This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@2085 Highways (km)
Afghanistantotal: 21,000 kmpaved: 2,793 kmunpaved: 18,207 km (1999 est.)
Albaniatotal: 18,000 kmpaved: 5,400 kmunpaved: 12,600 km (2002)
Algeriatotal: 104,000 kmpaved: 71,656 km (including 640 km of expressways)unpaved: 32,344 km (1999)
American Samoatotal: 185 kmpaved: 185 kmunpaved: 0 km (2004)
Andorratotal: 269 kmpaved: 198 kmunpaved: 71 km
Angolatotal: 51,429 kmpaved: 5,328 kmunpaved: 46,101 km (2001)
Anguillatotal: 105 kmpaved: 65 kmunpaved: 40 km (1997)
Antigua and Barbudatotal: 250 km (1999 est.)
Argentinatotal: 215,471 kmpaved: 63,348 km (including 734 km of expressways)unpaved: 152,123 km (1999)
Armeniatotal: 8,431 kmpaved: 8,161 km (includes 7,567 km of expressways)unpaved: 270 km (2002)
Arubatotal: 800 kmpaved: 513 kmunpaved: 287 kmnote: most coastal roads are paved, while unpaved roads serve largetracts of the interior (1995)
Australiatotal: 811,603 kmpaved: 314,090 km (including 18,619 km of expressways)unpaved: 497,513 km (1999 est.)
Austriatotal: 200,000 kmpaved: 200,000 km (including 1,645 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Azerbaijantotal: 28,030 kmpaved: 25,890 kmunpaved: 2,130 km (2002)
Bahamas, Thetotal: 2,693 kmpaved: 1,546 kmunpaved: 1,147 km (1999 est.)
Bahraintotal: 3,459 kmpaved: 2,653 kmunpaved: 806 km (2002)
Bangladeshtotal: 207,486 kmpaved: 19,773 kmunpaved: 187,713 km (1999)
Barbadostotal: 1,600 kmpaved: 1,578 kmunpaved: 22 km (2002)
Belarustotal: 79,990 kmpaved: 69,351 kmunpaved: 10,639 km (2002)
Belgiumtotal: 149,028 kmpaved: 116,540 km (including 1,729 km of expressways)unpaved: 32,488 km (2002)
Belizetotal: 2,872 kmpaved: 488 kmunpaved: 2,384 km (1999 est.)
Benintotal: 6,787 kmpaved: 1,357 km (including 10 km of expressways)unpaved: 5,430 km (1999 est.)
Bermuda total: 450 km paved: 450 km unpaved: 0 km note: public roads - 209 km; private roads - 241 km (2002)
Bhutantotal: 4,007 kmpaved: 24 kmunpaved: 3,983 km (2002)
Boliviatotal: 60,282 kmpaved: 3,979 kmunpaved: 56,303 km (2002)
Bosnia and Herzegovinatotal: 21,846 kmpaved: 11,424 kmunpaved: 10,422 km (1999 est.)
Botswanatotal: 10,217 kmpaved: 5,619 kmunpaved: 4,598 km (1999)
Braziltotal: 1,724,929 kmpaved: 94,871 kmunpaved: 1,630,058 km (2000)
British Indian Ocean Territorytotal: NA kmpaved: short section of paved road between port and airfield onDiego Garciaunpaved: NA km
British Virgin Islandstotal: 177 kmpaved: 177 kmunpaved: 0 km (2000)
Bruneitotal: 2,525 kmpaved: 2,525 kmunpaved: 0 km (2000)
Bulgariatotal: 37,077 kmpaved: 34,111 km (including 328 km of expressways)unpaved: 2,966 km (2002)
Burkina Fasototal: 12,506 kmpaved: 2,001 kmunpaved: 10,505 km (1999)
Burmatotal: 28,200 kmpaved: 3,440 kmunpaved: 24,760 km (1996 est.)
Burunditotal: 14,480 kmpaved: 1,028 kmunpaved: 13,452 km (1999 est.)
Cambodiatotal: 12,323 kmpaved: 1,996 kmunpaved: 10,327 km (2000 est)
Cameroontotal: 34,300 kmpaved: 4,288 kmunpaved: 30,012 km (1999 est.)
Canadatotal: 1,408,800 kmpaved: 497,306 km (including 16,900 km of expressways)unpaved: 911,494 km (2002)
Cape Verdetotal: 1,350 kmpaved: 932 kmunpaved: 418 km (2000)
Cayman Islands total: 785 km paved: 785 km (2000)
Central African Republictotal: 23,810 kmpaved: 643 kmunpaved: 23,167 km (1999 est.)
Chadtotal: 33,400 kmpaved: 267 kmunpaved: 33,133 km (1999 est.)
Chiletotal: 79,605 kmpaved: 16,080 km (including 407 km of expressways)unpaved: 63,525 km (2001)
Chinatotal: 1,765,222 kmpaved: 395,410 km (with at least 25,130 km of expressways)unpaved: 1,369,812 km (2002 est.)
Christmas Islandtotal: 240 kmpaved: 30 kmunpaved: 210 km (2000)
Cocos (Keeling) Islandstotal: 15 kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km (2003)
Colombiatotal: 112,998 kmpaved: 26,000 kmunpaved: 84,000 km (2000)
Comorostotal: 880 kmpaved: 673 kmunpaved: 207 km (1999 est)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the total: 157,000 km (including 30 km of expressways) paved: NA km unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)
Congo, Republic of thetotal: 12,800 kmpaved: 1,242 kmunpaved: 11,558 km (1999 est.)
Cook Islandstotal: 320 kmpaved: 33 kmunpaved: 287 km (2000)
Costa Ricatotal: 35,303 kmpaved: 4,236 kmunpaved: 31,067 km (2002)
Cote d'Ivoiretotal: 50,400 kmpaved: 4,889 kmunpaved: 45,511 km (1999 est.)
Croatiatotal: 28,344 kmpaved: 23,979 km (including 455 km of expressways)unpaved: 4,365 km (2002)
Cubatotal: 60,858 kmpaved: 29,820 km (including 638 km of expressway)unpaved: 31,038 km (1999 est.)
Cyprustotal: 13,943 km (Republic of Cyprus: 11,593 km; northCyprus: 2,350 km)paved: Republic of Cyprus: 7,211 km; north Cyprus: 1,370 kmunpaved: Republic of Cyprus: 4,382 km; north Cyprus: 980 km(2002/1996 est.)
Czech Republictotal: 127,204 kmpaved: 127,204 km (including 518 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Denmarktotal: 71,847 kmpaved: 71,847 km (including 918 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Djiboutitotal: 2,890 kmpaved: 364 kmunpaved: 2,526 km (1999 est.)
Dominicatotal: 780 kmpaved: 393 kmunpaved: 387 km (1999 est.)
Dominican Republictotal: 12,600 kmpaved: 6,224 kmunpaved: 6,376 km (1999)
East Timortotal: 3,800 kmpaved: 428 kmunpaved: 3,372 km (1995)
Ecuadortotal: 43,197 kmpaved: 8,164 kmunpaved: 35,033 km (2002)
Egypttotal: 64,000 kmpaved: 49,984 kmunpaved: 14,016 km (1999 est.)
El Salvadortotal: 10,029 kmpaved: 1,986 km (including 327 km of expressways)unpaved: 8,043 km (1999 est.)
Equatorial Guineatotal: 2,880 km (1999 est.)
Eritreatotal: 4,010 kmpaved: 874 kmunpaved: 3,136 km (1999 est.)
Estoniatotal: 55,944 kmpaved: 13,874 km (including 99 km of expressways)unpaved: 42,070 km (2002)
Ethiopiatotal: 33,297 kmpaved: 3,996 kmunpaved: 29,301 km (2002)
European Union total: 4,634,810 km (including 56,704 km of expressways) paved: 4,161,318 km unpaved: 473,492 km (1999-2000)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)total: 440 kmpaved: 50 kmunpaved: 390 km (2002)
Faroe Islandstotal: 463 kmpaved: 454 kmunpaved: 9 km (1999)
Fijitotal: 3,440 kmpaved: 1,692 kmunpaved: 1,748 km (1999 est.)
Finlandtotal: 78,197 kmpaved: 50,539 km (including 794 km of expressways)unpaved: 27,658 km (2004)
Francetotal: 893,100 kmpaved: 893,100 km (including 12,000 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
French Guianatotal: 817 km (1998)
French Polynesiatotal: 2,590 kmpaved: 1,735 kmunpaved: 855 km (1999)
Gabontotal: 8,464 kmpaved: 838 kmunpaved: 7,626 km (2000 est.)
Gambia, Thetotal: 2,700 kmpaved: 956 kmunpaved: 1,744 km (1999)
Gaza Strip total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km note: small, poorly developed road network
Georgiatotal: 20,229 kmpaved: 18,914 kmunpaved: 1,315 km (2002)
Germanytotal: 230,735 kmpaved: 230,735 km (including 11,515 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (1999)
Ghanatotal: 46,176 kmpaved: 8,496 kmunpaved: 37,679 km (1999 est.)
Gibraltartotal: 29 kmpaved: 29 kmunpaved: 0 km (2002)
Greecetotal: 117,000 kmpaved: 107,406 km (including 470 km of expressways)unpaved: 9,594 km (1999 est.)
Greenlandtotal: NA (there are no roads between towns) (2003)
Grenada total: 1,040 km paved: 638 km unpaved: 402 km (1999 est.)
Guadeloupetotal: 947 km (2002)
Guamtotal: 977 kmpaved: 962 kmunpaved: 15 km (2004)
Guatemalatotal: 14,118 kmpaved: 4,871 km (including 74 km of expressways)unpaved: 9,247 km (1999)
Guernseytotal: NA kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Guineatotal: 30,500 kmpaved: 5,033 kmunpaved: 25,467 km (1999 est.)
Guinea-Bissautotal: 4,400 kmpaved: 453 kmunpaved: 3,947 km (1999 est.)
Guyanatotal: 7,970 kmpaved: 590 kmunpaved: 7,380 km (1999 est.)
Haititotal: 4,160 kmpaved: 1,011 kmunpaved: 3,149 km (1999 est.)
Holy See (Vatican City)none; all city streets
Hondurastotal: 13,603 kmpaved: 2,775 kmunpaved: 10,828 km (1999 est.)
Hong Kongtotal: 1,831 kmpaved: 1,831 kmunpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)
Hungarytotal: 159,568 kmpaved: 70,050 km (including 533 km of expressways)unpaved: 89,518 km (2002)
Icelandtotal: 13,004 kmpaved/oiled gravel: 4,331 kmunpaved: 8,673 km (2004)
Indiatotal: 2,525,989 kmpaved: 1,448,655 kmunpaved: 1,077,334 km (1999)
Indonesiatotal: 342,700 kmpaved: 158,670 kmunpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.)
Irantotal: 167,157 kmpaved: 94,109 km (including 890 km of expressways)unpaved: 73,048 km (1998)
Iraqtotal: 45,550 kmpaved: 38,399 kmunpaved: 7,151 km (1999)
Irelandtotal: 95,736 kmpaved: 95,736 km (including 125 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Israeltotal: 16,903 kmpaved: 16,903 km (including 56 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Italytotal: 479,688 kmpaved: 479,688 km (including 6,621 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (1999)
Jamaicatotal: 18,700 kmpaved: 13,109 kmunpaved: 5,591 km (1999 est.)
Japantotal: 1,171,647 kmpaved: 903,340 km (including 6,851 km of expressways)unpaved: 268,307 km (2001)
Jerseytotal: 577 kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Jordantotal: 7,301 kmpaved: 7,301 kmunpaved: 0 km (2002)
Kazakhstantotal: 82,980 kmpaved: 77,918 kmunpaved: 5,062 km (2002)
Kenyatotal: 63,942 kmpaved: 7,737 kmunpaved: 56,205 km (2000)
Kiribatitotal: 670 kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km (1999 est.)
Korea, Northtotal: 31,200 kmpaved: 1,997 kmunpaved: 29,203 km (1999 est.)
Korea, Southtotal: 86,990 kmpaved: 66,721 km (including 1,996 km of expressways)unpaved: 20,269 km (2001)
Kuwaittotal: 4,450 kmpaved: 3,587 kmunpaved: 863 km (1999 est.)
Kyrgyzstantotal: 18,500 kmpaved: 16,854 km (including 140 km of expressways)unpaved: 1,646 km (1999 est.)
Laostotal: 21,716 kmpaved: 9,664 kmunpaved: 12,052 km (1999 est.)
Latviatotal: 60,472 kmpaved: 57,206 kmunpaved: 3,265 km (2002)
Lebanontotal: 7,300 kmpaved: 6,198 kmunpaved: 1,102 km (1999 est.)
Lesothototal: 5,940 kmpaved: 1,087 kmunpaved: 4,853 km (1999)
Liberiatotal: 10,600 kmpaved: 657 kmunpaved: 9,943 km (1999 est.)
Libyatotal: 83,200 kmpaved: 47,590 kmunpaved: 35,610 km (1999 est.)
Liechtensteintotal: 250 kmpaved: 250 kmunpaved: 0 km
Lithuaniatotal: 77,148 kmpaved: 69,202 km (including 417 km of expressways)unpaved: 7,946 km (2002)
Luxembourgtotal: 5,210 kmpaved: 5,210 km (including 126 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Macautotal: 341 kmpaved: 341 kmunpaved: 0 km (2002)
Macedoniatotal: 8,684 kmpaved: 5,540 km (including 133 km of expressways)unpaved: 3,144 km (1999 est.)
Madagascartotal: 49,827 kmpaved: 5,780 kmunpaved: 44,047 km (1999 est.)
Malawitotal: 28,400 kmpaved: 5,254 kmunpaved: 23,146 km (1999 est.)
Malaysiatotal: 65,877 kmpaved: 51,318 kmunpaved: 14,559 km (2001)
Maldivestotal: NA kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Malitotal: 15,100 kmpaved: 1,827 kmunpaved: 13,273 km (1999 est.)
Maltatotal: 2,222 kmpaved: 2,000 kmunpaved: 222 km (2002)
Man, Isle oftotal: 800 kmpaved: 800 kmunpaved: 0 km (1999)
Marshall Islands total: 64.5 km paved: 64.5 km unpaved: NA km note: paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks (2002)
Martinique total: 2,105 km (2000)
Mauritaniatotal: 7,660 kmpaved: 866 kmunpaved: 6,794 km (1999 est.)
Mauritiustotal: 2,000 kmpaved: 1,960 km (including 60 km of expressways)unpaved: 40 km (2002)
Mayottetotal: 93 kmpaved: 72 kmunpaved: 21 km
Mexicototal: 329,532 kmpaved: 108,087 km (including 6,429 km of expressways)unpaved: 221,445 km (1999 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States oftotal: 240 kmpaved: 42 kmunpaved: 198 km (1999 est.)
Midway Islandstotal: NA kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Moldovatotal: 12,719 kmpaved: 10,977 kmunpaved: 1,742 km (2002)
Monacototal: 50 kmpaved: 50 kmunpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)
Mongoliatotal: 49,256 kmpaved: 8,874 kmunpaved: 40,376 km (2002)
Montserrattotal: 227 kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA kmnote: volcanic eruptions beginning in 1995 destroyed most of theroad system (2003)
Moroccototal: 57,694 kmpaved: 32,551 km (including 481 km of expressways)unpaved: 25,143 km (2002)
Mozambiquetotal: 30,400 kmpaved: 5,685 kmunpaved: 24,715 km (1999 est.)
Namibiatotal: 42,237 kmpaved: 5,406 kmunpaved: 36,831 km (2002)
Naurutotal: 30 kmpaved: 24 kmunpaved: 6 km (1999 est.)
Nepaltotal: 13,223 kmpaved: 4,073 kmunpaved: 9,150 km (1999 est.)
Netherlandstotal: 116,500 kmpaved: 104,850 km (including 2,235 km of expressways)unpaved: 11,650 km (1999)
Netherlands Antillestotal: 600 kmpaved: 300 kmunpaved: 300 km
New Caledoniatotal: 5,432 km (2000)
New Zealandtotal: 92,382 kmpaved: 59,124 km (including at least 169 km of expressways)unpaved: 33,258 km (2002)
Nicaraguatotal: 18,712 kmpaved: 2,126 kmunpaved: 16,586 km (2002)
Nigertotal: 10,100 kmpaved: 798 kmunpaved: 9,302 km (1999 est.)
Nigeriatotal: 194,394 kmpaved: 60,068 km (including 1,194 km of expressways)unpaved: 134,326 km (1999 est.)
Niuetotal: 234 kmpaved: 86 kmunpaved: 148 km (2001)
Norfolk Islandtotal: 80 kmpaved: 53 kmunpaved: 27 km (2001)
Northern Mariana Islandstotal: 362 kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km (1991)
Norwaytotal: 91,852 kmpaved: 71,185 km (including 178 km of expressways)unpaved: 20,667 km (2002)
Omantotal: 34,965 kmpaved: 9,673 km (including 550 km of expressways)unpaved: 25,292 km (2001)
Pakistantotal: 257,683 kmpaved: 152,033 km (including 339 km of expressways)unpaved: 105,650 km (2001)
Palautotal: 61 kmpaved: 36 kmunpaved: 25 km
Palmyra Atollmost of the roads and many causeways built duringWorld War II are unserviceable and overgrown (2001)
Panamatotal: 11,643 kmpaved: 4,028 km (including 30 km of expressways)unpaved: 7,615 km (2000 est.)
Papua New Guineatotal: 19,600 kmpaved: 686 kmunpaved: 18,914 km (1999 est.)
Paraguaytotal: 29,500 kmpaved: 14,986 kmunpaved: 14,514 km (1999 est)
Perutotal: 78,230 kmpaved: 10,452 kmunpaved: 67,778 km (2001)
Philippinestotal: 202,124 kmpaved: 19,202 kmunpaved: 182,922 km (2002)
Pitcairn Islandstotal: 6.4 kmpaved: 0 kmunpaved: 6.4 km
Polandtotal: 364,697 kmpaved: 249,088 km (including 399 km of expressways)unpaved: 115,609 km (2001)
Portugaltotal: 17,135 kmpaved: 14,736 km (including 1,659 km of expressways)unpaved: 2,399 km (2002)
Puerto Ricototal: 25,328 kmpaved: 23,665 km (including 426 km of expressways)unpaved: 1,363 km (2004)
Qatartotal: 1,230 kmpaved: 1,107 kmunpaved: 123 km (1999 est.)
Reuniontotal: 1,214 km (including 88 km of four-lane roads) (2001)
Romaniatotal: 198,755 kmpaved: 100,173 km (including 113 km of expressways)unpaved: 98,582 km (2002)
Russiatotal: 537,289 kmpaved: 362,133 kmunpaved: 175,156 km (2001)
Rwandatotal: 12,000 kmpaved: 996 kmunpaved: 11,004 km (1999 est.)
Saint Helenatotal: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km,Tristan da Cunha 20 km)paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha10 km)unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha10 km) (2000)
Saint Kitts and Nevistotal: 320 kmpaved: 136 kmunpaved: 184 km (1999 est)
Saint Luciatotal: 1,210 kmpaved: 63 kmunpaved: 1,147 km (1999 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelontotal: 114 kmpaved: 69 kmunpaved: 45 km
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinestotal: 829 kmpaved: 580 kmunpaved: 249 km (2002)
Samoatotal: 790 kmpaved: 332 kmunpaved: 458 km (1999 est.)
San Marinototal: 220 kmpaved: 220 kmunpaved: 0 km (2001)
Sao Tome and Principetotal: 320 kmpaved: 218 kmunpaved: 102 km (1999 est.)
Saudi Arabiatotal: 152,044 kmpaved: 45,461 kmunpaved: 106,583 km (2000)
Senegaltotal: 14,576 kmpaved: 4,271 km including 7 km of expresswaysunpaved: 10,305 km (2000)
Serbia and Montenegrototal: 45,290 kmpaved: 28,261 km (including 374 km of expressways)unpaved: 17,029 km (2002)
Seychellestotal: 373 kmpaved: 315 kmunpaved: 58 km (1997 est.)
Sierra Leonetotal: 11,300 kmpaved: 904 kmunpaved: 10,396 km (2002)
Singaporetotal: 3,130 kmpaved: 3,130 km (including 150 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Slovakiatotal: 42,970 kmpaved: 37,698 km (including 302 km of expressways)unpaved: 5,272 km (2002)
Sloveniatotal: 20,250 kmpaved: 20,250 km (including 456 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Solomon Islandstotal: 1,360 kmpaved: 34 kmunpaved: 1,326 km (1999 est.)
Somaliatotal: 22,100 kmpaved: 2,608 kmunpaved: 19,492 km (1999 est.)
South Africatotal: 275,971 kmpaved: 57,568 km (including 2,032 km of expressways)unpaved: 218,403 km (2002)
Spaintotal: 664,852 kmpaved: 658,203 km (including 11,152 km of expressways)unpaved: 6,649 km (2001)
Sri Lankatotal: 11,650 kmpaved: 11,068 kmunpaved: 582 km (2002)
Sudantotal: 11,900 kmpaved: 4,320 kmunpaved: 7,580 km (1999 est.)
Surinametotal: 4,492 kmpaved: 1,168 kmunpaved: 3,324 km (2002)
Svalbardtotal: NA kmpaved: NA kmunpaved: NA km
Swazilandtotal: 3,107 kmpaved: NAunpaved: NA (2000)
Swedentotal: 213,237 kmpaved: 167,604 km (including 1,542 km of expressways)unpaved: 45,633 km (2002)
Switzerlandtotal: 71,212 kmpaved: 71,212 km (including 1,706 of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Syriatotal: 45,697 kmpaved: 6,489 km (including 1,001 km of expressways)unpaved: 39,208 km (2002)
Taiwantotal: 37,299 kmpaved: 35,621 km (including 608 km of expressways)unpaved: 1,678 km (2002)
Tajikistantotal: 27,767 kmpaved: NAunpaved: NA (2000)
Tanzaniatotal: 88,200 kmpaved: 3,704 kmunpaved: 84,496 km (1999 est.)
Thailandtotal: 57,403 kmpaved: 56,542 kmunpaved: 861 km (2000 est.)
Togototal: 7,520 kmpaved: 2,376 kmunpaved: 5,144 km (1999 est.)
Tokelautotal: NApaved: NAunpaved: NA
Tongatotal: 680 kmpaved: 184 kmunpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)
Trinidad and Tobagototal: 8,320 kmpaved: 4,252 kmunpaved: 4,068 km (1999 est.)
Tunisiatotal: 18,997 kmpaved: 12,424 km (including 142 km of expressways)unpaved: 6,573 km (2001)
Turkeytotal: 354,421 kmpaved: 147,404 km (including 1,851 km of expressways)unpaved: 207,017 km (2002)
Turkmenistantotal: 24,000 kmpaved: 19,488 kmunpaved: 4,512 km (1999 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islandstotal: 121 kmpaved: 24 kmunpaved: 97 km (2000)
Tuvalutotal: 8 kmpaved: 0 kmunpaved: 8 km (1999 est.)
Ugandatotal: 27,000 kmpaved: 1,809 kmunpaved: 25,191 km (1999 est.)
Ukrainetotal: 169,679 kmpaved: 164,249 kmunpaved: 5,430 km (2002)
United Arab Emiratestotal: 1,088 kmpaved: 1,088 km (including 253 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)
United Kingdomtotal: 392,931 kmpaved: 392,931 km (including 3,431 km of expressways)unpaved: 0 km (2003)
United Statestotal: 6,393,603 kmpaved: 4,180,053 km (including 74,406 km of expressways)unpaved: 2,213,550 km (2003)
Uruguaytotal: 8,983 kmpaved: 8,081 kmunpaved: 902 km (1999 est.)
Uzbekistantotal: 81,600 kmpaved: 71,237 kmunpaved: 10,363 km (1999 est.)
Vanuatutotal: 1,070 kmpaved: 256 kmunpaved: 814 km (1999 est.)
Venezuelatotal: 96,155 kmpaved: 32,308 kmunpaved: 63,847 km (1999 est.)
Vietnamtotal: 93,300 kmpaved: 23,418 kmunpaved: 69,882 km (1999 est.)
Virgin Islands total: 1,257 km paved: 1,192 km unpaved: 65 km note: the only US possession where driving on the left side of the road is practiced (2003)
Wallis and Futuna total: 120 km (Ile Uvea 100 km, Ile Futuna 20 km) paved: 16 km (all on Ile Uvea) unpaved: 104 km (Ile Uvea 84 km, Ile Futuna 20 km)
West Banktotal: 4,500 kmpaved: 2,700 kmunpaved: 1,800 kmnote: Israelis have developed many highways to service Jewishsettlements (1997 est.)
Western Saharatotal: 6,200 kmpaved: 1,350 kmunpaved: 4,850 km (1991 est)
Worldtotal: 32,345,165 kmpaved: 19,403,061 kmunpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)
Yementotal: 67,000 kmpaved: 7,705 kmunpaved: 59,295 km (1999 est.)
Zambiatotal: 91,440 kmpaved: 20,117 kmunpaved: 71,323 km (2001)
Zimbabwetotal: 18,338 kmpaved: 8,692 kmunpaved: 9,646 km (1999 est.)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@2086 Illicit drugs
Afghanistanworld's largest producer of opium; cultivation of opiumpoppy reached unprecedented level of 206,700 hectares in 2004;counterdrug efforts largely unsuccessful; potential opium productionof 4,950 metric tons; potential heroin production of 582 metric tonsif all opium was processed; source of hashish; manynarcotics-processing labs throughout the country; drug trade sourceof instability and some antigovernment groups profit from the trade;80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes from Afghan opium;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through informal financialnetworks
Albaniaincreasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asianopiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - toa far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined forWestern Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production;ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expandingin Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regionaltrafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens
Angolaused as a transshipment point for cocaine destined forWestern Europe and other African states
Anguillatransshipment point for South American narcotics destinedfor the US and Europe
Antigua and Barbudaconsidered a minor transshipment point fornarcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as anoffshore financial center
Argentinaused as a transshipment country for cocaine headed forEurope and the US; some money-laundering activity, especially in theTri-Border Area; domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers isincreasing
Armeniaillicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domesticconsumption; used as a transit point for illicit drugs - mostlyopium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to alesser extent the rest of Europe
Arubatransit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with someaccompanying money-laundering activity
AustraliaTasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licitopiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas ofopium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
Austriatransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and SouthAmerican cocaine destined for Western Europe
Azerbaijanlimited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to alesser extent the rest of Europe
Bahamas, Thetransshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound forUS and Europe; offshore financial center
Bangladeshtransit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboringcountries
Barbadosone of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcoticsbound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center
Belaruslimited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly forthe domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to andvia Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small andlightly regulated financial center; new anti-money-launderinglegislation does not meet international standards; fewinvestigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities
Belgiumgrowing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point forUS-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South Americancocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin,hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite astrengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable tomoney laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, andtobacco
Belizemajor transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicitproducer of cannabis for the international drug trade;money-laundering activity related to narcotics trafficking andoffshore sector
Benintransshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigeriantrafficking organizations and most commonly destined for WesternEurope and the US; vulnerable to money laundering due to a poorlyregulated financial infrastructure
Boliviaworld's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia andPeru) with an estimated 28,450 hectares under cultivation in June2003, a 23% increase from June 2002; intermediate coca products andcocaine exported mostly to or through Brazil, Argentina, and Chileto European and US drug markets; eradication and alternative cropprograms under the MESA administration have been unable to keep pacewith farmers' attempts to increase cultivation; money-launderingactivity related to narcotics trade, especially along the borderswith Brazil and Paraguay
Bosnia and Herzegovinaminor transit point for marijuana and opiatetrafficking routes to Western Europe; remains highly vulnerable tomoney-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based andunregulated economy, weak law enforcement and instances of corruption
Brazilillicit producer of cannabis; minor coca cultivation in theAmazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has alarge-scale eradication program to control cannabis; importanttransshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaineheaded for Europe and the US; also used by traffickers as a waystation for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia;upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; importantmarket for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicitnarcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through thefinancial system; significant illicit financial activity in theTri-Border Area
British Virgin Islandstransshipment point for South Americannarcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financialcenter makes it vulnerable to money laundering
Bruneidrug trafficking and illegally importing controlledsubstances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatorydeath penalty
Bulgariamajor European transshipment point for Southwest Asianheroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for theEuropean market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some moneylaundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions
Burmaremains world's second largest producer of illicit opium(estimated production in 2004 - 292 metric tons, down 40% from 2003due to eradication efforts and drought; cultivation in 2004 - 30,900hectares, a 34% decline from 2003); lack of government will andability to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of seriouscommitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overallantidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin forregional consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Forcecountermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequatemoney-laundering controls (2005)
Cambodianarcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some inthe government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium,heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis forthe international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to itscash-based economy and porous borders
Canadaillicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market andexport to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plantlarge quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit pointfor heroin and cocaine entering the US market; vulnerable tonarcotics money laundering because of its mature financial servicessector
Cape Verdeused as a transshipment point for illicit drugs movingfrom Latin America and Asia destined for Western Europe; the lack ofa well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Cayman Islandsoffshore financial center; vulnerable to drugtransshipment to the US and Europe
Chileimportant transshipment country for cocaine destined forEurope and the US; economic prosperity and increasing trade havemade Chile more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drugprofits, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone, but a newanti-money-laundering law improves controls; imported precursorspassed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising
Chinamajor transshipment point for heroin produced in the GoldenTriangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country forchemical precursors and methamphetamine
Colombiaillicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 2002 was144,450 hectares, a 15% decline since 2001); potential production ofopium between 2001 and 2002 declined by 25% to 91 metric tons;potential production of heroin declined to 11.3 metric tons; theworld's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplierof about 90% of the cocaine to the US market and the great majorityof cocaine to other international drug markets; important supplierof heroin to the US market; active aerial eradication program; asignificant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are eitherlaundered or invested in Colombia through the black market pesoexchange
Congo, Democratic Republic of the illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center
Costa Ricatransshipment country for cocaine and heroin from SouthAmerica; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots;domestic cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising
Cote d'Ivoireillicit producer of cannabis, mostly for localconsumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asianheroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin Americancocaine destined for Europe and South Africa; while rampantcorruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking systemvulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financialsystem limits the country's utility as a major money-launderingcenter
Croatiatransit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asianheroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point formaritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe
Cubaterritorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zoneprimarily for marijuana bound for North America; established thedeath penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999
Cyprusminor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes andcontainer traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening ofanti-money-laundering legislation, remains highly vulnerable tomoney laundering; identification of benefiting owners and reportingof suspicious transactions by nonresident-controlled companies inoffshore sector remains weak
Czech Republictransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin andminor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,organized crime
Dominicatransshipment point for narcotics bound for the US andEurope; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcementis weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to moneylaundering
Dominican Republictransshipment point for South American drugsdestined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point forecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcoticstraffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financialtransactions
East TimorNA
Ecuadorsignificant transit country for cocaine originating inColombia and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used inproduction of illicit narcotics; attractive location forcash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because ofdollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime, especiallyvulnerable along the border with Colombia; increased activity on thenorthern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents
Egypttransit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroinand opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; transit stop forNigerian couriers; concern as money-laundering site due to laxfinancial regulations and enforcement
El Salvadortransshipment point for cocaine; small amounts ofmarijuana produced for local consumption; domestic cocaine abuse onthe rise
Estoniatransshipment point for opiates and cannabis from SouthwestAsia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America toWestern Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from WesternEurope to Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem;possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking; potential moneylaundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is aconcern as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds
EthiopiaTransit hub for heroin originating in Southwest andSoutheast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well ascocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat(khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djiboutiand Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of awell-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Francetransshipment point for and consumer of South Americancocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics
French Guianasmall amount of marijuana grown for local consumption;minor transshipment point to Europe
Georgialimited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly fordomestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates viaCentral Asia to Western Europe and Russia
Germanysource of precursor chemicals for South American cocaineprocessors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asianheroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced syntheticdrugs; major financial center
Ghanaillicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to alesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and theUS; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of awell-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utilityas a money-laundering center
Greecea gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis andheroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West andprecursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocainetransits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drugtrafficking and organized crime
Grenadasmall-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment pointfor marijuana and cocaine to US
Guatemalamajor transit country for cocaine and heroin; minorproducer of illicit opium poppy and cannabis for mostly domesticconsumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major stagingarea for drugs (particularly for cocaine); money laundering is aserious problem; corruption is a major problem; remains on FinancialAction Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List forcontinued failure to address deficiencies in money-launderingcontrol regime
Guyanatransshipment point for narcotics from South America -primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis
Haitimajor Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route tothe US and Europe; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombiannarcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financialtransactions; pervasive corruption
Hondurastransshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicitproducer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principallyfor local consumption; corruption is a major problem; somemoney-laundering activity
Hong Kongmakes strenuous law enforcement efforts, but facesdifficult challenges in controlling transit of heroin andmethamphetamine to regional and world markets; modern banking systemprovides conduit for money laundering; rising indigenous use ofsynthetic drugs, especially among young people
Hungarytransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabisand for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limitedproducer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine andmethamphetamine; improving, but remains vulnerable to moneylaundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking
Indiaworld's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceuticaltrade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicitinternational drug markets; transit point for illicit narcoticsproduced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system
Indonesiaillicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangleheroin
Irandespite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a keytransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domesticnarcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and according toofficial Iranian statistics there are at least two million drugusers in the country; lax anti-money-laundering regulations
Irelandtransshipment point for and consumer of hashish from NorthAfrica to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced syntheticdrugs; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined forWestern Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related moneylaundering using bureaux de change, trusts, and shell companiesinvolving the offshore financial community remains a concern
Israelincreasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugsarrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan;money-laundering center
Italyimportant gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaineand Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; moneylaundering by organized crime and from smuggling
Jamaicamajor transshipment point for cocaine from South America toNorth America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis;government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;corruption is a major concern; substantial money-launderingactivity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicitfinancial transactions
Kazakhstansignificant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CISmarkets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra(for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicitcrops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russiaand the rest of Europe
Kenyawidespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transitcountry for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and NorthAmerica; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa;significant potential for money-laundering activity given thecountry's status as a regional financial center; massive corruption,and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities
Korea, Northfor years, from the 1970's into the 2000's, citizens ofthe Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many ofthem diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroadwhile trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December2004; in recent years, police investigations in Taiwan and Japanhave linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin andmethamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchantship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003;all indications point to North Korea emerging as an importantregional source of illicit drugs targeting markets in Japan, Taiwan,the Russian Far East, and China
Kyrgyzstanlimited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppyfor CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops;transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and therest of Europe
Laosestimated cultivation in 2004 - 10,000 hectares, a 45% decreasefrom 2003; estimated potential production in 2004 - 49 metric tons,a significant decrease from 200 metric tons in 2003 (2005)
Latviatransshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central andSouthwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin Americancocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS; vulnerableto money laundering despite improved legislation due to nascentenforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation ofoffshore companies and the gaming industry; organized crime(including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, andprostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds
Lebanoncannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectaresin 2002; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of LatinAmerican cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on wayto European markets and for Middle Eastern consumption
Liberiatransshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroinand South American cocaine for the European and US markets;corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond tradeprovide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack ofwell-developed financial system limits the country's utility as amajor money-laundering center
Liechtensteinhas strengthened money-laundering controls, but moneylaundering remains a concern due to Liechtenstein sophisticatedoffshore financial services sector
Lithuaniatransshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugsfrom Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to WesternEurope and Scandinavia; limited production of methamphetamine andecstasy; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to bankinglegislation
Macedoniamajor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin andhashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined forEurope; although most criminal activity is thought to be domesticand not a financial center, money laundering is a problem due to amostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement (no arrests orprosecutions for money laundering to date)
Madagascarillicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wildvarieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment pointfor heroin
Malaysiatransit point for some illicit drugs; drug traffickingprosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties
Maltaminor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa toWestern Europe
Martiniquetransshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound forthe US and Europe
Mauritiusminor consumer and transshipment point for heroin fromSouth Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally;significant offshore financial industry creates potential for moneylaundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and thegovernment appears generally to be committed to regulating itsbanking industry
Mexicoillicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 2001 -4,400 hectares; potential heroin production - 7 metric tons) and ofcannabis (in 2001 - 4,100 hectares); government eradication effortshave been key in keeping illicit crop levels low; major supplier ofheroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamineto the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country forUS-bound cocaine from South America, accounting for about 70 percentof estimated annual cocaine movement to the US; major drugsyndicates control majority of drug trafficking throughout thecountry; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significantmoney-laundering center
Moldovalimited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly forCIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs fromSouthwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, andpossibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity
Montserrattransshipment point for South American narcotics destinedfor the US and Europe
Moroccoillicit producer of hashish; shipments of hashish mostlydirected to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from SouthAmerica destined for Western Europe
MozambiqueSouthern African transit point for South Asian hashishand heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for theEuropean and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for localconsumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa);corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking systemvulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developedfinancial infrastructure limits the country's utility as amoney-laundering center
Nauruoffshore banking recently stopped, remains on Financial ActionTask Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List forcontinued failure to address deficiencies in money-launderingcontrol regime
Nepalillicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic andinternational drug markets; transit point for opiates from SoutheastAsia to the West
Netherlandsmajor European producer of ecstasy, illicitamphetamines, and other synthetic drugs; important gateway forcocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source ofUS-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to moneylaundering
Netherlands Antillestransshipment point for South American drugsbound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center
Nicaraguatransshipment point for cocaine destined for the US andtransshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
Nigeriaa transit point for heroin and cocaine intended forEuropean, East Asian, and North American markets; safehaven forNigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; majormoney-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity;remains on Financial Action Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries andTerritories List for continued failure to address deficiencies inmoney-laundering control regime
Pakistanopium poppy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas,North-West Frontier Province, and Balochistan Province has reboundedsince it was nearly eliminated in 2001; key transit point for Afghandrugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound forWestern markets, the Gulf States, and Africa; financial crimesrelated to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smugglingremain problems
Panamamajor cocaine transshipment point and primarymoney-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-launderingactivity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshorefinancial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoringof financial transactions is improving; official corruption remainsa major problem
Paraguaymajor illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which isconsumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country forAndean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets,Europe, and US; corruption and some money-laundering activity,especially in the Tri-Border Area
Peruuntil 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emergingopium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15 percent to31,150 hectares between 2002 and the end of 2003; much of thecocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing intococaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports tothe international drug market; increasing amounts of base andfinished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia foruse in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa
Philippinesexports locally-produced marijuana and hashish to EastAsia, the US, and other Western markets; serves as a transit pointfor heroin and crystal methamphetamine; domestic methamphetamineproduction is a growing problem; remains on Financial Action TaskForce Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for continuedfailure to address deficiencies in money-laundering control regime
Polandmajor illicit producer of synthetic drugs for theinternational market; minor transshipment point for Asian and LatinAmerican illicit drugs to Western Europe
Portugalgateway country for Latin American cocaine and SouthwestAsian heroin entering the European market (especially from Brazil);transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe;consumer of Southwest Asian heroin