Exports - partners:US 90.3%, UK 1.6%, Netherlands 1.4%, Dominican Republic 1.4% (2004)
Imports:$29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001)
Imports - commodities:chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food, fish, petroleumproducts
Imports - partners:US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2004)
Debt - external:$NA
Economic aid - recipient:$NA
Currency (code):US dollar (USD)
Currency code:USD
Exchange rates:the US dollar is used
Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
Communications Puerto Rico
Telephones - main lines in use:1,111,900 (2004)
Telephones - mobile cellular:2.682 million (2004)
Telephone system:general assessment: modern system integrated with that of the US byhigh-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with high-speed datacapabilitydomestic: digital telephone system; cellular telephone serviceinternational: country code - 1-787, 939; satellite earth station -1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US
Radio broadcast stations:AM 74, FM 53, shortwave 0 (2006)
Radios:2.7 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:32 (2006)
Televisions:1.021 million (1997)
Internet country code:.pr
Internet hosts:404 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):76 (2000)
Internet users:1 million (2005)
Transportation Puerto Rico
Airports: 30 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 17 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 5 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 10 (2006)
Railways: total: 96 km narrow gauge: 96 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)
Roadways:total: 25,735 kmpaved: 24,353 km (including 427 km of expressways)unpaved: 1,382 km (2005)
Merchant marine:total: 3 ships (1000 GRT or over) 77,177 GRT/50,138 DWTby type: roll on/roll off 3foreign-owned: 3 (US 3)registered in other countries: 1 (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1) (2006)
Ports and terminals:Las Mareas, Mayaguez, San Juan
Military Puerto Rico
Military branches:no regular indigenous military forces; paramilitary National Guard,Police Force
Military - note:defense is the responsibility of the US
Transnational Issues Puerto Rico
Disputes - international: increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year looking for work
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Qatar
Introduction Qatar
Background:Ruled by the al-Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar transformeditself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearlinginto an independent state with significant oil and natural gasrevenues. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Qatari economywas crippled by a continuous siphoning off of petroleum revenues bythe amir, who had ruled the country since 1972. His son, the currentAmir HAMAD bin Khalifa al-Thani, overthrew him in a bloodless coupin 1995. In 2001, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputeswith both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. Oil and natural gas revenuesenable Qatar to have one of the highest per capita incomes in theworld.
Geography Qatar
Location:Middle East, peninsula bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates:25 30 N, 51 15 E
Map references:Middle East
Area:total: 11,437 sq kmland: 11,437 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Connecticut
Land boundaries: total: 60 km border countries: Saudi Arabia 60 km
Coastline:563 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: as determined by bilateral agreements orthe median line
Climate:arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Terrain:mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fish
Land use: arable land: 1.64% permanent crops: 0.27% other: 98.09% (2005)
Irrigated land:130 sq km (2002)
Natural hazards:haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleumdeposits
People Qatar
Population:885,359 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 23.4% (male 105,546/female 101,371)15-64 years: 73% (male 446,779/female 199,133)65 years and over: 3.7% (male 24,059/female 8,471) (2006 est.)
Median age:total: 31.7 yearsmale: 37.1 yearsfemale: 22.7 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:2.5% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:15.56 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:4.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:14.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 2.24 male(s)/female65 years and over: 2.84 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.87 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 18.04 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 21.27 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 14.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 73.9 yearsmale: 71.37 yearsfemale: 76.57 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.81 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.09% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Qatari(s)adjective: Qatari
Ethnic groups:Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
Religions:Muslim 95%
Languages:Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 89%male: 89.1%female: 88.6% (2004 est.)
Government Qatar
Country name:conventional long form: State of Qatarconventional short form: Qatarlocal long form: Dawlat Qatarlocal short form: Qatarnote: closest approximation of the native pronunciation fallsbetween cutter and gutter, but not like guitar
Government type:traditional emirate
Capital:name: Dohageographic coordinates: 25 17 N, 51 32 Etime difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)
Administrative divisions:10 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, AlGhuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Jarayanal Batinah, Madinat ash Shamal, Umm Sa'id, Umm Salal
Independence:3 September 1971 (from UK)
National holiday:Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
Constitution:ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by theamir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Legal system:discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civilcodes are being implemented; Shari'a law dominates family andpersonal matters
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa al-Thani (since 27 June 1995when, as crown prince, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA bin Hamadal-Thani, in a bloodless coup); Crown Prince TAMIM bin Hamad binKhalifa al-Thani, fourth son of the monarch (selected Heir Apparentby the monarch on 5 August 2003); note - Amir HAMAD also holds thepositions of Minister of Defense and Commander-in-chief of the ArmedForceshead of government: Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Khalifa al-Thani,brother of the monarch (since 30 October 1996); First Deputy PrimeMinister HAMAD bin Jasim bin Jabir al-Thani (since 16 September2003, also Foreign Minister since 1992); Second Deputy PrimeMinister Abdallah bin Hamad al-ATIYAH (since 16 September 2003, alsoElectricity and Water Minister since 1999 and Energy and IndustryMinister since 1992)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarchelections: none; the monarch is hereditarynote: in April 2003, Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-memberCentral Municipal Council (CMC), which has consultative powers aimedat improving the provision of municipal services; the first electionfor the CMC was held in March 1999
Legislative branch:unicameral Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (35 seats; membersappointed)note: no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when therewere partial elections to the body; Council members have had theirterms extended every four years since; the new constitution, whichcame into force on 9 June 2005, provides for a 45-memberConsultative Council, or Majlis al-Shura; the public would electtwo-thirds of the Majlis al-Shura; the amir would appoint theremaining members; preparations are underway to conduct elections tothe Majlis al-Shura in early 2007
Judicial branch:Court of Appealnote: under a judiciary law issued in 2003, the former two courtsystems, civil and Islamic law, were merged under a higher court,the Court of Cassation, established for appeals
Political parties and leaders:none
Political pressure groups and leaders:none
International organization participation:ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICRM, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU,LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNSecurity Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU,WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Nasir bin Hamad bin Mubarak al-KHALIFAchancery: 2555 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037telephone: [1] (202) 274-1600 and 274-1603FAX: [1] (202) 237-0061consulate(s) general: Houston
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Chase UNTERMEYERembassy: Al-Luqta District, 22 February Road, Dohamailing address: P. O. Box 2399, Dohatelephone: [974] 488 4101FAX: [974] 488 4176
Flag description:maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on thehoist side
Economy Qatar
Economy - overview:Oil and gas account for more than 60% of GDP, roughly 85% of exportearnings, and 70% of government revenues. Oil and gas have givenQatar a per capita GDP about 80% of that of the leading WestEuropean industrial countries. Sustained high oil prices andincreased natural gas exports in recent years have helped buildQatar's budget and trade surpluses and foreign reserves. Proved oilreserves of more than 15 billion barrels should ensure continuedoutput at current levels for 23 years. Qatar's proved reserves ofnatural gas exceed 25 trillion cubic meters, more than 5% of theworld total and third largest in the world. Qatar has permittedsubstantial foreign investment in the development of its gas fieldsduring the last decade and is expected to become the world's topliquefied natural gas (LNG) exporter in 2007. Qatar is also tryingto attract foreign investment in the development of its non-energyprojects by further liberalizing the economy. Qatar has become oneof the world's fastest growing and highest per-capita incomecountries.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$26.05 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$30.76 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:7.1% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$29,400 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 0.1% industry: 77.2% services: 22.6% (2006 est.)
Labor force:508,000 (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:3.2% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):7.2% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):33.2% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $22.51 billionexpenditures: $16.89 billion; including capital expenditures of $2.2billion (2006 est.)
Public debt:23.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:fruits, vegetables; poultry, dairy products, beef; fish
Industries:crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizers,petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial shiprepair
Industrial production growth rate:10% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:12.4 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:11.53 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:790,500 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:80,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:NA bbl/day
Oil - imports:NA bbl/day
Oil - proved reserves:15.2 billion bbl (2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:39.17 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:15.11 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:24.06 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:25.77 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:$12.51 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$33.25 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers, steel
Exports - partners:Japan 36.9%, South Korea 19.4%, Singapore 8.2% (2005)
Imports:$12.36 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals
Imports - partners:France 11.4%, Japan 10.4%, US 10.3%, Germany 8.3%, Saudi Arabia7.2%, UK 6.9%, Italy 6.4%, South Korea 5.5%, UAE 4.8% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$5.755 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$25.7 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$NA
Currency (code):Qatari rial (QAR)
Currency code:QAR
Exchange rates:Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2006), 3.64 (2005), 3.64 (2004),3.64 (2003), 3.64 (2002)
Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
Communications Qatar
Telephones - main lines in use:205,400 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:854,900 (2006)
Telephone system:general assessment: modern system centered in Dohadomestic: NAinternational: country code - 974; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain;microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable toBahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 AtlanticOcean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
Radio broadcast stations:AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios:256,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations:1 (plus three repeaters) (2001)
Televisions:230,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.qa
Internet hosts:301 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):1 (2000)
Internet users:219,000 (2005)
Transportation Qatar
Airports: 5 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 3over 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 2914 to 1,523 m: 1under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Heliports:1 (2006)
Pipelines:condensate 319 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,024 km; liquidpetroleum gas 87 km; oil 844 km (2006)
Roadways:total: 1,230 kmpaved: 1,107 kmunpaved: 123 km (1999)
Merchant marine:total: 23 ships (1000 GRT or over) 750,669 GRT/1,177,673 DWTby type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 3, container 8, liquefied gas 2,petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 1foreign-owned: 8 (Kuwait 7, US 1)registered in other countries: 4 (Honduras 1, Liberia 2, Panama 1)(2006)
Ports and terminals:Doha
Military Qatar
Military branches:Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN), QatariAmiri Air Force (QAAF)
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; land forces enlisted personnel are largely unprofessional foreign nationals (2005)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 302,873females age 18-49: 137,856 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 238,566females age 18-49: 116,595 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 7,851females age 18-49: 7,040 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$723 million (FY00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:10% (FY00)
Transnational Issues Qatar
Disputes - international:none
Trafficking in persons:current situation: Qatar is a destination country for men and womenfrom South and Southeast Asia who migrate willingly, but aresubsequently trafficked into involuntary servitude as domesticworkers and laborers; the problem of trafficking of foreign childrenas camel jockeys was thoroughly addressed by government action in2005, but independent confirmation of the problem's completeelimination is not yet availabletier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Qatar has made noticeable progressin rescuing and repatriating child camel jockeys, establishing ashelter for abused domestic workers, and creating hotlines toregister complaints; however, Qatar is placed on the Tier 2 WatchList for its failure to provide sufficient evidence of increasingefforts to combat trafficking in persons in 2005, particularly withregard to labor exploitation
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Romania
Introduction Romania
Background:The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries underthe suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured theirautonomy in 1856; they united in 1859 and a few years later adoptedthe new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of itsindependence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I andacquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following theconflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers andparticipated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three yearslater, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. Thepost-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a Communist"people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. Thedecades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressiveand draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown andexecuted in late 1989. Former Communists dominated the governmentuntil 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in2004 and the EU in 2007.
Geography Romania
Location:Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria andUkraine
Geographic coordinates:46 00 N, 25 00 E
Map references:Europe
Area:total: 237,500 sq kmland: 230,340 sq kmwater: 7,160 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:total: 2,508 kmborder countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km,Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km
Coastline:225 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunnysummers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain:central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldaviaon the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from theWalachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Black Sea 0 mhighest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Natural resources:petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, ironore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 39.49% permanent crops: 1.92% other: 58.59% (2005)
Irrigated land:30,770 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structureand climate promote landslides
Environment - current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans,Moldova, and Ukraine
People Romania
Population:22,303,552 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 15.7% (male 1,799,072/female 1,708,030)15-64 years: 69.6% (male 7,724,368/female 7,797,065)65 years and over: 14.7% (male 1,347,392/female 1,927,625) (2006est.)
Median age: total: 36.6 years male: 35.3 years female: 37.9 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:-0.12% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:10.7 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:11.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 25.5 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 28.64 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 22.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 71.63 yearsmale: 68.14 yearsfemale: 75.34 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.37 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:6,500 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:350 (2001 est.)
Nationality:noun: Romanian(s)adjective: Romanian
Ethnic groups:Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
Religions:Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%,Protestant (various denominations including Reformate andPentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) andunspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)
Languages:Romanian (official), Hungarian, German
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 98.4%male: 99.1%female: 97.7% (2003 est.)
Government Romania
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania
Government type:republic
Capital:name: Bucharestgeographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 Etime difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends lastSunday in October
Administrative divisions:41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality*(municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud,Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi,Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati,Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov,Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare,Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
Independence:9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire;independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin;kingdom proclaimed 26 March 1881); 30 December 1947 (republicproclaimed)
National holiday:Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Constitution:8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003
Legal system:former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; isnow based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004)head of government: Prime Minister Calin Popescu-TARICEANU (since 29December 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 28 November 2004,with runoff between the top two candidates held 12 December 2004(next to be held November-December 2009); prime minister appointedby the president with the consent of the Parliamentelection results: percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 51.23%, AdrianNASTASE 48.77%
Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat(137 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on aproportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) and theChamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (332 seats; members areelected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representationbasis to serve four-year terms)elections: Senate - last held 28 November 2004 (next expected to beheld in November 2008); Chamber of Deputies - last held 28 November2004 (next expected to be held November 2008)election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party -PSD-PUR 37.1%, PNL-PD 31.8%, PRM 13.6%, UDMR 6.2%; seats by party -PSD 44, PNL 30, PD 20, PRM 20, PC 11, UDMR 10, independents 2;Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - PSD-PUR36.8%, PNL-PD 31.5%, PRM 13%, UDMR 6.2%; seats by party - PSD 111,PNL 66, PD 45, PRM 34, ex-PRM (Ciontu Group) 12, UDMR 22, PC 20, PIN(GUSA Group) 3, independent 1, ethnic minorities 18
Judicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice (comprised of 11 judges appointed forthree-year terms by the president in consultation with the SuperiorCouncil of Magistrates, which is comprised of the minister ofjustice, the prosecutor general, two civil society representativesappointed by the Senate, and 14 judges and prosecutors elected bytheir peers); a separate body, the Constitutional Court, validateselections and makes decisions regarding the constitutionality oflaws, treaties, ordinances, and internal rules of the Parliament; itis comprised of nine members serving nine-year terms, with threemembers each appointed by the president, the Senate, and the Chamberof Deputies
Political parties and leaders:Conservative Party or PC [Dan VOICULESCU], formerly Humanist Partyor PUR; Democratic Party or PD [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union ofHungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Partyor PNL [Calin Popescu-TARICEANU]; Romania Mare Party (GreaterRomanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social DemocraticParty or PSD [Mircea Dan GEOANA], formerly Party of Social Democracyin Romania or PDSR
Political pressure groups and leaders:various human rights and professional associations
International organization participation:ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ESA(cooperating state), EU (new member), FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM(guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG,UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires DanielaGITMANchancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nicholas F. TAUBMAN embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch) telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300 FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442 information office: Cluj-Napoca
Flag description:three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellowband has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, alsoresembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
Economy Romania
Economy - overview:Romania began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largelyobsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to thecountry's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishingthree-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets.Despite the global slowdown in 2001-02, strong domestic activity inconstruction, agriculture, and consumption have kept GDP growthabove 4%. However, macroeconomic gains have only recently started tospur creation of a middle class and address Romania's widespreadpoverty, while corruption and red tape continue to handicap thebusiness environment. Romanian government confidence in continuingdisinflation was underscored by its currency revaluation in 2005,making 10,000 "old" lei equal 1 "new" leu. The economy grew at 6.4%in 2006, the strongest growth in the last decade. Romania joined theEuropean Union on 1 January 2007, and the IMF has praised thecountry's recent reform efforts in preparation for EU accession.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$197.3 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$79.17 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:6.4% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$8,800 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10.1% industry: 34.7% services: 55.2% (2006 est.)
Labor force: 9.33 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 31.6% industry: 30.7% services: 37.7% (2004)
Unemployment rate:6.1% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:25% (2005 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 27.6% (2003)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:28.8 (2003)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):6.8% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):25% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $36.89 billionexpenditures: $39.1 billion; including capital expenditures of $2.2billion (2006 est.)
Public debt:21.4% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes;eggs, sheep
Industries:textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining,timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, foodprocessing, petroleum refining
Industrial production growth rate:5.7% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:54.53 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 62.5% hydro: 27.6% nuclear: 9.9% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:49.62 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:3.7 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:2.6 billion kWh (2004)
Oil - production:119,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:212,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:NA bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports:163,000 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves:500 million bbl (yearend 2004)
Natural gas - production:11.8 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:18 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:6.2 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:300 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:$-12.45 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$33 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:textiles and footwear, metals and metal products, machinery andequipment, minerals and fuels, chemicals, agricultural products
Exports - partners:Italy 19.4%, Germany 14%, Turkey 7.9%, France 7.4%, UK 5.5%,Hungary 4.1%, US 4.1% (2005)
Imports:$46.48 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals, textile andproducts, basic metals, agricultural products
Imports - partners:Italy 15.5%, Germany 14%, Russia 8.3%, France 6.8%, Turkey 4.9%,China 4.1% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$27.88 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$42.76 billion (2006 est.)
Currency (code):leu (ROL) is being phased out in 2006; "new" leu (RON) wasintroduced in 2005 due to currency revaluation: 10,000 ROL = 1 RON
Currency code:ROL
Exchange rates:lei per US dollar - 2.84 (2006), 3 (2005), 3 (2004), 3 (2003), 3(2002)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Romania
Telephones - main lines in use:4.391 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:13.354 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: rapidly improving domestic and internationalservice, especially in wireless telephonydomestic: 90% of telephone network is automatic; liberalization in2003 is transforming telecommunications; there has been 20% growthin fixed lines with a penetration rate of 58% of households;nation-wide wireless service is growing even faster with four majorproviders and a penetration rate of 32%international: country code - 40; satellite earth station - 10(Intelsat 4); digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operatein Bucharest (2005)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios:7.2 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:48 (plus 392 repeaters) (1995)
Televisions:5.25 million (1997)
Internet country code:.ro
Internet hosts:57,470 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):38 (2000)
Internet users:4.94 million (2005)
Transportation Romania
Airports: 61 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 25over 3,047 m: 42,438 to 3,047 m: 91,524 to 2,437 m: 12 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 361,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 23 (2006)
Heliports:1 (2006)
Pipelines:gas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2006)
Railways:total: 11,385 kmstandard gauge: 10,898 km 1.435-m gauge (3,888 km electrified)broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gaugenarrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2005)
Roadways:total: 198,817 kmpaved: 60,043 km (including 228 km of expressways)unpaved: 138,774 km (2004)
Waterways:1,731 kmnote: includes 1,075 km on Danube River, 524 km on secondarybranches, and 132 km on canals (2005)
Merchant marine:total: 23 ships (1000 GRT or over) 198,767 GRT/246,732 DWTby type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 15, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 2,petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 1foreign-owned: 1 (Italy 1)registered in other countries: 48 (Georgia 11, North Korea 11, Malta9, Panama 9, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Syria 3, unknown 4)(2006)
Ports and terminals:Braila, Constanta, Galati, Tulcea
Military Romania
Military branches:Land Forces, Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force (Fortele AerienneRomane, FAR), Special Operations (2006)
Military service age and obligation: all military inductees (including women) are volunteers who contract for an initial five-year term of service; subsequent voluntary service contracts are for successive three-year terms until the age of 36; minimum age for voluntary military service is 18 (2006)
Manpower available for military service:males age 20-49: 5,061,984females age 20-49: 4,975,427 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 20-49: 3,932,579females age 20-49: 4,076,288 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 172,093females age 20-49: 165,547 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$985 million (2002)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.47% (2002)
Transnational Issues Romania
Disputes - international:the ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006 to reply and Romania untilJune 2007 to issue a rejoinder in their dispute submitted in 2004over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island andBlack Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania also opposesUkraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube borderthrough Ukraine to the Black Sea
Illicit drugs:major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting theBalkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound forWestern Europe; although not a significant financial center, role asa narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering which occursvia the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Russia
Introduction Russia
Background:Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was ableto emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15thcenturies) and to gradually conquer and absorb surroundingprincipalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynastycontinued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific.Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the BalticSea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19thcentury, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia.Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 contributed to theRevolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliamentand other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian armyin World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of theRussian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperialhousehold. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soonafter and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53)strengthened Communist rule and Russian dominance of the SovietUnion at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy andsociety stagnated in the following decades until General SecretaryMikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) andperestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism,but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independentrepublics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts to builda democratic political system and market economy to replace thesocial, political, and economic controls of the Communist period.While some progress has been made on the economic front, andRussia's management of its windfall oil wealth has improved itsfinancial standing, recent years have seen a recentralization ofpower under Vladimir PUTIN and democratic institutions remain weak.Russia has severely disabled the Chechen rebel movement, althoughsporadic violence still occurs throughout the North Caucusus.
Geography Russia
Location:Northern Asia (the area west of the Urals is considered part ofEurope), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the NorthPacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates:60 00 N, 100 00 E
Map references:Asia
Area:total: 17,075,200 sq kmland: 16,995,800 sq kmwater: 79,400 sq km
Area - comparative:approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
Land boundaries:total: 20,096.5 kmborder countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China(southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 294 km, Finland1,340 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km,Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 280.5 km, Mongolia3,485 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 232 km, Ukraine1,576 km
Coastline:37,653 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in muchof European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in thepolar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigidin Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool alongArctic coast
Terrain:broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forestand tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern borderregions
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 mhighest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m
Natural resources:wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, naturalgas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timbernote: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinderexploitation of natural resources
Land use: arable land: 7.17% permanent crops: 0.11% other: 92.72% (2005)
Irrigated land:46,000 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment todevelopment; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes andearthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods andsummer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of EuropeanRussia
Environment - current issues:air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electricplants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal,and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts;deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improperapplication of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimesintense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination fromtoxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks ofobsolete pesticides
Environment - international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, AirPollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, AntarcticTreaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
Geography - note:largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorablylocated in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite itssize, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (eithertoo cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe'stallest peak
People Russia
Population:142,893,540 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 14.2% (male 10,441,151/female 9,921,102)15-64 years: 71.3% (male 49,271,698/female 52,679,463)65 years and over: 14.4% (male 6,500,814/female 14,079,312) (2006est.)
Median age: total: 38.4 years male: 35.2 years female: 41.3 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:-0.37% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:9.95 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 15.13 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 17.43 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 67.08 yearsmale: 60.45 yearsfemale: 74.1 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.28 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:1.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:860,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:9,000 (2001 est.)
Nationality:noun: Russian(s)adjective: Russian
Ethnic groups:Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)
Religions:Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006est.)note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has largepopulations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacyof over seven decades of Soviet rule
Languages:Russian, many minority languages
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 99.6%male: 99.7%female: 99.5% (2003 est.)
Government Russia
Country name:conventional long form: Russian Federationconventional short form: Russialocal long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiyalocal short form: Rossiyaformer: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Government type:federation
Capital:name: Moscowgeographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 35 Etime difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends lastSunday in Octobernote: Russia is divided into eleven time zones
Administrative divisions:48 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik,singular - respublika), 7 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov,singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 7 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast(avtonomnaya oblast')oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod,Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga,Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma,Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk,Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel,Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara,Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula,Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh,Yaroslavl'republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan(Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya(Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas),Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista),Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk),Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola),Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya](Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)autonomous okrugs: Aga Buryat (Aginskoye), Chukotka (Anadyr'),Khanty-Mansi, Koryak (Palana), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Ust'-OrdaBuryat (Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)krays: Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk,Permskiy, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'federal cities: Moscow (Moskva), Saint Petersburg (Sankt-Peterburg)autonomous oblast: Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)note: administrative divisions have the same names as theiradministrative centers (exceptions have the administrative centername following in parentheses)
Independence:24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday:Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
Constitution:adopted 12 December 1993
Legal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (actingpresident 31 December 1999-6 May 2000, president since 7 May 2000)head of government: Premier Mikhail Yefimovich FRADKOV (since 5March 2004); First Deputy Premier Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV(since 14 November 2005), Deputy Premiers Aleksandr DmitriyevichZHUKOV (since 9 March 2004) and Sergey Borisovich IVANOV (since 14November 2005)cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed ofthe premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected otherindividuals; all are appointed by the presidentnote: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that providesstaff and policy support to the president, drafts presidentialdecrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; aSecurity Council also reports directly to the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 14 March 2004 (nextto be held March 2008); note - no vice president; if the presidentdies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, isimpeached, or resigns, the premier serves as acting president untila new presidential election is held, which must be within threemonths; premier appointed by the president with the approval of theDumaelection results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN reelected president;percent of vote - Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN 71.2%, NikolayKHARITONOV 13.7%, other (no candidate above 5%) 15.1%
Legislative branch:bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of theFederation Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of July 2000,members appointed by the top executive and legislative officials ineach of the 88 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays,republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities ofMoscow and Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year terms) and theState Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; currently elected byproportional representation from party lists winning at least 7% ofthe vote; members are elected by direct, popular vote to servefour-year terms)elections: State Duma - last held 7 December 2003 (next to be heldin December 2007)election results: State Duma - percent of vote received by partiesclearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share ofthe 225 party list seats - United Russia 37.1%, CPRF 12.7%, LDPR11.6%, Motherland 9.1%; seats by party - United Russia 222, CPRF 53,LDPR 38, Motherland 37, People's Party 19, Yabloko 4, SPS 2, other7, independents 65, repeat election required 3; note - seats byparty as of 1 July 2006 - United Russia 309, CPRF 45, LDPR 35,Motherland 29, People's Party 12, independents 18, vacant 2