Mali18 years of age; universal
Malta18 years of age; universal
Marshall Islands18 years of age; universal
Martinique18 years of age; universal
Mauritania18 years of age; universal
Mauritius18 years of age; universal
Mayotte18 years of age; universal
Mexico18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)
Micronesia, Federated States of18 years of age; universal
Moldova18 years of age; universal
Monaco18 years of age; universal
Mongolia18 years of age; universal
Montenegro18 years of age; universal
Montserrat18 years of age; universal
Morocco18 years of age; universal (as of January 2003)
Mozambique18 years of age; universal
Namibia18 years of age; universal
Nauru20 years of age; universal and compulsory
Nepal18 years of age; universal
Netherlands18 years of age; universal
Netherlands Antilles18 years of age; universal
New Caledonia18 years of age; universal
New Zealand18 years of age; universal
Nicaragua16 years of age; universal
Niger18 years of age; universal
Nigeria18 years of age; universal
Niue18 years of age; universal
Norfolk Island18 years of age; universal
Northern Mariana Islands 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Norway18 years of age; universal
Omanin Oman's most recent Majlis al-Shura elections in 2003,suffrage was universal for all Omanis over age 21 except for membersof the military and security forces; the next Majlis al-Shuraelections are scheduled for 2007
Pakistan18 years of age; universal; joint electorates and reservedparliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Palau18 years of age; universal
Panama18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Papua New Guinea18 years of age; universal
Paraguay18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 75
Peru18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70;note - members of the military and national police may not vote
Philippines18 years of age; universal
Pitcairn Islands 18 years of age; universal with three years residency
Poland18 years of age; universal
Portugal18 years of age; universal
Puerto Rico18 years of age; universal; island residents are UScitizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Qatar18 years of age; universal
Reunion18 years of age; universal
Romania18 years of age; universal
Russia18 years of age; universal
Rwanda18 years of age; universal adult
Saint HelenaNA years of age
Saint Kitts and Nevis18 years of age; universal
Saint Lucia18 years of age; universal
Saint Pierre and Miquelon18 years of age; universal
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines18 years of age; universal
Samoa21 years of age; universal
San Marino18 years of age; universal
Sao Tome and Principe18 years of age; universal
Saudi Arabiaadult male citizens age 21 or oldernote: voter registration began in November 2004 for partialmunicipal council elections held nationwide from February throughApril 2005
Senegal18 years of age; universal
Serbia18 universal
Seychelles17 years of age; universal
Sierra Leone18 years of age; universal
Singapore21 years of age; universal and compulsory
Slovakia18 years of age; universal
Slovenia18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)
Solomon Islands21 years of age; universal
Somalia18 years of age; universal
South Africa18 years of age; universal
Spain18 years of age; universal
Sri Lanka18 years of age; universal
Sudan17 years of age; universal, but noncompulsory
Suriname18 years of age; universal
Swaziland18 years of age
Sweden18 years of age; universal
Switzerland18 years of age; universal
Syria18 years of age; universal
Taiwan20 years of age; universal
Tajikistan18 years of age; universal
Tanzania18 years of age; universal
Thailand18 years of age; universal and compulsory
TogoNA years of age; universal adult
Tokelau21 years of age; universal
Tonga21 years of age; universal
Trinidad and Tobago18 years of age; universal
Tunisia20 years of age; universal
Turkey18 years of age; universal
Turkmenistan18 years of age; universal
Turks and Caicos Islands18 years of age; universal
Tuvalu18 years of age; universal
Uganda18 years of age; universal
Ukraine18 years of age; universal
United Arab Emiratesnone
United Kingdom18 years of age; universal
United States18 years of age; universal
Uruguay18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Uzbekistan18 years of age; universal
Vanuatu18 years of age; universal
Venezuela18 years of age; universal
Vietnam18 years of age; universal
Virgin Islands18 years of age; universal; island residents are UScitizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Wallis and Futuna18 years of age; universal
Western Saharanone; a UN-sponsored voter identification campaignnot yet completed
Yemen18 years of age; universal
Zambia18 years of age; universal
Zimbabwe18 years of age; universal
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
======================================================================
@2124 Telephone system
Afghanistangeneral assessment: very limited telephone and telegraphservicedomestic: telephone service is improving with the licensing of fourwireless telephone service providers by 2005; approximately 4 in 100Afghans own a wireless telephone; telephone main lines remainlimited.international: country code - 93; five VSAT's installed in Kabul,Herat, Mazar-e-Sharif, Kandahar, and Jalalabad provide internationaland domestic voice and data connectivity
Albaniageneral assessment: despite new investment in fixed lines,the density of main lines remains the lowest in Europe with roughlyseven lines per 100 people; however, cellular telephone use iswidespread and generally effectivedomestic: offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobilephone service has been available since 1996; by 2003 two companieswere providing mobile services at a greater density than some ofAlbania's Balkan neighborsinternational: country code - 355; inadequate fixed main lines;adequate cellular connections; international traffic carried byfiber optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay fromthe Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2003)
Algeriageneral assessment: telephone density in Algeria is verylow, not exceeding five telephones per 100 persons; the number offixed main lines increased in the last few years to nearly 2.6million, but only about two-thirds of these have subscribers; muchof the infrastructure is outdated and inefficientdomestic: good service in north but sparse in south; domesticsatellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domesticearth stations are planned)international: country code - 213; submarine cables - 5; microwaveradio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxialcable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satelliteearth stations - 51 (Intelsat, Intersputnik, and Arabsat) (2005)
American Samoageneral assessment: NAdomestic: good telex, telegraph, facsimile and cellular telephoneservices; domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth stationinternational: country code - 684; satellite earth station - 1(Intelsat-Pacific Ocean)
Andorrageneral assessment: NAdomestic: modern system with microwave radio relay connectionsbetween exchangesinternational: country code - 376; landline circuits to France andSpain
Angolageneral assessment: telephone service limited mostly togovernment and business use; HF radiotelephone used extensively formilitary linksdomestic: limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, andtropospheric scatterinternational: country code - 244; satellite earth stations - 29;fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity toEurope and Asia (2005)
Anguillageneral assessment: NAdomestic: modern internal telephone systeminternational: country code - 1-264; microwave radio relay to islandof Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)
Antarcticageneral assessment: local systems at some researchstationsdomestic: commercial cellular networks operating in a small numberof locationsinternational: country code - 672; via satellite (including mobileInmarsat and Iridium systems) from all research stations, ships,aircraft, and most field parties
Antigua and Barbudageneral assessment: NAdomestic: good automatic telephone systeminternational: country code - 1-268; 1 coaxial submarine cable;satellite earth station - 2; tropospheric scatter to Saba(Netherlands Antilles) and Guadeloupe
Argentinageneral assessment: by opening the telecommunicationsmarket to competition and foreign investment with the"Telecommunications Liberalization Plan of 1998," Argentinaencouraged the growth of modern telecommunications technology;fiber-optic cable trunk lines are being installed between all majorcities; the major networks are entirely digital and the availabilityof telephone service is improving; however, telephone density ispresently minimal, and making telephone service universallyavailable will take timedomestic: microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domesticsatellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network;more than 110,000 pay telephones are installed and mobile telephoneuse is rapidly expandinginternational: country code - 54; satellite earth stations - 112;Atlantis II and Unisur submarine cables; two international gatewaysnear Buenos Aires (2005)
Armeniageneral assessment: system inadequate; now 90% privatelyowned and undergoing modernization and expansiondomestic: the majority of subscribers and the most modern equipmentare in Yerevan (this includes paging and mobile cellular service)international: country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to theTrans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additionalinternational service is available by microwave radio relay andlandline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth ofIndependent States and through the Moscow international switch andby satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 3(2005)
Arubageneral assessment: modern fully automatic telecommunicationssystemdomestic: increased competition through privatization; 3 wirelessservice providers are now licensedinternational: country code - 297; 1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten(Netherlands Antilles); extensive interisland microwave radio relaylinks
Australiageneral assessment: excellent domestic and internationalservicedomestic: domestic satellite system; much use of radiotelephone inareas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile cellulartelephonesinternational: country code - 61; submarine cables to New Zealand,Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; satellite earth stations - 19 (10Intelsat - 4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean, 2 Inmarsat - Indianand Pacific Ocean regions, 2 Globalstar, 5 other) (2005)
Austriageneral assessment: highly developed and efficientdomestic: there are 45 main lines for every 100 persons; the fiberoptic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internetservices are availableinternational: country code - 43; satellite earth stations - 15; inaddition, there are about 600 VSAT (very small aperture terminals)(2005)
Azerbaijangeneral assessment: inadequate; requires considerableexpansion and modernization; teledensity of 14 main lines per 100persons is low (2002)domestic: the majority of telephones are in Baku and otherindustrial centers - about 700 villages still without publictelephone service; satellite service connects Baku to a modernswitch in its exclave of Naxcivaninternational: country code - 994; the old Soviet system of cableand microwave is still serviceable; satellite earth stations - 2(2005)
Bahamas, Thegeneral assessment: modern facilitiesdomestic: totally automatic system; highly developedinternational: country code - 1-242; tropospheric scatter andsubmarine cable to Florida; 3 coaxial submarine cables; satelliteearth station - 2 (2005)
Bahraingeneral assessment: modern systemdomestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital networkwith rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephonesinternational: country code - 973; tropospheric scatter to Qatar andUAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable toQatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 1 (1997)
Bangladeshgeneral assessment: totally inadequate for a moderncountrydomestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systemsinclude VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and somefiber-optic cable in citiesinternational: country code - 880; satellite earth stations - 6;international radiotelephone communications and landline service toneighboring countries (2005)
Barbadosgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: island-wide automatic telephone systeminternational: country code - 1-246; satellite earth stations - 1(Intelsat -Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad andSaint Lucia
Belarusgeneral assessment: Belarus lags behind its neighbors inupgrading telecommunications infrastructure; state-owned Beltelcom,is the sole provider of fixed line local and long distance service;modernization of the network to digital switching progressing slowlydomestic: fixed line penetration is improving although rural areascontinue to be underserved; four GSM wireless networks areexperiencing rapid growth; strict government controls ontelecommunications technologiesinternational: country code - 375; Belarus is a member of theTrans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line,and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); three fiber-opticsegments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, andUkraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through thisinfrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat,Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations
Belgiumgeneral assessment: highly developed, technologicallyadvanced, and completely automated domestic and internationaltelephone and telegraph facilitiesdomestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; extensive cablenetwork; limited microwave radio relay networkinternational: country code - 32; submarine cables - 5; satelliteearth stations - 7 (Intelsat - 3) (2005)
Belizegeneral assessment: above-average systemdomestic: trunk network depends primarily on microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 501; satellite earth station - 8(Intelsat - 2, unknown - 6) (2005)
Beningeneral assessment: NAdomestic: fair system of open-wire, microwave radio relay, andcellular connectionsinternational: country code - 229; satellite earth station - 7(Intelsat-Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Bermudageneral assessment: gooddomestic: fully automatic digital telephone system; fiber optictrunk linesinternational: country code - 1-441; submarine cables - 3 (fiberoptic); satellite earth stations - 3 (2005)
Bhutangeneral assessment: telecommunications facilities are poordomestic: very low teledensity; domestic service is very poorespecially in rural areas; wireless service available since 2003international: country code - 975; international telephone andtelegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India;satellite earth station - 1 (2005)
Boliviageneral assessment: new subscribers face bureaucraticdifficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and othercities; mobile cellular telephone use expanding rapidlydomestic: primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employsdigital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-opticcable; mobile cellular systems are being expandedinternational: country code - 591; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Bosnia and Herzegovinageneral assessment: telephone and telegraphnetwork needs modernization and expansion; many urban areas arebelow average as contrasted with services in other former Yugoslavrepublicsdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations
Botswanageneral assessment: the system is expanding with the growthof mobile cellular service and participation in regional developmentdomestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relaylinks, and a few radiotelephone communication stations; mobilecellular service is growing fastinternational: country code - 267; two international exchanges;digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe,and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Brazilgeneral assessment: good working systemdomestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domesticsatellite system with 64 earth stationsinternational: country code - 55; 3 coaxial submarine cables;satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat(Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system toMercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station
British Indian Ocean Territory general assessment: separate facilities for military and public needs are available domestic: all commercial telephone services are available, including connection to the Internet international: international telephone service is carried by satellite (2000)
British Virgin Islandsgeneral assessment: worldwide telephoneservicedomestic: NAinternational: country code - 1-284; submarine cable to Bermuda
Bruneigeneral assessment: service throughout the country isexcellent; international service is good to East Asia, Europe, andthe USdomestic: every service availableinternational: country code - 673; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); digital submarinecable links to Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore (2001)
Bulgariageneral assessment: extensive but antiquateddomestic: more than two-thirds of the lines are residential;telephone service is available in most villages; a fairly moderndigital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most ofthe regions, the others are connected by digital microwave radiorelayinternational: country code - 359; direct dialing to 58 countries;satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 2Intelsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)
Burkina Fasogeneral assessment: all services only fairdomestic: microwave radio relay, open-wire, and radiotelephonecommunication stationsinternational: country code - 226; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Burmageneral assessment: barely meets minimum requirements forlocal and intercity service for business and government;international service is fairdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 95; satellite earth station - 2,Intelsat (Indian Ocean), and ShinSat
Burundigeneral assessment: primitive systemdomestic: sparse system of open-wire, radiotelephone communications,and low-capacity microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Cambodiageneral assessment: adequate landline and/or cellularservice in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile phonecoverage is rapidly expanding in rural areasdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 855; adequate but expensive landlineand cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh andmajor provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik(Indian Ocean region)
Cameroongeneral assessment: available only to business andgovernmentdomestic: cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatterinternational: country code - 237; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Canadageneral assessment: excellent service provided by moderntechnologydomestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stationsinternational: country code - 1-xxx; 5 coaxial submarine cables;satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1Pacific Ocean) and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Cape Verdegeneral assessment: effective system, extensivemodernization from 1996-2000 following partial privatization in 1995domestic: major service provider is Cabo Verde Telecom (CVT); fiberoptic ring, completed in 2001, links all islands providing Internetaccess and ISDN services; cellular service introduced in 1998international: country code - 238; 2 coaxial submarine cables; HFradiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station- 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Cayman Islandsgeneral assessment: reasonably good systemdomestic: liberalization of telecom market in 2003 reflected infalling prices and improving servicesinternational: country code - 1-345; 2 submarine fiber optic cables(Maya-1, Cayman-Jamaica); satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat(Atlantic Ocean)
Central African Republicgeneral assessment: fair systemdomestic: network consists principally of microwave radio relay andlow-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communicationinternational: country code - 236; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Chadgeneral assessment: primitive systemdomestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stationsinternational: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Chilegeneral assessment: modern system based on extensive microwaveradio relay facilitiesdomestic: extensive microwave radio relay links; domestic satellitesystem with three earth stationsinternational: country code - 56; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Chinageneral assessment: domestic and international services areincreasingly available for private use; unevenly distributeddomestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, andmany townsdomestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellulartelephone systems have been installed; a domestic satellite systemwith 55 earth stations is in placeinternational: country code - 86; satellite earth stations - 5Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik(Indian Ocean region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Oceanregions); several international fiber-optic links to Japan, SouthKorea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany (2000)
Christmas Islandgeneral assessment: service provided by theAustralian networkdomestic: GSM mobile telephone service replaced older analog systemin February 2005international: country code - 61-8; satellite earth stations - oneINTELSAT earth station provides telephone and telex service (2005)
Cocos (Keeling) Islandsgeneral assessment: connected withinAustralia's telecommunication systemdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 61; telephone, telex, and facsimilecommunications with Australia and elsewhere via satellite; 1INTELSAT satellite earth station
Colombiageneral assessment: modern system in many respectsdomestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system; domesticsatellite system with 41 earth stations; fiber-optic network linking50 citiesinternational: country code - 57; satellite earth stations - 6Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat; 3 fully digitalized international switchingcenters; 8 submarine cables
Comorosgeneral assessment: sparse system of microwave radio relayand HF radiotelephone communication stationsdomestic: HF radiotelephone communications and microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 269; HF radiotelephone communicationsto Madagascar and Reunion
Congo, Democratic Republic of thegeneral assessment: poordomestic: barely adequate wire and microwave radio relay service inand between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earthstationsinternational: country code - 243; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Congo, Republic of thegeneral assessment: services barely adequatefor government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire,and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out of orderdomestic: primary network consists of microwave radio relay andcoaxial cableinternational: country code - 242; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Cook Islandsgeneral assessment: Telecom Cook Islands offersinternational direct dialing, Internet, email, fax, and Telexdomestic: the individual islands are connected by a combination ofsatellite earth stations, microwave systems, and VHF and HFradiotelephone; within the islands, service is provided by smallexchanges connected to subscribers by open-wire, cable, andfiber-optic cableinternational: country code - 682; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Costa Ricageneral assessment: good domestic telephone service interms of breadth of coverage; restricted cellular telephone servicedomestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave,fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service isavailableinternational: country code - 506; connected to Central AmericanMicrowave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (AtlanticOcean); two submarine cables (1999)
Cote d'Ivoiregeneral assessment: well developed by Africanstandards but operating well below capacitydomestic: open-wire lines and microwave radio relay; 90% digitalizedinternational: country code - 225; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); 2 submarine cables(June 1999)
Croatiageneral assessment: NAdomestic: reconstruction plan calls for replacement of all analogcircuits with digital and enlarging the network; a backup will beincluded in the plan for the main trunkinternational: country code - 385; digital international service isprovided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates inthe Trans-Asia-Europe (TEL) fiber-optic project, which consists oftwo fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optictrunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; Croatia is alsoinvesting in ADRIA 1, a joint fiber-optic project with Germany,Albania, and Greece
Cubageneral assessment: greater investment beginning in 1994 andthe establishment of a new Ministry of Information Technology andCommunications in 2000 has resulted in improvements in the system;wireless service is expensive and remains restricted to foreignersand regime elites, many Cubans procure wireless service illegallywith the help of foreignersdomestic: national fiber-optic system under development; 85% ofswitches digitized by end of 2004; telephone line density remainslow, at less than 10 per 100 inhabitants; domestic cellular serviceexpandinginternational: country code - 53; fiber-optic cable laid to but notlinked to US network; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik(Atlantic Ocean region)
Cyprusgeneral assessment: excellent in both Republic of Cyprus andnorth Cyprus areasdomestic: open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 357 (area administered by TurkishCypriots uses the country code of Turkey - 90); troposphericscatter; 3 coaxial and 5 fiber-optic submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 2Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat
Czech Republicgeneral assessment: privatization and modernizationof the Czech telecommunication system got a late start but isadvancing steadily; growth in the use of mobile cellular telephonesis particularly vigorousdomestic: 86% of exchanges now digital; existing copper subscribersystems now being enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals;trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 2Intersputnik (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Intelsat, 1Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar
Denmarkgeneral assessment: excellent telephone and telegraphservicesdomestic: buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay formtrunk network, 4 cellular mobile communications systemsinternational: country code - 45; 18 submarine fiber-optic cableslinking Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland,Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earthstations - 6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat(Blaavand-Atlantic-East); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark,Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth stationand the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (1997)
Djiboutigeneral assessment: telephone facilities in the city ofDjibouti are adequate, as are the microwave radio relay connectionsto outlying areas of the countrydomestic: microwave radio relay networkinternational: country code - 253; submarine cable to Jiddah, Suez,Sicily, Marseille, Colombo, and Singapore; satellite earth stations- 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; Medarabtel regionalmicrowave radio relay telephone network
Dominicageneral assessment: NAdomestic: fully automatic networkinternational: country code - 1-767; microwave radio relay and SHFradiotelephone links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHFradiotelephone links to Saint Lucia
Dominican Republicgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: relatively efficient system based on island-wide microwaveradio relay networkinternational: country code - 1-809; 1 coaxial submarine cable;satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
East TimorNA
Ecuadorgeneral assessment: generally elementary but being expandeddomestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliableinternational: country code - 593; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Egyptgeneral assessment: large system; underwent extensiveupgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access andcellular service are availabledomestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah,Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable andmicrowave radio relayinternational: country code - 20; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan;microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel
El Salvadorgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: nationwide microwave radio relay systeminternational: country code - 503; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American MicrowaveSystem
Equatorial Guineageneral assessment: poor system with adequategovernment servicesdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 240; international communications fromBata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earthstation - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Eritreageneral assessment: inadequatedomestic: inadequate; most telephones are in Asmara; government isseeking international tenders to improve the system (2002)international: country code - 291; note - international connectionsexist
Estoniageneral assessment: foreign investment in the form of jointbusiness ventures greatly improved telephone service; substantialfiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic inthe digital mode; Internet services are available throughout most ofthe countrydomestic: a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internetservices is available throughout the countryinternational: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland,Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switchedservice; two international switches are located in Tallinn (2001)
Ethiopiageneral assessment: adequate for government usedomestic: open-wire; microwave radio relay; radio communication inthe HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; two domestic satellites providethe national trunk serviceinternational: country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti;microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earthstations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)
European Unionnote - see individual country entries of member states
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)general assessment: NAdomestic: government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CBradiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost allpoints on both islandsinternational: country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to othercountries
Faroe Islandsgeneral assessment: good international communications;good domestic facilitiesdomestic: digitalization was completed in 1998; both NMT (analog)and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installedinternational: country code - 298; satellite earth stations - 1Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands,linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-opticsubmarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable
Fijigeneral assessment: modern local, interisland, andinternational (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purposetelephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radiocommunications centerdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 679; access to important cable linksbetween US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; 2satellite earth stations - 2 INMARSAT (Pacific Ocean)
Finlandgeneral assessment: modern system with excellent servicedomestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensivecellular network provide domestic needsinternational: country code - 358; 1 submarine cable (FinlandEstonia Connection); satellite earth stations - access to Intelsattransmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland sharesthe Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark,Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)
Francegeneral assessment: highly developeddomestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensiveintroduction of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite systeminternational: country code - 33; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 forAtlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region); HFradiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries
French Guianageneral assessment: NAdomestic: fair open-wire and microwave radio relay systeminternational: country code - 594; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
French Polynesiageneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 689; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Gabongeneral assessment: adequate service by African standards andimproving with the help of the growing mobile cell systemdomestic: adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay,tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and adomestic satellite system with 12 earth stationsinternational: country code - 241; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Gambia, Thegeneral assessment: adequate; a packet switched datanetwork is availabledomestic: adequate network of microwave radio relay and open-wireinternational: country code - 220; microwave radio relay links toSenegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat(Atlantic Ocean)
Gaza Stripgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTELare responsible for fixed line services in the Gaza Strip; thePalestinian JAWAL company provides cellular servicesinternational: country code - 970
Georgiageneral assessment: NAdomestic: local - T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi have cellular telephonenetworks; urban telephone density is about 20 per 100 people; ruraltelephone density is about 4 per 100 people; intercity facilitiesinclude a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi;nationwide pager service is availableinternational: country code - 995; Georgia and Russia are working ona fiber-optic line between P'ot'i and Sochi (Russia); presentinternational service is available by microwave, landline, andsatellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mailand telex service are available
Germanygeneral assessment: Germany has one of the world's mosttechnologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result ofintensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerlybackward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back toWorld War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of thewestern partdomestic: Germany is served by an extensive system of automatictelephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-opticcable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domesticsatellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available,expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreigncountriesinternational: country code - 49; Germany's international service isexcellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cablefacilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat,Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2001)
Ghanageneral assessment: poor to fair system; Internet accessible;many rural communities not yet connected; expansion of services isunderwaydomestic: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop hasbeen installedinternational: country code - 233; satellite earth stations - 4Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftelsystem connects Ghana to its neighbors; fiber optic submarine cable(SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Gibraltargeneral assessment: adequate, automatic domestic systemand adequate international facilitiesdomestic: automatic exchange facilitiesinternational: country code - 350; radiotelephone; microwave radiorelay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Greecegeneral assessment: adequate, modern networks reach allareas; good mobile telephone and international servicedomestic: microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wireconnections; submarine cable to offshore islandsinternational: country code - 30; tropospheric scatter; 8 submarinecables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Greenlandgeneral assessment: adequate domestic and internationalservice provided by satellite, cables and microwave radio relay;totally digitalized in 1995domestic: microwave radio relay and satelliteinternational: country code - 299; satellite earth stations - 12Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 2 Americom GE-2 (all Atlantic Ocean)
Grenadageneral assessment: automatic, islandwide telephone systemdomestic: interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone linksinternational: country code - 1-473; new SHF radiotelephone links toTrinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links toTrinidad
Guadeloupegeneral assessment: domestic facilities inadequatedomestic: NAinternational: country code - 590; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay to Antigua andBarbuda, Dominica, and Martinique
Guamgeneral assessment: modern system, integrated with USfacilities for direct dialing, including free use of 800 numbersdomestic: modern digital system, including cellular mobile serviceand local access to the Internetinternational: country code - 1-671; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to US and Japan (Guam isa trans-Pacific communications hub for MCI, Sprint, AT&T, IT&E, andGTE, linking the US and Asia)
Guatemalageneral assessment: fairly modern network centered in thecity of Guatemaladomestic: NAinternational: country code - 502; connected to Central AmericanMicrowave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (AtlanticOcean)
Guernseygeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: 1 submarine cable
Guineageneral assessment: poor to fair system of open-wire lines,small radiotelephone communication stations, and new microwave radiorelay systemdomestic: microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communicationinternational: country code - 224; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Guinea-Bissaugeneral assessment: small systemdomestic: combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines,radiotelephone, and cellular communicationsinternational: country code - 245
Guyanageneral assessment: fair system for long-distance servicedomestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk linesinternational: country code - 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad;satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Haitigeneral assessment: domestic facilities barely adequate;international facilities slightly betterdomestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay trunk serviceinternational: country code - 509; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Holy See (Vatican City)general assessment: automatic digitalexchangedomestic: connected via fiber optic cable to Telecom Italia networkinternational: country code - 39; uses Italian system
Hondurasgeneral assessment: inadequate systemdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 504; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American MicrowaveSystem
Hong Konggeneral assessment: modern facilities provide excellentdomestic and international servicesdomestic: microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-opticnetworkinternational: country code - 852; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable toGuangzhou, China; access to 5 international submarine cablesproviding connections to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan,Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
Hungarygeneral assessment: the telephone system has been modernizedand is capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunicationservicedomestic: the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunkservices are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwaveradio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections wasinitiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephonesinternational: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cableconnections with all neighboring countries; the international switchis in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (AtlanticOcean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small apertureterminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals
Icelandgeneral assessment: extensive domestic servicedomestic: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-opticcables and microwave radio relay linksinternational: country code - 354; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Oceanregions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with theother Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)
Indiageneral assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization oftelecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid change;local and long distance service provided throughout all regions ofthe country, with services primarily concentrated in the urbanareas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admissionof private and private-public investors, but telephone densityremains low at about seven for each 100 persons nationwide but onlyone per 100 persons in rural areas and a national waiting list ofover 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service with modestgrowth in fixed linesdomestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak inrural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramaticreductions in price led in large part by wireless service; mobilecellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced in 1994 andorganized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecomcircles each with about three private service providers and onestate-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunkcapacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of theworld's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian NationalSatellite system (INSAT), with five satellites supporting 33,000very small aperture terminals (VSAT)international: country code - 91; satellite earth stations - 8Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); ninegateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata(Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar,Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic LinkAround the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), SouthAfrica - Far East (SAFE) with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linkingto Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai(Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras),provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for bothvoice and data traffic (2004)
Indonesiageneral assessment: domestic service fair, internationalservice gooddomestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;domestic satellite communications systeminternational: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Irangeneral assessment: inadequate, but currently being modernizedand expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency andincreasing the volume of the urban service but also bringingtelephone service to several thousand villages, not presentlyconnecteddomestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone systemsince 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwaveradio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have beenbrought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systemshas approximately doubled; thousands of mobile cellular subscribersare being served; moreover, the technical level of the system hasbeen raised by the installation of thousands of digital switchesinternational: country code - 98; HF radio and microwave radio relayto Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria,Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable toUAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG);Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijanthrough the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansionto Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and4 Inmarsat
Iraqgeneral assessment: the 2003 war severely disruptedtelecommunications throughout Iraq including internationalconnections; USAID is overseeing the repair of switching capabilityand the construction of mobile and satellite communication facilitiesdomestic: repairs to switches and lines destroyed during the 2003war continue, but sabotage remains a problem; additional switchingcapacity is improving access; cellular service is available andcentered on three regional GSM networks, improving country-wideconnectivityinternational: country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik(Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cableand microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey;despite a new satellite gateway, international calls outside ofBaghdad remain problematic
Irelandgeneral assessment: modern digital system using cable andmicrowave radio relaydomestic: microwave radio relayinternational: country code - 353; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Isle of Mangeneral assessment: NAdomestic: landline, telefax, mobile cellular telephone systeminternational: fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, satelliteearth station, submarine cable
Israelgeneral assessment: most highly developed system in theMiddle East although not the largestdomestic: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay;all systems are digitalinternational: country code - 972; 3 submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Italygeneral assessment: modern, well developed, fast; fullyautomated telephone, telex, and data servicesdomestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunksinternational: country code - 39; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NAEutelsat; 21 submarine cables
Jamaicageneral assessment: fully automatic domestic telephonenetworkdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 1-876; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables
Japangeneral assessment: excellent domestic and internationalservicedomestic: high level of modern technology and excellent service ofevery kindinternational: country code - 81; satellite earth stations - 5Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik(Indian Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Oceanregions); submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US(via Guam) (1999)
Jerseygeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: 3 submarine cables
Jordangeneral assessment: service has improved recently withincreased use of digital switching equipment, but better access tothe telephone system is needed in the rural areas and easier accessto pay telephones is needed by the urban publicdomestic: microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial andfiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; considerable use ofmobile cellular systems; Internet service is availableinternational: country code - 962; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals;fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay linkwith Egypt and Syria; connection to international submarine cableFLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); participant in MEDARABTEL;international links total about 4,000
Kazakhstangeneral assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquateddomestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobilecellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstaninternational: country code - 7; international traffic with otherformer Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwaveradio relay and with other countries by satellite and by theTrans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations- 2 Intelsat
Kenyageneral assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernizeexcept for service to businessdomestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business datacommonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) systeminternational: country code - 254; satellite earth stations - 4Intelsat
Kiribatigeneral assessment: generally good quality national andinternational servicedomestic: wire line service available on Tarawa and Kiritimati(Christmas Island); connections to outer islands by HF/VHFradiotelephone; wireless service available in Tarawa since 1999international: country code - 686; Kiribati is being linked to thePacific Ocean Cooperative Telecommunications Network, which shouldimprove telephone service; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat(Pacific Ocean)
Korea, Northgeneral assessment: NAdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 850; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Russian (Indian Ocean region); otherinternational connections through Moscow and Beijing
Korea, Southgeneral assessment: excellent domestic andinternational servicesdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 82; 10 fiber-optic submarine cables -1 Korea-Russia-Japan, 1 Korea-Japan-Hong Kong, 3 Korea-Japan-China,1 Korea-Japan-China-Europe, 1 Korea-Japan-China-US-Taiwan, 1Korea-Japan-China, 1 Korea-Japan-Hong Kong-Taiwan, 1 Korea-Japan;satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 IndianOcean) and 3 Inmarsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean)
Kuwaitgeneral assessment: the quality of service is excellentdomestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for newsubscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay,coaxial cable, and open-wire and fiber-optic cable; a cellulartelephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is wellsupplied with pay telephonesinternational: country code - 965; coaxial cable and microwave radiorelay to Saudi Arabia; linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via theFiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat(1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean), and2 Arabsat
Kyrgyzstangeneral assessment: development of telecommunicationsinfrastructure is slow; fixed line penetration remains low andconcentrated in Bishkekdomestic: two wireless telephony service providers, but penetrationremains lowinternational: country code - 996; connections with other CIScountries by landline or microwave radio relay and with othercountries by leased connections with Moscow international gatewayswitch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnikand 1 Intelsat; connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe(TAE) fiber-optic line
Laosgeneral assessment: service to general public is poor butimproving; the government relies on a radiotelephone network tocommunicate with remote areasdomestic: radiotelephone communicationsinternational: country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Latviageneral assessment: recent efforts focused on bringingcompetition to the telecommunications sector, beginning in 2003; thenumber of fixed lines is decreasing as wireless telephony expandsdomestic: two wireless service providers in addition to Lattelekom,the incumbent monopolyinternational: country code - 371; the Latvian network is nowconnected via fiber optic cable to Estonia, Finland, and Sweden
Lebanongeneral assessment: repair of the telecommunications system,severely damaged during the civil war, now completedomestic: two commercial wireless networks provide good service;political instability hampers privatization and deployment of newtechnologiesinternational: country code - 961; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (erratic operations);coaxial cable to Syria; 3 submarine coaxial cables
Lesothogeneral assessment: rudimentary systemdomestic: consists of a modest but growing number of landlines, asmall microwave radio relay system, and a minor radiotelephonecommunication system; a cellular mobile telephone system is growinginternational: country code - 266; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Liberiageneral assessment: the limited services available are foundalmost exclusively in the capital Monroviadomestic: fully automatic system with very low density of .23 fixedmain lines per 100 persons; limited wireless service availableinternational: country code - 231; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Libyageneral assessment: telecommunications system is beingmodernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in1996domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular,tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earthstationsinternational: country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables toFrance and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt;tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)
Liechtensteingeneral assessment: automatic telephone systemdomestic: NAinternational: country code - 423; linked to Swiss networks by cableand microwave radio relay
Lithuaniageneral assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized toprovide an improved international capability and better residentialaccessdomestic: a national, fiber-optic cable, interurban, trunk system isnearing completion; rural exchanges are being improved and expanded;mobile cellular systems are being installed; access to the Internetis available; still many unsatisfied telephone subscriberapplicationsinternational: country code - 370; landline connections to Latviaand Poland; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, andNorway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite
Luxembourggeneral assessment: highly developed, completelyautomated and efficient system, mainly buried cablesdomestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cableinternational: country code - 352; 3 channels leased on TAT-6coaxial submarine cable (Europe to North America)