mhighest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m
Natural resources:fish, fertile soil
Land use:arable land: 23.61%permanent crops: 43.06%other: 33.33% (2001)
Irrigated land:NA sq km
Natural hazards:cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity onFonuafo'ou
Environment - current issues:deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared foragriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfishand indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatensnative sea turtle populations
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of theSea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollutionsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)
People Tonga
Population:110,237 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 37.1% (male 20,873; female 20,050)15-64 years: 58.7% (male 32,018; female 32,707)65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,005; female 2,584) (2004 est.)
Median age:total: 20.1 yearsmale: 19.7 yearsfemale: 20.7 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:1.94% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:24.87 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:5.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 12.99 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 11.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 14.36 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 69.2 yearsmale: 66.74 yearsfemale: 71.79 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:3 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Tongan(s)adjective: Tongan
Ethnic groups:Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Religions:Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Languages:Tongan, English
Literacy:definition: can read and write Tongan and/or Englishtotal population: 98.5%male: 98.4%female: 98.7% (1996 est.)
Government Tonga
Country name:conventional long form: Kingdom of Tongaconventional short form: Tongaformer: Friendly Islands
Government type:hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital:Nuku'alofa
Administrative divisions:3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u
Independence:4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)
National holiday:Independence Day, 4 June (1970)
Constitution:4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Legal system:based on English law
Suffrage:21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch,the Cabinet, and two governorselections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister anddeputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarchcabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the monarch, consists of 12 membershead of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA(since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister James C. COCKER(since NA January 2001)
Legislative branch:unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for noblesselected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popularvote; members serve three-year terms)elections: last held 7 March 2002 (next to be held NA 2005)election results: percent of vote - HRDMT 70%; seats - HRDMT 7,traditionalist 2
Judicial branch:Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court ofAppeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chiefjustice of the Supreme Court)
Political parties and leaders:there are no political parties
Political pressure groups and leaders:Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. SimoteVEA, chair]
International organization participation:ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sonatane T. T. TUPOU chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022 telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025 consulate(s) general: San Francisco FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024
Diplomatic representation from the US:the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji isaccredited to Tonga
Flag description:red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upperhoist-side corner
Economy Tonga
Economy - overview:Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a narrowexport base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, andvanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make uptwo-thirds of total exports. The country must import a highproportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is thesecond-largest source of hard currency earnings followingremittances. The country remains dependent on external aid andremittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its tradedeficit. The government is emphasizing the development of theprivate sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and iscommitting increased funds for health and education. Tonga has areasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed socialservices. High unemployment among the young and the continuingupturn in inflation are major issues facing the government.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $236 million (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:3% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 26%industry: 12%services: 62% (2002 est.)
Population below poverty line:NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NAhighest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):10.3% (2002 est.)
Labor force:33,910 (1996)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 65% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate:13.3% (1996 est.)
Budget:revenues: $39.9 millionexpenditures: $52.4 million, including capital expenditures of $1.9million (FY99/00 est.)
Agriculture - products: squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish
Industries:tourism, fishing
Industrial production growth rate:8.6% (FY98/99)
Electricity - production:27.27 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:25.36 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Exports:$27 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities:squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops
Exports - partners:US 50%, Japan 35.7%, Italy 3.6% (2003)
Imports:$86 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities:foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Imports - partners:New Zealand 43.4%, Fiji 22.2%, Australia 11.1%, US 6.1% (2003)
Debt - external:$63.4 million (2001)
Economic aid - recipient:Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)
Currency:pa'anga (TOP)
Currency code:TOP
Exchange rates:pa'anga per US dollar - NA (2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236 (2001),1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999)