Chadtotal: 451,524 to 2,437 m: 14914 to 1,523 m: 21under 914 m: 10 (2006)
Chiletotal: 290over 3,047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 41,524 to 2,437 m: 11914 to 1,523 m: 58under 914 m: 216 (2006)
Chinatotal: 83over 3,047 m: 42,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 13914 to 1,523 m: 25under 914 m: 39 (2006)
Colombia total: 883 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 35 914 to 1,523 m: 275 under 914 m: 572 (2006)
Congo, Democratic Republic of thetotal: 2091,524 to 2,437 m: 18914 to 1,523 m: 94under 914 m: 97 (2006)
Congo, Republic of thetotal: 281,524 to 2,437 m: 6914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 11 (2006)
Cook Islandstotal: 71,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Costa Rica total: 125 914 to 1,523 m: 24 under 914 m: 101 (2006)
Cote d'Ivoiretotal: 281,524 to 2,437 m: 8914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 5 (2006)
Croatiatotal: 451,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 7under 914 m: 37 (2006)
Cubatotal: 921,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 29under 914 m: 62 (2006)
Cyprustotal: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 1under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Czech Republic total: 75 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 25 under 914 m: 49 (2006)
Denmark total: 64 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 61 (2006)
Djiboutitotal: 101,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 5under 914 m: 3 (2006)
Dominican Republictotal: 191,524 to 2,437 m: 4914 to 1,523 m: 5under 914 m: 10 (2006)
East Timortotal: 5914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Ecuadortotal: 261914 to 1,523 m: 33under 914 m: 228 (2006)
Egypttotal: 162,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 5under 914 m: 7 (2006)
El Salvador total: 71 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 56 (2006)
Equatorial Guinea total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Eritreatotal: 13over 3,047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 5914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Estoniatotal: 12over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 5 (2006)
Ethiopiatotal: 70over 3,047 m: 32,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 13914 to 1,523 m: 28under 914 m: 23 (2006)
Europa Island total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
European Union1,373 (2006)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)total: 3under 914 m: 3 (2006)
Fijitotal: 25914 to 1,523 m: 7under 914 m: 18 (2006)
Finlandtotal: 72914 to 1,523 m: 5under 914 m: 67 (2006)
Francetotal: 185 (metropolitan France) 9 (overseas departments)1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (metropolitan France)914 to 1,523 m: 73 (metropolitan France) 2 (overseas departments)under 914 m: 108 (metropolitan France) 7 (overseas departments)(2006)
French Polynesiatotal: 12914 to 1,523 m: 5under 914 m: 7 (2006)
Gabontotal: 451,524 to 2,437 m: 7914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 23 (2006)
Gaza Striptotal: 1under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Georgiatotal: 41,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Germanytotal: 2222,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 33under 914 m: 185 (2006)
Ghanatotal: 5914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Glorioso Islands total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
Greece total: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 13 (2006)
Greenland total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Guam total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Guatemala total: 439 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 111 under 914 m: 319 (2006)
Guineatotal: 111,524 to 2,437 m: 6914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Guinea-Bissautotal: 251,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 20 (2006)
Guyanatotal: 811,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 14under 914 m: 65 (2006)
Haititotal: 8914 to 1,523 m: 1under 914 m: 7 (2006)
Honduras total: 105 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 19 under 914 m: 84 (2006)
Hungarytotal: 262,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 10 (2006)
Icelandtotal: 931,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 29under 914 m: 61 (2006)
Indiatotal: 982,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 7914 to 1,523 m: 42under 914 m: 48 (2006)
Indonesia total: 503 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 26 under 914 m: 471 (2006)
Irantotal: 192over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 8914 to 1,523 m: 140under 914 m: 43 (2006)
Iraqtotal: 33over 3,047 m: 22,438 to 3,047 m: 41,524 to 2,437 m: 4914 to 1,523 m: 13under 914 m: 10 (2006)
Irelandtotal: 21914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 17 (2006)
Israeltotal: 231,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 20 (2006)
Italytotal: 351,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 14under 914 m: 19 (2006)
Jamaica total: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 22 (2006)
Jan Mayen total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2006)
Japantotal: 30914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 26 (2006)
Jordantotal: 2under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Juan de Nova Islandtotal: 1914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
Kazakhstan total: 83 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 53 (2006)
Kenyatotal: 2101,524 to 2,437 m: 11914 to 1,523 m: 115under 914 m: 84 (2006)
Kiribatitotal: 161,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 4 (2006)
Korea, North total: 41 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 7 (2006)
Korea, Southtotal: 38914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 35 (2006)
Kuwaittotal: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 1under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Kyrgyzstantotal: 191,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 1under 914 m: 16 (2006)
Laostotal: 351,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 13under 914 m: 21 (2006)
Latviatotal: 221,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 19 (2006)
Lebanon total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2006)
Lesotho total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 21 (2006)
Liberiatotal: 511,524 to 2,437 m: 5914 to 1,523 m: 8under 914 m: 38 (2006)
Libyatotal: 81over 3,047 m: 52,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 15914 to 1,523 m: 41under 914 m: 18 (2006)
Lithuania total: 57 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 53 (2006)
Luxembourg total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Macedonia total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 4 (2006)
Madagascartotal: 871,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 42under 914 m: 43 (2006)
Malawitotal: 361,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 20 (2006)
Malaysiatotal: 801,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 7under 914 m: 72 (2006)
Maldivestotal: 3914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2006)
Malitotal: 202,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 5914 to 1,523 m: 6under 914 m: 8 (2006)
Marshall Islands total: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Mauritania total: 17 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Mauritius total: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Mexicototal: 1,611over 3,047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 68914 to 1,523 m: 460under 914 m: 1,081 (2006)
Midway Islands total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
Moldova total: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2006)
Mongoliatotal: 32over 3,047 m: 22,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 24914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Montenegrototal: 2914 to 1,523 m: 1under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Moroccototal: 342,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 9914 to 1,523 m: 12under 914 m: 11 (2006)
Mozambiquetotal: 1362,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 14914 to 1,523 m: 34under 914 m: 87 (2006)
Namibiatotal: 1162,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 22914 to 1,523 m: 72under 914 m: 20 (2006)
Nepaltotal: 381,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 8under 914 m: 29 (2006)
Netherlandstotal: 7914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 4 (2006)
New Caledoniatotal: 14914 to 1,523 m: 8under 914 m: 6 (2006)
New Zealandtotal: 731,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 31under 914 m: 40 (2006)
Nicaraguatotal: 1651,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 23under 914 m: 141 (2006)
Nigertotal: 191,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Nigeriatotal: 331,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 13under 914 m: 18 (2006)
Northern Mariana Islandstotal: 22,438 to 3,047 m: 1under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Norwaytotal: 32914 to 1,523 m: 6under 914 m: 26 (2006)
Omantotal: 131over 3,047 m: 22,438 to 3,047 m: 71,524 to 2,437 m: 52914 to 1,523 m: 35under 914 m: 35 (2006)
Pakistan total: 48 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 23 (2006)
Palautotal: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2006)
Palmyra Atolltotal: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2006)
Panamatotal: 641,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 10under 914 m: 53 (2006)
Papua New Guineatotal: 5611,524 to 2,437 m: 11914 to 1,523 m: 62under 914 m: 488 (2006)
Paraguaytotal: 8691,524 to 2,437 m: 26914 to 1,523 m: 325under 914 m: 518 (2006)
Perutotal: 2142,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 26914 to 1,523 m: 63under 914 m: 124 (2006)
Philippines total: 173 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 69 under 914 m: 99 (2006)
Polandtotal: 392,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 4914 to 1,523 m: 13under 914 m: 21 (2006)
Portugal total: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 22 (2006)
Puerto Rico total: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 10 (2006)
Qatartotal: 2914 to 1,523 m: 1under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Romaniatotal: 361,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 23 (2006)
Russiatotal: 1,007over 3,047 m: 92,438 to 3,047 m: 161,524 to 2,437 m: 75914 to 1,523 m: 127under 914 m: 780 (2006)
Rwandatotal: 5914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 3 (2006)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinestotal: 1under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Samoatotal: 1under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Saudi Arabia total: 135 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 75 914 to 1,523 m: 40 under 914 m: 12 (2006)
Senegaltotal: 111,524 to 2,437 m: 6914 to 1,523 m: 4under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Serbiatotal: 231,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 9under 914 m: 12 (2006)
Seychellestotal: 7914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 4 (2006)
Sierra Leonetotal: 9914 to 1,523 m: 7under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Slovakiatotal: 182,438 to 3,047 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 9under 914 m: 8 (2006)
Sloveniatotal: 81,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 4 (2006)
Solomon Islandstotal: 331,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 9under 914 m: 23 (2006)
Somaliatotal: 58over 3,047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 19914 to 1,523 m: 29under 914 m: 6 (2006)
South Africatotal: 5851,524 to 2,437 m: 34914 to 1,523 m: 302under 914 m: 249 (2006)
Spaintotal: 611,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 44 (2006)
Spratly Islandstotal: 1914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
Sri Lankatotal: 2under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Sudantotal: 73over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 18914 to 1,523 m: 37under 914 m: 17 (2006)
Suriname total: 42 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 36 (2006)
Svalbard total: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Swazilandtotal: 17914 to 1,523 m: 7under 914 m: 10 (2006)
Swedentotal: 100914 to 1,523 m: 9under 914 m: 91 (2006)
Switzerlandtotal: 23under 914 m: 23 (2006)
Syriatotal: 661,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 54 (2006)
Taiwantotal: 41,524 to 2,437 m: 1under 914 m: 3 (2006)
Tajikistantotal: 23914 to 1,523 m: 1under 914 m: 22 (2006)
Tanzaniatotal: 1131,524 to 2,437 m: 18914 to 1,523 m: 62under 914 m: 33 (2006)
Thailandtotal: 421,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 26 (2006)
Togototal: 7914 to 1,523 m: 5under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Tongatotal: 51,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Trinidad and Tobago total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Tromelin Island total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Tunisiatotal: 161,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 7under 914 m: 7 (2006)
Turkeytotal: 28over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 8under 914 m: 17 (2006)
Turkmenistan total: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 4 (2006)
Turks and Caicos Islandstotal: 2under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Tuvalutotal: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2006)
Ugandatotal: 262,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 6914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 8 (2006)
Ukrainetotal: 3062,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 11914 to 1,523 m: 18under 914 m: 274 (2006)
United Arab Emirates total: 14 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 4 (2006)
United Kingdom total: 137 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 112 (2006)
United States total: 9,739 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 157 914 to 1,523 m: 1,728 under 914 m: 7,847 (2006)
Uruguaytotal: 561,524 to 2,437 m: 3914 to 1,523 m: 22under 914 m: 31 (2006)
Uzbekistantotal: 272,438 to 3,047 m: 2under 914 m: 25 (2006)
Vanuatutotal: 28914 to 1,523 m: 10under 914 m: 18 (2006)
Venezuelatotal: 2461,524 to 2,437 m: 9914 to 1,523 m: 90under 914 m: 147 (2006)
Vietnamtotal: 61,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 2under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Wallis and Futuna total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
Western Sahara total: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 (2006)
Yementotal: 30over 3,047 m: 32,438 to 3,047 m: 71,524 to 2,437 m: 5914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 4 (2006)
Zambiatotal: 1012,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 4914 to 1,523 m: 64under 914 m: 32 (2006)
Zimbabwe total: 386 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 187 under 914 m: 194 (2006)
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@2032 Environment - current issues
Afghanistanlimited natural fresh water resources; inadequatesupplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing;deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down forfuel and building materials); desertification; air and waterpollution
Akrotirishooting around the salt lake; note - breeding place forloggerhead and green turtles; only remaining colony of griffonvultures is on the base
Albaniadeforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrialand domestic effluents
Algeriasoil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farmingpractices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleumrefining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to thepollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, inparticular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, andfertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water
American Samoalimited natural fresh water resources; the waterdivision of the government has spent substantial funds in the pastfew years to improve water catchments and pipelines
Andorradeforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributesto soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid wastedisposal
Angolaoveruse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributableto population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropicalrain forest, in response to both international demand for tropicaltimber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss ofbiodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution andsiltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water
Anguillasupplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasingdemand largely because of poor distribution system
Antarcticain 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the Antarcticozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million squarekilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultravioletlight passing through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, anAntarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shownto harm one-celled Antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significantareas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming
Antigua and Barbudawater management - a major concern because oflimited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by theclearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall torun off quickly
Arctic Oceanendangered marine species include walruses and whales;fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover fromdisruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack
Argentinaenvironmental problems (urban and rural) typical of anindustrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation,desertification, air pollution, and water pollutionnote: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhousegas targets
Armeniasoil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energycrisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged forfirewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; thedraining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as asource for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart ofMetsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in aseismically active zone
ArubaNA
Ashmore and Cartier IslandsNA
Atlantic Oceanendangered marine species include the manatee, seals,sea lions, turtles, and whales; drift net fishing is hastening thedecline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes;municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, andeastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico,Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial wasteand municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, andMediterranean Sea
Australiasoil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development,urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising dueto the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing foragricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many uniqueanimal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeastcoast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened byincreased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limitednatural fresh water resources
Austriasome forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution;soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; airpollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired powerstations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austriabetween northern and southern Europe
Azerbaijanlocal scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (ApsheronPeninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to bethe ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severeair, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oilspills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxicdefoliants used in the production of cotton
Bahamas, Thecoral reef decay; solid waste disposal
Bahraindesertification resulting from the degradation of limitedarable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastaldegradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation)resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers,oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwaterresources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for allwater needs
Baker Islandno natural fresh water resources
Bangladeshmany people are landless and forced to live on andcultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent insurface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, resultsfrom the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated bynaturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because offalling water tables in the northern and central parts of thecountry; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severeoverpopulation
Barbadospollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships;soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contaminationof aquifers
Bassas da IndiaNA
Belarussoil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of thecountry contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accidentat Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine
Belgiumthe environment is exposed to intense pressures from humanactivities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry,extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and waterpollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries;uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (nowresolved) have slowed progress in tackling environmental challenges
Belizedeforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrialeffluents, agricultural runoff; solid and sewage waste disposal
Benininadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatenswildlife populations; deforestation; desertification
Bermudasustainable development
Bhutansoil erosion; limited access to potable water
Boliviathe clearing of land for agricultural purposes and theinternational demand for tropical timber are contributing todeforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivationmethods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies usedfor drinking and irrigation
Bosnia and Herzegovinaair pollution from metallurgical plants;sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages anddestruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife;deforestation
Botswanaovergrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources
Bouvet IslandNA
Brazildeforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat andendangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to thearea; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and waterpollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other largecities; land degradation and water pollution caused by impropermining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills
British Indian Ocean TerritoryNA
British Virgin Islandslimited natural fresh water resources (exceptfor a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of theislands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchments)
Bruneiseasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia
Bulgariaair pollution from industrial emissions; rivers pollutedfrom raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forestdamage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soilcontamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants andindustrial wastes
Burkina Fasorecent droughts and desertification severely affectingagricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy;overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation
Burmadeforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease
Burundisoil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion ofagriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested landremains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitatloss threatens wildlife populations
Cambodiaillegal logging activities throughout the country and stripmining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailandhave resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (inparticular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens naturalfisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the populationdoes not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks becauseof illegal fishing and overfishing
Cameroonwaterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation;overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing
Canadaair pollution and resulting acid rain severely affectinglakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities,and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forestproductivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due toagricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
Cape Verdesoil erosion; deforestation due to demand for wood usedas fuel; desertification; environmental damage has threatenedseveral species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sandextraction; overfishing
Cayman Islandsno natural fresh water resources; drinking watersupplies must be met by rainwater catchments
Central African Republictap water is not potable; poaching hasdiminished the country's reputation as one of the last greatwildlife refuges; desertification; deforestation
Chadinadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposalin rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution;desertification
Chilewidespread deforestation and mining threaten naturalresources; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions;water pollution from raw sewage
Chinaair pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates)from reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages,particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes;deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural landsince 1949 to soil erosion and economic development;desertification; trade in endangered species
Christmas Islandloss of rainforest; impact of phosphate mining
Clipperton IslandNA
Cocos (Keeling) Islandsfresh water resources are limited torainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs
Colombiadeforestation; soil and water quality damage from overuseof pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicleemissions
Comorossoil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivationon slopes without proper terracing; deforestation
Congo, Democratic Republic of the poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation; refugees responsible for significant deforestation, soil erosion, and wildlife poaching; mining of minerals (coltan - a mineral used in creating capacitors, diamonds, and gold) causing environmental damage
Congo, Republic of theair pollution from vehicle emissions; waterpollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable;deforestation
Cook IslandsNA
Coral Sea Islandsno permanent fresh water resources
Costa Ricadeforestation and land use change, largely a result ofthe clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soilerosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid wastemanagement; air pollution
Cote d'Ivoiredeforestation (most of the country's forests - oncethe largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); waterpollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents
Croatiaair pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acidrain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial anddomestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction ofinfrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife
Cubaair and water pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation
Cypruswater resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments,seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island'slargest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollutionfrom sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss ofwildlife habitats from urbanization
Czech Republicair and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemiaand in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acidrain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU codeshould improve domestic pollution
Denmarkair pollution, principally from vehicle and power plantemissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea;drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes andpesticides
Dhekelianetting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in thespring and autumn
Djiboutiinadequate supplies of potable water; limited arable land;desertification; endangered species
DominicaNA
Dominican Republicwater shortages; soil eroding into the seadamages coral reefs; deforestation
East Timorwidespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led todeforestation and soil erosion
Ecuadordeforestation; soil erosion; desertification; waterpollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologicallysensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands
Egyptagricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblownsands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, andmarine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides,raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennialwater source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile andnatural resources
El Salvadordeforestation; soil erosion; water pollution;contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes
Equatorial Guineatap water is not potable; deforestation
Eritreadeforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing;loss of infrastructure from civil warfare
Estoniaair polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burningpower plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emittedto the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% lessthan in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged towater bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; inconnection with the start-up of new water purification plants, thepollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agriculturalareas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certainlocations
Ethiopiadeforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poormanagement
Europa IslandNA
European UnionNA
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer were introduced to the islands in 2001 for commercial reasons; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the Chornobyl disaster
Faroe IslandsNA
Fijideforestation; soil erosion
Finlandair pollution from manufacturing and power plantscontributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes,agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
Francesome forest damage from acid rain; air pollution fromindustrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes,agricultural runoff
French PolynesiaNA
French Southern and Antarctic LandsNA
Gabondeforestation; poaching
Gambia, Thedeforestation; desertification; water-borne diseasesprevalent
Gaza Stripdesertification; salination of fresh water; sewagetreatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation; depletion andcontamination of underground water resources
Georgiaair pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution ofMtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potablewater; soil pollution from toxic chemicals
Germanyemissions from coal-burning utilities and industriescontribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfurdioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Seafrom raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in easternGermany; hazardous waste disposal; government established amechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify naturepreservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitatdirective
Ghanarecurrent drought in north severely affects agriculturalactivities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching andhabitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution;inadequate supplies of potable water
Gibraltarlimited natural freshwater resources: large concrete ornatural rock water catchments collect rainwater (no longer used fordrinking water) and adequate desalination plant
Glorioso IslandsNA
Greeceair pollution; water pollution
Greenlandprotection of the arctic environment; preservation of theInuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting
GrenadaNA
Guamextirpation of native bird population by the rapidproliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic, invasive species
Guatemaladeforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; waterpollution
GuernseyNA
Guineadeforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water;desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing,overpopulation in forest region; poor mining practices have led toenvironmental damage
Guinea-Bissaudeforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing
Guyanawater pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrialchemicals; deforestation
Haitiextensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested landis being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion;inadequate supplies of potable water
Heard Island and McDonald IslandsNA
Holy See (Vatican City)NA
Hondurasurban population expanding; deforestation results fromlogging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; furtherland degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolleddevelopment and improper land use practices such as farming ofmarginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (thecountry's largest source of fresh water), as well as several riversand streams, with heavy metals
Hong Kongair and water pollution from rapid urbanization
Howland Islandno natural fresh water resources
Hungarythe upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management,energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EUrequirements will require large investments
Icelandwater pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequatewastewater treatment
Indiadeforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; airpollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; waterpollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tapwater is not potable throughout the country; huge and growingpopulation is overstraining natural resources
Indian Oceanendangered marine species include the dugong, seals,turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,and Red Sea
Indonesiadeforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forestfires
Iranair pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicleemissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in thePersian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation(salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollutionfrom raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization
Iraqgovernment water control projects have drained most of theinhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or divertingthe feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of MarshArabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has beendisplaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat posesserious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequatesupplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphratesrivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparianTurkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) anderosion; desertification
Irelandwater pollution, especially of lakes, from agriculturalrunoff
Isle of Manwaste disposal (both household and industrial);transboundary air pollution
Israellimited arable land and natural fresh water resources poseserious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrialand vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial anddomestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides
Italyair pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfurdioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial andagricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequateindustrial waste treatment and disposal facilities
Jamaicaheavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted byindustrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; airpollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions
Jan MayenNA
Japanair pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain;acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality andthreatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers offish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of theseresources in Asia and elsewhere
Jarvis Islandno natural fresh water resources
JerseyNA
Johnston Atollno natural fresh water resources
Jordanlimited natural fresh water resources; deforestation;overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
Juan de Nova IslandNA
Kazakhstanradioactive or toxic chemical sites associated withformer defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout thecountry pose health risks for humans and animals; industrialpollution is severe in some cities; because the two main riverswhich flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, itis drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemicalpesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up bythe wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in theCaspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicalsand salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigationpractices
Kenyawater pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradationof water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers;water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soilerosion; desertification; poaching
Kingman Reefnone
Kiribatiheavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due toheavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoonlatrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk
Korea, Northwater pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water;waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation
Korea, Southair pollution in large cities; acid rain; waterpollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents;drift net fishing
Kuwaitlimited natural fresh water resources; some of world'slargest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide muchof the water; air and water pollution; desertification
Kyrgyzstanwater pollution; many people get their water directlyfrom contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-bornediseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faultyirrigation practices
Laosunexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of thepopulation does not have access to potable water
LatviaLatvia's environment has benefited from a shift to serviceindustries after the country regained independence; the mainenvironmental priorities are improvement of drinking water qualityand sewage system, household, and hazardous waste management, aswell as reduction of air pollution; in 2001, Latvia closed the EUaccession negotiation chapter on environment committing to fullenforcement of EU environmental directives by 2010
Lebanondeforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollutionin Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrialwastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills
Lesothopopulation pressure forcing settlement in marginal areasresults in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion;desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, andredirects water to South Africa
Liberiatropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss ofbiodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and rawsewage
Libyadesertification; very limited natural fresh water resources;the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water developmentscheme in the world, is being built to bring water from largeaquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
LiechtensteinNA
Lithuaniacontamination of soil and groundwater with petroleumproducts and chemicals at military bases
Luxembourgair and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution offarmland
MacauNA
Macedoniaair pollution from metallurgical plants
Madagascarsoil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing;desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage andother organic wastes; several endangered species of flora and faunaunique to the island
Malawideforestation; land degradation; water pollution fromagricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation ofspawning grounds endangers fish populations
Malaysiaair pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions;water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze fromIndonesian forest fires
Maldivesdepletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies;global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching
Malideforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequatesupplies of potable water; poaching
Maltavery limited natural fresh water resources; increasingreliance on desalination
Marshall Islandsinadequate supplies of potable water; pollution ofMajuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishingvessels
Mauritaniaovergrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravatedby drought are contributing to desertification; very limited naturalfresh water resources away from the Senegal, which is the onlyperennial river; locust infestation
Mauritiuswater pollution, degradation of coral reefs
MayotteNA
Mexicoscarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural tourban migration; natural fresh water resources scarce and pollutedin north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extremesoutheast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers inurban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification;deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution inthe national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; landsubsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletionnote: the government considers the lack of clean water anddeforestation national security issues
Micronesia, Federated States ofoverfishing, climate change,pollution
Midway IslandsNA
Moldovaheavy use of agricultural chemicals, including bannedpesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater;extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods
MonacoNA
Mongolialimited natural fresh water resources in some areas; thepolicies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization andindustrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; theburning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement ofenvironmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar;deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land toagricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain;desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect onthe environment
Montenegropollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets,especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
Montserratland erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared forcultivation
Moroccoland degradation/desertification (soil erosion resultingfrom farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction ofvegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation ofreservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters
Mozambiquea long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlandshave resulted in increased migration of the population to urban andcoastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephantpoaching for ivory is a problem
Namibiavery limited natural fresh water resources; desertification;wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas
Naurulimited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tankscollect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, agingdesalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left thecentral 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remainingland resources
Navassa IslandNA
Nepaldeforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack ofalternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes,agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlifeconservation; vehicular emissions
Netherlandswater pollution in the form of heavy metals, organiccompounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; airpollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain
Netherlands AntillesNA
New Caledoniaerosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires
New Zealanddeforestation; soil erosion; native flora and faunahard-hit by invasive species
Nicaraguadeforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
Nigerovergrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification;wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, andlion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction
Nigeriasoil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and waterpollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil;has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land;rapid urbanization
Niueincreasing attention to conservationist practices to counterloss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture
Norfolk IslandNA
Northern Mariana Islandscontamination of groundwater on Saipan maycontribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection ofendangered species conflicts with development
Norwaywater pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adverselyaffecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicleemissions
Omanrising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; verylimited natural fresh water resources
Pacific Oceanendangered marine species include the dugong, sealion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution inPhilippine Sea and South China Sea
Pakistanwater pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, andagricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; amajority of the population does not have access to potable water;deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
Palauinadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats tothe marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishingpractices, and overfishing
Palmyra AtollNA
Panamawater pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fisheryresources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradationand soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollutionin urban areas; mining threatens natural resources
Papua New Guinearain forest subject to deforestation as a result ofgrowing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from miningprojects; severe drought
Paracel IslandsNA
Paraguaydeforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for wastedisposal pose health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands
Perudeforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazingof the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers andcoastal waters from municipal and mining wastes