Industries:phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement,potash, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:5% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:7.307 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.4% hydro: 0.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:7.094 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:2 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:300 million kWh (2002)
Oil - production:40 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:103,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:0 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - imports:100,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:445,000 bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:290 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:290 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:3.256 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:$203.2 million (2004 est.)
Exports:$3.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:clothing, phosphates, fertilizers, potash, vegetables,manufactures, pharmaceuticals
Exports - partners:US 28.9%, Iraq 17.6%, India 7.1%, Saudi Arabia 5.6% (2004)
Imports:$7.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:crude oil, textile fabrics, machinery, transport equipment,manufactured goods
Imports - partners:Saudi Arabia 19.8%, China 8.4%, Germany 6.8%, US 6.8% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$5.457 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:$7.32 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:ODA, $500 million (2004 est.)
Currency (code):Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Currency code:JOD
Exchange rates:Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003), 0.709(2002), 0.709 (2001), 0.709 (2000)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Jordan
Telephones - main lines in use:622,600 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:1,325,300 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: service has improved recently with increaseduse of digital switching equipment, but better access to thetelephone system is needed in the rural areas and easier access topay telephones is needed by the urban publicdomestic: microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial andfiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; considerable use ofmobile cellular systems; Internet service is availableinternational: country code - 962; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals;fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay linkwith Egypt and Syria; connection to international submarine cableFLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); participant in MEDARABTEL;international links total about 4,000
Radio broadcast stations:AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1999)
Radios:1.66 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:20 (plus 96 repeaters) (1995)
Televisions:500,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.jo
Internet hosts:3,160 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):5 (2000)
Internet users:457,000 (2003)
Transportation Jordan
Railways: total: 505 km narrow gauge: 505 km 1.050-m gauge (2004)
Highways: total: 7,301 km paved: 7,301 km unpaved: 0 km (2002)
Pipelines:gas 10 km; oil 743 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Al 'Aqabah
Merchant marine:total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 78,814 GRT/92,695 DWTby type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 7, container 2, passenger/cargo 5,roll on/roll off 4foreign-owned: 12 (Greece 3, UAE 9)registered in other countries: 14 (2005)
Airports:17 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 15 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 2under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Heliports:1 (2004 est.)
Military Jordan
Military branches:Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Land Force, RoyalJordanian Navy, Royal Jordanian Air Force, and Special OperationsCommand (SOCOM); note - Public Security Directorate normally fallsunder Ministry of Interior but comes under JAF in wartime or crisissituations
Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription at age 18 was suspended in 1999, although all males under age 37 are required to register (2004)
Manpower available for military service:males age 17-49: 1,573,995 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 17-49: 1,348,076 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males: 60,625 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$1.46 billion (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:14.6% (2004)
Transnational Issues Jordan
Disputes - international:2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 1,740,170 (Palestinian Refugees(UNRWA))IDPs: 800,000 (1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2004)
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@Juan de Nova Island
Introduction Juan de Nova Island
Background:Named after a famous 15th century Spanish navigator and explorer,the island has been a French possession since 1897. It has beenexploited for its guano and phosphate. Presently a small militarygarrison oversees a meteorological station.
Geography Juan de Nova Island
Location:Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about one-thirdof the way between Madagascar and Mozambique
Geographic coordinates:17 03 S, 42 45 E
Map references:Africa
Area:total: 4.4 sq kmland: 4.4 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:about seven times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:0 km
Coastline:24.1 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:tropical
Terrain:low and flat
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 10 m
Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (90% forest) (2001)
Irrigated land:0 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:periodic cyclones
Environment - current issues:NA
Geography - note:wildlife sanctuary
People Juan de Nova Island
Population:no indigenous inhabitantsnote: there is a small French military garrison along with a fewmeteorologists; occasionally visited by scientists (July 2005 est.)
Government Juan de Nova Island
Country name:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Juan de Nova Islandlocal long form: nonelocal short form: Ile Juan de Nova
Dependency status:possession of France; administered by the Administrateur Superieurof the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Legal system:the laws of France, where applicable, apply
Diplomatic representation in the US:none (possession of France)
Diplomatic representation from the US:none (possession of France)
Flag description:the flag of France is used
Economy Juan de Nova Island
Economy - overview:Up to 12,000 tons of guano are mined per year.
Communications Juan de Nova Island
Communications - note: 1 meteorological station
Transportation Juan de Nova Island
Ports and harbors:none; offshore anchorage only
Airports:1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 1914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Military Juan de Nova Island
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France
Transnational Issues Juan de Nova Island
Disputes - international: claimed by Madagascar
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@Kazakhstan
Introduction Kazakhstan
Background:Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes whomigrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united asa single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18thcentury and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizenswere encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures.This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some otherdeported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enablednon-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 caused manyof these newcomers to emigrate. Current issues include: developing acohesive national identity; expanding the development of thecountry's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets;achieving a sustainable economic growth outside the oil, gas, andmining sectors; and strengthening relations with neighboring statesand other foreign powers.
Geography Kazakhstan
Location:Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the UralRiver in eastern-most Europe
Geographic coordinates:48 00 N, 68 00 E
Map references:Asia
Area:total: 2,717,300 sq kmland: 2,669,800 sq kmwater: 47,500 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:total: 12,012 kmborder countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline:0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, nowsplit into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea(1,894 km)
Maritime claims:none (landlocked)
Climate:continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain:extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plainsin western Siberia to oases and desert in Central Asia
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 mhighest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m
Natural resources:major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore,manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead,zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land use:arable land: 7.98%permanent crops: 0.05%other: 91.97% (2001)
Irrigated land:23,320 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty
Environment - current issues:radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defenseindustries and test ranges scattered throughout the country posehealth risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severein some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into theAral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up andleaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and naturalsalts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blowninto noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soilpollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination frompoor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
Environment - international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollutionsigned, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note:landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territoryenclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan andRussia extended the lease to 2050
People Kazakhstan
Population:15,185,844 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 23.7% (male 1,834,535/female 1,758,988)15-64 years: 68.4% (male 5,075,243/female 5,312,536)65 years and over: 7.9% (male 424,341/female 780,201) (2005 est.)
Median age:total: 28.52 yearsmale: 26.92 yearsfemale: 30.25 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:0.3% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:15.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:-3.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.54 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 29.21 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 33.85 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 24.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 66.55 yearsmale: 61.21 yearsfemale: 72.2 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.89 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.2% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:16,500 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality:noun: Kazakhstani(s)adjective: Kazakhstani
Ethnic groups:Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%,German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)
Religions:Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%
Languages:Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used ineveryday business, designated the "language of interethniccommunication") 95% (2001 est.)
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 98.4%male: 99.1%female: 97.7% (1999 est.)
Government Kazakhstan
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstanconventional short form: Kazakhstanlocal long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasylocal short form: noneformer: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type:republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little poweroutside the executive branch
Capital:Astana; note - the government moved from Almaty to Astana inDecember 1998
Administrative divisions:14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qala,singular - qalasy); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy(Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, BatysQazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*, Mangghystau Oblysy(Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy,Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, ShyghysQazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy(Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)note: administrative divisions have the same names as theiradministrative centers (exceptions have the administrative centername following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments ofKazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia wouldlease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing theBaykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr(Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended thelease to 2050
Independence:16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Constitution:first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; newconstitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Legal system:based on civil law system
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of theSupreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December1991)head of government: Prime Minister Daniyal AKHMETOV (since 13 June2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Akhmetzhan YESIMOV (since 14 May2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previouslyscheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV'sprevious term was extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum held30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime ministerappointed by the presidentelection results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president;percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, SerikbolsynABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%, Engels GABBASSOV 1.5%note: President NAZARBAYEV arranged a referendum in 1995 thatexpanded his presidential powers: only he can initiateconstitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government,dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appointadministrative heads of regions and cities
Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (39 seats; 7 senatorsare appointed by the president; other members are popularly elected,two from each of the 14 oblasts, the capital of Astana, and the cityof Almaty, to serve six-year terms; note - formerly composed of 47seats) and the Majilis (77 seats; 10 out of the 77 Majilis membersare elected from the winning party's lists; members are popularlyelected to serve five-year terms)elections: Senate - (indirect) last held 17 September 1999 (next tobe held December 2005); Majilis - last held 19 September and 3October 2004 (next to be held September 2009)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats byparty - NA; candidates nominated by local councils; Majilis -percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Otan 42, AIST 11,ASAR (All Together) 4, Ak Zhol (Bright Path) 1, Democratic Party 1,independent 18; note - most independent candidates are affiliatedwith parastatal enterprises and other pro-government institutions
Judicial branch:Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7 members)
Political parties and leaders:Agrarian Party [Romin MADINOV]; Ak Zhol Party "Bright Path" [BulatABILOV, Uraz ZHANDOSOV, Lyudmila ZHULANOVA, Alikhan BAYMENOV,Altynbek SARSENBAYEV, co-chairs]; ASAR "All Together" [DarigaNAZARBAYEVA, chairwoman]; AUL "Village" [Gani KALIYEV]; Civic Party[Azat PERUASHEV, first secretary]; Communist Party or KPK[Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People's Party ofKazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]; Democratic Party of Kazakhstan[Maksut NARIKBAEV]; Otan "Fatherland" [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV, actingchairman]; Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat [AltynshashJAGANOVA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Almaty Helsinki Group [Ninel FOKINA];Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN]; KazakhstanInternational Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executivedirector]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA,chairwoman]; Republican Network of International Monitors [DosKUSHIM]; Transparency International [Sergei ZLOTNIKOV]
International organization participation:AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM(observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Kanat B. SAUDABAYEVchancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador John M. ORDWAYembassy: 99/97A Fumanova, Samal-2, Almaty, 480099mailing address: use embassy street addresstelephone: [7] (3272) 50-48-02FAX: [7] (3272) 50-48-84
Flag description:sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sunwith 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; onthe hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold
Economy Kazakhstan
Economy - overview:Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics interritory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reservesas well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It alsohas a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain.Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction andprocessing of these natural resources and also on a growingmachine-building sector specializing in construction equipment,tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. Thebreakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand forKazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in ashort-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annualdecline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the governmentprogram of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting ina substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstanenjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - and a solid 9.5% in 2002 -thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economicreform, good harvests, and foreign investment. Growth remained atthe high 9% level in 2003 and 2004. The opening of the CaspianConsortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengizoilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. Thecountry has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversifythe economy away from overdependence on the oil sector, bydeveloping light industry. Additionally, the policy aims to reducethe influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel; thegovernment has engaged in several disputes with foreign oilcompanies over the terms of production agreements, and tensionscontinue.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$118.4 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:9.1% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $7,800 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7.4% industry: 37.8% services: 54.8% (2004 est.)
Labor force:7.95 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate:8% (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:19% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 26.5% (2004 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:31.5 (2003)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):6.9% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):23.9% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:revenues: $8.67 billionexpenditures: $8.968 billion, including capital expenditures of NA(2004 est.)
Public debt:13.7% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock
Industries:oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper,titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel;tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors,construction materials
Industrial production growth rate:10.6% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:66.82 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 84.3% hydro: 15.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:62.21 billion kWh (203)
Electricity - exports:4.975 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - imports:2.506 billion kWh (2003)
Oil - production:1.2 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:189,400 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - exports:890,000 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - imports:47,000 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - proved reserves:26 billion bbl (1 January 2004)
Natural gas - production:11.6 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:14.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:11.01 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - imports:8.696 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:1.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2004)
Current account balance:$-39.02 million (2004 est.)
Exports:$18.47 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:oil and oil products 58%, ferrous metals 24%, chemicals 5%,machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001)
Exports - partners:Russia 15.1%, Bermuda 13.8%, Germany 11%, China 9.9%, France 6.6%,Italy 4% (2004)
Imports:$13.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment 41%, metal products 28%, foodstuffs 8%(2001)
Imports - partners:Russia 34.6%, China 15.4%, Germany 8.2%, France 5.7%, Ukraine 4.6%(2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$14.35 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:$26.03 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$74.2 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (FY2004)
Currency (code):tenge (KZT)
Currency code:KZT
Exchange rates:tenge per US dollar - 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003), 153.28 (2002),146.74 (2001), 142.13 (2000)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Kazakhstan
Telephones - main lines in use:2,081,900 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:1.027 million (2002)
Telephone system:general assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquateddomestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobilecellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstaninternational: country code - 7; international traffic with otherformer Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwaveradio relay and with other countries by satellite and by theTrans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations- 2 Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations:AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)
Radios:6.47 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)
Televisions:3.88 million (1997)
Internet country code:.kz
Internet hosts:21,984 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):10 (with their own international channels) (2001)
Internet users:250,000 (2002)
Transportation Kazakhstan
Railways: total: 13,700 km broad gauge: 13,700 km 1.520-m gauge (3,700 km electrified) (2004)
Highways: total: 82,980 km paved: 77,918 km unpaved: 5,062 km (2002)
Waterways:4,000 kmnote: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya) and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers (2004)
Pipelines:condensate 18 km; gas 10,370 km; oil 10,158 km; refined products1,187 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk),Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)
Merchant marine:total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,064 GRT/646 DWTby type: cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 1foreign-owned: 2 (United Kingdom 2) (2005)
Airports:314 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 67over 3,047 m: 92,438 to 3,047 m: 261,524 to 2,437 m: 17914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 247over 3,047 m: 62,438 to 3,047 m: 61,524 to 2,437 m: 11914 to 1,523 m: 27under 914 m: 197 (2004 est.)
Heliports:1 (2004 est.)
Military Kazakhstan
Military branches:Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval Force, RepublicanGuard
Military service age and obligation:18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript serviceobligation - 2 years; minimum age for volunteers NA (2004)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 3,758,255 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 2,473,529 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males: 173,129 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Transnational Issues Kazakhstan
Disputes - international:in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, andUzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitationwith Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary withTurkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistantseabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in theCaspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the watercolumn among any of the littoral states
Illicit drugs:significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, aswell as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drugephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transitpoint for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest ofEurope
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@Kenya
Introduction Kenya
Background:Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA ledKenya from independence until his death in 1978, when PresidentDaniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession.The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 whenthe ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the solelegal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressurefor political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fracturedopposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but are viewed ashaving generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. PresidentMOI stepped down in December of 2002 following fair and peacefulelections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic,united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition, defeatedKANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA and assumed the presidency following acampaign centered on an anticorruption platform.
Geography Kenya
Location:Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia andTanzania
Geographic coordinates:1 00 N, 38 00 E
Map references:Africa
Area:total: 582,650 sq kmland: 569,250 sq kmwater: 13,400 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Land boundaries:total: 3,477 kmborder countries: Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km,Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km
Coastline:536 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain:low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley;fertile plateau in west
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m
Natural resources:limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite,gypsum, wildlife, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 8.08% permanent crops: 0.98% other: 90.94% (2001)
Irrigated land:670 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons
Environment - current issues: water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-KyotoProtocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Lawof the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successfulagricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found onMount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiographysupports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economicvalue
People Kenya
Population:33,829,590note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account theeffects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lowerlife expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lowerpopulation and growth rates, and changes in the distribution ofpopulation by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July2005 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 42.5% (male 7,252,075/female 7,124,034)15-64 years: 55.2% (male 9,378,428/female 9,295,471)65 years and over: 2.3% (male 356,116/female 423,466) (2005 est.)
Median age:total: 18.19 yearsmale: 18.08 yearsfemale: 18.3 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:2.56% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:40.13 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 populationnote: according to UNHCR, by the end of 2001 Kenya was host to220,000 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia145,000 and Sudan 68,000 (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.02 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 61.47 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 64.26 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 58.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 47.99 yearsmale: 48.87 yearsfemale: 47.09 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:4.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:6.7% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:1.2 million (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:150,000 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)
Nationality: noun: Kenyan(s) adjective: Kenyan
Ethnic groups:Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%,Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab)1%
Religions:Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%, Muslim10%, other 2%note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates forthe percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenousbeliefs vary widely
Languages:English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenouslanguages
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 85.1%male: 90.6%female: 79.7% (2003 est.)
Government Kenya
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Kenyaconventional short form: Kenyaformer: British East Africa
Government type:republic
Capital:Nairobi
Administrative divisions:7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*,North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
Independence:12 December 1963 (from UK)
National holiday:Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Constitution:12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued withamendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001
Legal system:based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common law,tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; acceptscompulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutionalamendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in1991
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002) andVice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002)and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absoluteterms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of thevote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area toavoid a runoff; election last held 27 December 2002 (next to be heldDecember 2007); vice president appointed by the presidentelection results: President Mwai KIBAKI elected; percent of vote -Mwai KIBAKI 63%, Uhuru KENYATTA 30%
Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (224 seats; 210 memberselected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 so-called"nominated" members who are appointed by the president but selectedby the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals, 2ex-officio members)elections: last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held by early 2007)election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -NARC 125, KANU 64, FORD-P 14, other 7; ex-officio 2; seats appointedby the president - NARC 7, KANU 4, FORD-P 1
Judicial branch:Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president); HighCourt
Political parties and leaders:Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People[Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU[Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI] -the governing party
Political pressure groups and leaders:human rights groups; labor unions; Muslim organizations; NationalConvention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition ofpolitical parties and nongovernment organizations [Kivutha KIBWANA];Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [MutavaMUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches; SupremeCouncil of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]
International organization participation:ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF,IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, ONUB,OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK,UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Leonard NGAITHEchancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829consulate(s) general: Los Angeles
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador William M. BELLAMY embassy: US Embassy, United Nations Ave., Gigiri; P. O. Box 606 Village Market Nairobi mailing address: Box 21A, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831 telephone: [254] (20) 537-800 FAX: [254] (20) 537-810
Flag description:three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; thered band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield coveringcrossed spears is superimposed at the center
Economy Kenya
Economy - overview:The regional hub for trade and finance in East Africa, Kenya hasbeen hampered by corruption and by reliance upon several primarygoods whose prices have remained low. In 1997, the IMF suspendedKenya's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to thegovernment's failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. Asevere drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded Kenya's problems,causing water and energy rationing and reducing agricultural output.As a result, GDP contracted by 0.2% in 2000. The IMF, which hadresumed loans in 2000 to help Kenya through the drought, againhalted lending in 2001 when the government failed to instituteseveral anticorruption measures. Despite the return of strong rainsin 2001, weak commodity prices, endemic corruption, and lowinvestment limited Kenya's economic growth to 1.2%. Growth lagged at1.1% in 2002 because of erratic rains, low investor confidence,meager donor support, and political infighting up to the elections.In the key 27 December 2002 elections, Daniel Arap MOI's 24-year-oldreign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidableeconomic problems facing the nation. In 2003, progress was made inrooting out corruption and encouraging donor support, with GDPgrowth edging up to 1.7%. GDP grew a moderate 2.2% in 2004.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$34.68 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:2.2% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 19.3% industry: 18.5% services: 62.4% (2004 est.)
Labor force:11.4 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture 75% (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate:40% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:50% (2000 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 2%highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:44.9 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):9% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):14.7% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:revenues: $2.89 billionexpenditures: $3.443 billion, including capital expenditures of NA(2004 est.)
Public debt:74.3% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:tea, coffee, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables; dairyproducts, beef, pork, poultry, eggs
Industries:small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries,textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products; oilrefining, aluminum, steel, lead, cement; commercial ship repair,tourism
Industrial production growth rate:2.6% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:4.475 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 17.7% hydro: 71% nuclear: 0% other: 11.3% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:4.337 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:175 million kWh (2002)
Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:57,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:NA
Oil - imports:NA
Current account balance:$-459.2 million (2004 est.)
Exports:$2.589 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish,cement
Exports - partners:Uganda 13.3%, UK 11.4%, US 10.6%, Netherlands 8.2%, Egypt 4.9%,Tanzania 4.5%, Pakistan 4.3% (2004)
Imports:$4.19 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motorvehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
Imports - partners:UAE 12.6%, Saudi Arabia 9.1%, South Africa 8.8%, US 7.7%, India7.2%, UK 6.7%, China 6.4%, Japan 5% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$1.5 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:$6.792 billion (2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$453 million (1997)
Currency (code):Kenyan shilling (KES)
Currency code:KES
Exchange rates:Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003),78.749 (2002), 78.563 (2001), 76.176 (2000)
Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
Communications Kenya
Telephones - main lines in use:328,400 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:1,590,800 (2003)
Telephone system:general assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernize exceptfor service to businessdomestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business datacommonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) systeminternational: country code - 254; satellite earth stations - 4Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations:AM 24, FM 18, shortwave 6 (2001)
Radios:3.07 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:8 (2002)
Televisions:730,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.ke
Internet hosts:8,325 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):65 (2001)
Internet users:400,000 (2002)
Transportation Kenya
Railways: total: 2,778 km narrow gauge: 2,778 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)
Highways: total: 63,942 km paved: 7,737 km unpaved: 56,205 km (2000)
Waterways:part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya (2004)
Pipelines:refined products 752 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:Mombasa
Merchant marine:total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,049 GRT/7,082 DWTby type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1registered in other countries: 6 (2005)
Airports:221 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 15 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 206 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 110 under 914 m: 84 (2004 est.)
Military Kenya
Military branches:Army, Navy, Air Force
Military service age and obligation:18 years of age (est.) (2004)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 7,303,153 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 3,963,532 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$177.1 million (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.3% (2004)
Transnational Issues Kenya
Disputes - international:Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan'snorth-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter toapproximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans whoflee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord'sResistance Army (LRA) rebels; Kenya's administrative limits extendbeyond the treaty border into the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 154,272 (Somalia) 11,139 (Ethiopia)63,197 (Sudan)IDPs: 350,000 (KANU attacks on opposition tribal groups in 1990s)(2004)
Illicit drugs:widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit countryfor South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North America; Indianmethaqualone also transits on way to South Africa; significantpotential for money-laundering activity given the country's statusas a regional financial center; massive corruption, and relativelyhigh levels of narcotics-associated activities
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@Kingman Reef
Introduction Kingman Reef
Background:The US annexed the reef in 1922. Its sheltered lagoon served as away station for flying boats on Hawaii-to-American Samoa flightsduring the late 1930s. There are no terrestrial plants on the reef,which is frequently awash, but it does support abundant and diversemarine fauna and flora. In 2001, the waters surrounding the reef outto 12 nm were designated a US National Wildlife Refuge.
Geography Kingman Reef
Location:Oceania, reef in the North Pacific Ocean, about half way betweenHawaii and American Samoa
Geographic coordinates:6 24 N, 162 24 W
Map references:Oceania
Area:total: 1 sq kmland: 1 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:0 km
Coastline:3 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical; moderated by prevailing winds
Terrain:low and nearly level
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 1 m
Natural resources: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)
Irrigated land:0 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of about 1 metermakes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard
Environment - current issues:none
Geography - note:barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to the public
People Kingman Reef
Population: uninhabited (July 2005 est.)
Government Kingman Reef
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Kingman Reef