European Unioneuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004),0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland pounds per US dollar -0.55 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947(2001)note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe IslandsDanish kroner per US dollar - 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911(2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001)
FijiFijian dollars per US dollar - 1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004),1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002), 2.2766 (2001)
Finlandeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Franceeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
French Guianaeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004),0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
French PolynesiaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002),133.26 (2001)note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
GabonCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04(2001)
Gambia, Thedalasi per US dollar - 30.38 (2005), 30.03 (2004),27.306 (2004), 19.918 (2003), 15.687 (2002), 15.687 (2001)
Gaza Stripnew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.4877 (2005), 4.482(2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001)
Georgialari per US dollar - 1.8127 (2005), 1.9167 (2004), 2.1457(2003), 2.1957 (2002), 2.073 (2001)
Germanyeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Ghanacedis per US dollar - 9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6 (2004), 8,677.4(2003), 7,932.7 (2002), 7,170.8 (2001)
GibraltarGibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2005), 0.5462(2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001)note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greeceeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
GreenlandDanish kroner per US dollar - 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911(2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001)
GrenadaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)
Guadeloupeeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 j(2001)
Guamthe US dollar is used
Guatemalaquetzales per US dollar - 7.6339 (2005), 7.9465 (2004),7.9409 (2003), 7.8217 (2002), 7.8586 (2001)
GuernseyGuernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2005), 0.5462 (2004),0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001)note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
GuineaGuinean francs per US dollar - 2,550 (2005), 2,225 (2004),1,984.9 (2003), 1,975.8 (2002), 1,950.6 (2001)
Guinea-BissauCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),733.04 (2001)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
GuyanaGuyanese dollars per US dollar - 200.79 (2005), 198.31(2004), 193.88 (2003), 190.67 (2002), 187.32 (2001)
Haitigourdes per US dollar - 40.449 (2005), 38.352 (2004), 42.367(2003), 29.251 (2002), 24.429 (2001)
Holy See (Vatican City)euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Honduraslempiras per US dollar - 18.92 (2005), 18.206 (2004),17.345 (2003), 16.433 (2002), 15.474 (2001)
Hong KongHong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.7773 (2005), 7.788(2004), 7.7868 (2003), 7.7989 (2002), 7.7988 (2001)
Hungaryforints per US dollar - 199.58 (2005), 202.75 (2004), 224.31(2003), 257.89 (2002), 286.49 (2001)
IcelandIcelandic kronur per US dollar - 62.982 (2005), 70.192(2004), 76.709 (2003), 91.662 (2002), 97.425 (2001)
IndiaIndian rupees per US dollar - 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004),46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002), 47.186 (2001)
IndonesiaIndonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9(2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.9 (2001)
Iranrials per US dollar - 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9(2003), 6,907 (2002), 1,753.6 (2001)note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regimesince unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
IraqNew Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,475 (2005), 1,890 (secondhalf, 2003), 0.3109 (2001)
Irelandeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Isle of ManManx pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2005), 0.5462 (2004),0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001)
Israelnew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.4877 (2005), 4.482(2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001)
Italyeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
JamaicaJamaican dollars per US dollar - 62.51 (2005), 61.197(2004), 57.741 (2003), 48.416 (2002), 45.996 (2001)
Japanyen per US dollar - 110.22 (2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93(2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001)
JerseyJersey pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2005), 0.5462 (2004),0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001)note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
JordanJordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2005), 0.709 (2004),0.709 (2003), 0.709 (2002), 0.709 (2001)
Kazakhstantenge per US dollar - 132.88 (2005), 136.04 (2004),149.58 (2003), 153.28 (2002), 146.74 (2001)
KenyaKenyan shillings per US dollar - 75.554 (2005), 79.174 (2004),75.936 (2003), 78.749 (2002), 78.563 (2001)
KiribatiAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)
Korea, Northofficial: North Korean won per US dollar - 170(December 2004), 150 (December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001); market:North Korean won per US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002)
Korea, SouthSouth Korean won per US dollar - 1,024.1 (2005),1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002), 1,291 (2001)
KuwaitKuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.292 (2005), 0.2947 (2004),0.298 (2003), 0.3039 (2002), 0.3067 (2001)
Kyrgyzstansoms per US dollar - 41.012 (2005), 42.65 (2004), 43.648(2003), 46.937 (2002), 48.378 (2001)
Laoskips per US dollar - 10,820 (2005), 10,585.5 (2004), 10,569(2003), 10,056.3 (2002), 8,954.6 (2001)
Latvialati per US dollar - 0.5647 (2005), 0.5402 (2004), 0.5715(2003), 0.6182 (2002), 0.6279 (2001)
LebanonLebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2005), 1,507.5(2004), 1,507.5 (2003), 1,507.5 (2002), 1,507.5 (2001)
Lesothomaloti per US dollar - 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648(2003), 10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001)
LiberiaLiberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2005), 54.906 (2004),59.379 (2003), 61.754 (2002), 48.583 (2001)
LibyaLibyan dinars per US dollar - 1.3084 (2005), 1.305 (2004),1.2929 (2003), 1.2707 (2002), 0.6051 (2001)
LiechtensteinSwiss francs per US dollar - 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435(2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876 (2001)
Lithuanialitai per US dollar - 2.774 (2005), 2.7806 (2004), 3.0609(2003), 3.677 (2002), 4 (2001)
Luxembourgeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Macaupatacas per US dollar - 8.011 (2005), 8.022 (2004), 8.021(2003), 8.033 (2002), 8.034 (2001)
MacedoniaMacedonian denars per US dollar - 48.92 (2005), 49.41(2004), 54.322 (2003), 64.35 (2002), 68.037 (2001)
MadagascarMalagasy ariary per US dollar - 2,003 (2005), 1,868.9(2004), 1,238.3 (2003), 1,366.4 (2002), 1,317.7 (2001)
MalawiMalawian kwachas per US dollar - 108.894 (2005), 108.898(2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002), 72.197 (2001)
Malaysiaringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2005), 3.8 (2004), 3.8(2003), 3.8 (2002), 3.8 (2001)
Maldivesrufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2005), 12.8 (2004), 12.8(2003), 12.8 (2002), 12.24 (2001)
MaliCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04(2001)
MaltaMaltese liri per US dollar - 0.34578 (2005), 0.34466 (2004),0.37723 (2003), 0.43362 (2002), 0.45004 (2001)
Marshall Islandsthe US dollar is used
Martiniqueeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Mauritaniaouguiyas per US dollar - NA (2005), NA (2004), 263.03(2003), 271.74 (2002), 255.63 (2001)
MauritiusMauritian rupees per US dollar - 29.496 (2005), 27.499(2004), 27.902 (2003), 29.962 (2002), 29.129 (2001)
Mayotteeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
MexicoMexican pesos per US dollar - 10.898 (2005), 11.286 (2004),10.789 (2003), 9.656 (2002), 9.342 (2001)
Micronesia, Federated States ofthe US dollar is used
Moldovalei per US dollar - 12.6 (2005), 12.33 (2004), 13.945(2003), 13.571 (2002), 12.865 (2001)
Monacoeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Mongoliatogrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,187.17 (2005), 1,185.3(2004), 1,146.5 (2003), 1,110.3 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001)
Montenegroeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
MontserratEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)note: fixed rate since 1976
MoroccoMoroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004),9.574 (2003), 11.021 (2002), 11.303 (2001)
Mozambiquemeticais per US dollar - 23,061 (2005), 22,581 (2004),23,782 (2003), 23,678 (2002), 20,704 (2001)
NamibiaNamibian dollars per US dollar - 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597(2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001)
NauruAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)
NepalNepalese rupees per US dollar - 71.368 (2005), 73.674 (2004),76.141 (2003), 77.877 (2002), 74.949 (2001)
Netherlandseuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004),0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001)
New CaledoniaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002),133.26 (2001)
New ZealandNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001)
Nicaraguagold cordobas per US dollar - 16.733 (2005), 15.937(2004), 15.105 (2003), 14.251 (2002), 13.372 (2001)
NigerCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04(2001)
Nigerianairas per US dollar - 132.59 (2005), 132.89 (2004), 129.22(2003), 120.58 (2002), 111.23 (2001)
NiueNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087(2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001)
Norfolk IslandAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005),1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)
Northern Mariana Islandsthe US dollar is used
NorwayNorwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.4425 (2005), 6.7408(2004), 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001)
OmanOmani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2005), 0.3845 (2004),0.3845 (2003), 0.3845 (2002), 0.3845 (2001)
PakistanPakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.515 (2005), 58.258(2004), 57.752 (2003), 59.724 (2002), 61.927 (2001)
Palauthe US dollar is used
Panamabalboas per US dollar - 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1(2002), 1 (2001)
Papua New Guineakina per US dollar - 3.08 (2005), 3.2225 (2004),3.5635 (2003), 3.8952 (2002), 3.3887 (2001)
Paraguayguarani per US dollar - 6,178 (2005), 5,974.6 (2004),6,424.3 (2003), 5,716.3 (2002), 4,105.9 (2001)
Perunuevo sol per US dollar - 3.2958 (2005), 3.4132 (2004), 3.4785(2003), 3.5165 (2002), 3.5068 (2001)
PhilippinesPhilippine pesos per US dollar - 55.086 (2005), 56.04(2004), 54.203 (2003), 51.604 (2002), 50.993 (2001)
Pitcairn IslandsNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001)
Polandzlotych per US dollar - 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004), 3.8891(2003), 4.08 (2002), 4.0939 (2001)note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Portugaleuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Puerto Ricothe US dollar is used
QatarQatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2005), 3.64 (2004), 3.64(2003), 3.64 (2002), 3.64 (2001)
Reunioneuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Romanialei per US dollar - 3 (2005), 3 (2004), 3 (2003), 3 (2002),3 (2001)
RussiaRussian rubles per US dollar - 28.284 (2005), 28.814 (2004),30.692 (2003), 31.349 (2002), 29.169 (2001)
RwandaRwandan francs per US dollar - 610 (2005), 574.62 (2004),537.66 (2003), 476.33 (2002), 442.8 (2001)
Saint HelenaSaint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2005),0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001)note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound
Saint Kitts and NevisEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7(2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)
Saint LuciaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)
Saint Pierre and Miqueloneuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005),0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesEast Caribbean dollars per USdollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)
Samoatala per US dollar - 2.7103 (2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732(2003), 3.3763 (2002), 3.478 (2001)
San Marinoeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Sao Tome and Principedobras per US dollar - 9,900.4 (2005), (2004),9,347.6 (2003), 9,088.3 (2002), 8,842.1 (2001)
Saudi ArabiaSaudi riyals per US dollar - 3.747 (2005), 3.75 (2004),3.75 (2003), 3.75 (2002), 3.75 (2001)
SenegalCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04(2001)
Serbianew Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - 58.6925 (2005)
SeychellesSeychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.5 (2005), 5.5 (2004),5.4007 (2003), 5.48 (2002), 5.8575 (2001)
Sierra Leoneleones per US dollar - 2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004),2,347.9 (2003), 2,099 (2002), 1,986.2 (2001)
SingaporeSingapore dollars per US dollar - 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902(2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001)
Slovakiakoruny per US dollar - 31.018 (2005), 32.257 (2004), 36.773(2003), 45.327 (2002), 48.355 (2001)
Sloveniatolars per US dollar - 192.71 (2005), 192.38 (2004), 207.11(2003), 240.25 (2002), 242.75 (2001)
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 7.5299(2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003), 6.7488 (2002), 5.278 (2001)
SomaliaSomali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independentcountry not recognized by any foreign government, issues its owncurrency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africarand per US dollar - 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004),7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001)
Spaineuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Sri LankaSri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 100.498 (2005), 101.194(2004), 96.521 (2003), 95.662 (2002), 89.383 (2001)
SudanSudanese dinars per US dollar - 243.61 (2005), 257.91 (2004),260.98 (2003), 263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001)
SurinameSurinamese dollars per US dollar - 2.7317 (2005),Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003),2.3468 (2002), 2.1785 (2001)note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinctrates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, butsubsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; in January2004, the government introduced the Surinamese dollar as replacementfor the guilder, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket
SvalbardNorwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.4425 (2005), 6.7408(2004), 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001)
Swazilandemalangeni per US dollar - 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004),7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001)
SwedenSwedish kronor per US dollar - 7.4731 (2005), 7.3489 (2004),8.0863 (2003), 9.7371 (2002), 10.3291 (2001)
SwitzerlandSwiss francs per US dollar - 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435(2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876 (2001)
SyriaSyrian pounds per US dollar - (public sector rate): 11.225(2005), 11.225 (2004), 11.225 (2003), 11.225 (2002), 11.225 (2001),(parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut): NA (2005), NA (2004),52.8 (2003), 52.4 (2002), 50.4 (2001), (official rate for repayingloans): 11.25 (2004)
Taiwannew Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 31.71 (2005), 34.418(2004), 34.575 (2003), 33.8 (2002), 33.09 (2001)
TajikistanTajikistani somoni per US dollar - 3.1166 (2005), 2.9705(2004), 3.0614 (2003), 2.7641 (2002), 2.3722 (2001)
TanzaniaTanzanian shillings per US dollar - 1,128.93 (2005),1,089.33 (2004), 1,038.42 (2003), 966.58 (2002), 876.41 (2001)
Thailandbaht per US dollar - 40.22 (2005), 40.222 (2004), 41.485(2003), 42.96 (2002), 44.432 (2001)
TogoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04(2001)
TokelauNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087(2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001)
Tongapa'anga per US dollar - 1.96 (2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142(2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236 (2001)
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -6.2842 (2005), 6.299 (2004), 6.2951 (2003), 6.2487 (2002), 6.2332(2001)
TunisiaTunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.2974 (2005), 1.2455(2004), 1.2885 (2003), 1.4217 (2002), 1.4387 (2001)
TurkeyTurkish liras per US dollar - 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004),1.5009 (2003), 1.5072 (2002), 1.2256 (2001)note: on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish Lira (TRL) was converted tonew Turkish Lira (YTL) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new TurkishLira
Turkmenistanin recent years the unofficial rate has hovered around24,000 to 25,000 Turkmen manats to the dollar; the official rate hasconsistently been 5,200 manat to the dollar
Turks and Caicos Islandsthe US dollar is used
TuvaluTuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)
UgandaUgandan shillings per US dollar - 1,780.7 (2005), 1,810.3(2004), 1,963.7 (2003), 1,797.6 (2002), 1,755.7 (2001)
Ukrainehryvnia per US dollar - 5.1247 (2005), 5.3192 (2004), 5.3327(2003), 5.3266 (2002), 5.3722 (2001)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.6725 (2005),3.6725 (2004), 3.6725 (2003), 3.6725 (2002), 3.6725 (2001)note: officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002
United KingdomBritish pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2005), 0.5462(2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001)
United StatesBritish pounds per US dollar - 0.5500 (2005), 0.5462(2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001); Canadiandollars per US dollar - 1.2118 (2005), 1.3010 (2004), 1.4011 (2003),1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001); Japanese yen per US dollar - 110.22(2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001);euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.8866 (2003),1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001); Chinese yuan per US dollar - 8.1943(2005), 8.2768 (2004), 8.2770 (2003), 8.2770 (2002), 8.2271 (2001)
UruguayUruguayan pesos per US dollar - 24.479 (2005), 28.704(2004), 28.209 (2003), 21.257 (2002), 13.319 (2001)
UzbekistanUzbekistani soum per US dollar - 1,020 (2005), 971.265(2004), 771.029 (2002), 423.832 (2002), 236.61 (2001)
Vanuatuvatu per US dollar - NA (2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19(2003), 139.2 (2002), 145.31 (2001)
Venezuelabolivares per US dollar - 2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004),1,607 (2003), 1,161 (2002), 723.7 (2001)
Vietnamdong per US dollar - 15,746 (2005), (2004), 15,510 (2003),15,280 (2002), 14,725 (2001)
Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
Wallis and FutunaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) perUS dollar - 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71(2002), 133.26 (2001)
West Banknew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.4877 (2005), 4.482(2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001)
Western SaharaMoroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.865 (2005), 8.868(2004), 9.5744 (2003), 11.0206 (2002), 11.303 (2001)
YemenYemeni rials per US dollar - 192.67 (2005), 184.78 (2004),183.45 (2003), 175.63 (2002), 168.67 (2001)
ZambiaZambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,463.5 (2005), 4,778.9(2004), 4,733.3 (2003), 4,398.6 (2002), 3,610.9 (2001)
ZimbabweZimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 4,303.28 (2005),5,068.66 (2004), 697.424 (2003), 55.036 (2002), 55.052 (2001)note: these are official exchange rates; non-official rates varysignificantly
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
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@2077 Executive branch
Afghanistanchief of state: President of the Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice PresidentsAhmad Zia MASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernment; former King ZAHIR Shah holds the honorific, "Father ofthe Country," and presides symbolically over certain occasions, butlacks any governing authority; the honorific is not hereditaryhead of government: President of the Islamic Republic of AfghanistanHamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice Presidents Ahmad ZiaMASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004); note - thepresident is both chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: 27 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministersare appointed by the president and approved by the National Assemblyelections: the president and two vice presidents are elected bydirect vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if nocandidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round ofvoting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in asecond round; a president can only be elected for two terms;election last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held in 2009)election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -Hamid KARZAI 55.4%, Yunus QANOONI 16.3%, Ustad Mohammad MOHAQQEQ11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM 1.4%, MasoodaJALAL 1.2%
Akrotirichief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)head of government: Administrator Air Vice-Marshal Richard LACEY(since 26 April 2006); note - reports to the British Ministry ofDefenceelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator isappointed by the monarch
Albaniachief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU(since 24 July 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,nominated by the president, and approved by parliamentelections: president elected by the People's Assembly for afive-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 24June 2002 (next to be held June 2007); prime minister appointed bythe presidentelection results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assemblyvote by number - total votes 116, for 97, against 19
Algeriachief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28April 1999)head of government: Prime Minister Abdelaziz BELKHADEMcabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 8 April 2004 (nextto be held in April 2009); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president forsecond term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS6.4%, Abdellah DJABALLAH 5%
American Samoachief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20January 2001)head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directorselections: under the US Consitution, residents of unincorporatedterritories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for USpresident and vice president; governor and lieutenant governorelected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms(eligible for a second term); election last held 2 and 16 November2004 (next to be held November 2008)election results: Togiola TULAFONO elected governor; percent of vote- Togiola TULAFONO 55.7%, Afoa Moega LUTU 44.3%
Andorrachief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); SpanishCoprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May 2003),represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since NA)head of government: Executive Council President Albert PINTATSANTOLARIA (since 27 May 2005)cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the ExecutiveCouncil presidentelections: Executive Council president elected by the GeneralCouncil and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-yearterm; election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held April-May2009)election results: Albert PINTAT SANTOLARIA elected executive councilpresident; percent of General Council vote - NA
Angolachief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS wasappointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) underthe 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood forreelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September1992 (next to be held September 2006 or 2007)election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was not heldand SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola(UNITA) repudiated the results of the first election; the civil warresumed leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as the president
Anguillachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Andrew N. GEORGE (since 10 July 2006)head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March2000)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among theelected members of the House of Assemblyelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed chief minister by the governor
Antigua and Barbudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir James B.CARLISLE (since 10 June 1993)head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24March 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general onthe advice of the prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosenby the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; followinglegislative elections, the leader of the majority party or theleader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime ministerby the governor general
Argentinachief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);election last held 27 April 2003 (next election to be held in 2007)election results: results of the presidential election of 27 April2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo LopezMURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 wasawarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy onthe eve of the election
Armeniachief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March1998)head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARGARYAN (since 12 May2000)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 19 February and 5March 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister appointed bythe president and confirmed with the majority support of theNational Assembly; the prime minister and Council of Ministers mustresign if the National Assembly refuses to accept their programelection results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent ofvote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%
Arubachief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30April 1980), represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since11 May 2004)head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30October 2001)cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Statenelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed fora six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy primeminister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election lastheld 2005 (next to be held by 2009)election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percentof legislative vote - NA
Australiachief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005)cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general toserve as government ministerselections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the primeminister; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in asprime minister by the governor generalnote: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Austriachief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4February 2000); Vice Chancellor Hubert GORBACH (since 21 October2003)cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the adviceof the chancellorelections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-yearterm (eligible for a second term); presidential election last held25 April 2004 (next to be held April 2010); chancellor traditionallychosen by the president from the plurality party in the NationalCouncil; vice chancellor chosen by the president on the advice ofthe chancellorelection results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER (OeVP) 47.6%note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe
Azerbaijanchief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October2003)head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November2003)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president andconfirmed by the National Assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 15 October 2003(next to be held October 2008); prime minister and first deputyprime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by theNational Assemblyelection results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAR 14%
Bahamas, Thechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952), represented by Governor General Arthur D. HANNA (since 1February 2006)head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the primeminister's recommendationelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalitionis usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; theprime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Bahrainchief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa (since 6 March1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of themonarch, born 21 October 1969)head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman al-Khalifa(since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salmanal-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak al-Khalifa, Jawad al-ARAIDHcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarchelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime ministerappointed by the monarch
Bangladeshchief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6September 2002); note - the president's duties are normallyceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomessignificant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretakergovernment is installed - at presidential direction - to supervisethe electionshead of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October2001)cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by thepresidentelections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second term); election scheduled for 16September 2002 was not held since Iajuddin AHMED was the onlypresidential candidate; he was sworn in on 6 September 2002 (nextelection to be held by 2007); following legislative elections, theleader of the party that wins the most seats is usually appointedprime minister by the presidentelection results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commissionelected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote- NA
Barbadoschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS(since 1 June 1996)head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 7September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 26 May2003)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalitionis usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; theprime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Belaruschief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20July 1994)head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKIY (since 19December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (sinceDecember 2003)cabinet: Council of Ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via aNovember 1996 referendum; subsequent election held 9 September 2001;an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits allowingpresident to run in a third election held on 19 March 2006; primeminister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the presidentelection results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percentof vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 82.6%, Aleksandr MILINKEVICH 6%,Aleksandr KOZULIN 2.3%; note - election marred by electoral fraud
Belgiumchief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); HeirApparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarchhead of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July1999)cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarchelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional;following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party orthe leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed primeminister by the monarch and then approved by parliamentnote: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP.A-Spirit
Belizechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17November 1993)head of government: Prime Minister Said Wilbert MUSA (since 28August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September1998)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalitionis usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; primeminister recommends the deputy prime minister
Beninchief of state: President YAYI Boni (since 6 April 2006); note- the president is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President YAYI Boni (since 6 April 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); runoff election held 19 March 2006(next to be held March 2011)election results: YAYI Boni elected president; percent of vote -YAYI Boni 74.5%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI 25.5%
Bermudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor Sir John VEREKER (since 11 April 2002)head of government: Premier Ewart BROWN (since 30 October 2006);Deputy Premier Paula COXcabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governorelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed premier by the governor
Bhutanchief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July1972)head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers SangayNGEDUP (since 5 September 2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by themonarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarchelections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reformsin July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove themonarch with two-thirds vote
Boliviachief of state: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head ofgovernmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 18December 2005 (next to be held in 2010)election results: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma elected president; percentof vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 53.7%; Jorge Fernando QUIROGARamirez 28.6%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana 7.8%; Michiaki NAGATANIMorishit 6.5%; Felipe QUISPE Huanca 2.2%; Guildo ANGULA Cabrera 0.7%
Bosnia and Herzegovinachief of state: Chairman of the PresidencyNebojsa RADMANOVIC (chairman since 6 November 2006; presidencymember since 1 October 2006 - Serb); other members of thethree-member presidency rotating (every eight months): Zeljko KOMSIC(since 1 October 2006 - Croat) and Haris SILAJDZIC (since 1 October2006 - Bosniak)head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers AdnanTERZIC (since 20 December 2002)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;approved by the National House of Representativeselections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, oneCroat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term(eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years);the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or shewas the incumbent chairman at the time of the election, but thechairmanship rotates every eight months; election last held 1October 2006 (next to be held in 2010); the chairman of the Councilof Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by theNational House of Representativeselection results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 53.3% ofthe Serb vote; Zeljko KOMSIC received 39.6% of the Croat vote; HarisSILAJDZIC received 62.8% of the Bosniak votenote: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: NikoLOZANCIC (since 27 January 2003); Vice Presidents Sahbaz DZIHANOVIC(since in 2003) and Desnica RADIVOJEVIC (since in 2003); Presidentof the Republika Srpska: Milan JELIC (since 9 November 2006)
Botswanachief of state: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998)and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note -the president is both the chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 20 October 2004(next to be held in 2009); vice president appointed by the presidentelection results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent ofNational Assembly vote - 52%
Brazilchief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 1October 2006 with runoff 29 October 2006 (next to be held 3 October2010 and, if necessary, 31 October 2010)election results: Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (PT) reelected president- 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%
British Indian Ocean Territorychief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II(since 6 February 1952)head of government: Commissioner Tony CROMBIE (since January 2004);Administrator Tony HUMPHRIES (since February 2005); note - bothreside in the UKcabinet: NAelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner andadministrator appointed by the monarch
British Virgin Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor David PEAREY (since 18 April2006)head of government: Chief Minister Dr. Orlando D. SMITH (since 17June 2003)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members ofthe Legislative Councilelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed chief minister by the governor
Bruneichief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANALBolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chiefof state and head of governmenthead of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief ofstate and head of governmentcabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over bythe monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also aReligious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises onreligious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by themonarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council ofSuccession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines thesuccession to the throne if the need ariseselections: none; the monarch is hereditary
Bulgariachief of state: President Georgi PURVANOV (since 22 January2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Sergei STANISHEV (since 16 August2005); Deputy Prime Ministers Ivaylo KALFIN, Daniel VULCHEV, andEmel ETEM (since 16 August 2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister andelected by the National Assemblyelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);election last held 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in 2011);chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated bythe president and elected by the National Assembly; deputy primeministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by theNational Assemblyelection results: Georgi PURVANOV reelected president; percent ofvote - Georgi PURVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Sergei STANISHEVelected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 168 to 67
Burkina Fasochief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15October 1987)head of government: Prime Minister Paramanga Ernest YONLI (since 6November 2000)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 13 November 2005(next to be held in 2010); in April 2000, the constitution wasamended reducing the presidential term from seven to five years,enforceable as of 2005; prime minister appointed by the presidentwith the consent of the legislatureelection results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president; percent ofpopular vote - Blaise COMPAORE 80.3%, Benewende Stanislas SANKARA4.9%
Burmachief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and DevelopmentCouncil (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)head of government: Prime Minister, Gen SOE WIN (since 19 October2004)cabinet: Cabinet is overseen by the SPDC; military junta, so named15 November 1997, assumed power 18 September 1988 under the nameState Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)elections: none
Burundichief of state: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August2005); First Vice President Martin NDUWIMANA - Tutsi (since 29August 2005); Second Vice President Marina BARAMPAMA - Hutu (since 8September 2006)head of government: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August2005); First Vice President Martin NDUWIMANA - Tutsi (since 29August 2005); Second Vice President Marina BARAMPAMA - Hutu (since 8September 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by presidentelections: the president is elected by popular vote to a five-yearterm (eligible for a second term); note - the constitution adoptedin February 2005 permits the post-transition president to be electedby a two-thirds majority of the parliament; vice presidentsnominated by the president, endorsed by parliamentelection results: Pierre NKURUNZIZA was elected president by theparliament by a vote of 151 to 9; note - the constitution adopted inFebruary 2005 permits the post-transition president to be elected bya two-thirds majority of the legislature
Cambodiachief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October2004)head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOKAN, LU LAY SRENG, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16July 2004); KEV PUT REAKSMEI (since 24 October 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; inpractice named by the prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;following legislative elections, a member of the majority party ormajority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of theNational Assembly and appointed by the king
Cameroonchief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)head of government: Prime Minister Ephraim INONI (since 8 December2004)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submittedby the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 11 October 2004(next to be held by October 2011); prime minister appointed by thepresidentelection results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -Paul BIYA 70.9%, John FRU NDI 17.4%, Adamou Ndam NJOYA 4.5%, GargaHaman ADJI 3.7%
Canadachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor General Michaelle JEAN (since 27 September2005)head of government: Prime Minister Stephen HARPER (since 6 February2006)cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually fromamong the members of his own party sitting in Parliamentelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for afive-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the Houseof Commons is automatically designated prime minister by thegovernor general
Cape Verdechief of state: President Pedro Verona PIRES (since 22March 2001)head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1February 2001)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 12 February 2006(next to be held February 2011); prime minister nominated by theNational Assembly and appointed by the presidentelection results: Pedro PIRES reelected president; percent of vote -Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 51.2%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 48.8%
Cayman Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); Governor Stuart JACK (since 23 November 2005)head of government: Leader of Government Business Kurt TIBBETTS(since 18 May 2005)cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the governor,four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor isappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or coalition is appointed by thegovernor Leader of Government Business
Central African Republicchief of state: President Francois BOZIZE(since 15 March 2003 coup)head of government: Prime Minister Elie DOTE (since 13 June 2005);note - Celestin GAOMBALET resigned 11 June 2005cabinet: Council of Ministerselections: under the new constitution, the president elected to afive-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held 13March and 8 May 2005 (next to be held in 2010); prime ministerappointed by the political party with a parliamentary majorityelection results: Francois BOZIZE elected president; percent ofsecond round balloting - Francois BOZIZE (KNK) 64.6%, Martin ZIGUELE(MLPC) 35.4%
Chadchief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4December 1990)head of government: Prime Minister Pascal YOADIMNADJI (since 3February 2005)cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-yearterm; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, thetwo candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a secondround of voting; last held 3 May 2006 (next to be held by May 2011);prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president;percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 64.7%, Delwa KassireCOUMAKOYE 15.1%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 7.8%, Mahamat ABDOULAYE 7.1%,Brahim KOULAMALLAH 5.3%; note - a June 2005 national referendumaltered the constitution removing presidential term limits andpermitting Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno to run for reelection
Chilechief of state: President Michelle BACHELET Jeria (since 11March 2006); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Michelle BACHELET Jeria (since 11March 2006)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a single four-yearterm; election last held 11 December 2005, with runoff election held15 January 2006 (next to be held December 2009)election results: Michelle BACHELET Jeria elected president; percentof vote - Michelle BACHELET Jeria 53.5%; Sebastian PINERA Echenique46.5%
Chinachief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003) andVice President ZENG Qinghong (since 15 March 2003)head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003);Executive Vice Premier HUANG Ju (since 17 March 2003), Vice PremiersWU Yi (17 March 2003), ZENG Peiyan (since 17 March 2003), and HUILiangyu (since 17 March 2003)cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress(NPC)elections: president and vice president elected by the NationalPeople's Congress for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);elections last held 15-17 March 2003 (next to be held mid-March2008); premier nominated by the president, confirmed by the NationalPeople's Congresselection results: HU Jintao elected president by the 10th NationalPeople's Congress with a total of 2,937 votes (four delegates votedagainst him, four abstained, and 38 did not vote); ZENG Qinghongelected vice president by the 10th National People's Congress with atotal of 2,578 votes (177 delegates voted against him, 190abstained, and 38 did not vote); two seats were vacant
Christmas Islandchief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by the Australian governor generalhead of government: Administrator Neil LUCAS (since 30 January 2006)elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointedby the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch andAustralia
Cocos (Keeling) Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by the Australian governor generalhead of government: Administrator (nonresident) Neil LUCAS (since 30January 2006)cabinet: NAelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointedby the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch andAustralia
Colombiachief of state: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7August 2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7 August2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002)cabinet: Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two dominant parties- the PL and PSC - and independentselections: president and vice president elected by popular vote fora four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 28May 2006 (next to be held in May 2010)election results: President Alvaro URIBE Velez reelected president;percent of vote - Alvaro URIBE Velez 62%, Carlos GAVIRIA Diaz 22%,Horacio SERPA Uribe 12%, other 4%
Comoroschief of state: President Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI (since 26 May2006);head of government: President Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI (since 26 May2006);cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: as defined by the 2001 constitution, the presidencyrotates every four years among the elected presidents from the threemain islands in the Union; election last held 14 May 2006 (next tobe held by May 2010); prime minister appointed by the president;note - the post of Prime Minister has been vacant since May 2002election results: Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI elected president; percent ofvote - Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI 58.0%, Ibrahim HALIDI 28.3%, MohamedDJAANFAMI 13.7%
Congo, Democratic Republic of thechief of state: President JosephKABILA (since 26 January 2001); note - following the assassinationof his father, Laurent Desire KABILA, on 16 January 2001, JosephKABILA succeeded to the presidency; the president is both the chiefof state and head of governmenthead of government: President Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001);note - following the assassination of his father, Laurent DesireKABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph KABILA succeeded to thepresidency; the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmentcabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the presidentelections: under the new constitution the president is elected bypopular vote to a five-year term (eligible for a second term);elections last held 30 July 2006 with a second round held on 29October 2006 (next to be held in 2011)election results: results of 29 October 2006 elections (secondround); Joseph KABILA 58%, Jean-Pierre BEMBA Gombo 42%note: Joseph KABILA succeeded his father, Laurent Desire KABILA,following the latter's assassination in January 2001; negotiationswith rebel leaders led to the establishment of a transitionalgovernment in July 2003 with free elections held on 30 July 2006 and29 October 2006 where the poplar vote confirmed Joseph KABILA aspresident