Electricity - production:547.2 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 81.7% hydro: 14.5% nuclear: 3.4% other: 0.3% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:510.1 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:350 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:1.54 billion kWh (2002)
Oil - production:780,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:2.13 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA
Oil - imports:NA
Oil - proved reserves:5.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)
Natural gas - production:22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:542.4 billion cu m (2004)
Current account balance:$4.897 billion (2004 est.)
Exports:$69.18 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals,leather manufactures
Exports - partners:US 17%, UAE 8.8%, China 5.5%, Hong Kong 4.7%, UK 4.5%, Singapore4.5% (2004)
Imports:$89.33 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
Imports - partners:China 6.1%, US 6%, Switzerland 5.2%, Belgium 4.4% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$126 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:$117.2 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$2.9 billion (FY98/99)
Currency (code):Indian rupee (INR)
Currency code:INR
Exchange rates:Indian rupees per US dollar - 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61(2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000)
Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
Communications India
Telephones - main lines in use:48.917 million (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:26,154,400 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization oftelecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid change;local and long distance service provided throughout all regions ofthe country, with services primarily concentrated in the urbanareas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admissionof private and private-public investors, but telephone densityremains low at about seven for each 100 persons nationwide but onlyone per 100 persons in rural areas and a national waiting list ofover 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service with modestgrowth in fixed linesdomestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak inrural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramaticreductions in price led in large part by wireless service; mobilecellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced in 1994 andorganized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecomcircles each with about three private service providers and onestate-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunkcapacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of theworld's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian NationalSatellite system (INSAT), with five satellites supporting 33,000very small aperture terminals (VSAT)international: country code - 91; satellite earth stations - 8Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); ninegateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata(Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar,Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic LinkAround the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), SouthAfrica - Far East (SAFE) with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linkingto Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai(Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras),provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for bothvoice and data traffic (2004)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)
Radios:116 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Televisions:63 million (1997)
Internet country code:.in
Internet hosts:86,871 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):43 (2000)
Internet users:18.481 million (2003)
Transportation India
Railways:total: 63,230 km (16,693 km electrified)broad gauge: 45,718 km 1.676-m gaugenarrow gauge: 14,406 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,106 km 0.762-m gauge and0.610-m gauge (2004)
Highways:total: 2,525,989 kmpaved: 1,448,655 kmunpaved: 1,077,334 km (1999)
Waterways:14,500 kmnote: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable formechanized vessels (2004)
Pipelines:gas 6,171 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km; refinedproducts 5,567 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta),Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam
Merchant marine:total: 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,555,507 GRT/11,069,791 DWTby type: bulk carrier 85, cargo 75, chemical tanker 13, combinationore/oil 1, container 7, liquefied gas 14, passenger 3,passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 91, roll on/roll off 1foreign-owned: 10 (Australia 1, China 1, Greece 1, UAE 6, UnitedKingdom 1)registered in other countries: 30 (2005)
Airports:333 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 234 over 3,047 m: 14 2,438 to 3,047 m: 47 1,524 to 2,437 m: 78 914 to 1,523 m: 74 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 99 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 42 under 914 m: 45 (2004 est.)
Heliports: 20 (2004 est.)
Military India
Military branches:Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard,various security or paramilitary forces (includes Border SecurityForce, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan BorderPolice, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police Force,Central Industrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, andDefense Security Corps)
Military service age and obligation:16 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)
Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 287,551,111 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 219,471,999 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males: 11,446,452 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$18.86 billion (2005)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.93% (2005/06)
Transnational Issues India
Disputes - international:China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in2005, consolidating discussions related to the dispute over most oftheir rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation,Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and othermatters; recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun todefuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and mostmilitarized territorial dispute with portions under the de factoadministration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), andPakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); in 2004, India andPakistan instituted a cease fire in the Kashmir and in 2005,restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control;Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India'sbuilding the Baglihar dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmirto the World Bank for arbitration; UN Military Observer Group inIndia and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group ofpeacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's cedinghistoric Kashmir lands to China in 1964; disputes persist withPakistan over Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions andprepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, in 2004, India andPakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed boundary in Sir Creekestuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch; Pakistani maps continueto show Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions withBangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of riverboundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, toallocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade,migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porousborder; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence offhigh-traffic sections; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/SouthTalpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritimeboundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burmato keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remoteareas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continuesto demarcate minor disputed boundary sections; India has instituteda stricter border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and controlillegal cross-border activities from Nepal
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 92,394 (Tibet/China) 60,922 (SriLanka)IDPs: 650,000 (Jammu and Kashmir conflicts; most IDPs are KashmiriHindus); 113,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami) (2004)
Illicit drugs:world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceuticaltrade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicitinternational drug markets; transit point for illicit narcoticsproduced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@Indian Ocean
Introduction Indian Ocean
Background:The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five oceans(after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than theSouthern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important accesswaterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb(Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait ofMalacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). The decision by the InternationalHydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifthocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Indian Oceansouth of 60 degrees south.
Geography Indian Ocean
Location:body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, andAustralia
Geographic coordinates:20 00 S, 80 00 E
Map references:Political Map of the World
Area:total: 68.556 million sq kmnote: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea,Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea,Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait ofMalacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative:about 5.5 times the size of the US
Coastline:66,526 km
Climate:northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June toOctober); tropical cyclones occur during May/June andOctober/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/Februaryin the southern Indian Ocean
Terrain:surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular systemof currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal ofsurface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmosphericpressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results inthe southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents,while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winterair results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwestwinds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian OceanRidge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, SouthwestIndian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 mhighest point: sea level 0 m
Natural resources:oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates,placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Natural hazards:occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches
Environment - current issues:endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, andwhales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
Geography - note:major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Straitof Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait
Economy Indian Ocean
Economy - overview:The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the MiddleEast, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carriesa particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum productsfrom the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish areof great and growing importance to the bordering countries fordomestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan,South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly forshrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped inthe offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and westernAustralia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil productioncomes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals andoffshore placer deposits are actively exploited by borderingcountries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,and Thailand.
Transportation Indian Ocean
Ports and harbors:Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (SouthAfrica), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India) Melbourne(Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South Africa)
Transnational Issues Indian Ocean
Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@Indonesia
Introduction Indonesia
Background:The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century;the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesiadeclared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it requiredfour years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, andUN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony.Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state. Current issuesinclude: alleviating widespread poverty, preventing terrorism,continuing the transition to popularly-elected governments afterfour decades of authoritarianism, implementing reforms of thebanking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, andholding the military and police accountable for human rightsviolations. Indonesia has been dealing with armed separatistmovements in Aceh and in Papua.
Geography Indonesia
Location:Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and thePacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates:5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references:Southeast Asia
Area:total: 1,919,440 sq kmland: 1,826,440 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:total: 2,830 kmborder countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua NewGuinea 820 km
Coastline:54,716 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain:mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources:petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use: arable land: 11.32% permanent crops: 7.23% other: 81.45% (2001)
Irrigated land:48,150 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,volcanoes, forest fires
Environment - current issues:deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; airpollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator;strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from IndianOcean to Pacific Ocean
People Indonesia
Population:241,973,879 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 29.1% (male 35,823,456/female 34,590,631)15-64 years: 65.7% (male 79,447,560/female 79,449,399)65 years and over: 5.2% (male 5,526,389/female 7,136,444) (2005 est.)
Median age:total: 26.48 yearsmale: 26.03 yearsfemale: 26.93 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:1.45% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:20.71 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 35.6 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 40.72 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 30.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 69.57 yearsmale: 67.13 yearsfemale: 72.13 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:110,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:2,400 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are high risks in some locations (2004)
Nationality:noun: Indonesian(s)adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups:Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%,other 26%
Religions:Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages:Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English,Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 87.9%male: 92.5%female: 83.4% (2002 est.)
Government Indonesia
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Indonesiaconventional short form: Indonesialocal long form: Republik Indonesialocal short form: Indonesiaformer: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
Government type:republic
Capital:Jakarta
Administrative divisions:30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 specialregions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*,Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**,Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat,Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, KepulauanBangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, NusaTenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat,Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, SulawesiUtara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara,Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of decentralization on 1January 2001, the 357 districts or regencies became the keyadministrative units responsible for providing most governmentservices
Independence:17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949(Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)
National holiday:Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution:August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 andProvisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Legal system:based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenousconcepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
Executive branch:chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20October 2004);cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president were elected for five-yearterms by direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004(next to be held in September 2009)election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected presidentreceiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%
Legislative branch:unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat(DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve five-year terms); Houseof Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD),constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative inputto DPR on issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating andimpeaching President and in amending constitution; consists ofpopularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulatenational policyelections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009)election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does notalways follow the number of votes received by parties
Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by thepresident from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); aseparate Constitutional Court or Makhama Konstitusi was invested bythe president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Courtassumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lowercourt system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights
Political parties and leaders:Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO, chairman];Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA, chairman]; IndonesiaDemocratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB,chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman];Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [MAHFUD, acting chairman]; UnitedDevelopment Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU,WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningratchancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, andSan Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOEembassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189consulate(s) general: Surabaya
Flag description:two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to theflag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag ofPoland, which is white (top) and red
Economy Indonesia
Economy - overview:Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has restored financial stabilityand pursued sober fiscal policies since the Asian financial crisis,but many economic development problems remain, including highunemployment, a fragile banking sector, endemic corruption,inadequate infrastructure, a poor investment climate, and unequalresource distribution among regions. Indonesia became a net oilimporter in 2004 due to declining production and lack of newexploration investment. As a result, Jakarta is not reaping thebenefits of high world oil prices, and the cost of subsidizingdomestic fuel prices has placed an increasing strain on the budget.Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up theconfidence of international and domestic investors, and strongglobal economic growth. In late December 2004, a major tsunami tooknearly 127,000 lives, left more than 93,000 missing and nearly441,000 displaced, and destroyed $4.5 to $5.0 billion worth ofproperty.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$827.4 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:4.9% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $3,500 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14.6% industry: 45% services: 40.4% (2004 est.)
Labor force:111.5 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:9.2% (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:27% (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 4%highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:37 (2001)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):6.1% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):16.6% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:revenues: $52.13 billionexpenditures: $55.88 billion, including capital expenditures of NA(2004 est.)
Public debt:56.2% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil,copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Industries:petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining,cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:10.5% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:110.2 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 86.9% hydro: 10.5% nuclear: 0% other: 2.6% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:92.35 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2002)
Oil - production:971,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - consumption:1.183 million bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - exports:518,100 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - imports:370,500 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - proved reserves:4.9 billion bbl (2004 est.)
Natural gas - production:77.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:55.3 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - exports:39.7 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:2.549 trillion cu m (2004)
Current account balance:$7.338 billion (2004 est.)
Exports:$69.86 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
Exports - partners:Japan 22.3%, US 12.3%, Singapore 8.4%, South Korea 6.8%, China6.4%, Malaysia 4.2% (2004)
Imports:$45.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:Singapore 13.1%, Japan 13.1%, China 8.8%, US 7%, Thailand 6%,Australia 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.2%, South Korea 4.2% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$35.82 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:$141.5 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$43 billionnote: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but stillreceives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia(CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 andagain in 2005; nearly $4 billion in aid money pledged by a varietyof foreign governments and other groups following the 2004 tsunami;money is slated for use in relief and rebuilding efforts in Aceh.
Currency (code):Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Currency code:IDR
Exchange rates:Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003),9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.8 (2000)
Fiscal year:calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, butstarting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year
Communications Indonesia
Telephones - main lines in use:7.75 million (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:11.7 million (2002)
Telephone system:general assessment: domestic service fair, international servicegooddomestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;domestic satellite communications systeminternational: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
Radios:31.5 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:41 (1999)
Televisions:13.75 million (1997)
Internet country code:.id
Internet hosts:62,036 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):24 (2000)
Internet users:8 million (2002)
Transportation Indonesia
Railways:total: 6,458 kmnarrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km0.750-m gauge (2004)
Highways:total: 342,700 kmpaved: 158,670 kmunpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:21,579 kmnote: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2004)
Pipelines:condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km; oil 7,472km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang,Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok
Merchant marine:total: 728 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,192,847 GRT/4,319,739 DWTby type: bulk carrier 35, cargo 409, chemical tanker 19, container36, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 1, passenger 41,passenger/cargo 36, petroleum tanker 125, refrigerated cargo 2, rollon/roll off 13, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 2foreign-owned: 19 (France 1, Japan 3, Philippines 1, Singapore 11,Switzerland 1, United Kingdom 2)registered in other countries: 113 (2005)
Airports:667 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 154 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 44 914 to 1,523 m: 49 under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 513 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 480 (2004 est.)
Heliports: 22 (2004 est.)
Military Indonesia
Military branches:Indonesia Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, includesMarines, Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)
Military service age and obligation:18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;conscript service obligation - 2 years (2002)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 60,543,028 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 48,687,234 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males: 2,201,047 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$1.3 billion (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:3% (2004)
Transnational Issues Indonesia
Disputes - international:East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, surveyand delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundaryremain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereigntyof the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, whichhinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treatybetween Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritimeboundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan andLigitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in thehydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostileconfrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oilblock; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims toand to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesiaand Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritimeboundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of BatamIsland; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrantscreate repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains aproblem in the Malacca Strait
Refugees and internally displaced persons:IDPs: 535,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; mostIDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and Central SulawesiProvinces); 441,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunmai) (2004)
Illicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possiblegrowing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@Iran
Introduction Iran
Background:Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and the shah was forcedinto exile. Conservative clerical forces established a theocraticsystem of government with ultimate political authority nominallyvested in a learned religious scholar. Iranian-US relations havebeen strained since a group of Iranian students seized the USEmbassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January1981. During 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraqthat eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashesbetween US Navy and Iranian military forces between 1987-1988. Iranhas been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activitiesin Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to USeconomic sanctions and export controls because of its continuedinvolvement. Following the elections of a reformist president andMajlis in the late 1990s, attempts to foster political reform inresponse to popular dissatisfaction have floundered as conservativepoliticians have prevented reform measures from being enacted,increased repressive measures, and consolidated their control overthe government.
Geography Iran
Location:Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and theCaspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates:32 00 N, 53 00 E
Map references:Middle East
Area:total: 1.648 million sq kmland: 1.636 million sq kmwater: 12,000 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:total: 5,440 kmborder countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km,Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km
Coastline:2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in thePersian Gulfcontinental shelf: natural prolongation
Climate:mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Terrain:rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts,mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 mhighest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m
Natural resources:petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead,manganese, zinc, sulfur
Land use: arable land: 8.72% permanent crops: 1.39% other: 89.89% (2001)
Irrigated land:75,620 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes
Environment - current issues:air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions,refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation;overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf;wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination);inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from rawsewage and industrial waste; urbanization
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of theSea, Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, whichare vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport
People Iran
Population:68,017,860 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 27.1% (male 9,465,475/female 8,973,828)15-64 years: 68% (male 23,556,970/female 22,701,065)65 years and over: 4.9% (male 1,637,512/female 1,683,010) (2005 est.)
Median age:total: 24.23 yearsmale: 24.03 yearsfemale: 24.44 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:0.86% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:16.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:-2.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 41.58 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 41.75 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 41.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 69.96 yearsmale: 68.58 yearsfemale: 71.4 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.82 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:31,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:800 (2003 est.)
Nationality:noun: Iranian(s)adjective: Iranian
Ethnic groups:Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
Religions:Shi'a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 9%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian,and Baha'i 2%
Languages:Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%,Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 79.4%male: 85.6%female: 73% (2003 est.)
Government Iran
Country name:conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iranconventional short form: Iranlocal long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iranlocal short form: Iranformer: Persia
Government type:theocratic republic
Capital:Tehran
Administrative divisions:30 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Ardabil, Azarbayjan-eGharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari,Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman,Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Janubi, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khorasan-eShemali, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan,Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan,Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan
Independence:1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)
National holiday:Republic Day, 1 April (1979)note: additional holidays celebrated widely in Iran includeRevolution Day, 11 February (1979); Noruz (New Year's Day), 21March; Constitutional Monarchy Day, 5 August (1925)
Constitution:2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidencyand eliminate the prime ministership
Legal system:the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government
Suffrage:15 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI(since 4 June 1989)head of government: President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD (since 3 August2005) First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-Yazdi (since 26August 2001)cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president withlegislative approval; the Supreme Leader has some control overappointments to the more sensitive ministrieselections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life bythe Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for afour-year term; election last held 17 June 2005 with a two-candidaterunoff on 24 June 2005 (next to be held NA 2009)election results: Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD elected president; percent ofvote - Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD 62%, Ali Akbar Hashemi RAFSANJANI 36%;note - 2% of ballots spoiled
Legislative branch:unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly orMajles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seatswith the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular voteto serve four-year terms)elections: last held 20 February 2004 with a runoff held 7 May 2004(next to be held February 2008)election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party -conservatives/Islamists 190, reformers 50, independents 43,religious minorities 5, and 2 seats unaccounted for
Judicial branch:Supreme Court - above a special clerical court, a revolutionarycourt, and a special administrative court
Political parties and leaders:formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in Iranand most conservatives still prefer to work through politicalpressure groups rather than parties; a loose pro-reform coalitioncalled the 2nd Khordad front, which includes political parties aswell as less formal pressure groups and organizations, achievedconsiderable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000;groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran Participation Front(IIPF); Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran); SolidarityParty; Islamic Labor Party; Mardom Salari; Mojahedin of the IslamicRevolution Organization (MIRO); and Militant Clerics Society(Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in the seventh Majleselections in early 2004; a new apparently conservative group, theBuilders of Islamic Iran, took a leading position in the new Majlesafter winning a majority of the seats in February 2004
Political pressure groups and leaders: political pressure groups conduct most of Iran's political activities; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat), Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh), and Islamic Engineers Society; active pro-reform student groups include the Organization for Strengthening Unity; opposition groups include Freedom Movement of Iran, the National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, and various ethnic and Monarchist organizations; armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include Mujahidin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, and Komala
International organization participation:CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory),ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US:none; note - Iran has an Interests Section in the PakistaniEmbassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani Embassy, 2209Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1] (202)965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073
Diplomatic representation from the US:none; note - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland
Flag description:three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; thenational emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in theshape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in thewhite band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script isrepeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11times along the top edge of the red band
Economy Iran
Economy - overview:Iran's economy is marked by a bloated, inefficient state sector,over reliance on the oil sector, and statist policies that createmajor distortions throughout. Most economic activity is controlledby the state. Private sector activity is typically small-scale -workshops, farming, and services. President KHATAMI has continued tofollow the market reform plans of former President RAFSANJANI, withlimited progress. Relatively high oil prices in recent years haveenabled Iran to amass some $30 billion in foreign exchange reserves,but have not eased economic hardships such as high unemployment andinflation. The proportion of the economy devoted to the developmentof weapons of mass destruction remains a contentious issue withleading Western nations.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$516.7 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:6.3% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11.2% industry: 40.9% services: 48.7% (2004 est.)
Labor force: 23 million note: shortage of skilled labor (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate:11.2% (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:40% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NAhighest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):15.5% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):31.3% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:revenues: $43.34 billionexpenditures: $47.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.6billion (2004 est.)
Public debt:27% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairyproducts, wool; caviar
Industries:petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other constructionmaterials, food processing (particularly sugar refining andvegetable oil production), metal fabrication, armaments
Industrial production growth rate:3.5% excluding oil (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:129 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 97.1% hydro: 2.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:119.9 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2002)
Oil - production:3.962 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:1.4 million bbl/day (2002 est.)
Oil - exports:2.5 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - imports:NA
Oil - proved reserves:130.8 billion bbl (2004 est.)
Natural gas - production:79 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:72.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - exports:3.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - imports:4.92 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:26.7 trillion cu m (2004)
Current account balance:$2.1 billion (2004 est.)
Exports:$38.79 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits andnuts, carpets
Exports - partners:Japan 18.4%, China 9.7%, Italy 6%, South Africa 5.8%, South Korea5.4%, Taiwan 4.6%, Turkey 4.4%, Netherlands 4% (2004)
Imports:$31.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods,foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, militarysupplies
Imports - partners:Germany 12.8%, France 8.3%, Italy 7.7%, China 7.2%, UAE 7.2%, SouthKorea 6.1%, Russia 5.4% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$29.87 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:$13.4 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$408 million (2002 est.)
Currency (code):Iranian rial (IRR)
Currency code:IRR
Exchange rates:rials per US dollar - 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002),1,753.6 (2001), 1,764.4 (2000)note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regimesince unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Fiscal year:21 March - 20 March
Communications Iran
Telephones - main lines in use:14,571,100 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:3,376,500 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: inadequate but currently being modernized andexpanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency andincreasing the volume of the urban service but also bringingtelephone service to several thousand villages, not presentlyconnecteddomestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone systemsince 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwaveradio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have beenbrought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systemshas approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellularsubscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of thesystem has been raised by the installation of thousands of digitalswitchesinternational: country code - 98; HF radio and microwave radio relayto Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria,Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable toUAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG);Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijanthrough the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansionto Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and4 Inmarsat
Radio broadcast stations:AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)
Radios:17 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:28 (plus 450 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Televisions:4.61 million (1997)
Internet country code:.ir
Internet hosts:5,269 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):100 (2002)
Internet users:4.3 million (2003)
Transportation Iran
Railways:total: 7,203 kmbroad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gaugestandard gauge: 7,109 km 1.435-m gauge (189 km electrified) (2004)
Highways:total: 167,157 kmpaved: 94,109 km (including 890 km of expressways)unpaved: 73,048 km (1998)
Waterways:850 km (on Karun River and Lake Urmia) (2004)
Pipelines:condensate/gas 212 km; gas 16,998 km; liquid petroleum gas 570 km;oil 8,256 km; refined products 7,808 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Assaluyeh, Bushehr
Merchant marine:total: 144 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,715,242 GRT/8,240,069 DWTby type: bulk carrier 38, cargo 49, chemical tanker 4, container 14,liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker30, roll on/roll off 2foreign-owned: 1 (UAE 1)registered in other countries: 8 (2005)