Natural hazards:frequent sand and dust storms
Environment - current issues:desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lackof perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted thedevelopment of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastalpollution from oil spills
Environment - international agreements:party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-KyotoProtocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Lawof the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protectionsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide greatleverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf andSuez Canal
People Saudi Arabia
Population: 27,019,731 note: includes 5,576,076 non-nationals (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 38.2% (male 5,261,530/female 5,059,041)15-64 years: 59.4% (male 9,159,519/female 6,895,616)65 years and over: 2.4% (male 342,020/female 302,005) (2006 est.)
Median age:total: 21.4 yearsmale: 22.9 yearsfemale: 19.4 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:2.18% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:29.34 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:2.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:-4.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.33 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.13 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.2 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 12.81 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 14.71 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 10.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 75.67 yearsmale: 73.66 yearsfemale: 77.78 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:4 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.01% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Saudi(s)adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic groups:Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions:Muslim 100%
Languages:Arabic
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 78.8%male: 84.7%female: 70.8% (2003 est.)
Government Saudi Arabia
Country name:conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaconventional short form: Saudi Arabialocal long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyahlocal short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Government type:monarchy
Capital:name: Riyadhgeographic coordinates: 24 38 N, 46 43 Etime difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)
Administrative divisions:13 provinces (mintaqat, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hududash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad, AshSharqiyah (Eastern Province), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran,Tabuk
Independence:23 September 1932 (unification of the kingdom)
National holiday:Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Constitution:governed according to Shari'a law; the Basic Law that articulatesthe government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993
Legal system:based on Shari'a law, several secular codes have been introduced;commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:adult male citizens age 21 or oldernote: voter registration began in November 2004 for partialmunicipal council elections held nationwide from February throughApril 2005
Executive branch:chief of state: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz AlSaud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SULTAN binAbd al- Aziz Al Saud (half brother of the monarch, born 5 January1928) note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-AzizAl Saud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SULTAN binAbd al- Aziz Al Saud (half brother of the monarch, born 5 January1928)cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch every fouryears and includes many royal family memberselections: none; the monarch is hereditary; note - a new AllegianceCommission created by royal decree in October 2006 established acommittee of Saudi princes that will play a role in selecting futureSaudi kings, but the new system will not take effect until afterCrown Prince Sultan becomes king
Legislative branch:Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (120 members and a chairmanappointed by the monarch for four-year terms); note - in October2003, Council of Ministers announced its intent to introduceelections for half of the members of local and provincial assembliesand a third of the members of the national Consultative Council orMajlis al-Shura, incrementally over a period of four to five years;in November 2004, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairsinitiated voter registration for partial municipal council electionsheld nationwide from February through April 2005
Judicial branch:Supreme Council of Justice
Political parties and leaders:none
Political pressure groups and leaders:none
International organization participation:ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, BIS, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,IPU, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW,OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Ambassador Designate Adil al-Ahmed al-JUBAYR chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800 FAX: [1] (202) 944-3113 consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador James C. OBERWETTER embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693 telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800 FAX: [966] (1) 488-3989 consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag description:green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada orMuslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There isno god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a whitehorizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates tothe early twentieth century and is closely associated with the AlSaud family which established the kingdom in 1932
Economy Saudi Arabia
Economy - overview:This is an oil-based economy with strong government controls overmajor economic activities. Saudi Arabia possesses 25% of the world'sproven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter ofpetroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sectoraccounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% ofexport earnings. About 40% of GDP comes from the private sector.Roughly 5.5 million foreign workers play an important role in theSaudi economy, particularly in the oil and service sectors. Thegovernment is encouraging private sector growth to lessen thekingdom's dependence on oil and increase employment opportunitiesfor the swelling Saudi population. The government is promotingprivate sector and foreign participation in the power generation,telecom, natural gas, and petrochemical industries. As part of itseffort to attract foreign investment and diversify the economy,Saudi Arabia acceded to the WTO in December 2005 after many years ofnegotiations. With high oil revenues enabling the government to postlarge budget surpluses, Riyadh has been able to substantially boostspending on job training and education, infrastructure development,and government salaries.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$374 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$286.2 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:5.9% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$13,800 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 3.3%industry: 67%services: 29.8% (2006 est.)
Labor force:7.125 millionnote: more than 35% of the population in the 15-64 age group isnon-national (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:agriculture: 12%industry: 25%services: 63% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:13% among Saudi males only (local bank estimate; some estimatesrange as high as 25%) (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.9% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):16.2% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $189.2 billionexpenditures: $107.6 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA(2006 est.)
Public debt:32.5% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens,eggs, milk
Industries:crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals;ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement,fertilizer, plastics; metals, commercial ship repair, commercialaircraft repair, construction
Industrial production growth rate:1.9% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:155.2 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:144.4 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:9.475 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:1.845 million bbl/day (2004)
Oil - exports:7.92 million bbl/day (2003)
Oil - imports:0 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - proved reserves:262.7 billion bbl (2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:65.68 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:65.68 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:6.654 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:$103.8 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$204.5 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:petroleum and petroleum products 90%
Exports - partners:US 16.8%, Japan 16.5%, South Korea 9.3%, China 7.1%, Singapore5.2%, Taiwan 4.3% (2005)
Imports:$64.16 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles,textiles
Imports - partners:US 14.8%, Japan 9%, Germany 8.2%, China 7.4%, UK 4.7% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$31.63 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$47.39 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - donor:pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon;since 2000, Saudi Arabia has committed $307 million for assistanceto the Palestinians; pledged $230 million to development inAfghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft loansto Iraq; pledged $133 million in direct grant aid, $187 million inconcessional loans, and $153 million in export credits for Pakistanearthquake relief
Currency (code):Saudi riyal (SAR)
Currency code:SAR
Exchange rates:Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2006), 3.747 (2005), 3.75(2004), 3.75 (2003), 3.75 (2002)
Fiscal year:1 March - 28 February
Communications Saudi Arabia
Telephones - main lines in use:4.5 million (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular:13.3 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: modern systemdomestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, andfiber-optic cable systemsinternational: country code - 966; microwave radio relay to Bahrain,Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable toKuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain;satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 IndianOcean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 43, FM 31, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios:6.25 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:117 (1997)
Televisions:5.1 million (1997)
Internet country code:.sa
Internet hosts:10,931 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):22 (2003)
Internet users:3.2 million (2006)
Transportation Saudi Arabia
Airports: 208 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 73over 3,047 m: 322,438 to 3,047 m: 131,524 to 2,437 m: 24914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 135over 3,047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 71,524 to 2,437 m: 75914 to 1,523 m: 40under 914 m: 12 (2006)
Heliports:6 (2006)
Pipelines:condensate 212 km; gas 1,880 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,183 km; oil4,531 km; refined products 1,150 km (2006)
Railways:total: 1,392 kmstandard gauge: 1,392 km 1.435-m gauge (with branch lines andsidings) (2005)
Roadways:total: 152,044 kmpaved: 45,461 kmunpaved: 106,583 km (2000)
Merchant marine:total: 60 ships (1000 GRT or over) 837,272 GRT/1,064,377 DWTby type: cargo 5, chemical tanker 15, container 4, passenger/cargo8, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 9foreign-owned: 9 (Egypt 2, Kuwait 5, Sudan 1, UAE 1)registered in other countries: 55 (Bahamas 12, Comoros 3, Dominica3, French Southern and Antarctic Lands 1, Liberia 24, MarshallIslands 1, Norway 3, Panama 8) (2006)
Ports and terminals:Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Jiddah, Yanbu' al Sinaiyah
Military Saudi Arabia
Military branches:Land Forces (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, NationalGuard, Ministry of Interior Forces (paramilitary)
Military service age and obligation:18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2004)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 7,648,999females age 18-49: 5,417,922 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 6,592,709females age 18-49: 4,659,347 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 247,334females age 18-49: 234,500 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$18 billion (2002)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:10% (2002)
Transnational Issues Saudi Arabia
Disputes - international:Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrieralong sections of the now fully demarcated border with Yemen to stemillegal cross-border activities; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continuediscussions on a maritime boundary with Iran
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 240,015 (Palestinian Territories)(2006)
Trafficking in persons:current situation: Saudi Arabia is a destination country forworkers from South and Southeast Asia who are subjected toconditions that constitute involuntary servitude including beingsubjected to physical and sexual abuse, non-payment of wages,confinement, and withholding of passports as a restriction on theirmovement; domestic workers are particularly vulnerable because someare confined to the house in which they work, unable to seek help;Saudi Arabia is also a destination country for Nigerian, Yemeni,Pakistani, Afghan, Somali, Malian, and Sudanese children traffickedfor forced begging and involuntary servitude as street vendors; someNigerian women were reportedly trafficked into Saudi Arabia forcommercial sexual exploitationtier rating: Tier 3 - Saudi Arabia does not fully comply with theminimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is notmaking significant efforts to do so
Illicit drugs:death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin,cocaine, and hashish; improving anti-money-laundering legislationand enforcement
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Senegal
Introduction Senegal
Background:Independent from France in 1960, Senegal was ruled by the SocialistParty for forty years until current President Abdoulaye WADE waselected in 2000. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominalconfederation of Senegambia in 1982, but the envisaged integrationof the two countries was never carried out, and the union wasdissolved in 1989. A southern separatist group sporadically hasclashed with government forces since 1982, but Senegal remains oneof the most stable democracies in Africa. Senegal has a long historyof participating in international peacekeeping.
Geography Senegal
Location:Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, betweenGuinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Geographic coordinates:14 00 N, 14 00 W
Map references:Africa
Area:total: 196,190 sq kmland: 192,000 sq kmwater: 4,190 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:total: 2,640 kmborder countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline:531 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strongsoutheast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot,dry, harmattan wind
Terrain:generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use: arable land: 12.51% permanent crops: 0.24% other: 87.25% (2005)
Irrigated land:1,200 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Geography - note:westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almostan enclave within Senegal
People Senegal
Population:11,987,121 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 40.8% (male 2,467,021/female 2,422,385)15-64 years: 56.1% (male 3,346,756/female 3,378,518)65 years and over: 3.1% (male 174,399/female 198,042) (2006 est.)
Median age:total: 19.1 yearsmale: 18.9 yearsfemale: 19.3 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:2.34% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:32.78 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 52.94 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 56.49 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 49.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 59.25 yearsmale: 57.7 yearsfemale: 60.85 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:4.38 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.8% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:44,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:3,500 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)
Nationality:noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic groups:Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%,Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Religions:Muslim 94%, Christian 5% (mostly Roman Catholic), indigenousbeliefs 1%
Languages:French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 40.2%male: 50%female: 30.7% (2003 est.)
Government Senegal
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Senegalconventional short form: Senegallocal long form: Republique du Senegallocal short form: Senegalformer: Senegambia (along with The Gambia); Mali Federation
Government type:republic
Capital:name: Dakargeographic coordinates: 14 40 N, 17 26 Wtime difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)
Administrative divisions:11 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick,Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies,Ziguinchor
Independence:4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence achievedupon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960
National holiday:Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution:new constitution adopted 7 January 2001
Legal system:based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislativeacts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits thegovernment's accounting office; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,with reservations
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000)head of government: Prime Minister Macky SALL (since 21 April 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister inconsultation with the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term) under new constitution; election lastheld under prior constitution (seven-year terms) 27 February and 19March 2000 (next to be held 25 February 2007); prime ministerappointed by the presidentelection results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of votein the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.5%, AbdouDIOUF (PS) 41.5%
Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats;members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms)note: the former National Assembly had 120 seats, but deputies inlate 2006 voted to expand the number of seats to 140elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held 25 February2007) note - the National Assembly in December 2005 voted topostpone legislative elections originally scheduled for 2006, theywill now coincide with presidential elections in 2007election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10
Judicial branch:Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals orCour de Cassation; Court of Appeals
Political parties and leaders:African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; And-Jef/AfricanParty for Democracy and Socialism (also known as AJ/PADS) [LandingSAVANE, secretary general]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP[Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (alsoknown as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic League-LaborParty Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front forSocialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE];Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and LaborParty or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; Jef-Jel [Talla SYLLA]; NationalDemocratic Rally or RND [Madior DIOUF]; People's Labor Party or PTP[Elhadji DIOUF]; Reform Party or PR [Abdourahim AGNE]; Rewmi[Idrissa SECK]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition[Abdoulaye WADE] (a coalition led by the PDS); Union for DemocraticRenewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers
International organization participation:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA,MONUC, NAM, OIC, OIF, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Amadou Lamine BAchancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540FAX: [1] (202) 332-6315consulate(s) general: Houston, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Janice L. JACOBSembassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakarmailing address: B. P. 49, Dakartelephone: [221] 823-4296FAX: [221] 822-2991
Flag description:three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and redwith a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band;uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy Senegal
Economy - overview:In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economicreform program with the support of the international donorcommunity. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal'scurrency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to theFrench franc. Government price controls and subsidies have beensteadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reformprogram, with real growth in GDP averaging over 5% annually during1995-2006. Annual inflation had been pushed down to the low singledigits. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union(WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration witha unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy. Highunemployment, however, continues to prompt illegal migrants to fleeSenegal in search of better job opportunities in Europe. Senegal wasalso beset by an energy crisis that caused widespread blackouts in2006. Senegal still relies heavily upon outside donor assistance.Under the IMF's Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt reliefprogram, Senegal will benefit from eradication of two-thirds of itsbilateral, multilateral, and private-sector debt.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$22.01 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$8.562 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:4.9% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$1,800 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 18.3% industry: 19.2% services: 62.5% (2006 est.)
Labor force: 4.749 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 77% industry and services: 23% (1990 est.)
Unemployment rate:48%; note - urban youth 40% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:54% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 33.5% (1995)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:41.3 (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):2% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):41% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $2.023 billionexpenditures: $2.377 billion; including capital expenditures of $357million (2006 est.)
Public debt:17.8% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, greenvegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Industries:agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizerproduction, petroleum refining, construction materials, shipconstruction and repair
Industrial production growth rate:3.2% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:1.453 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:1.351 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:31,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:NA bbl/day
Oil - imports:NA bbl/day
Natural gas - production:50 million cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:50 million cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Current account balance:$-895.2 million (2006 est.)
Exports:$1.478 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton
Exports - partners:Mali 16.9%, India 13.1%, France 9.5%, Spain 6.1%, Italy 5.5%,Gambia, The 4.6% (2005)
Imports:$2.98 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:food and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Imports - partners:France 22.8%, Nigeria 11.4%, Brazil 4.5%, Thailand 4.3%, US 4.2%,UK 4% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$1.18 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$1.628 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$449.6 million (2003 est.)
Currency (code):Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Currency code:XOF
Exchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Senegal
Telephones - main lines in use:266,600 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:1.73 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: good systemdomestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxialcable and fiber-optic cable in trunk systeminternational: country code - 221; 4 submarine cables; satelliteearth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 8, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2001)
Radios:1.24 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:1 (1997)
Televisions:361,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.sn
Internet hosts:412 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):1 (2002)
Internet users:540,000 (2005)
Transportation Senegal
Airports: 20 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 9over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 6914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 111,524 to 2,437 m: 6914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Pipelines:gas 43 km (2006)
Railways:total: 906 kmnarrow gauge: 906 km 1.000 meter gauge (2005)
Roadways:total: 13,576 kmpaved: 3,972 km (including 7 km of expressways)unpaved: 9,604 km (2003)
Waterways:1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance rivers) (2005)
Ports and terminals:Dakar
Military Senegal
Military branches:Army, Senegalese Navy (Marine Senegalaise), Senegalese Air Force(Armee de l'Air du Senegal) (2006)
Military service age and obligation:18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;conscript service obligation - two years (2004)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 2,443,840females age 18-49: 2,461,939 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 1,558,175females age 18-49: 1,642,533 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 129,331females age 18-49: 129,398 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$117.3 million (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.4% (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues Senegal
Disputes - international:The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem separatist violence,cross border raids, and arms smuggling into their countries fromSenegal's Casamance region, and in 2006, respectively accepted 6,000and 10,000 Casamance residents fleeing the conflict; 2,500Guinea-Bissau residents have fled into Senegal in 2006 to escapearmed confrontations along the border
Refugees and internally displaced persons:refugees (country of origin): 19,712 (Mauritania)IDPs: 22,400 (approximately 65 percent of the IDP populationreturned in 2005 but new displacement is occurring due to clashesbetween government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2006)
Illicit drugs:transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin andSouth American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicitcultivator of cannabis
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Serbia
Introduction Serbia
Background: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Various paramilitary bands resisted Nazi Germany's occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945, but fought each other and ethnic opponents as much as the invaders. The military and political movement headed by Josip TITO (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when German and Croatian separatist forces were defeated in 1945. Although Communist, Tito's new government and his successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Serbian Republic and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992, but Serbia continued its - ultimately unsuccesful - campaign until signing the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. MILOSEVIC kept tight control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, a small-scale ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999 and to the eventual withdrawal of Serbian military and police forces from Kosovo in June 1999. UNSC Resolution 1244 in June 1999 authorized the stationing of a NATO-led force (KFOR) in Kosovo to provide a safe and secure environment for the region's ethnic communities, created a UN Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) to foster self-governing institutions, and reserved the issue of Kosovo's final status for an unspecified date in the future. In 2001, UNMIK promulgated a constitutional framework that allowed Kosovo to establish institutions of self-government and led to Kosovo's first parliamentary election. FRY elections in September 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president. A broad coalition of democratic reformist parties known as DOS (the Democratic Opposition of Serbia) was subsequently elected to parliament in December 2000 and took control of the government. The arrest of MILOSEVIC by DOS in 2001 allowed for his subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against humanity. (MILOSEVIC died at The Hague in March 2006 before the completion of his trial.) In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN was lifted, and it was once more accepted into UN organizations. In 2003, the FRY became Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics with a federal level parliament. Violent rioting in Kosovo in 2004 caused the international community to open negotiations on the future status of Kosovo in January 2006. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The referendum was successful and Montenegro declared itself an independent nation on 3 June 2006. Two days later, Serbia declared that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. In October 2006, the Serbian parliament unanimously approved - and a referendum confirmed - a new constitution for the country.
Geography Serbia
Location:Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary
Geographic coordinates:44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references:Europe
Area:total: 88,361 sq kmland: 88,361 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly larger than South Carolina
Land boundaries:total: 2,027 kmborder countries: Albania 115 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km,Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia 241 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km,Montenegro 203 km, Romania 476 km
Coastline:0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:none (landlocked)
Climate:in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humidsummers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts, continentaland Mediterranean climate (hot, dry summers and autumns andrelatively cold winters with heavy snowfall)
Terrain:extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains andhills
Elevation extremes:lowest point: NAhighest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Natural resources:oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, antimony, chromite,nickel, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt,arable land
Land use:arable land: NApermanent crops: NAother: NA
Irrigated land:NA
Natural hazards:destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues: air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkeyand the Near East
People Serbia
Population: 9,396,411 (2002 census)
Median age:total: 40.4 yearsmale: 39.1 yearsfemale: 41.7 years
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 74 yearsmale: 71 yearsfemale: 76 years
Total fertility rate:1.78 children born/woman (2006 est.)
Nationality:noun: Serb(s)adjective: Serbian
Ethnic groups:Serb 66%, Albanian 17%, Hungarian 3.5%, other 13.5% (1991)
Religions:Serbian Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic, Protestant
Languages:Serbian (official nationwide); Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak,Ukrainian, and Croatian (all official in Vojvodina); Albanian(official in Kosovo)
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 96.4%male: 98.9%female: 94.1% (2002 est.)
Government Serbia
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Serbiaconventional short form: Serbialocal long form: Republika Srbijalocal short form: Srbijaformer: People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia
Government type:republic
Capital:name: Belgradegeographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 Etime difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends lastSunday in October
Administrative divisions:190 municipalites (opcinas, singular - opcina)Serbia Proper: Beograd: Barajevo, Cukavica, Grocka, Lazarevac,Mladnovac, Novi Beograd, Obrenovac, Palilula, Rakovica, SavskiVenac, Sopot, Stari Grad, Surcin, Vozdovac, Vracar, Zemun, ZrezdaraBorski Okrug: Bor, Kladovo, Majdanpek, Negotin; Branicevski Okrug:Golubac, Kucevo, Malo Crnice, Petrovac, Pozarevac, Veliko Gradiste,Zabari, Zagubica Jablanicki Okrug: Bojnik, Crna Trava, Lebane,Leskovac, Medvedja, Vlasotince; Kolubarski Okrug: Lajkovac, Ljig,Mionica, Osecina, Ub, Valjevo; Macvanski Okrug: Bogotic, Koceljeva,Krupanj, Ljubovija, Loznica, Malizvornik, Sabac, Vladimirci;Moravicki Okrug: Cacak, Gornkji Milanovac, Ivanjica, Lucani;Nisavski Okrug: Aleksinac, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Merosina, Nis,Razanj, Svrljig; Pcinjski Okrug: Bosilegrad, Bujanovac, Presevo,Surdulica, Trgoviste, Vladcin Han, Vranje; Pirotski Okrug:Babusnica, Bela Palanka, Dimitrovgrad, Pirot; Podunavski Okrug:Smederevo, Smederevskia Palanka, Velika Plana; Pomoravaki Okrug:Cuprija, Despotovac, Jagodina, Paracin, Rckovac, Svilajnac; RasinskiOkrug: Aleksandrovac, Brus, Cicevac, Krusevac, Trstenik, Varvarin;Raski Okrug: Kraljevo, Novi Pazar, Raska, Tutin, Vrnjacka Banja;Sumadijski Okrug: Arandjelovac, Batocina, Knic, Kragujevac, Lapovo,Raca, Topola; Toplicki Okrug: Blace, Kursumlija, Prokuplje,Zitoradja; Zajocarski Okrug: Boljevac, Knjazevac, Sokobanja,Zalecar; Zlatiborski Okrug: Arilje, Bajina Basta, Cejetina,Kosjevic, Nova Varos, Pozega, Priboj, Prijepolje, Sjenica, Uzice;Vojvodina Autonomous Province: Juzno-Backi Okrug: Backi Petrovac,Beocin, Novi Sad, Sremski Karlovci, Temerin, Titel, Zabalj; JuznoBanatski Okrug: Alibunar, Bela Crkva, Kovacica, Kovin, Opovo,Pancevo, Plandiste, Vrsac; Severno-Backi Okrug: Bacha Topola, MaliIdjos, Subotica; Severno-Banatski Okrug: Ada, Coka, Kanjiza,Kikinda, Novi Knezevac, Senta Srednjo-Banatski Okrug: Nova Crnja,Novi Becej, Secanj, Zitiste, Zrenjanin; Sremski Okrug: Indjija,Irig, Pecinci, Ruma, Sid, Sremska Mitrovica, Stara Pazova;Zapadno-Backi Okrug: Apatin, Kula, Odzaci, SomborKosovo and Metojia Autonomous Province: Kosovaki Okrug: Glogovac,Kacanik, Kosovo Polje, Lipljan, Obilic, Podujevo, Pristina, Stimlje,Strpce, Urosevac; Kosovsko-Mitrovacki Okrug: Kosovska Mitrovica,Leposavic, Srbica, Vucitrn, Zubin Potok, Zvecan; Kosovsko-PomoravskiOkrug: Gnjilane, Kosovska Kamenica, Novo Brdo, Vitina; Pecki Okrug:Decani, Djakovica, Istok, Klina, Pec; Prizrenski Okrug: Gora iOpolje, Orahovac, Prizren, Suva Reka
Independence:5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
National holiday:National Day, 15 February
Constitution:10 November 2006
Legal system:based on civil law system
Suffrage:18 universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Boris TADIC (since 11 July 2004); Kosovo- President Fatmir SEJDIU (since 10 February 2006)head of government: Prime Minister Vojislav KOSTUNICA (since 3 March2004) - in an acting capacity pending formation of new governmentfollowing January 2007 elections; Kosovo - Prime Minister Agim CEKU(since 10 March 2006)cabinet: Federal Ministries act as cabinet; Kosovo - ministry headsact as cabinet; some ministry functions are controlled by the UNMIKelections: president elected by direct vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 27 June 2004 (nextto be held in 2007 due to constitutional changes); prime ministerelected by the Assembly; Kosovo - president is elected by theAssembly for a three-year term; prime minister and proposed cabinetare elected by the Assemblyelection results: Boris TADIC elected president in the second roundof voting; Boris TADIC received 53% of the vote
Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (250 deputies elected by direct votefor a four-year term); Kosovo - unicameral Assembly (120 deputies -100 deputies elected by direct vote and 20 deputies from minoritycommunity members; elected for a three-year term)elections: last held 21 January 2007 (next to be held 2017); Kosovo- last held 23 October 2004 (next to be held in 2007)election results: SRS 81, DSS 64, DSS-NS 47, G17 Plus 19, SPS 16,LDP Coaliton 15, SVM 3, KZS 2, URS 1, KAPD 1, RP 1; Kosovo - LDK 46,PDK 30, AAK 9, SLKM 8, Ora 7, Bosniak Vakat coalition 4, KDTP 3,other 13
Judicial branch:Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (to become court of cassationunder new constitution), appellate courts, district courts,municipal courts; Kosovo: Supreme Court, district courts, municipalcourts, minor offense courts; note - Ministry of Justice was createdon 20 December 2004; UNMIK appoints all judges and prosecutors;UNMIK is working on transferring competencies
Political parties and leaders:Coalition of Albanians of the Presevo Valley or KAPD [Riza HALIMI];Coalition for Sandzak or KZS [Sulejman UGLJANIN]; Democratic Partyof Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party or DS [BorisTADIC]; G17 Plus [Mladjan DINKIC]; League of Vojvodina Hungarians orSVM [Jozsef KASZA]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [CedomirJOVANOVIC]; New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]; Roma Party or RP[Srdjan SAJN]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ(currently on trial at The Hague), but Tomislav NIKOLIC is actingleader]; Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC]; Union ofRoma of Serbia or URS [Rajko DJURIC]; Kosovo Albanian ChristianDemocatic Party or PShDK [Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future ofKosovo or AAK [Rmuch HARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Gora or GIG[Rustem IBISI]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or PDAK [SabitRRAHMANI]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Fatmir SEJDIU];Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party orPD [Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP[Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergi DEDAJ]; NewDemocratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Xhevdet NEZIRAJ]; OraCitizens' List or Ora [Veton SURROI]; Party of Democratic Action orSDA [Numan BALIC]; Popular Movement of Kosovo or LPK [EmrushXHEMAJLI]; Serb List for Kosovo and Metohija or SLKM [OliverIVANOVIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS KiM [Slavisa PETKOVIC];United Roma Partty of Kosovo or PREBK [Zylfi MERXHA]
International organization participation:ABEDA, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD (suspended), IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM(observer), OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP,SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU,WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333 FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933 consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael C. POLT embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070 telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344 FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230 note: there is a branch office in Pristina at 30 Nazim Hikmet 38000 Prstina, Kososvo; telephone: [381] (38) 549-516; FAX:[381] (38) 549-890
Flag description:three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white;charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to thehoist side
Economy Serbia
Economy - overview:MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period ofeconomic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructureand industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economyonly half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of formerFederal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the DemocraticOpposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implementedstabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program.After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, adown-sized Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into theinternational community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and theEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A WorldBank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. In November2001, the Paris Club agreed to reschedule the country's $4.5 billionpublic debt and wrote off 66% of the debt. In July 2004, the LondonClub of private creditors forgave $1.7 billion of debt, just overhalf the total owed. Belgrade has made only minimal progress inrestructuring and privatizing its holdings in major sectors of theeconomy, including energy and telecommunications. It has madehalting progress towards EU membership and is currently pursuing aStabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels. Serbia isalso pursuing membership in the World Trade Organization.Unemployment remains an ongoing political and economic problem. TheRepublic of Montenegro severed its economy from Serbia during theMILOSEVIC era; therefore, the formal separation of Serbia andMontenegro in June 2006 had little real impact on either economy.Kosovo's economy continues to transition to a market-based systemand is largely dependent on the international community and thediaspora for financial and technical assistance. The euro and theSerbian dinar are both accepted currencies in Kosovo. Whilemaintaining ultimate oversight, UNMIK continues to work with the EUand Kosovo's local provisional government to accelerate economicgrowth, lower unemployment, and attract foreign investment to helpKosovo integrate into regional economic structures. The complexityof Serbia and Kosovo's political and legal relationships has createduncertainty over property rights and hindered the privatization ofstate-owned assets in Kosovo. Most of Kosovo's population lives inrural towns outside of the largest city, Pristina. Inefficient,near-subsistence farming is common.note: economic data for Serbia currently reflects information forthe former Serbia and Montenegro, unless otherwise noted; data forSerbia alone will be added when available
GDP (purchasing power parity):$44.83 billion for Serbia (including Kosovo) (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$19.19 billion for Serbia alone (excluding Kosovo) (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:5.9% for Serbia alone (excluding Kosovo) (2005 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$4,400 for Serbia (including Kosovo) (2005 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 16.6% industry: 25.5% services: 57.9% (2005 est.)
Labor force: 2.961 million for Serbia (including Kosovo) (2002 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 30% industry: 46% services: 24% note: excluding Kosovo and Montenegro (2002)
Unemployment rate:31.6%note: unemployment is approximately 50% in Kosovo (2005 est.)
Population below poverty line:30%note: data covers the former Serbia and Montenegro (1999 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):15.5% (2005 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):14.2% of GDP (2005 est.)
Budget:revenues: $11.45 billionexpenditures: $11.12 billion; including capital expenditures $NA;note - figures are for Serbia and Montenegro; Serbian StatisticalOffice indicates that for 2006 budget, Serbia will have revenues of$7.08 billion (2005 est.)
Public debt:53.1% of GDP (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products:wheat, maize, sugar beets, sunflower, beef, pork, milk
Industries:sugar, agricultural machinery, electrical and communicationequipment, paper and pulp, lead, transportation equipment
Industrial production growth rate:1.4% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:33.87 billion kWh (excluding Kosovo and Montenegro) (2004)
Electricity - consumption:NA
Electricity - exports:12.05 billion kWh (excluding Kosovo; exported to Montenegro) (2004)
Electricity - imports:11.23 billion kWh (excluding Kosovo; imports from Montenegro) (2004)