Military expenditures - dollar figure:NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:NA
Transnational Issues Tuvalu
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Uganda
Introduction Uganda
Background:Uganda achieved independence from the UK in 1962. The dictatorialregime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses underMilton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives.During the 1990s, the government promulgated non-party presidentialand legislative elections.
Geography Uganda
Location:Eastern Africa, west of Kenya
Geographic coordinates:1 00 N, 32 00 E
Map references:Africa
Area:total: 236,040 sq kmwater: 36,330 sq kmland: 199,710 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:total: 2,698 kmborder countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 765 km, Kenya 933km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km
Coastline:0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:none (landlocked)
Climate:tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December toFebruary, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Terrain:mostly plateau with rim of mountains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m
Natural resources:copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land
Land use:arable land: 25.88%permanent crops: 10.65%other: 63.47% (2001)
Irrigated land:90 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:NA
Environment - current issues:draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation;overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in LakeVictoria; poaching is widespread
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-KyotoProtocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Lawof the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note:landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers
People Uganda
Population:26,404,543note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account theeffects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lowerlife expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lowerpopulation and growth rates, and changes in the distribution ofpopulation by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 50.6% (male 6,696,193; female 6,653,764)15-64 years: 47.1% (male 6,199,732; female 6,233,678)65 years and over: 2.4% (male 269,990; female 351,186) (2004 est.)
Median age:total: 14.8 yearsfemale: 14.9 years (2004 est.)male: 14.7 years
Population growth rate:2.97% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:46.31 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:16.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 populationnote: according to the UNHCR, by the end of 2001, Uganda was host to178,815 refugees from a number of neighboring countries, including:Sudan 155,996, Rwanda 14,375, and Democratic Republic of the Congo7,459 (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 86.15 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 78.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 93.58 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 45.28 yearsmale: 43.76 yearsfemale: 46.83 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:6.64 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:4.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:600,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:84,000 (2001 est.)
Major infectious diseases:typhoid fever, malaria, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasisoverall degree of risk: very high (2004)
Nationality:noun: Ugandan(s)adjective: Ugandan
Ethnic groups:Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi 6%,Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro 3%,Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%, Rundi2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%
Religions:Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs18%
Languages:English (official national language, taught in grade schools, usedin courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts),Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages,preferred for native language publications in the capital and may betaught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharanlanguages, Swahili, Arabic
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 69.9%male: 79.5%female: 60.4% (2003 est.)
Government Uganda
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Ugandaconventional short form: Uganda
Government type:republic
Capital:Kampala
Administrative divisions:56 districts; Adjumani, Apac, Arua, Bugiri, Bundibugyo, Bushenyi,Busia, Gulu, Hoima, Iganga, Jinja, Kabale, Kabarole, Kaberamaido,Kalangala, Kampala, Kamuli, Kamwenge, Kanungu, Kapchorwa, Kasese,Katakwi, Kayunga, Kibale, Kiboga, Kisoro, Kitgum, Kotido, Kumi,Kyenjojo, Lira, Luwero, Masaka, Masindi, Mayuge, Mbale, Mbarara,Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nakapiripirit, Nakasongola,Nebbi, Ntungamo, Pader, Pallisa, Rakai, Rukungiri, Sembabule,Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, Wakiso, Yumbe
Independence:9 October 1962 (from UK)
National holiday:Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
Constitution:8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-member ConstituentAssembly, charged with debating the draft constitution that had beenproposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly was dissolved uponthe promulgation of the constitution in October 1995
Legal system:in 1995, the government restored the legal system to one based onEnglish common law and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJjurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (sinceseizing power 26 January 1986); note - the president is both chiefof state and head of governmenthead of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (sinceseizing power 29 January 1986); Prime Minister Apollo NSIBAMBI(since 5 April 1999); note - the president is both chief of stateand head of government; the prime minister assists the president inthe supervision of the cabinetcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among electedlegislatorselections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held 12 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); note -first popular election for president since independence in 1962 washeld in 1996; prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president;percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 69.3%, KizzaBESIGYE 27.8%
Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (303 members - 214 directly elected bypopular vote, 81 nominated by legally established special interestgroups [women 56, army 10, disabled 5, youth 5, labor 5], 8 exofficio members; members serve five-year terms)elections: last held 26 June 2001 (next to be held May or June 2006);election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -NA; note - election campaigning by party was not permitted
Judicial branch:Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president and approvedby the legislature); High Court (judges are appointed by thepresident)
Political parties and leaders:only one political organization, the Movement (formerly theNRM)[President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operate unfettered;note - the president maintains that the Movement is not a politicalparty, but a mass organization, which claims the loyalty of allUgandansnote: the constitution requires the suspension of political partieswhile the Movement organization is in governance; of the politicalparties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring candidates,the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [MiltonOBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE]; ConservativeParty or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI]; Justice Forum [Muhammad KibirigeMAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:Popular Resistance Against a Life President or PRALP
International organization participation:ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC,IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Edith Grace SSEMPALA chancery: 5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 FAX: [1] (202) 726-1727 telephone: [1] (202) 726-7100 through 7102, 0416
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jimmy KOLKER embassy: 1577 Ggaba Rd., Kampala mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala telephone: [256] (41) 234-142 FAX: [256] (41) 258-451
Flag description:six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black,yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center anddepicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoistside
Economy Uganda
Economy - overview:Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils,regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt.Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employingover 80% of the work force. Coffee accounts for the bulk of exportrevenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of foreigncountries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate andstabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raisingproducer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleumproducts, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes areespecially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production andexport earnings. During 1990-2001, the economy turned in a solidperformance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation ofinfrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports,reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic security, and thereturn of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. Corruption within thegovernment and slippage in the government's determination to pressreforms raise doubts about the continuation of strong growth. In2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Countries(HIPC) debt relief worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club debt reliefworth $145 million. These amounts combined with the original HIPCdebt relief added up to about $2 billion. Growth for 2001-02 wassolid despite continued decline in the price of coffee, Uganda'sprincipal export. Solid growth in 2003 reflected an upturn inUganda's export markets.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $36.1 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:4.4% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $1,400 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 36.1% industry: 21.2% services: 42.8% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):20.3% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:35% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 4%highest 10%: 21% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:37.4 (1996)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):7.9% (2003 est.)
Labor force:12.09 million (2003 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 82%, industry 5%, services 13% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:NA (2002 est.)
Budget:revenues: $1.123 billionexpenditures: $1.433 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(FY98/99 est.) (2003)
Public debt:62.2% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products: coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; beef, goat meat, milk, poultry, cut flowers
Industries:sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
Industrial production growth rate:5% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:1.928 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:1.62 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:174 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:1 million kWh (2001)
Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:8,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Current account balance:$-237 million (2003)
Exports:$495 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:coffee, fish and fish products, tea; gold, cotton, flowers,horticultural products
Exports - partners:Kenya 14.7%, Switzerland 13.7%, Netherlands 9.2%, UK 6.4%, SouthAfrica 5.6% (2003)
Imports:$1.179 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals
Imports - partners:Kenya 26%, India 7.4%, South Africa 7.2%, Japan 6.6%, UK 6.3%, UAE5.8%, US 5.7%, China 5.1% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$1.08 billion (2003)
Debt - external:$3.818 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$1.4 billion (2000)
Currency:Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Currency code:UGX
Exchange rates:Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,963.72 (2003), 1,797.55 (2002),1,755.66 (2001), 1,644.48 (2000), 1,454.83 (1999)
Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
Communications Uganda
Telephones - main lines in use:61,000 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:776,200 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: seriously inadequate; two cellular systems havebeen introduced, but a sharp increase in the number of main lines isessential; e-mail and Internet services are availabledomestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, andradiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile cellularsystems for short-range trafficinternational: country code - 256; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya andTanzania
Radio broadcast stations:AM 7, FM 33, shortwave 2 (2001)
Radios:5 million (2001)
Television broadcast stations:8 (plus one low-power repeater) (2001)
Televisions:500,000 (2001)
Internet country code:.ug
Internet hosts:2,692 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):2 (2000)
Internet users:125,000 (2003)
Transportation Uganda
Railways: total: 1,241 km narrow gauge: 1,241 km 1.000-m gauge (2003)
Highways: total: 27,000 km paved: 1,809 km unpaved: 25,191 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:300 km (on Lake Victoria, 200 km on Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, andparts of Albert Nile) (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors:Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell
Merchant marine:total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,091 GRT/5,943 DWTby type: roll on/roll off 3 (2003 est.)
Airports:27 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 25 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)
Military Uganda
Military branches:Ugandan Peoples' Defense Force (UPDF): Army, Marine Unit, Air Wing
Military manpower - military age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military duty; the government has stated that recruitment below that age could occur with proper consent and that "no person under the apparent age of 13 years shall be enrolled in the armed forces"
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 5,678,649 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 3,085,053 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$128.2 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.1% (2003)
Transnational Issues Uganda
Disputes - international:Tutsi, Hutu, Lendu, Hema, and other ethnic groups, associatedpolitical rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various governmentforces continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending theboundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, andUganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources;government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violencecontinues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; civil conflict in Sudanhas extended Sudanese rebel forces and refugees into Uganda andgiven shelter to Ugandan Lord's Resistance Army soldiers in Sudan;Kenya and Uganda are working together to stem cattle rustling andviolence by Lord's Resistance Army along the border
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 184,731 (Sudan), 18,000 (Rwanda) IDPs: 1.4 million (ongoing LRA rebellion, mainly in the north; LRA frequently attacks IDP camps) (2004)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Ukraine
Introduction Ukraine
Background:Ukraine was the center of the first Slavic state, Kievan Rus, whichduring the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerfulstate in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongolinvasions, Kievan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy ofLithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.The cultural and religious legacy of Kievan Rus laid the foundationfor Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A newUkrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during themid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despitecontinuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remainautonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed bythe Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in1917, Ukraine was able to bring about a short-lived period ofindependence (1917-1920), but was reconquered and forced to endure abrutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, Germanand Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million moredeaths. Although final independence for Ukraine was achieved in 1991with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy remained elusive as thelegacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts ateconomic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. A peaceful massprotest "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced theauthorites to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow anew internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformistslate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. The new government presents itscitizens with hope that the country may at last attain true freedomand prosperity.
Geography Ukraine
Location:Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania,and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east
Geographic coordinates:49 00 N, 32 00 E
Map references:Asia, Europe
Area:total: 603,700 sq kmwater: 0 sq kmland: 603,700 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:total: 4,663 kmborder countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km,Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km
Coastline:2,782 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimeancoast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in westand north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from coolalong the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm acrossthe greater part of the country, hot in the south
Terrain:most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus,mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in theCrimean Peninsula in the extreme south
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Black Sea 0 mhighest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
Natural resources:iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur,graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber,arable land
Land use:arable land: 56.21%permanent crops: 1.61%other: 42.18% (2001)
Irrigated land:24,540 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:NA
Environment - current issues:inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution;deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant
Environment - international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, AirPollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, MarineDumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent OrganicPollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile OrganicCompounds
Geography - note:strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia;second-largest country in Europe
People Ukraine
Population:47,732,079 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 15.9% (male 3,883,485; female 3,715,668)15-64 years: 68.7% (male 15,692,388; female 17,096,611)65 years and over: 15.4% (male 2,472,023; female 4,871,904) (2004est.)
Median age: total: 38.1 years male: 34.8 years female: 41.1 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:-0.66% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:10.21 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:-0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 20.61 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 19.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 21.87 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 66.68 yearsmale: 61.35 yearsfemale: 72.27 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.37 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:2% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:250,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:11,000 (2001 est.)
Nationality:noun: Ukrainian(s)adjective: Ukrainian
Ethnic groups:Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%,Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%,Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001)
Religions:Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate 19%, Ukrainian Orthodox -Moscow Patriarchate 9%, Ukrainian Greek Catholic 6%, UkrainianAutocephalous Orthodox 1.7%, Protestant, Jewish, none 38% (2004 est.)
Languages:Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writefemale: 99.6% (2003 est.)male: 99.8%total population: 99.7%
People - note:the sex trafficking of Ukrainian women is a serious problem thathas only recently been addressed
Government Ukraine
Country name:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Ukrainelocal long form: noneformer: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, UkrainianSoviet Socialist Republiclocal short form: Ukrayina
Government type:republic
Capital:Kiev (Kyyiv)
Administrative divisions:24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic*(avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular -misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimeaor Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Dnipropetrovs'k,Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmel'nyts'kyy,Kirovohrad, Kiev (Kyyiv)**, Kyyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv,Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya,Volyn' (Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyrnote: administrative divisions have the same names as theiradministrative centers (exceptions have the administrative centername following in parentheses)
Independence:24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:Independence Day, 24 August (1991); the date of 22 January (1918),the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from SovietRussia), is now celebrated as Unity Day
Constitution:adopted 28 June 1996
Legal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Viktor A. YUSHCHENKO (since 23 January2005)head of government: Prime Minister Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (since 4February 2005); First Deputy Prime Minister - Anatoliy KINAKH (since4 February 2005)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president andapproved by the Supreme Councilelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;note - a special repeat runoff presidential election between ViktorYUSHCHENKO and Viktor YANUKOVYCH took place on 26 December 2004after the earlier 21 November 2004 contest - won by Mr. YANUKOVYCH -was invalidated by the Ukrainian Supreme Court because of widespreadand significant violations; prime minister and deputy primeministers appointed by the president and approved by the SupremeCouncilelection results: Viktor YUSHCHENKO elected president; percent ofvote - Viktor YUSHCHENKO 51.99%, Viktor YANUKOVYCH 44.2%note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDCoriginally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, butsignificantly revamped and strengthened under former-PresidentKUCHMA; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national securitypolicy on domestic and international matters and advising thepresident; a Presidential Administration that helps draftpresidential edicts and provides policy support to the president;and a Council of Regions that serves as an advisory body
Legislative branch:unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; underrecent amendments to Ukraine's election law, the Rada's seats areallocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gain 3% ormore of the national electoral vote; members serve four-year terms)election results: percent of vote by party/bloc - Our Ukraine 24%,CPU 20%, United Ukraine 12%, SPU 7%, Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc 7%,United Social Democratic Party 6%, other 24%; seats by party/bloc -Our Ukraine 101, Regions of Ukraine 61, CPU 59, Working Ukraine 14,United Social Democratic Party 33, Agrarian Party 22, SPU 20, YuliyaTymoshenko Bloc 19, United Ukraine 19, People's DemocraticParty-Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 16, Center Group 15,Democratic Initiatives 14, unaffiliated 57 (December 2004)note: following the election, United Ukraine splintered into theAgrarian Party, European Choice, People's Choice, People'sDemocratic Party, Regions of Ukraine, and WorkingUkraine-Industrialists and Entrepreneurs; these factions have sinceundergone a number of changeselections: last held 31 March 2002 (next to be held March 2006)
Judicial branch:Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:Agrarian Party [Volodymyr LYTVYN]; Communist Party of Ukraine orCPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; Democratic Initiatives [Stepan HAVRYSH];Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; Our Ukraine bloc(comprised of several parties the most prominent of which are Rukh,the Ukrainian People's Party, Reforms and Order, and Solidarity)[Viktor YUSHCHENKO]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [ValeriyPUSTOVOYTENKO]; Regions of Ukraine [Viktor YANUKOVYCH]; SocialistParty of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman]; United SocialDemocratic Party [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]; Working Ukraine [SerhiyTYHYPKO]; Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]note: as well as numerous smaller parties; United Ukraine and CenterGroup are not actual political parties, but rather deputy groups(factions not based on a party)
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:BSEC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS(observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer), ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Mykhailo B. REZNIKFAX: [1] (202) 333-0817consulate(s) general: Chicago and New Yorktelephone: [1] (202) 349-2920chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador John E. HERBSTembassy: 10 Yuriia Kotsiubynskoho Street, 04053 Kievmailing address: 5850 Kiev Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850telephone: [380] (44) 490-4000FAX: [380] (44) 490-4085
Flag description:two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellowrepresent grainfields under a blue sky
Economy Ukraine
Economy - overview:After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the mostimportant economic component of the former Soviet Union, producingabout four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Itsfertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Sovietagricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantitiesof meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise,its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (forexample, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial andmining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of theformer USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especiallynatural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements.Shortly after independence in December 1991, the UkrainianGovernment liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework forprivatization, but widespread resistance to reform within thegovernment and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and ledto some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% ofthe 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation tohyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence onRussia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structuralreform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to externalshocks. President KUCHMA had pledged to reduce the number ofgovernment agencies, streamline the regulatory process, create alegal environment to encourage entrepreneurs, and enact acomprehensive tax overhaul. Reforms in the more politicallysensitive areas of structural reform and land privatization arestill lagging. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - haveencouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms. GDP in2000 showed strong export-based growth of 6% - the first growthsince independence - and industrial production grew 12.9%. Theeconomy continued to expand in 2001 as real GDP rose 9% andindustrial output grew by over 14%. Growth of 4.6% in 2002 was moremoderate, in part a reflection of faltering growth in the developedworld. In general, growth has been undergirded by strong domesticdemand, low inflation, and solid consumer and investor confidence.Growth was a sturdy 9.3% in 2003 and a remarkable 12% in 2004,despite a loss of momentum in needed economic reforms.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $260.4 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:9.4% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $5,400 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 18.8% industry: 44.8% services: 36.4% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):21% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:29% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 23.2% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:29 (1999)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):5.2% (2003 est.)
Labor force:21.29 million (2003)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 24%, industry 32%, services 44% (1996)
Unemployment rate:3.7% officially registered; large number of unregistered orunderemployed workers (2003)
Budget:revenues: $14.1 billionexpenditures: $14.19 billion, including capital expenditures of NA(2003 est.)
Public debt:28.7% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk
Industries:coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery andtransport equipment, chemicals, food processing (especially sugar)
Industrial production growth rate:15.8% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:164.7 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:152.4 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:800 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:86,490 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:290,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA (2001)
Oil - imports:NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:197.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:18.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:74.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:55.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:560.7 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:$2.891 billion (2003)
Exports:$23.63 billion (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products,chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products
Exports - partners:Russia 17.8%, Germany 5.9%, Italy 5.3%, China 4.1% (2003)
Imports:$23.58 billion (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Imports - partners:Russia 35.9%, Germany 9.4%, Turkmenistan 7.2% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:$6.937 billion (2003)
Debt - external:$16.13 billion (2003)
Economic aid - recipient: $637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (1998)
Currency:hryvnia (UAH)
Currency code:UAH
Exchange rates:hryvnia per US dollar - 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266 (2002), 5.3722(2001), 5.4402 (2000), 4.1304 (1999)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Ukraine
Telephones - main lines in use:10,833,300 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:4.2 million (2002)
Telephone system:general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication development plan,running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines,international connections, and the mobile cellular systemdomestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited atelephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair;more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not besatisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestictrunk system is being improved; the mobile cellular telephone systemis expanding at a high rateinternational: country code - 380; two new domestic trunk lines area part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and threeUkrainian links have been installed in the fiber-opticTrans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries;additional international service is provided by theItaly-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable andby earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputniksatellite systems
Radio broadcast stations:AM 134, FM 289, shortwave 4 (1998)
Radios:45.05 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: at least 33 (plus 21 repeaters that relay broadcasts from Russia) (1997)
Televisions:18.05 million (1997)
Internet country code:.ua
Internet hosts:94,345 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):260 (2001)
Internet users:900,000 (2002)
Transportation Ukraine
Railways: total: 22,473 km broad gauge: 22,473 km 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified) (2003)
Highways: total: 169,491 km paved: 163,898 km unpaved: 5,593 km (2000)
Waterways:1,672 km (most on Dnieper River) (2004)
Pipelines:gas 20,069 km; oil 4,540 km; refined products 4,169 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Berdyans'k, Feodosiya, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev(Kyyiv), Kiliya, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni, Sevastopol',Yalta, Yuzhnyy
Merchant marine:total: 140 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 675,904 GRT/709,802 DWTby type: bulk 7, cargo 92, container 7, liquefied gas 2, passenger11, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 10, rail car carrier 2,refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, short-sea/passenger 1foreign-owned: Belize 2, Canada 1, Cyprus 1, Hungary 2, Italy 1,Russia 4, Turkey 3registered in other countries: 87 (2004 est.)
Airports:702 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 174over 3,047 m: 132,438 to 3,047 m: 57914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 70 (2003 est.)1,524 to 2,437 m: 30
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 528under 914 m: 469 (2003 est.)over 3,047 m: 42,438 to 3,047 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 351,524 to 2,437 m: 17
Heliports:8 (2003 est.)
Military Ukraine
Military branches:Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Ministryof Internal Affairs (MVS) Troops, Border Troops
Military manpower - military age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months for Army and Air Force, 24 months for Navy (2004)
Military manpower - availability:males age 15-49: 12,196,319 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:males age 15-49: 9,565,088 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:males: 386,945 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$617.9 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.4% (FY02)
Transnational Issues Ukraine
Disputes - international:1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains unratified due tounresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and reducingborder security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia iscomplete but boundary through the Sea of Azov and Kerch Straitremains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement andon-going expert-level discussions; Ukraine protests Russia'sconstruction of a causeway in the direction ofUkrainian-administered Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait;difficulties with Moldova's Transnistria region complicatecontrolling border crossing and customs regimes despite concordanceon the 2003 delimitation and customs protocols and OSCE assistance;has not resolved Romanian claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talksbased on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;ongoing dispute between Ukraine and Romania over the Danube Riverdelta
Illicit drugs:limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CISconsumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West;limited government eradication program; used as transshipment pointfor opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, andTurkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improvedanti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from theFinancial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries andTerritories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-launderingregime continues to be monitored by FATF
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@United Arab Emirates
Introduction United Arab Emirates
Background:The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK controlof their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In1971, six of these states - Abu Zaby, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, AshShariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the UnitedArab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah.The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of leading WestEuropean nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and its moderateforeign policy stance have allowed the UAE to play a vital role inthe affairs of the region.
Geography United Arab Emirates
Location:Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf,between Oman and Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates:24 00 N, 54 00 E
Map references:Middle East
Area:total: 82,880 sq kmland: 82,880 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Maine
Land boundaries: total: 867 km border countries: Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km
Coastline:1,318 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margincontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:desert; cooler in eastern mountains
Terrain:flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vastdesert wasteland; mountains in east
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 mhighest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m
Natural resources:petroleum, natural gas
Land use: arable land: 0.6% permanent crops: 2.25% other: 97.15% (2001)
Irrigated land:720 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:frequent sand and dust storms
Environment - current issues: lack of natural freshwater resources compensated by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spills
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Geography - note:strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, avital transit point for world crude oil
People United Arab Emirates
Population:2,523,915note: includes an estimated 1,606,079 non-nationals; the 17 December1995 census presents a total population figure of 2,377,453, andthere are estimates of 3.44 million for 2002 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 25.9% (male 333,661; female 320,368)15-64 years: 70.9% (male 1,103,385; female 685,281)65 years and over: 3.2% (male 58,862; female 22,358) (2004 est.)
Median age:total: 27.7 yearsmale: 35.7 yearsfemale: 22.4 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:1.57% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:18.65 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:4.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.61 male(s)/female65 years and over: 2.63 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.46 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 15.06 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 12.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)male: 17.71 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 74.99 yearsmale: 72.51 yearsfemale: 77.6 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:3.02 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.18% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Emirati(s)adjective: Emirati
Ethnic groups:Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, otherexpatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982)note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
Religions:Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
Languages:Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 77.9%male: 76.1%female: 81.7% (2003 est.)
Government United Arab Emirates
Country name:conventional long form: United Arab Emiratesconventional short form: nonelocal long form: Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidahabbreviation: UAEformer: Trucial Oman, Trucial Stateslocal short form: none
Government type:federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE federalgovernment and other powers reserved to member emirates
Capital:Abu Dhabi
Administrative divisions:7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi),'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy (Dubai), Ra's alKhaymah, Umm al Qaywayn
Independence:2 December 1971 (from UK)
National holiday:Independence Day, 2 December (1971)
Constitution:2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)
Legal system:federal court system introduced in 1971; applies to all emiratesexcept Dubayy (Dubai) and Ra's al Khaymah, which are not fullyintegrated into the federal system; all emirates have secular courtsto adjudicate criminal, civil, and commercial matters and Islamiccourts to review family and religious disputes
Suffrage:none
Executive branch:chief of state: President Sheikh KHALIFA bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan(since 3 November 2004), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) (since 4November 2004) and Vice President MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum (since8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai)note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of theseven emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutionalauthority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctionsfederal legislation; meets four times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto powerhead of government: Prime Minister MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai); Deputy PrimeMinister SULTAN bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990);Deputy Prime Minister HAMDAN bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 October2003)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected by the FSC (composedof rulers of the seven emirates) for five-year terms; election lastheld 3 November 2004 upon the death of the UAE's Founding Father andfirst President ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan (next to be held 2009);prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: KHALIFA bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan elected presidentby a unanimous vote of the FSC; MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktumunanimously reaffirmed vice president
Legislative branch:unicameral Federal National Council (FNC) or Majlis al-Ittihadal-Watani (40 seats; members appointed by the rulers of theconstituent states to serve two-year terms)elections: nonenote: reviews legislation, but cannot change or veto
Judicial branch:Union Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Political parties and leaders:none
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Asri Said Ahmad al-DHAHIRI note: also a consulate or representative office in New York, NY FAX: [1] (202) 243-2432 telephone: [1] (202) 243-2400 chancery: 3522 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Michele SISONembassy: Embassies District, Plot 38 Sector W59-02, Street No. 4,Abu Dhabimailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabitelephone: [971] (2) 414-2200FAX: [971] (2) 414-2469consulate(s) general: Dubai
Flag description:three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black witha wider vertical red band on the hoist side
Economy United Arab Emirates
Economy - overview:The UAE has an open economy with a high per capita income and asizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is based on oil and gasoutput (about 33% of GDP), and the fortunes of the economy fluctuatewith the prices of those commodities. Since 1973, the UAE hasundergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region ofsmall desert principalities to a modern state with a high standardof living. At present levels of production, oil and gas reservesshould last for more than 100 years. The government has increasedspending on job creation and infrastructure expansion and is openingup its utilities to greater private sector involvement.
GDP:purchasing power parity - $57.7 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:5.2% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $23,200 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 58.5% services: 37.5% (2002 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):22% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NAhighest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.2% (2003 est.)
Labor force:2.16 millionnote: 73.9% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national(2003)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 7%, industry 15%, services 78% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate:2.4% (2001)
Budget:revenues: $17.35 billionexpenditures: $23.85 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.4billion (2003 est.)
Public debt:18.1% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:dates, vegetables, watermelons; poultry, eggs, dairy products; fish
Industries:petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, someboat building, handicrafts, pearling