Inflation rate (consumer prices):6% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):23.5% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $1.943 billionexpenditures: $1.994 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA(2006 est.)
Public debt:29.3% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products: coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), potatoes, corn, millet, pulses, cut flowers; beef, goat meat, milk, poultry
Industries:sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles; cement, steel production
Industrial production growth rate:5.2% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:1.894 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.9% hydro: 99.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:1.596 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:165 million kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:0 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:10,890 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:NA bbl/day
Oil - imports:NA bbl/day
Natural gas - production:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Current account balance:$-423 million (2006 est.)
Exports:$961.7 million f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:coffee, fish and fish products, tea, cotton, flowers, horticulturalproducts; gold
Exports - partners:Kenya 15.1%, Belgium 9.9%, Netherlands 9.6%, France 7.1%, Germany5.1% (2005)
Imports:$1.945 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals
Imports - partners:Kenya 32.6%, UAE 8.8%, South Africa 5.8%, India 5.8%, China 5.3%,UK 4.5%, US 4.2%, Japan 4.1% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$1.4 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$1.456 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:$959 million (2003)
Currency (code):Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Currency code:UGX
Exchange rates:Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,855.59 (2006), 1,780.7 (2005),1,810.3 (2004), 1,963.7 (2003), 1,797.6 (2002)
Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
Communications Uganda
Telephones - main lines in use:100,800 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:1.525 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: seriously inadequate; two cellular systems havebeen introduced, but a sharp increase in the number of main lines isessential; e-mail and Internet services are availabledomestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, andradiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile cellularsystems for short-range trafficinternational: country code - 256; satellite earth stations - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya andTanzania
Radio broadcast stations:AM 7, FM 33, shortwave 2 (2001)
Radios:5 million (2001)
Television broadcast stations:8 (plus one low-power repeater) (2001)
Televisions:500,000 (2001)
Internet country code:.ug
Internet hosts:1,365 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):2 (2000)
Internet users:500,000 (2005)
Transportation Uganda
Airports: 31 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 5 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 26 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 8 (2006)
Railways: total: 1,244 km narrow gauge: 1,244 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)
Roadways: total: 70,746 km paved: 16,272 km unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)
Waterways:on Lake Victoria, 200 km on Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, and parts ofAlbert Nile (2005)
Ports and terminals:Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell
Military Uganda
Military branches:Ugandan Peoples' Defense Force (UPDF): Army, Marine Unit, Air Wing
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military duty; the government has stated that recruitment below that age could occur with proper consent and that "no person under the apparent age of 13 years shall be enrolled in the armed forces"
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 5,012,620females age 18-49: 4,855,858 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 2,889,808females age 18-49: 2,780,135 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$192.8 million (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.2% (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues Uganda
Disputes - international:Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic groups,rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces thatextend across its borders; Uganda hosts 209,860 Sudanese, 27,560Congolese, and 19,710 Rwandan refugees, while Ugandan refugees aswell as members of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) seek shelter insouthern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo's GarambaNational Park; LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villages acrossthe border
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 212,857 (Sudan), 20,564 (Democratic Republic of Congo), 20,213 (Rwanda) IDPs: 1.2-1.7 million (350,000 IDPs returned in 2006 following ongoing peace talks between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and Government of Uganda) (2006)
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Ukraine
Introduction Ukraine
Background:Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, KyivanRus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest andmost powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels andMongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchyof Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundationfor Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A newUkrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during themid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despitecontinuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remainautonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed bythe Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in1917, Ukraine was able to bring about a short-lived period ofindependence (1917-20), but was reconquered and forced to endure abrutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, Germanand Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million moredeaths. Although final independence for Ukraine was achieved in 1991with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy remained elusive as thelegacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts ateconomic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. A peaceful massprotest "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced theauthorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allowa new internationally monitored vote that swept into power areformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internalsquabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCHto stage a comeback in parliamentary elections and become primeminister in August of 2006.
Geography Ukraine
Location:Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania,and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east
Geographic coordinates:49 00 N, 32 00 E
Map references:Asia, Europe
Area:total: 603,700 sq kmland: 603,700 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:total: 4,663 kmborder countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km,Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km
Coastline:2,782 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimeancoast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in westand north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from coolalong the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm acrossthe greater part of the country, hot in the south
Terrain:most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus,mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in theCrimean Peninsula in the extreme south
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Black Sea 0 mhighest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
Natural resources:iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur,graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber,arable land
Land use:arable land: 53.8%permanent crops: 1.5%other: 44.7% (2005)
Irrigated land:22,080 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:NA
Environment - current issues:inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution;deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant
Environment - international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, AirPollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, MarineDumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent OrganicPollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile OrganicCompounds
Geography - note:strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia;second-largest country in Europe
People Ukraine
Population:46,710,816 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 14.1% (male 3,377,868/female 3,203,738)15-64 years: 69.3% (male 15,559,998/female 16,831,486)65 years and over: 16.6% (male 2,635,651/female 5,102,075) (2006est.)
Median age: total: 39.2 years male: 35.9 years female: 42.2 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:-0.6% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:8.82 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:14.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:-0.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.07 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 9.9 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 11.48 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 8.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 69.98 yearsmale: 64.71 yearsfemale: 75.59 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.17 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:1.4% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:360,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:20,000 (2003 est.)
Nationality:noun: Ukrainian(s)adjective: Ukrainian
Ethnic groups:Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%,Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%,Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)
Religions:Ukrainian Orthodox - Kyiv Patriarchate 19%, Orthodox (no particularjurisdiction) 16%, Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 9%,Ukrainian Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%,Protestant, Jewish, none 38% (2004 est.)
Languages:Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%, small Romanian-, Polish-,and Hungarian-speaking minorities
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 99.7%male: 99.8%female: 99.6% (2003 est.)
Government Ukraine
Country name:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Ukrainelocal long form: nonelocal short form: Ukrayinaformer: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, UkrainianSoviet Socialist Republic
Government type:republic
Capital:name: Kyiv (Kiev)geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 Etime difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends lastSunday in October
Administrative divisions:24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic*(avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular -misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimeaor Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Dnipropetrovs'k,Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmel'nyts'kyy,Kirovohrad, Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv, Odesa,Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya, Volyn'(Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyrnote: administrative divisions have the same names as theiradministrative centers (exceptions have the administrative centername following in parentheses)
Independence:24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:Independence Day, 24 August (1991); 22 January (1918), the dayUkraine first declared its independence (from Soviet Russia) and theday the short-lived Western and Central Ukrainian republics united(1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day
Constitution:adopted 28 June 1996
Legal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Viktor A. YUSHCHENKO (since 23 January2005)head of government: Prime Minister Viktor YANUKOVYCH (since 4 August2006); First Deputy Prime Minister - Mykola AZAROV (since 5 August2006)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers selected by the prime minister; theonly exceptions are the foreign and defense ministers, who arechosen by the presidentnote: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDCoriginally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; theNSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy ondomestic and international matters and advising the president; aPresidential Secretariat helps draft presidential edicts andprovides policy support to the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); note - a special repeat runoffpresidential election between Viktor YUSHCHENKO and ViktorYANUKOVYCH took place on 26 December 2004 after the earlier 21November 2004 contest - won by Mr. YANUKOVYCH - was invalidated bythe Ukrainian Supreme Court because of widespread and significantviolations; under constitutional reforms that went into effect 1January 2006, the majority in parliament takes the lead in namingthe prime ministerelection results: Viktor YUSHCHENKO elected president; percent ofvote - Viktor YUSHCHENKO 51.99%, Viktor YANUKOVYCH 44.2%
Legislative branch:unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; allocatedon a proportional basis to those parties that gain 3% or more of thenational electoral vote; members serve five-year terms)elections: last held 26 March 2006 (next to be held March 2011)election results: percent of vote by party/bloc in 2002 - Party ofRegions 32.1%, Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc 22.3%, Our Ukraine 13.9%, SPU5.7%, CPU 3.7%; seats by party/bloc - Party of Regions 186, YuliyaTymoshenko Bloc 129, Our Ukraine 81, SPU 33, CPU 21
Judicial branch:Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:Communist Party of Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; FatherlandParty (Batkivshchyna) [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]; People's Party OurUkraine [Viktor YUSHCHENKO]; Party of Industrialists andEntrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh)[Borys TARASYUK]; People's Party [Volodymyr LYTVYN]; PORA! (It'sTime!) party [Vladyslav KASKIV]; Progressive Socialist Party[Natalya VITRENKO]; Reforms and Order Party [Viktor PYNZENYK]; Partyof Regions [Viktor YANUKOVYCH]; Republican Party [Yuriy BOYKO];Social Democratic Party (United) or SDPU(o) [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK];Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman];Ukrainian People's Party [Yuriy KOSTENKO]; Viche [Inna BOHUSLOVSKA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:Committee of Voters of Ukraine [Ihor POPOV]; Peoples' Self-Defense[Yuriy LUTSENKO]; Ne Tak [Leonid KRAVCHUK]
International organization participation: Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CE, CEI, CIS, EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Oleh V. SHAMSHURchancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador William B. TAYLORembassy: 10 Yurii Kotsiubynsky Street, 04053 Kyivmailing address: 5850 Kiev Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850telephone: [380] (44) 490-4000FAX: [380] (44) 490-4085
Flag description:two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellowrepresent grain fields under a blue sky
Economy Ukraine
Economy - overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements. Shortly after independence was ratified in December 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. A dispute with Russia over pricing in late 2005 and early 2006 led to a temporary gas cut-off; Ukraine concluded a deal with Russia in January 2006 that almost doubled the price Ukraine pays for Russian gas, and could cost the Ukrainian economy $1.4-2.2 billion. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy, but more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the legislative framework for businesses. Reforms in the more politically sensitive areas of structural reform and land privatization are still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms. GDP growth was 6% in 2006, up from 2.4% in 2005 mainly because of high steel prices worldwide and strong demand for Ukrainian goods. The privatization of the Kryvoryzhstal steelworks in late 2005 produced $4.8 billion in windfall revenue for the government. Some of the proceeds were used to finance the budget deficit, some to recapitalize two state banks, some to retire public debt, and the rest may be used to finance future deficits. Although the economy is likely to expand in 2007, long-term growth could be threatened by the government's plans to reinstate tax, trade, and customs privileges and to maintain restrictive grain export quotas.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$355.8 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$81.53 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:6% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$7,600 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17.5% industry: 42.7% services: 39.8% (2006 est.)
Labor force: 21.69 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 24% industry: 32% services: 44% (1996)
Unemployment rate:2.9% officially registered; large number of unregistered orunderemployed workers; the International Labor Organizationcalculates that Ukraine's real unemployment level is around 9-10%(2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:29% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.4% highest 10%: 24.8% (2005)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:29 (1999)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):8.5% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):22.7% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $33.41 billionexpenditures: $35.6 billion; note - this is the consolidated budget(2006 est.)
Public debt:17.3% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk
Industries:coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery andtransport equipment, chemicals, food processing (especially sugar)
Industrial production growth rate:6.3% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:177.3 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 48.6% hydro: 7.9% nuclear: 43.5% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:158.9 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:12 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:6 billion kWh (2004)
Oil - production:85,090 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - consumption:370,000 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - exports:8,891 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - imports:444,600 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves:395 million bbl (9 November 2004)
Natural gas - production:19.2 billion cu m (2004)
Natural gas - consumption:86.4 billion cu m (2004)
Natural gas - exports:3.9 billion cu m (2004)
Natural gas - imports:67.2 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:1.121 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:$-1.933 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$39.12 billion (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products,chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products
Exports - partners:Russia 22.1%, Turkey 6%, Italy 5.6% (2005)
Imports:$44.81 billion (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Imports - partners:Russia 35.5%, Germany 9.4%, Turkmenistan 7.4%, China 5% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$20.69 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$41.57 billion (30 June 2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (1998)
Currency (code):hryvnia (UAH)
Currency code:UAH
Exchange rates:hryvnia per US dollar - 5.05 (2006), 5.1247 (2005), 5.3192 (2004),5.3327 (2003), 5.3266 (2002)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Ukraine
Telephones - main lines in use:12.142 million (2004)
Telephones - mobile cellular:17.214 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication development plan,running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines,international connections, and the mobile cellular systemdomestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited atelephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair;more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not besatisfied; telephone density is rising slowly and the domestic trunksystem is being improved; the mobile cellular telephone system isexpanding at a high rateinternational: country code - 380; two new domestic trunk lines area part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and threeUkrainian links have been installed in the fiber-opticTrans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries;additional international service is provided by theItaly-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable andby earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputniksatellite systems
Radio broadcast stations:AM, FM, shortwave combined 524 (2006)
Radios:45.05 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:at least 647 (2006)
Televisions:18.05 million (1997)
Internet country code:.ua
Internet hosts:229,110 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):260 (2001)
Internet users:5,278,100 (2005)
Transportation Ukraine
Airports: 499 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 193 over 3,047 m: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 55 1,524 to 2,437 m: 27 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 93 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 306 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 274 (2006)
Heliports:10 (2006)
Pipelines:gas 19,951 km; oil 4,514 km; refined products 4,211 km (2006)
Railways:total: 22,473 kmbroad gauge: 22,473 km 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified) (2005)
Roadways:total: 169,477 kmpaved: 164,732 km (including 15 km of expressways)unpaved: 4,745 km (2004)
Waterways:2,253 km (most on Dnieper River) (2006)
Merchant marine:total: 202 ships (1000 GRT or over) 782,456 GRT/911,201 DWTby type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 151, container 4, passenger 6,passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 9, refrigerated cargo 11, rollon/roll off 7, specialized tanker 2foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1)registered in other countries: 160 (Belize 7, Cambodia 17, Comoros14, Cyprus 4, Dominica 2, Georgia 22, Liberia 16, Malta 24, Moldova3, Mongolia 1, Panama 8, Russia 11, Saint Kitts and Nevis 3, SaintVincent and the Grenadines 12, Sierra Leone 4, Slovakia 8, unknown4) (2006)
Ports and terminals:Feodosiya, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni,Yuzhnyy
Military Ukraine
Military branches:Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (Viyskovo-Povitryani Syly),Air Defense Forces (2002)
Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months for Army and Air Force, 24 months for Navy (2004)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 11,020,222females age 18-49: 11,370,687 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 7,376,050females age 18-49: 9,313,385 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 382,751females age 18-49: 365,599 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$617.9 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.4% (FY02)
Transnational Issues Ukraine
Disputes - international:1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Belarus remains un-ratifieddue to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation andreducing border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russiais complete with preparations for demarcation underway; the disputeover the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the KerchStrait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003framework agreement and ongoing expert-level discussions; Moldovaand Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit of peopleand commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region,which remains under OSCE supervision; the ICJ gave Ukraine untilDecember 2006 to reply and Romania until June 2007 to rejoin intheir dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administeredZmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary;Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from theDanube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
Illicit drugs:limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CISconsumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West;limited government eradication program; used as transshipment pointfor opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, andTurkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improvedanti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from theFinancial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries andTerritories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-launderingregime continues to be monitored by FATF
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@United Arab Emirates
Introduction United Arab Emirates
Background:The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK controlof their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In1971, six of these states - Abu Zaby, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, AshShariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the UnitedArab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah.The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of leading WestEuropean nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and its moderateforeign policy stance have allowed the UAE to play a vital role inthe affairs of the region.
Geography United Arab Emirates
Location:Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf,between Oman and Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates:24 00 N, 54 00 E
Map references:Middle East
Area:total: 83,600 sq kmland: 83,600 sq kmwater: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Maine
Land boundaries: total: 867 km border countries: Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km
Coastline: 1,318 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:desert; cooler in eastern mountains
Terrain:flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vastdesert wasteland; mountains in east
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 mhighest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m
Natural resources:petroleum, natural gas
Land use: arable land: 0.77% permanent crops: 2.27% other: 96.96% (2005)
Irrigated land:760 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:frequent sand and dust storms
Environment - current issues: lack of natural freshwater resources compensated by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spills
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Geography - note:strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, avital transit point for world crude oil
People United Arab Emirates
Population:2,602,713 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 24.9% (male 331,012/female 317,643)15-64 years: 71.2% (male 1,125,286/female 726,689)65 years and over: 3.9% (male 74,700/female 27,383)note: 73.9% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national(2006 est.)
Median age: total: 28.1 years male: 34.8 years female: 23.3 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:1.52% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:18.96 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.55 male(s)/female65 years and over: 2.73 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.43 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 14.09 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 16.57 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 11.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 75.44 yearsmale: 72.92 yearsfemale: 78.08 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:2.88 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.18% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Emirati(s)adjective: Emirati
Ethnic groups:Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, otherexpatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982)note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
Religions:Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
Languages:Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 77.9%male: 76.1%female: 81.7% (2003 est.)
Government United Arab Emirates
Country name:conventional long form: United Arab Emiratesconventional short form: nonelocal long form: Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidahlocal short form: noneformer: Trucial Oman, Trucial Statesabbreviation: UAE
Government type:federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE federalgovernment and other powers reserved to member emirates
Capital:name: Abu Dhabigeographic coordinates: 24 28 N, 54 22 Etime difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)
Administrative divisions:7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi),'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy (Dubai), Ra's alKhaymah, Umm al Qaywayn (Quwayn)
Independence:2 December 1971 (from UK)
National holiday:Independence Day, 2 December (1971)
Constitution:2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996
Legal system:federal court system introduced in 1971; applies to all emiratesexcept Dubayy (Dubai) and Ra's al Khaymah, which are not fullyintegrated into the federal judicial system; all emirates havesecular courts to adjudicate criminal, civil, and commercial mattersand Islamic courts to review family and religious disputes
Suffrage:none
Executive branch:chief of state: President KHALIFA bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 3November 2004), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) (since 4 November2004); Vice President and Prime Minister MUHAMMAD bin Rashidal-Maktum (since 5 January 2006)head of government: Prime Minister and Vice President MUHAMMAD binRashid al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Deputy Prime MinistersSULTAN bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990) and HAMDAN binZayid al-Nuhayyan (since 20 October 2003)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentnote: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of theseven emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutionalauthority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctionsfederal legislation; meets four times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto powerelections: president and vice president elected by the FSC forfive-year terms (no term limits); election last held 3 November 2004upon the death of the UAE's Founding Father and first PresidentZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan (next to be held 2009); prime ministerand deputy prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: KHALIFA bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan elected president bya unanimous vote of the FSC; MUHAMMAD bin Rashid al-Maktumunanimously reaffirmed vice president
Legislative branch:unicameral Federal National Council (FNC) or Majlis al-Ittihadal-Watani (40 seats; members appointed by the rulers of theconstituent states to serve two-year terms)elections: elections for one half of the FNC (the other half remainsappointed) are scheduled for December 2006; a new electoral college- a body of 6,689 Emiratis (including 1,189 women) appointed by therulers of the seven emirates - are the only eligible voters andcandidates; a total of 456 FNC electoral college members including65 women are running for FNC seatsnote: reviews legislation, but cannot change or veto
Judicial branch:Union Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Political parties and leaders:none
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW,OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Saqr Ghobash Said GHOBASHchancery: 3522 International Court NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC20008telephone: [1] (202) 243-2400FAX: [1] (202) 243-2432consulate(s): New York, Houston
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Michele J. SISONembassy: Embassies District, Plot 38 Sector W59-02, Street No. 4,Abu Dhabimailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabitelephone: [971] (2) 414-2200FAX: [971] (2) 414-2603consulate(s) general: Dubai
Flag description:three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black witha wider vertical red band on the hoist side
Economy United Arab Emirates
Economy - overview:The UAE has an open economy with a high per capita income and asizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is based on oil and gasoutput (about 30% of GDP), and the fortunes of the economy fluctuatewith the prices of those commodities. Since the discovery of oil inthe UAE more than 30 years ago, the UAE has undergone a profoundtransformation from an impoverished region of small desertprincipalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. Thegovernment has increased spending on job creation and infrastructureexpansion and is opening up its utilities to greater private sectorinvolvement. In April 2004, the UAE signed a Trade and InvestmentFramework Agreement (TIFA) with Washington and in November 2004agreed to undertake negotiations toward a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)with the US. Higher oil revenue, strong liquidity, and cheap creditin 2005-06 led to a surge in asset prices (shares and real estate)and consumer inflation. Rising prices are increasing the operatingcosts for businesses in the UAE and degrading the UAE's allure toforeign investors. Dependence on a large expatriate workforce andoil are significant long-term challenges to the UAE's economy.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$129.4 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$110.6 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:10.2% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$49,700 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.3% industry: 61.9% services: 35.8% (2006 est.)
Labor force: 2.968 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 7% industry: 15% services: 78% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate:2.4% (2001)
Population below poverty line:NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):10% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):24.3% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $57.85 billionexpenditures: $36.89 billion; including capital expenditures of $3.4billion (2006 est.)
Public debt:17.7% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:dates, vegetables, watermelons; poultry, eggs, dairy products; fish
Industries:petroleum and petrochemicals; fishing, aluminum, cement,fertilizers, commercial ship repair, construction materials, someboat building, handicrafts, textiles
Industrial production growth rate:4% (2000)
Electricity - production:49.52 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:46.05 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:2.396 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:400,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:2.5 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - imports:0 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves:97.8 billion bbl (2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:46.29 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:40.31 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:7.18 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:1.2 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:6.006 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:$26.89 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$137.1 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
Exports - partners:Japan 24.4%, South Korea 9.7%, Thailand 5.5%, India 4.3% (2005)
Imports:$88.89 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
Imports - partners:UK 10%, China 9.7%, US 9.4%, India 9.2%, Germany 5.9%, Japan 5.4%,France 4.7%, Singapore 4.1% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$25.51 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$39.1 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - donor:since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development hasgiven about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries (2004)
Currency (code):Emirati dirham (AED)
Currency code:AED
Exchange rates:Emirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.673 (2006), 3.6725 (2005), 3.6725(2004), 3.6725 (2003), 3.6725 (2002), note, officially pegged to theUS dollar since February 2002
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications United Arab Emirates
Telephones - main lines in use:1.237 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:4.535 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digitalnetwork with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones; keycenters are Abu Dhabi and Dubaidomestic: microwave radio relay, fiber optic and coaxial cableinternational: country code - 971; satellite earth stations - 3Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan;tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to SaudiArabia
Radio broadcast stations:AM 13, FM 8, shortwave 2 (2004)
Radios:820,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations:15 (2004)
Televisions:310,000 (1997)
Internet country code:.ae
Internet hosts:337,092 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):1 (2000)
Internet users:1,397,200 (2005)
Transportation United Arab Emirates
Airports: 37 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 23over 3,047 m: 102,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 4914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 3 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 14over 3,047 m: 22,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 4 (2006)
Heliports:4 (2006)
Pipelines:condensate 520 km; gas 2,580 km; liquid petroleum gas 300 km; oil2,950 km; oil/gas/water 5 km; refined products 156 km (2006)
Roadways:total: 1,088 kmpaved: 1,088 km (including 253 km of expressways) (1999)
Merchant marine:total: 58 ships (1000 GRT or over) 656,003 GRT/891,837 DWTby type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 7, chemical tanker 5, container 6,liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 20, rollon/roll off 6, specialized tanker 1foreign-owned: 10 (Greece 2, Kuwait 8)registered in other countries: 259 (Bahamas 16, Barbados 1, Belize5, Cambodia 1, Comoros 6, Cyprus 11, Dominica 2, Georgia 1, HongKong 2, India 6, Iran 1, Jordan 11, Kiribati 1, North Korea 6,Liberia 18, Malta 5, Marshall Islands 3, Mexico 1, Mongolia 5,Norway 1, Panama 105, Philippines 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 19, SaintVincent and the Grenadines 11, Saudi Arabia 1, Sierra Leone 3,Singapore 7, Somalia 1, Sri Lanka 2, Syria 1, unknown 5) (2006)
Ports and terminals:Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Rashid, Mina'Saqr, Mina' Zayid, Sharjan
Military United Arab Emirates
Military branches:Army, Navy (includes Marines and Coast Guard), Air and Air DefenseForce, paramilitary forces (includes Federal Police Force)
Military service age and obligation:18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 653,181females age 18-49: 497,394 (includes non-nationals; 2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 526,671females age 18-49: 419,975 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males: 30,706females age 18-49: 29,617 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$1.6 billion (FY00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:3.1% (FY00)
Transnational Issues United Arab Emirates
Disputes - international:boundary agreement was signed and ratified with Oman in 2003 forentire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhahenclaves, but contents of the agreement and detailed maps showingthe alignment have not been published; Iran and UAE dispute TunbIslands and Abu Musa Island, which Iran occupies
Trafficking in persons:current situation: the United Arab Emirates is a destinationcountry for men, women, and children trafficked from South and EastAsia, Eastern Europe, Africa, and the Middle East for involuntaryservitude and for sexual exploitation; an estimated 10,000 womenfrom sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, South and East Asia, Iraq,Iran, and Morocco may be victims of sex trafficking in the UAE;women also migrate from Africa, and South and Southeast Asia to workas domestic servants, but may have their passports confiscated, bedenied permission to leave the place of employment in the home, orface sexual or physical abuse by their employers; men from SouthAsia come to the UAE to work in the construction industry, but maybe subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude as they arecoerced to pay off recruitment and travel costs, sometimes havingtheir wages denied for months at a time; victims of child cameljockey trafficking may still remain in the UAE, despite a July 2005law banning the practice; while all identified victims wererepatriated at the government's expense to their home countries,questions persist as to the effectiveness of the ban and the truenumber of victimstier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - UAE is placed on the Tier 2 WatchList for its failure to show increased efforts to combat traffickingin 2005, particularly in its efforts to address the large-scaletrafficking of foreign girls and women for commercial sexualexploitation
Illicit drugs:the UAE is a drug transshipment point for traffickers given itsproximity to Southwest Asian drug producing countries; the UAE'sposition as a major financial center makes it vulnerable to moneylaundering; anti-money-laundering controls improving, but informalbanking remains unregulated
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@United Kingdom
Introduction United Kingdom
Background:As the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century,the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland played a leadingrole in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancingliterature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire stretchedover one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20thcentury saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two World Warsand the Irish republic withdraw from the union. The second halfwitnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itselfinto a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of fivepermanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member ofNATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach toforeign policy; it currently is weighing the degree of itsintegration with continental Europe. A member of the EU, it chose toremain outside the Economic and Monetary Union for the time being.Constitutional reform is also a significant issue in the UK. TheScottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and theNorthern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999, but the latteris suspended due to wrangling over the peace process.
Geography United Kingdom
Location:Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of theisland of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the NorthSea, northwest of France
Geographic coordinates:54 00 N, 2 00 W
Map references:Europe
Area:total: 244,820 sq kmland: 241,590 sq kmwater: 3,230 sq kmnote: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries: total: 360 km border countries: Ireland 360 km
Coastline:12,429 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or inaccordance with agreed upon boundaries
Climate:temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the NorthAtlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
Terrain:mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains ineast and southeast
Elevation extremes:lowest point: The Fens -4 mhighest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m
Natural resources:coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin,limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate,arable land
Land use:arable land: 23.23%permanent crops: 0.2%other: 76.57% (2005)
Irrigated land:1,700 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:winter windstorms; floods
Environment - current issues:continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met KyotoProtocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends tomeet the legally binding target and move toward a domestic goal of a20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government aims to reducethe amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of inlandfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost atleast 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015; between1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to10.3%