Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Bassas da India 2.4 m; Europa Island 24 m; GloriosoIslands 12 m; Juan de Nova Island 10 m; Tromelin Island 7 m (allunnamed locations)
Natural resources:Bassas da India and Europa Island: noneGlorioso Islands and Juan de Nova Island: guano, phosphates; coconutsTromelin Island: fish
Land use:Bassas da India - 100% rock, coral reef, and sand; Europa Island -100% mangrove swamp and dry woodlands; Glorioso Islands - 100% lushvegetation and coconut palms; Juan de Nova Island - 90% forest, 10%other; Tromelin Island - 100% grasses and scattered brush
Natural hazards:all islands subject to periodic cyclonesBassas da India: maritime hazard since it is under water for aperiod of three hours prior to and following the high tide andsurrounded by reefs
Geography - note:Bassas da India: the atoll is a circular reef that sits atop along-extinct, submerged volcanoEuropa Island and Juan de Nova Island: wildlife sanctuary forseabirds and sea turtlesGlorioso Islands: the islands and rocks are surrounded by anextensive reef systemTromelin Island: climatologically important location for forecastingcyclones in the western Indian Ocean; wildlife sanctuary (seabirds,tortoises)
People Iles Eparses
Population:Bassas da India: uninhabitableEuropa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island: a small Frenchmilitary garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession;visited by scientistsTromelin Island: uninhabited, except for visits by scientists
Government Iles Eparses
Country name:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Bassas da India, Europa Island, GloriosoIslands, Juan de Nova Island, Tromelin Islandlocal long form: nonelocal short form: Bassas da India, Ile Europa, Iles Glorieuses, IleJuan de Nova, Ile Tromelin
Dependency status:possessions of France; administered by the Senior Administrator ofthe Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF),resident in Reunion
Legal system:the laws of France, where applicable, apply
Executive branch:chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May1995), represented by Senior Administrator Michel CHAMPON
Flag description:the flag of France is used
Economy Iles Eparses
Economy - overview: no economic activity
Communications Iles Eparses
Communications - note:Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, TromelinIsland: 1 meteorological station on each possession; note -meteorological station on Tromelin Island is important forforecasting cyclones
Transportation Iles Eparses
Airports:4 (2006)
Ports and terminals:none; offshore anchorage only
Transportation - note:aids to navigation - lighthouses: Europa Island 18m; Juan de NovaIsland (W side) 37m; Tromelin Island (NW point) 11m
Military Iles Eparses
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France
Transnational Issues Iles Eparses
Disputes - international:Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de NovaIsland: claimed by MadagascarTromelin Island: claimed by Mauritius
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@India
Introduction India
Background:The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world,dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwestinfiltrated onto Indian lands about 1500 B.C.; their merger with theearlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture.Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12thwere followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed politicalcontrol of virtually all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in theBritish army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolentresistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI andJawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent wasdivided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim stateof Pakistan. A third war between the two countries in 1971 resultedin East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despiteimpressive gains in economic investment and output, India facespressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan overKashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation,extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.
Geography India
Location:Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal,between Burma and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates:20 00 N, 77 00 E
Map references:Asia
Area:total: 3,287,590 sq kmland: 2,973,190 sq kmwater: 314,400 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries:total: 14,103 kmborder countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
Coastline:7,000 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain:upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain alongthe Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
Natural resources:coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese,mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds,petroleum, limestone, arable land
Land use:arable land: 48.83%permanent crops: 2.8%other: 48.37% (2005)
Irrigated land:558,080 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructiveflooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
Environment - current issues:deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; airpollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; waterpollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tapwater is not potable throughout the country; huge and growingpopulation is overstraining natural resources
Environment - international agreements:party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine LivingResources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, ClimateChange-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, OzoneLayer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, TropicalTimber 94, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Oceantrade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world,lies on the border with Nepal
People India
Population:1,095,351,995 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 30.8% (male 173,478,760/female 163,852,827)15-64 years: 64.3% (male 363,876,219/female 340,181,764)65 years and over: 4.9% (male 27,258,020/female 26,704,405) (2006est.)
Median age: total: 24.9 years male: 24.9 years female: 24.9 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:1.38% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:22.01 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:8.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:-0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 54.63 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 55.18 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 54.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 64.71 yearsmale: 63.9 yearsfemale: 65.57 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.73 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.9% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:5.1 million (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:310,000 (2001 est.)
Major infectious diseases:degree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japaneseencephalitis are high risks in some locationsanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identifiedamong birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses anegligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizenswho have close contact with birds (2007)
Nationality:noun: Indian(s)adjective: Indian
Ethnic groups:Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Religions:Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%,unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)
Languages:English enjoys associate status but is the most important languagefor national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is thenational language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu,Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri,Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urduspoken widely throughout northern India but is not an officiallanguage
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 59.5%male: 70.2%female: 48.3% (2003 est.)
Government India
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Indiaconventional short form: Indialocal long form: Republic of India/Bharatiya Ganarajyalocal short form: India/Bharat
Government type:federal republic
Capital:name: New Delhigeographic coordinates: 28 36 N, 77 12 Etime difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)
Administrative divisions:28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*,Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*,Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa,Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand,Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Puducherry*, Punjab,Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal,West Bengal
Independence:15 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday:Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
Constitution:26 January 1950; amended many times
Legal system:based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts;accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; separatepersonal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President A.P.J. Abdul KALAM (since 25 July 2002);Vice President Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT (since 19 August 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since 22 May 2004)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation ofthe prime ministerelections: president elected by an electoral college consisting ofelected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures ofthe states for a five-year term (no term limits); election last heldJuly 2002 (next to be held 18 July 2007); vice president elected byboth houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held12 August 2002 (next to be held August 2007); prime minister chosenby parliamentary members of the majority party following legislativeelections; election last held April - May 2004 (next to be held May2009)election results: Abdul KALAM elected president; percent ofelectoral college vote - 89.6%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT elected vicepresident; percent of Parliament vote - 59.8%
Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States orRajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to12 of whom are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosenby the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies;members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha(545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by thepresident; members serve five-year terms)elections: People's Assembly - last held 20 April through 10 May2004 (next must be held before May 2009)election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA;seats by party - INC 147, BJP 129, CPI(M) 43, SP 38, RJD 23, DMK 16,BSP 15, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 10, JD(U) 8, SAD 8, PMK 6, JMM 5,LJSP 4, MDMK 4, TDP 4, TRS 4, independent 6, other 29, vacant 13;note - party seat composition as of December 2006
Judicial branch:Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices areappointed by the president and remain in office until they reach theage of 65 or are removed for "proved misbehavior")
Political parties and leaders:note - India has dozens of national and regional political parties;only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly arelisted; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya JanataParty or BJP [Rajnath SINGH]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [NaveenPATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu BhushanBARDHAN]; Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI (M) [PrakashKARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI]; IndianNational Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) orJD(U) [Sharad YADEV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [Shibu SOREN];Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN]; MarumalarchiDravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKU]; Nationalist CongressParty or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [S.RAMADOSS]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV];Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal orSAD [Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY];Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrasekhar RAO]; TeluguDesam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]
Political pressure groups and leaders: numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland in the Northeast
International organization participation: AfDB, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN (observer), CP, EAS, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Ranendra SENchancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note -Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador David C. MULFORDembassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021mailing address: use embassy street addresstelephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai(Bombay)
Flag description:three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top),white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered inthe white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a smallorange disk centered in the white band
Economy India
Economy - overview:India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming,modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries,and a multitude of services. Services are the major source ofeconomic growth, accounting for more than half of India's outputwith less than one quarter of its labor force. About three-fifths ofthe work force is in agriculture, leading the UPA government toarticulate an economic reform program that includes developing basicinfrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor and boosteconomic performance. The government has reduced controls on foreigntrade and investment. Tariffs averaged 12.5% on non-agriculturalitems in 2006. Higher limits on foreign direct investment werepermitted in a few key sectors, such as telecommunications. However,tariff spikes in sensitive categories, including agriculture, andincremental progress on economic reforms still hinder foreign accessto India's vast and growing market. Privatization ofgovernment-owned industries remained stalled in 2006, and continuesto generate political debate; populist pressure from within the UPAgovernment and from its Left Front allies continues to restrainneeded initiatives. The economy has posted an average growth rate ofmore than 7% in the decade since 1996, reducing poverty by about 10percentage points. India achieved 8.5% GDP growth in 2006,significantly expanding manufacturing. India is capitalizing on itslarge numbers of well-educated people skilled in the Englishlanguage to become a major exporter of software services andsoftware workers. Economic expansion has helped New Delhi continueto make progress in reducing its federal fiscal deficit. However,strong growth - more than 8 percent growth in each of the last threeyears - combined with easy consumer credit and a real estate boom isfueling inflation concerns. The huge and growing population is thefundamental social, economic, and environmental problem.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$4.042 trillion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$796.1 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:8.5% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$3,700 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 19.9% industry: 19.3% services: 60.7% (2005 est.)
Labor force: 509.3 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 60% industry: 12% services: 28% (2003)
Unemployment rate:7.8% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:25% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 33.5% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:32.5 (2000)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):5.3% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):29.2% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $109.4 billionexpenditures: $143.8 billion; including capital expenditures of $15billion (2006 est.)
Public debt:52.8% of GDP (federal and state debt combined) (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes;cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish
Industries:textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportationequipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software
Industrial production growth rate:7.5% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:630.6 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 81.7% hydro: 14.5% nuclear: 3.4% other: 0.3% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:587.9 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:60 million kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:1.5 billion kWh (2004)
Oil - production:785,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:2.45 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:350,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - imports:2.09 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:5.6 billion bbl (2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:28.2 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:30.83 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:2.63 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:853.5 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:$-26.4 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$112 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals,leather manufactures
Exports - partners:US 16.7%, UAE 8.5%, China 6.6%, Singapore 5.3%, UK 4.9%, Hong Kong4.4% (2005)
Imports:$187.9 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
Imports - partners:China 7.3%, US 5.6%, Switzerland 4.7% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$165 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$132.1 billion (30 June 2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$2.9 billion (FY98/99)
Currency (code):Indian rupee (INR)
Currency code:INR
Exchange rates:Indian rupees per US dollar - 45.5 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317(2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002)
Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
Communications India
Telephones - main lines in use:49.75 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:69,193,321 (2006)
Telephone system:general assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization oftelecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid growth;local and long distance service provided throughout all regions ofthe country, with services primarily concentrated in the urbanareas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admissionof private and private-public investors, but telephone densityremains low at about ten for each 100 persons nationwide and onlyone per 100 persons in rural areas; there remains a national waitinglist of over 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service withmodest growth in fixed linesdomestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak inrural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramaticreductions in price led in large part by wireless service; mobilecellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced in 1994 andorganized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecomcircles each with about three private service providers and onestate-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunkcapacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of theworld's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian NationalSatellite system (INSAT), with six satellites supporting 33,000 verysmall aperture terminals (VSAT)international: country code - 91; nine satellite earth stations - 8Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); ninegateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata(Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar,Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 6 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Sea-Me-We-4 withlanding site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG)with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE)with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linking to Singapore with landingsites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicomlinking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significantincrease in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic(2006)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)
Radios:116 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Televisions:63 million (1997)
Internet country code:.in
Internet hosts:1,543,289 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):43 (2000)
Internet users:60 million (2005)
Transportation India
Airports: 341 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 243 over 3,047 m: 17 2,438 to 3,047 m: 51 1,524 to 2,437 m: 73 914 to 1,523 m: 81 under 914 m: 21 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 98 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 42 under 914 m: 48 (2006)
Heliports:28 (2006)
Pipelines:condensate/gas 8 km; gas 5,184 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,993 km;oil 6,500 km; refined products 6,152 km (2006)
Railways:total: 63,230 kmbroad gauge: 45,718 km 1.676-m gauge (16,528 km electrified)narrow gauge: 14,406 km 1.000-m gauge (165 km electrified); 3,106 km0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge (2005)
Roadways:total: 3,383,344 kmpaved: 1,603,705 kmunpaved: 1,779,639 km (2002)
Waterways:14,500 kmnote: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable formechanized vessels (2005)
Merchant marine:total: 316 ships (1000 GRT or over) 7,772,313 GRT/13,310,858 DWTby type: bulk carrier 96, cargo 72, chemical tanker 13, container 8,liquefied gas 17, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker96, roll on/roll off 1foreign-owned: 10 (China 2, Hong Kong 1, UAE 6, UK 1)registered in other countries: 46 (Bahamas 1, Comoros 1, Cyprus 5,North Korea 1, Liberia 3, Malta 1, Mauritius 2, Panama 19, SaintVincent and the Grenadines 6, Singapore 5, Venezuela 1, unknown 1)(2006)
Ports and terminals:Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta),Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam
Military India
Military branches:Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard,various security or paramilitary forces (includes Border SecurityForce, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan BorderPolice, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police Force,Central Industrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, andDefense Security Corps)
Military service age and obligation:16 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)
Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 287,551,111females age 16-49: 268,524,835 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 219,471,999females age 16-49: 209,917,553 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 11,446,452females age 16-49: 10,665,877 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$19.04 billion (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.5% (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues India
Disputes - international:since China and India launched a security and foreign policydialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the disputeover most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclearproliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles toPakistan, and other matters continue; various talks andconfidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defusetensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site ofthe world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute withportions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and NorthernAreas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire inKashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highlymilitarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on theimpact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar Dam on theChenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration;UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) hasmaintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does notrecognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964;disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; todefuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary,in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputedboundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch;Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian GujaratState; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a smallsection of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves inboth countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegalcross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terroriststhrough the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts tofence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute withBangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bayof Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seekscooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assamseparatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; JointBorder Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputedboundary sections; India maintains a strict border regime to keepout Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activitiesfrom Nepal
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 77,200 (Tibet/China), 50,730 (SriLanka), 9,700 (Afghanistan)IDPs: at least 600,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammuand Kashmir) (2006)
Trafficking in persons:current situation: India is a source, destination, and transitcountry for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes offorced or bonded labor and commercial sexual exploitation; the largepopulation of men, women, and children - numbering in the millions -in debt bondage face involuntary servitude in brick kilns, ricemills, and embroidery factories, while some children endureinvoluntary servitude as domestic servants; internal trafficking ofwomen and girls for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitationand forced marriage also occurs; the government estimates that 90percent of India's sex trafficking is internal; India is also adestination for women and girls from Nepal and Bangladesh traffickedfor the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; boys fromAfghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are trafficked through Indiato the Gulf states for involuntary servitude as child camel jockeys;Indian men and women migrate willingly to the Persian Gulf regionfor work as domestic servants and low-skilled laborers, but somelater find themselves in situations of involuntary servitudeincluding extended working hours, nonpayment of wages, restrictionson their movement by withholding of their passports or confinementto the home, and physical or sexual abusetier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - India has been on the Tier 2 WatchList since 2004 for its failure to show evidence of increasingefforts to address trafficking in persons
Illicit drugs:world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceuticaltrade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicitinternational drug markets; transit point for illicit narcoticsproduced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Indian Ocean
Background:The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five oceans(after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than theSouthern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important accesswaterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb(Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait ofMalacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). The decision by the InternationalHydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifthocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Indian Oceansouth of 60 degrees south latitude.
Geography Indian Ocean
Location:body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, andAustralia
Geographic coordinates:20 00 S, 80 00 E
Map references:Political Map of the World
Area:total: 68.556 million sq kmnote: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea,Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea,Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait ofMalacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative:about 5.5 times the size of the US
Coastline:66,526 km
Climate:northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June toOctober); tropical cyclones occur during May/June andOctober/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/Februaryin the southern Indian Ocean
Terrain:surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular systemof currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal ofsurface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmosphericpressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results inthe southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents,while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winterair results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwestwinds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian OceanRidge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, SouthwestIndian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 mhighest point: sea level 0 m
Natural resources:oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates,placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Natural hazards:occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches
Environment - current issues:endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, andwhales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
Geography - note:major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Straitof Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait
Economy Indian Ocean
Economy - overview:The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the MiddleEast, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carriesa particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum productsfrom the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish areof great and growing importance to the bordering countries fordomestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan,South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly forshrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped inthe offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and westernAustralia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil productioncomes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals andoffshore placer deposits are actively exploited by borderingcountries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,and Thailand.
Transportation Indian Ocean
Ports and terminals:Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (SouthAfrica), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India) Melbourne(Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South Africa)
Transnational Issues Indian Ocean
Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Indonesia
Introduction Indonesia
Background:The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century;the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesiadeclared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it requiredfour years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, andUN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony.Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and home to theworld's largest Muslim population. Current issues include:alleviating poverty, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracyafter four decades of authoritarianism, implementing financialsector reforms, stemming corruption, and holding the military andpolice accountable for human rights violations. Indonesia was thenation worst hit by the December 2004 tsunami, which particularlyaffected Aceh province causing over 100,000 deaths and over $4billion in damage. An additional earthquake in March 2005 createdheavy destruction on the island of Nias. Reconstruction in theseareas may take up to a decade. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historicpeace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, but it continues toface a low intensity separatist guerilla movement in Papua.
Geography Indonesia
Location:Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and thePacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates:5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references:Southeast Asia
Area:total: 1,919,440 sq kmland: 1,826,440 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:total: 2,830 kmborder countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua NewGuinea 820 km
Coastline:54,716 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain:mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources:petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use: arable land: 11.03% permanent crops: 7.04% other: 81.93% (2005)
Irrigated land:45,000 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,volcanoes, forest fires
Environment - current issues:deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; airpollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-KyotoProtocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Lawof the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator;strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from IndianOcean to Pacific Ocean
People Indonesia
Population:245,452,739 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 28.8% (male 35,995,919/female 34,749,582)15-64 years: 65.8% (male 80,796,794/female 80,754,238)65 years and over: 5.4% (male 5,737,473/female 7,418,733) (2006 est.)
Median age:total: 26.8 yearsmale: 26.4 yearsfemale: 27.3 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:1.41% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:20.34 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 34.39 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 39.36 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 29.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 69.87 yearsmale: 67.42 yearsfemale: 72.45 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.4 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:110,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:2,400 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:degree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya arehigh risks in some locationsnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identifiedamong birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses anegligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizenswho have close contact with birds (2007)
Nationality:noun: Indonesian(s)adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups:Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%,other 26%
Religions:Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages:Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English,Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 87.9%male: 92.5%female: 83.4% (2002 est.)
Government Indonesia
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Indonesiaconventional short form: Indonesialocal long form: Republik Indonesialocal short form: Indonesiaformer: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
Government type:republic
Capital:name: Jakartageographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 48 Etime difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones
Administrative divisions:30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 specialregions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*,Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**,Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat,Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, KepulauanBangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, NusaTenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat,Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, SulawesiUtara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on1 January 2001, the 440 districts or regencies have become the keyadministrative units responsible for providing most governmentservices
Independence:17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949(Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)
National holiday:Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution:August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 andProvisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series ofamemdments concluded in 2002
Legal system:based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenousconcepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
Executive branch:chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmentcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president were elected for five-yearterms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry;last held 20 September 2004 (next to be held in 2009)election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected presidentreceiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%
Legislative branch:House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550seats; members elected to serve five-year terms); House of RegionalRepresentatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionallymandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issuesaffecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly (MajelisPermusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating andimpeaching president and in amending constitution; consists ofpopularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulatenational policyelections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in 2009)election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does notalways follow the percentage of votes received by parties
Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by thepresident from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); aseparate Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi was invested bythe president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Courtassumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lowercourt system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; LaborCourt under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning inJanuary 2006
Political parties and leaders:Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [MS KABAN]; Democratic Party orPD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA];Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATISukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [MUHAIMIN Iskander];National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous JusticeParty or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP[Hamzah HAZ]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000 FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922 consulate(s) general: Surabaya consulate(s): Medan; Denpasar (consular agency)
Flag description:two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to theflag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag ofPoland, which is white (top) and red
Economy Indonesia
Economy - overview:Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to overcome theAsian financial crisis, and still grapples with high poverty andunemployment, inadequate infrastructure, endemic corruption, afragile banking sector, a poor investment climate, and unequalresource distribution among regions. The country continues the slowwork of rebuilding from the devastating December 2004 tsunami andfrom an earthquake in central Java in May 2006 that caused over $3billion in damage and losses. Declining oil production and lack ofnew exploration investment turned Indonesia into a net oil importerin 2004. The cost of subsidizing domestic fuel placed increasingstrain on the budget in 2005, and combined with indecisive monetarypolicy, contributed to a run on the currency in August, promptingthe government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in October.The resulting inflation and interest rate hikes dampened growththrough mid-2006, while large increases in rice prices pushedmillions more people under the national poverty line. Economicreformers introduced three policy packages in 2006 to improve theinvestment climate, infrastructure, and the financial sector, buttranslating them into reality has not been easy. Keys to futuregrowth remain internal reform, building up the confidence ofinternational and domestic investors, and strong global economicgrowth.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$935 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$264.4 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:5.4% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$3,800 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 13.1% industry: 46% services: 41% (2006 est.)
Labor force: 108.2 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 43.3% industry: 18% services: 38.7% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate:12.5% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:17.8% (2006)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 28.5% (2002)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:34.8 (2004)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):13.2% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):20.3% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $75.58 billionexpenditures: $79.45 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA(2006 est.)
Public debt:43.8% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil,copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Industries:petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining,cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:2.6% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:112.6 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 86.9% hydro: 10.5% nuclear: 0% other: 2.6% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:104.7 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:1.061 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:1.084 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - exports:431,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - imports:345,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:4.85 billion bbl (2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:83.4 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:22.5 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports:37.5 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:2.557 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:$1.636 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$102.3 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
Exports - partners:Japan 21.1%, US 11.5%, Singapore 9.2%, South Korea 8.3%, China7.8%, Malaysia 4% (2005)
Imports:$77.73 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:Singapore 16.4%, Japan 12%, China 10.1%, US 6.7%, Thailand 6%,South Korea 5%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, Australia 4.4% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$43.04 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$130.4 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$43 billion (2002 est.)note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but stillreceives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia(CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 andagain in 2005; nearly $5 billion in aid money pledged by a varietybilateral, multilateral, and non-governmental organization (NGO)donors following the 2004 tsunami; money is slated for use in reliefand rebuilding efforts in Aceh
Currency (code):Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Currency code:IDR
Exchange rates:Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,207.18 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005),8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002)
Fiscal year:calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, butstarting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year
Communications Indonesia
Telephones - main lines in use:12.772 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:46.91 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: domestic service fair, international servicegooddomestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;domestic satellite communications systeminternational: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
Radios:31.5 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 54 local TV stations note: 11 national TV networks; each with their own group of local, often low power, transmitters (2006)
Televisions:13.75 million (1997)
Internet country code:.id
Internet hosts:170,834 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):24 (2000)
Internet users:16 million (2005)
Transportation Indonesia
Airports: 662 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 159 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 1,524 to 2,437 m: 49 914 to 1,523 m: 49 under 914 m: 42 (2006)