BelarusBelarusian rubles per US dollar - 2,220 (2006), 2,150(2005), 2,160.26 (2004), 2,051.27 (2003), 1,790.92 (2002)
Belgiumeuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
BelizeBelizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2006), 2 (2005), 2(2004), 2 (2003), 2 (2002)
BeninCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -513.168 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002)
BermudaBermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate peggedto the US dollar)
Bhutanngultrum per US dollar - 44.101 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317(2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002)note: the ngultrum is pegged to the Indian rupee
Boliviabolivianos per US dollar - 8.01039 (2006), 8.0661 (2005),7.9363 (2004), 7.6592 (2003), 7.17 (2002)
Bosnia and Herzegovinamarka per US dollar - 1.55818 (2006), 1.5727(2005), 1.5752 (2004), 1.7329 (2003), 2.0782 (2002)note: the marka is pegged to the euro
Botswanapulas per US dollar - 5.90646 (2006), 5.1104 (2005), 4.6929(2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002)
Brazilreals per US dollar - 2.19132 (2006), 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251(2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002)
British Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
BruneiBruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902(2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002)
Bulgarialeva per US dollar - 1.56441 (2006), 1.5741 (2005), 1.5751(2004), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002)
Burkina FasoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 523.721 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),696.99 (2002)
Burmakyats per US dollar - 1,310 (2006), 5.761 (2005), 5.7459(2004), 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734 (2002), note, these are officialexchange rates; unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by year-end 2005,the unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar
BurundiBurundi francs per US dollar - 1,170 (2006), 1,138 (2005),1,100.91 (2004), 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75 (2002)
Cambodiariels per US dollar - 4,119 (2006), 4,092.5 (2005),4,016.25 (2004), 3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002)
CameroonCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar- 522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002)
CanadaCanadian dollars per US dollar - 1.13186 (2006), 1.2118(2005), 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003), 1.5693 (2002)
Cape VerdeCape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 86.2664(2006), 88.67 (2005), 88.808 (2004), 97.703 (2003), 117.168 (2002)
Cayman IslandsCaymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Central African RepublicCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs(XAF) per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),696.99 (2002)
ChadCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -508.494 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002)
ChileChilean pesos per US dollar - 532.115 (2006), 560.09 (2005),609.37 (2004), 691.43 (2003), 688.94 (2002)
Chinayuan per US dollar - 7.97 (2006), 8.1943 (2005), 8.2768(2004), 8.277 (2003), 8.277 (2002)
Christmas IslandAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005),1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
ColombiaColombian pesos per US dollar - 2,382.9 (2006), 2,320.75(2005), 2,628.61 (2004), 2,877.65 (2003), 2,504.24 (2002)
ComorosComoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 395.6 (2005), 396.21(2004), 435.9 (2003), 522.74 (2002), note, the Comoran franc ispegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677 Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongolese francs per US dollar -437.86 (2005), 401.04 (2004), 405.34 (2003), 346.49 (2002)
Congo, Republic of theCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)per US dollar - 513.168 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003), 696.99 (2002)
Cook IslandsNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)
Costa RicaCosta Rican colones per US dollar - 513.302 (2006),477.79 (2005), 437.91 (2004), 398.66 (2003), 359.82 (2002)
Cote d'IvoireCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),696.99 (2002)
Croatiakuna per US dollar - 5.85506 (2006), 5.9473 (2005), 6.0358(2004), 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687 (2002)
CubaConvertible pesos per US dollar - 0.93 (2006), note, Cuba hasthree currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso (CUP), theconvertible peso (CUC), and the US dollar (USD), although the dollaris being withdrawn from circulation; in April 2005 the officialexchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC (0.93 CUC per$1), both for individuals and enterprises; individuals can buy 24Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban pesos for eachCUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP and CUC at a 1:1ratio.
CyprusCypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.46019 (2006), 0.4641 (2005),0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002), Turkish lira per USdollar - 1.44514 (2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.426 million (2004), 1.501million (2003), 1.507 million (2002), 1.226 million (2001)
Czech Republickoruny per US dollar - 22.3072 (2006), 23.957 (2005),25.7 (2004), 28.209 (2003), 32.739 (2002)
DenmarkDanish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969 (2005),5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)
DhekeliaCypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.46019 (2006), 0.4641(2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002)
DjiboutiDjiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2005), 177.72(2004), 177.72 (2003), 177.72 (2002)
DominicaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)
Dominican RepublicDominican pesos per US dollar - 33.6046 (2006),30.409 (2005), 42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003), 18.61 (2002)
East Timorthe US dollar is used
Ecuador1 (2006), 25,000 (2005), 25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003),25,000 (2002)
EgyptEgyptian pounds per US dollar - 5.75 (2006), 5.78 (2005),6.1962 (2004), 5.8509 (2003), 4.4997 (2002)
El Salvador8.75 (2006), the US dollar became El Salvador's currencyin 2001
Equatorial GuineaCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) perUS dollar - 522.594 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003), 696.99 (2002)
Eritreanakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 14 (2006), 14.5 (2005), 13.788(2004), 13.878 (2003), 13.958 (2002)
Estoniakrooni per US dollar - 12.5153 (2006), 12.584 (2005), 12.596(2004), 13.856 (2003), 16.612 (2002), note - the krooni is pegged tothe euro
Ethiopiabirr per US dollar - 8.69 (2006), 8.68 (2005), 8.6356(2004), 8.5997 (2003), 8.5678 (2002), note, since 24 October 2001exchange rates are determined on a daily basis via interbanktransactions regulated by the Central Bank
European Unioneuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland pounds per US dollar -0.55 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, theFalkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe IslandsDanish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969(2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)
FijiFijian dollars per US dollar - 1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004),1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002)
Finlandeuros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Franceeuros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
French PolynesiaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 95.01 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003),126.71 (2002)note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
GabonCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002)
Gambia, Thedalasi per US dollar - 30 (2006), 30.38 (2005), 30.03(2004), 27.306 (2004), 19.918 (2003), 15.687 (2002), 15.687 (2001)
Gaza Stripnew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.4877 (2005), 4.482(2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002)
Georgialari per US dollar - 1.79 (2006), 1.8127 (2005), 1.9167(2004), 2.1457 (2003), 2.1957 (2002)
Germanyeuros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Ghanacedis per US dollar - 9,178.85 (2006), 9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6(2004), 8,677.4 (2003), 7,932.7 (2002)
GibraltarGibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55(2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, theGibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greeceeuros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
GreenlandDanish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969(2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)
GrenadaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)
Guamthe US dollar is used
Guatemalaquetzales per US dollar - 7.60102 (2006), 7.6339 (2005),7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003), 7.8217 (2002)
GuernseyGuernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.5441 (2006), 0.55 (2005),0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the Guernseypound is at par with the British pound
GuineaGuinean francs per US dollar - 5,555 (2006), 3,644.3 (2005),2,225 (2004), 1,984.9 (2003), 1,975.8 (2002)
Guinea-BissauCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),note, since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
GuyanaGuyanese dollars per US dollar - 200.281 (2006), 200.79(2005), 198.31 (2004), 193.88 (2003), 190.67 (2002)
Haitigourdes per US dollar - 45.189 (2006), 40.449 (2005), 38.352(2004), 42.367 (2003), 29.251 (2002)
Holy See (Vatican City)euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041(2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Honduraslempiras per US dollar - 18.9278 (2006), 18.92 (2005),18.206 (2004), 17.345 (2003), 16.433 (2002)
Hong KongHong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.77367 (2006), 7.7773(2005), 7.788 (2004), 7.7868 (2003), 7.7989 (2002)
Hungaryforints per US dollar - 215.105 (2006), 199.58 (2005),202.75 (2004), 224.31 (2003), 257.89 (2002)
IcelandIcelandic kronur per US dollar - 69.5108 (2006), 62.982(2005), 70.192 (2004), 76.709 (2003), 91.662 (2002)
IndiaIndian rupees per US dollar - 45.5 (2006), 44.101 (2005),45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002)
IndonesiaIndonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,207.18 (2006), 9,704.7(2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002)
Iranrials per US dollar - 9,246.94 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614(2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002), note, Iran has been using amanaged floating exchange rate regime since unifying multipleexchange rates in March 2002
IraqNew Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,477.17 (2006), 1,475 (2005),1,890 (second half, 2003), 0.3109 (2001)
Irelandeuros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Isle of ManManx pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55 (2005),0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002)
Israelnew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.5 (2006), 4.4877(2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002)
Italyeuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
JamaicaJamaican dollars per US dollar - 65.9329 (2006), 62.51(2005), 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003), 48.416 (2002)
Japanyen per US dollar - 116.175 (2006), 110.22 (2005), 108.19(2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002)
JerseyJersey pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55 (2005),0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the Jersey poundis at par with the British pound
JordanJordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2006), 0.709 (2005),0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003), 0.709 (2002)
Kazakhstantenge per US dollar - 125.556 (2006), 132.88 (2005),136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003), 153.28 (2002)
KenyaKenyan shillings per US dollar - 72.7649 (2006), 75.554(2005), 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003), 78.749 (2002)
KiribatiAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Korea, Northofficial: North Korean won per US dollar - 141 (2006),170 (December 2004), 150 (December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001);market: North Korean won per US dollar - 2,500-3,000 (December 2006)
Korea, SouthSouth Korean won per US dollar - 952 (2006), 1,024.1(2005), 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002)
KuwaitKuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.29 (2006), 0.292 (2005),0.2947 (2004), 0.298 (2003), 0.3039 (2002)
Kyrgyzstansoms per US dollar - 40.673 (2006), 41.012 (2005), 42.65(2004), 43.648 (2003), 46.937 (2002)
Laoskips per US dollar - 10,235 (2006), 10,820 (2005), 10,585.5(2004), 10,569 (2003), 10,056.3 (2002)
Latvialati per US dollar - 0.55991 (2006), - 0.5647 (2005), 0.5402(2004), 0.5715 (2003), 0.6182 (2002)
LebanonLebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5(2005), 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5 (2003), 1,507.5 (2002)
Lesothomaloti per US dollar - 6.6 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597(2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)
LiberiaLiberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2005), 54.906 (2004),59.379 (2003), 61.754 (2002)
LibyaLibyan dinars per US dollar - 1.315 (2006), 1.3084 (2005),1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003), 1.2707 (2002)
LiechtensteinSwiss francs per US dollar - 1.2508 (2006), 1.2452(2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586 (2002)
Lithuanialitai per US dollar - 2.7508 (2006), 2.774 (2005), 2.7806(2004), 3.0609 (2003), 3.677 (2002)
Luxembourgeuros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Macaupatacas per US dollar - 8.011 (2005), 8.022 (2004), 8.021(2003), 8.033 (2002)
MacedoniaMacedonian denars per US dollar - 48.9962 (2006), 48.92(2005), 49.41 (2004), 54.322 (2003), 64.35 (2002)
MadagascarMalagasy ariary per US dollar - 2,167.5 (2006), 2,003(2005), 1,868.9 (2004), 1,238.3 (2003), 1,366.4 (2002)
MalawiMalawian kwachas per US dollar - 139.786 (2006), 108.894(2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002)
Malaysiaringgits per US dollar - 3.67 (2006), 3.8 (2005), 3.8(2004), 3.8 (2003), 3.8 (2002)
Maldivesrufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2006), 12.8 (2005), 12.8(2004), 12.8 (2003), 12.8 (2002)
MaliCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002)
MaltaMaltese liri per US dollar - 0.37 (2006), 0.34578 (2005),0.34466 (2004), 0.37723 (2003), 0.43362 (2002)
Marshall Islandsthe US dollar is used
Mauritaniaouguiyas per US dollar - NA (2005), NA (2004), 263.03(2003), 271.74 (2002)
MauritiusMauritian rupees per US dollar - 31.4607 (2006), 29.496(2005), 27.499 (2004), 27.902 (2003), 29.962 (2002)
Mayotteeuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
MexicoMexican pesos per US dollar - 11.024 (2006), 10.898 (2005),11.286 (2004), 10.789 (2003), 9.656 (2002)
Micronesia, Federated States ofthe US dollar is used
Moldovalei per US dollar - 13.1571 (2006), 12.6 (2005), 12.33(2004), 13.945 (2003), 13.571 (2002)
Monacoeuros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Mongoliatogrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,187.17 (2005), 1,185.3(2004), 1,146.5 (2003), 1,110.3 (2002)
Montenegroeuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
MontserratEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), note, fixed rate since 1976
MoroccoMoroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.77508 (2006), 8.865(2005), 8.868 (2004), 9.574 (2003), 11.021 (2002)
Mozambiquemeticais per US dollar - 24.9245 (2006), 23,061 (2005),22,581 (2004), 23,782 (2003), 23,678 (2002)
NamibiaNamibian dollars per US dollar - 6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005),6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)
NauruAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
NepalNepalese rupees per US dollar - 71.368 (2005), 73.674 (2004),76.141 (2003), 77.877 (2002)
Netherlandseuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002)
New CaledoniaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 95.01 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003),126.71 (2002)
New ZealandNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.55677 (2006),1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)
Nicaraguagold cordobas per US dollar - 17.5815 (2006), 16.733(2005), 15.937 (2004), 15.105 (2003), 14.251 (2002)
NigerCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002)
Nigerianairas per US dollar - 127.573 (2006), 132.59 (2005), 132.89(2004), 129.22 (2003), 120.58 (2002)
NiueNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087(2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)
Norfolk IslandAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005),1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Northern Mariana Islandsthe US dollar is used
NorwayNorwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.41332 (2006), 6.4425(2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838 (2002)
OmanOmani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2006), 0.3845 (2005),0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003), 0.3845 (2002)
PakistanPakistani rupees per US dollar - 60.5 (2006), 59.515(2005), 58.258 (2004), 57.752 (2003), 59.724 (2002)
Palauthe US dollar is used
Panamabalboas per US dollar - 1 (2006), 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1(2003), 1 (2002)
Papua New Guineakina per US dollar - 3.08 (2006), 3.08 (2005),3.2225 (2004), 3.5635 (2003), 3.8952 (2002)
Paraguayguarani per US dollar - 5,680.71 (2006), 6,178 (2005),5,974.6 (2004), 6,424.3 (2003), 5,716.3 (2002)
Perunuevo sol per US dollar - 3.28069 (2006), 3.2958 (2005), 3.4132(2004), 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002)
PhilippinesPhilippine pesos per US dollar - 51.5747 (2006), 55.086(2005), 56.04 (2004), 54.203 (2003), 51.604 (2002)
Pitcairn IslandsNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)
Polandzlotych per US dollar - 3.11 (2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576(2004), 3.8891 (2003), 4.08 (2002), note, zlotych is the plural formof zloty
Portugaleuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Puerto Ricothe US dollar is used
QatarQatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2006), 3.64 (2005), 3.64(2004), 3.64 (2003), 3.64 (2002)
Romanialei per US dollar - 2.84 (2006), 3 (2005), 3 (2004), 3(2003), 3 (2002)
RussiaRussian rubles per US dollar - 27.5 (2006), 28.284 (2005),28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003), 31.349 (2002)
RwandaRwandan francs per US dollar - 560 (2006), 610 (2005), 574.62(2004), 537.66 (2003), 476.33 (2002)
Saint HelenaSaint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2005),0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the SaintHelenian pound is on par with the British pound
Saint Kitts and NevisEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7(2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)
Saint LuciaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)
Saint Pierre and Miqueloneuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesEast Caribbean dollars per USdollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)
Samoatala per US dollar - 2.7103 (2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732(2003), 3.3763 (2002)
San Marinoeuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Sao Tome and Principedobras per US dollar - 12,134 (2006), 9,900.4(2005), NA (2004), 9,347.6 (2003), 9,088.3 (2002)
Saudi ArabiaSaudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2006), 3.747(2005), 3.75 (2004), 3.75 (2003), 3.75 (2002)
SenegalCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002)
SerbiaSerbian dinars per US dollar - 58.6925
SeychellesSeychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.5 (2006), 5.5 (2005),5.5 (2004), 5.4007 (2003), 5.48 (2002)
Sierra Leoneleones per US dollar - 2,985.4 (2006), 2,889.6 (2005),2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003), 2,099 (2002)
SingaporeSingapore dollars per US dollar - 1.595 (2006), 1.6644(2005), 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002)
Slovakiakoruny per US dollar - 29.9315 (2006), 31.018 (2005),32.257 (2004), 36.773 (2003), 45.327 (2002)
Sloveniatolars per US dollar - 190.465 (2006), 192.71 (2005),192.38 (2004), 207.11 (2003), 240.25 (2002)
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 7.5299(2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003), 6.7488 (2002)
SomaliaSomali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), note, the Republic ofSomaliland, a self-declared independent country not recognized byany foreign government, issues its own currency, the Somalilandshilling
South Africarand per US dollar - 6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597(2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)
Spaineuros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Sri LankaSri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 102.987 (2006), 100.498(2005), 101.194 (2004), 96.521 (2003), 95.662 (2002)
SudanSudanese dinars per US dollar - 217.402 (2006), 243.61 (2005),257.91 (2004), 260.98 (2003), 263.31 (2002)
SurinameSurinamese dollars per US dollar - 2.7317 (2005),Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003),2.3468 (2002), note, during 1998, the exchange rate splintered intofour distinct rates; in January 1999 the government floated theguilder, but subsequently fixed it when the black-market rateplunged; in January 2004, the government introduced the Surinamesedollar as replacement for the guilder, tied to a US dollar-dominatedcurrency basket
SvalbardNorwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.4133 (2006), 6.4425(2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838 (2002)
Swazilandemalangeni per US dollar - 6.6 (2006), 6.3593 (2005),6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)
SwedenSwedish kronor per US dollar - 7.43321 (2006), 7.4731 (2005),7.3489 (2004), 8.0863 (2003), 9.7371 (2002)
SwitzerlandSwiss francs per US dollar - 1.2508 (2006), 1.2452(2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586 (2002)
SyriaSyrian pounds per US dollar - (public sector rate): 50 (2006),50 (2005), 48.5 (2004), (parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut):NA (2005), NA (2004), 52.8 (2003), 52.4 (2002), 50.4 (2001),(official rate for repaying loans): 11.25 (2004-06)
Taiwannew Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 32.19 (2006), 31.71(2005), 34.418 (2004), 34.575 (2003), 33.8 (2002)
TajikistanTajikistani somoni per US dollar - 3.2475 (2006), 3.1166(2005), 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614 (2003), 2.7641 (2002)
TanzaniaTanzanian shillings per US dollar - 1,259.54 (2006),1,128.93 (2005), 1,089.33 (2004), 1,038.42 (2003), 966.58 (2002)
Thailandbaht per US dollar - 38.2472 (2006), 40.22 (2005), 40.222(2004), 41.485 (2003), 42.96 (2002)
TogoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -525.817 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002)
TokelauNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087(2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)
Tongapa'anga per US dollar - 1.96 (2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142(2003), 2.1952 (2002)
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -6.2944 (2006), 6.2842 (2005), 6.299 (2004), 6.2951 (2003), 6.2487(2002)
TunisiaTunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.31281 (2006), 1.2974(2005), 1.2455 (2004), 1.2885 (2003), 1.4217 (2002)
TurkeyTurkish liras per US dollar - 1.44514 (2006), 1.3436 (2005),1.4255 (2004), 1.5009 (2003), 1.5072 (2002), note, on 1 January 2005the old Turkish Lira (TRL) was converted to new Turkish Lira (YTL)at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish Lira
Turkmenistan11,100 (2006), in recent years the unofficial rate hashovered around 24,000 to 25,000 Turkmen manats to the dollar; theofficial rate has consistently been 5,200 manat to the dollar
Turks and Caicos Islandsthe US dollar is used
TuvaluTuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
UgandaUgandan shillings per US dollar - 1,855.59 (2006), 1,780.7(2005), 1,810.3 (2004), 1,963.7 (2003), 1,797.6 (2002)
Ukrainehryvnia per US dollar - 5.05 (2006), 5.1247 (2005), 5.3192(2004), 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266 (2002)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.673 (2006),3.6725 (2005), 3.6725 (2004), 3.6725 (2003), 3.6725 (2002), note,officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002
United KingdomBritish pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55(2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002)
United StatesBritish pounds per US dollar - 0.5500 (2005), 0.5462(2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001); Canadiandollars per US dollar - 1.2118 (2005), 1.3010 (2004), 1.4011 (2003),1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001); Japanese yen per US dollar - 110.22(2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001);euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.8866 (2003),1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001); Chinese yuan per US dollar - 8.1943(2005), 8.2768 (2004), 8.2770 (2003), 8.2770 (2002), 8.2271 (2001)
UruguayUruguayan pesos per US dollar - 23.9911 (2006), 24.479(2005), 28.704 (2004), 28.209 (2003), 21.257 (2002)
UzbekistanUzbekistani soum per US dollar - 1,219.58 (2006), 1,020(2005), 971.265 (2004), 771.029 (2003), 423.832 (2002)
Vanuatuvatu per US dollar - NA (2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19(2003), 139.2 (2002)
Venezuelabolivares per US dollar - 2,147 (2006), 2,089.8 (2005),1,891.3 (2004), 1,607 (2003), 1,161 (2002)
Vietnamdong per US dollar - 16,037 (2006), 15,746 (2005), (2004),15,510 (2003), 15,280 (2002)
Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
Wallis and FutunaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) perUS dollar - 95.01 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003),126.71 (2002)
West Banknew Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.4877 (2005), 4.482(2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002)
Western SaharaMoroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.865 (2005), 8.868(2004), 9.5744 (2003), 11.0206 (2002)
YemenYemeni rials per US dollar - 197.467 (2006), 192.67 (2005),184.78 (2004), 183.45 (2003), 175.63 (2002)
ZambiaZambian kwacha per US dollar - 3,371.98 (2006), 4,463.5(2005), 4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3 (2003), 4,398.6 (2002)
ZimbabweZimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 195.107 (2006), 77.965(2005), 5.729 (2004), 0.824 (2003), 0.055 (2002), note, these areofficial exchange rates; non-official rates vary significantly
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@2077 Executive branch
Afghanistanchief of state: President of the Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice PresidentsAhmad Zia MASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernment; former King ZAHIR Shah holds the honorific, "Father ofthe Country," and presides symbolically over certain occasions, butlacks any governing authority; the honorific is not hereditaryhead of government: President of the Islamic Republic of AfghanistanHamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice Presidents Ahmad ZiaMASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004)cabinet: 25 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministersare appointed by the president and approved by the National Assemblyelections: the president and two vice presidents are elected bydirect vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if nocandidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round ofvoting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in asecond round; a president can only be elected for two terms;election last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held in 2009)election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -Hamid KARZAI 55.4%, Yunus QANUNI 16.3%, Ustad Mohammad MOHAQQEQ11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM 1.4%, MasoodaJALAL 1.2%
Akrotirichief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)head of government: Administrator Air Vice-Marshal Richard LACEY(since 26 April 2006); note - reports to the British Ministry ofDefenceelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator isappointed by the monarch
Albaniachief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU(since 24 June 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,nominated by the president, and approved by parliamentelections: president elected by the People's Assembly for afive-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 24June 2002 (next to be held June 2007); prime minister appointed bythe presidentelection results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assemblyvote by number - total votes 134: for 97, against 19, abstained 14,invalid votes 4
Algeriachief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28April 1999)head of government: Prime Minister Abdelaziz BELKHADEMcabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 8 April 2004 (nextto be held in April 2009); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president forsecond term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS6.4%, Abdellah DJABALLAH 5%
American Samoachief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20January 2001)head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directorselections: under the US Consitution, residents of unincorporatedterritories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for USpresident and vice president; governor and lieutenant governorelected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms(eligible for a second term); election last held 2 and 16 November2004 (next to be held November 2008)election results: Togiola TULAFONO elected governor; percent of vote- Togiola TULAFONO 55.7%, Afoa Moega LUTU 44.3%
Andorrachief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); SpanishCoprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May 2003),represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since NA)head of government: Executive Council President Albert PINTATSANTOLARIA (since 27 May 2005)cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the ExecutiveCouncil presidentelections: Executive Council president elected by the GeneralCouncil and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-yearterm; election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held April-May2009)election results: Albert PINTAT SANTOLARIA elected executive councilpresident; percent of General Council vote - NA
Angolachief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS wasappointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) underthe 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood forreelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September1992 (next to be held in 2009)election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was not heldand SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola(UNITA) repudiated the results of the first election; the civil warresumed leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as the president
Anguillachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Andrew N. GEORGE (since 10 July 2006)head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March2000)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among theelected members of the House of Assemblyelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed chief minister by the governor
Antigua and Barbudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir James B.CARLISLE (since 10 June 1993)head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24March 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general onthe advice of the prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosenby the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; followinglegislative elections, the leader of the majority party or theleader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime ministerby the governor general
Argentinachief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);election last held 27 April 2003 (next election to be held in 2007)election results: results of the presidential election of 27 April2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo LopezMURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 wasawarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy onthe eve of the election
Armeniachief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March1998)head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARGARYAN (since 12 May2000)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 19 February and 5March 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister appointed bythe president and confirmed with the majority support of theNational Assembly; the prime minister and Council of Ministers mustresign if the National Assembly refuses to accept their programelection results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent ofvote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%
Arubachief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30April 1980), represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since11 May 2004)head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30October 2001)cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Statenelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed fora six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy primeminister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election lastheld 2005 (next to be held by 2009)election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percentof legislative vote - NA
Australiachief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005)cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general toserve as government ministerselections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the primeminister; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in asprime minister by the governor generalnote: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Austriachief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)head of government: Chancellor Alfred GUSENBAUER (SPOe) (since 11January 2007); Vice Chancellor Wilhelm MOLTERE (OeVP) (since 11January 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the adviceof the chancellorelections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-yearterm (eligible for a second term); presidential election last held25 April 2004 (next to be held April 2010); chancellor formallychosen by the president but determined by the coalition partiesforming a parliamentary majority; vice chancellor chosen by thepresident on the advice of the chancellorelection results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER (OeVP) 47.6%note: government coalition - SPOe and OeVP
Azerbaijanchief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October2003)head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November2003)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president andconfirmed by the National Assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 15 October 2003(next to be held October 2008); prime minister and first deputyprime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by theNational Assemblyelection results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAR 14%
Bahamas, Thechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952), represented by Governor General Arthur D. HANNA (since 1February 2006)head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the primeminister's recommendationelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalitionis usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; theprime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Bahrainchief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa (since 6 March1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of themonarch, born 21 October 1969)head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman al-Khalifa(since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salmanal-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak al-Khalifa, Jawad al-ARAIDHcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarchelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime ministerappointed by the monarch
Bangladeshchief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6September 2002); note - the president's duties are normallyceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomessignificant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretakergovernment is installed - at presidential direction - to supervisethe electionshead of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October2001)cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by thepresidentelections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second term); election scheduled for 16September 2002 was not held since Iajuddin AHMED was the onlypresidential candidate; he was sworn in on 6 September 2002 (nextelection to be held by 2007); following legislative elections, theleader of the party that wins the most seats is usually appointedprime minister by the presidentelection results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commissionelected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote- NA
Barbadoschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS(since 1 June 1996)head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 7September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 26 May2003)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalitionis usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; theprime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Belaruschief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20July 1994)head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKIY (since 19December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (sinceDecember 2003)cabinet: Council of Ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via aNovember 1996 referendum; subsequent election held 9 September 2001;an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits andallowed the president to run in a third election, which was held on19 March 2006; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointedby the presidentelection results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percentof vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 82.6%, Aleksandr MILINKEVICH 6%,Aleksandr KOZULIN 2.3%; note - election marred by electoral fraud
Belgiumchief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); HeirApparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarchhead of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July1999)cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarchelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional;following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party orthe leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed primeminister by the monarch and then approved by parliamentnote: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP.A-Spirit
Belizechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17November 1993)head of government: Prime Minister Said Wilbert MUSA (since 28August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September1998)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalitionis usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; primeminister recommends the deputy prime minister
Beninchief of state: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); runoff election held 19 March 2006(next to be held March 2011)election results: Thomas YAYI Boni elected president; percent ofvote - Thomas YAYI Boni 74.5%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI 25.5%
Bermudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor Sir John VEREKER (since 11 April 2002)head of government: Premier Ewart BROWN (since 30 October 2006);Deputy Premier Paula COXcabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governorelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed premier by the governor
Bhutanchief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated thethrone on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded himhead of government: Prime Minister Khandu WANGCHUK (since 7September 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by themonarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarchelections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reformsin July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove themonarch with two-thirds vote
Boliviachief of state: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head ofgovernmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 18December 2005 (next to be held in 2010)election results: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma elected president; percentof vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 53.7%; Jorge Fernando QUIROGARamirez 28.6%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana 7.8%; Michiaki NAGATANIMorishit 6.5%; Felipe QUISPE Huanca 2.2%; Guildo ANGULA Cabrera 0.7%
Bosnia and Herzegovinachief of state: Chairman of the PresidencyNebojsa RADMANOVIC (chairman since 6 November 2006; presidencymember since 1 October 2006 - Serb); other members of thethree-member presidency rotating (every eight months): Zeljko KOMSIC(since 1 October 2006 - Croat) and Haris SILAJDZIC (since 1 October2006 - Bosniak)head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers NikolaSPIRIC (since 4 January 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;approved by the National House of Representativeselections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, oneCroat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term(eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years);the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or shewas the incumbent chairman at the time of the election, but thechairmanship rotates every eight months; election last held 1October 2006 (next to be held in 2010); the chairman of the Councilof Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by theNational House of Representativeselection results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 53.3% ofthe votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC received 39.6% of thevotes for the Croat seat; Haris SILAJDZIC received 62.8% of thevotes for the Bosniak seatnote: current government is caretaker in the Federation of Bosniaand Herzegovina; President of the Federation of Bosnia andHerzegovina: Niko LOZANCIC (since 27 January 2003); Vice PresidentsSahbaz DZIHANOVIC (since in 2003) and Desnica RADIVOJEVIC (since in2003); new government will be appointed in coming months; Presidentof the Republika Srpska: Milan JELIC (since 9 November 2006)
Botswanachief of state: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998)and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note -the president is both the chief of state and head of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 20 October 2004(next to be held in 2009); vice president appointed by the presidentelection results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent ofNational Assembly vote - 52%
Brazilchief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 1October 2006 with runoff 29 October 2006 (next to be held 3 October2010 and, if necessary, 31 October 2010)election results: Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (PT) reelected president- 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%
British Indian Ocean Territorychief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II(since 6 February 1952)head of government: Commissioner Tony CROMBIE (since January 2004);Administrator Tony HUMPHRIES (since February 2005); note - bothreside in the UKcabinet: NAelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner andadministrator appointed by the monarch
British Virgin Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952), represented by Governor David PEAREY (since 18 April2006)head of government: Chief Minister Dr. Orlando D. SMITH (since 17June 2003)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members ofthe Legislative Councilelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed chief minister by the governor
Bruneichief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANALBolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chiefof state and head of governmenthead of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief ofstate and head of governmentcabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over bythe monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also aReligious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises onreligious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by themonarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council ofSuccession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines thesuccession to the throne if the need ariseselections: none; the monarch is hereditary
Bulgariachief of state: President Georgi PURVANOV (since 22 January2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Sergei STANISHEV (since 16 August2005); Deputy Prime Ministers Ivaylo KALFIN, Daniel VULCHEV, andEmel ETEM (since 16 August 2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister andelected by the National Assemblyelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);election last held 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in 2011);chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated bythe president and elected by the National Assembly; deputy primeministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by theNational Assemblyelection results: Georgi PURVANOV reelected president; percent ofvote - Georgi PURVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Sergei STANISHEVelected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 168 to 67
Burkina Fasochief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15October 1987)head of government: Prime Minister Paramanga Ernest YONLI (since 6November 2000)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 13 November 2005(next to be held in 2010); in April 2000, the constitution wasamended reducing the presidential term from seven to five years,enforceable as of 2005; prime minister appointed by the presidentwith the consent of the legislatureelection results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president; percent ofpopular vote - Blaise COMPAORE 80.3%, Benewende Stanislas SANKARA4.9%
Burmachief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and DevelopmentCouncil (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)head of government: Prime Minister, Gen SOE WIN (since 19 October2004)cabinet: Cabinet is overseen by SPDC; military junta, so named 15November 1997, assumed power 18 September 1988 under name State Lawand Order Restoration Council (SLORC)elections: none
Burundichief of state: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August2005); First Vice President Martin NDUWIMANA - Tutsi (since 29August 2005); Second Vice President Marina BARAMPAMA - Hutu (since 8September 2006)head of government: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August2005); First Vice President Martin NDUWIMANA - Tutsi (since 29August 2005); Second Vice President Marina BARAMPAMA - Hutu (since 8September 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by presidentelections: the president is elected by popular vote to a five-yearterm (eligible for a second term); note - the constitution adoptedin February 2005 permits the post-transition president to be electedby a two-thirds majority of the parliament; vice presidentsnominated by the president, endorsed by parliamentelection results: Pierre NKURUNZIZA was elected president by theparliament by a vote of 151 to 9; note - the constitution adopted inFebruary 2005 permits the post-transition president to be elected bya two-thirds majority of the legislature
Cambodiachief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October2004)head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOKAN, LU LAY SRENG, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16July 2004); KEV PUT REAKSMEI (since 24 October 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; inpractice named by the prime ministerelections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;following legislative elections, a member of the majority party ormajority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of theNational Assembly and appointed by the king
Cameroonchief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)head of government: Prime Minister Ephraim INONI (since 8 December2004)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submittedby the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 11 October 2004(next to be held by October 2011); prime minister appointed by thepresidentelection results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -Paul BIYA 70.9%, John FRU NDI 17.4%, Adamou Ndam NJOYA 4.5%, GargaHaman ADJI 3.7%