ArubaUS 54.6%, Netherlands 12%, UK 4.7% (2007)
AustraliaChina 15.5%, US 12.8%, Japan 9.6%, Singapore 5.6%, Germany5.2%, UK 4.3%, Thailand 4.2% (2007)
AustriaGermany 45.5%, Italy 7.1%, Switzerland 5%, Netherlands 4.3%(2007)
AzerbaijanRussia 17.6%, Turkey 10.9%, Germany 8.2%, Ukraine 8.2%,UK 7.2%, Japan 5.2%, China 4.9%, US 4.7% (2007)
Bahamas, TheUS 26.7%, South Korea 14.1%, Japan 13.5%, Italy 7.5%,Singapore 5.2%, Venezuela 4.5%, Spain 4.3% (2007)
BahrainSaudi Arabia 37.7%, Japan 7.2%, US 6.2%, Germany 4.7%, UK4.5%, UAE 4.2%, China 4.1% (2007)
BangladeshChina 15%, India 14.3%, Kuwait 8.3%, Singapore 6.2%, HongKong 4.2% (2007)
BarbadosUS 30.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 27.6%, UK 6.5% (2007)
BelarusRussia 59.9%, Germany 7.6%, Ukraine 5.4% (2007)
BelgiumGermany 17.7%, Netherlands 17.6%, France 11.2%, UK 6.2%, US5.4%, Ireland 4.9%, China 4.1% (2007)
BelizeUS 31.2%, Mexico 13.6%, Cuba 8.5%, Guatemala 8%, Russia 4.6%(2007)
BeninChina 44.5%, France 8.2%, US 6.5%, Thailand 6.3%, Malaysia4.8% (2007)
BermudaSouth Korea 36.4%, US 15.7%, Germany 13.2%, Italy 11.8%(2007)
BhutanIndia 74.5%, Japan 7.4%, Sweden 3.2% (2007)
BoliviaBrazil 29.9%, Argentina 16.2%, Chile 10.5%, US 9.8%, Peru8.1% (2007)
Bosnia and HerzegovinaCroatia 24.7%, Slovenia 13.3%, Germany 13.1%,Italy 10.4%, Austria 7%, Turkey 6.5%, Hungary 5.4% (2007)
BotswanaSouthern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%,Zimbabwe 4% (2006)
BrazilUS 15.7%, China 10.5%, Argentina 8.6%, Germany 7.2%, Nigeria4.4% (2007)
British Virgin IslandsVirgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US (2006)
BruneiUK 46.4%, Singapore 19.5%, Malaysia 11.3% (2007)
BulgariaRussia 12.3%, Germany 12.3%, Italy 8.7%, Ukraine 7.2%,Turkey 6.9%, Greece 6.2%, Romania 4.5%, Austria 4.3% (2007)
Burkina FasoCote d'Ivoire 25.8%, France 20.6%, Togo 7.1% (2007)
BurmaChina 33.7%, Thailand 19.1%, Singapore 15.5%, South Korea5.8%, Indonesia 5.2%, Malaysia 4.2% (2007)
BurundiSaudi Arabia 17%, Kenya 11.4%, Belgium 8.7%, France 6.1%,Uganda 5.4%, Germany 5.4%, India 4.8%, Pakistan 4.2% (2007)
CambodiaThailand 23.1%, Vietnam 16.9%, China 15%, Hong Kong 10.4%,Singapore 7.5%, Taiwan 7.2%, South Korea 4.8% (2007)
CameroonFrance 23.4%, Nigeria 12.8%, China 9%, Belgium 5.8%, US 4%(2007)
CanadaUS 54.1%, China 9.4%, Mexico 4.2% (2007)
Cape VerdePortugal 40.7%, Netherlands 10.9%, France 6.5%, Spain5.6%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.9%, Brazil 4.7%, Italy 4.7% (2007)
Cayman IslandsUS, Netherlands Antilles, Japan (2006)
Central African RepublicFrance 16.6%, Netherlands 13%, Cameroon9.7%, US 6.3% (2007)
ChadFrance 20.4%, Cameroon 16.1%, US 10.9%, China 10%, Germany7.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.4% (2007)
ChileUS 16.7%, China 11.2%, Brazil 10.3%, Argentina 9.9% (2007)
ChinaJapan 14%, South Korea 10.9%, Taiwan 10.5%, US 7.3%, Germany4.7% (2007)
Christmas Islandprincipally Australia (2006)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsAustralia (2006)
ColombiaUS 26.2%, China 10.1%, Mexico 9.3%, Brazil 7.3%, Venezuela4.2% (2007)
ComorosFrance 18.2%, UAE 10.8%, South Africa 8.5%, Pakistan 7.2%,Kenya 5.7%, China 5.4%, India 5% (2007)
Congo, Democratic Republic of theSouth Africa 22.5%, Belgium 10.3%,Zambia 8.9%, Zimbabwe 7.5%, France 6.8%, Kenya 6.3%, US 4.1%, Coted'Ivoire 4.1% (2007)
Congo, Republic of theFrance 18.1%, South Korea 14.7%, China 12.6%,Italy 10.3%, India 4.7%, US 4.2% (2007)
Cook IslandsNZ 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6% (2006)
Costa RicaUS 41%, Mexico 6.1%, Venezuela 5.7%, Japan 5.4%, China5.1%, Brazil 4.3% (2007)
Cote d'IvoireNigeria 31.1%, France 16.7%, China 7.3% (2007)
CroatiaItaly 16.1%, Germany 14.4%, Russia 10.1%, China 6.2%,Slovenia 6%, Austria 5.3% (2007)
CubaVenezuela 29.6%, China 13.4%, Spain 10.4%, Canada 6%, US 5.1%(2007)
CyprusGreece 17.7%, Italy 10.2%, UK 9.6%, Germany 9.4%, Israel6.5%, France 5.4%, China 5.3%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)
Czech RepublicGermany 31.8%, Netherlands 6.7%, Slovakia 6.4%,Poland 6.3%, Austria 5.1%, China 5.1%, Russia 4.5%, Italy 4.4%,France 4.1% (2007)
DenmarkGermany 21.6%, Sweden 14.4%, Netherlands 7.1%, Norway 6%,China 5.4%, UK 5.3%, Italy 4.1%, France 4% (2007)
DjiboutiSaudi Arabia 21%, India 18.1%, China 9.4%, Ethiopia 4.7%,Malaysia 4.6%, Japan 4.2% (2007)
DominicaUS 24.1%, China 21.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, Japan11.1% (2007)
Dominican RepublicUS 46%, Venezuela 8.1%, Mexico 5.9%, Colombia4.7% (2007)
EcuadorUS 23.7%, Colombia 10.3%, China 7.6%, Brazil 5.3%, Japan4.3% (2007)
EgyptUS 11.7%, China 9.7%, Italy 6.4%, Germany 6.3%, Saudi Arabia4.7%, Russia 4.3% (2007)
El SalvadorUS 35.7%, Mexico 9.8%, Guatemala 8.5%, China 4.7% (2007)
Equatorial GuineaUS 19.6%, Spain 13.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 11.9%, France9.6%, China 7.7%, Italy 6.6%, UK 6.4%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)
EritreaSaudi Arabia 19.1%, Italy 15.1%, China 11.1%, Turkey 8.3%,Germany 7.2%, Ukraine 5.1% (2007)
EstoniaFinland 15.9%, Germany 12.8%, Sweden 10.1%, Russia 10%,Latvia 7.6%, Lithuania 6.9%, Poland 4.5% (2007)
EthiopiaSaudi Arabia 17%, China 15.9%, India 7.8%, Italy 5.1% (2007)
European UnionUS 13.8%, China 13.4%, Russia 8.2%, Japan 6.2% (2006)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)UK 72.5%, US 15.1%, Netherlands8.5% (2006)
Faroe IslandsDenmark 51.9%, Norway 21.6%, Sweden 5%, UK 4.6% (2007)
FijiSingapore 30.4%, Australia 21.6%, NZ 17.7%, China 4.5% (2007)
FinlandGermany 15.8%, Russia 14%, Sweden 13.7%, Netherlands 6.8%,China 5.5%, UK 4.9% (2007)
FranceGermany 18.9%, Belgium 11.4%, Italy 8.4%, Spain 7.1%,Netherlands 7%, UK 5.6%, US 4.4%, China 4% (2007)
French PolynesiaFrance 52.7%, Singapore 14.9%, NZ 6.8%, US 6.6%(2006)
GabonFrance 27.7%, US 19.1%, Belgium 5.4%, Netherlands 4.7%, China4.1% (2007)
Gambia, TheChina 23.7%, Senegal 11.5%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.3%, Brazil8%, Netherlands 5.2% (2007)
Gaza StripIsrael, Egypt, West Bank (2006)
GeorgiaTurkey 14%, Russia 12.3%, Ukraine 8.5%, Azerbaijan 7.3%,Germany 6.8%, US 5%, Bulgaria 4.6% (2007)
GermanyNetherlands 12%, France 8.6%, Belgium 7.8%, China 6.2%,Italy 5.8%, UK 5.6%, US 4.5%, Austria 4.4% (2007)
GhanaNigeria 15.1%, China 14.9%, UK 5.2%, US 5.1% (2007)
GibraltarSpain 23.4%, Russia 12.3%, Italy 12%, UK 9%, France 8.9%,Netherlands 6.8%, US 4.7% (2006)
GreeceGermany 12.9%, Italy 11.7%, Russia 5.6%, France 5.6%, China5%, Netherlands 5% (2007)
GreenlandDenmark 68.1%, Sweden 19.3%, Canada 2.5% (2007)
GrenadaTrinidad and Tobago 36.5%, US 23.3%, Italy 4.1% (2007)
GuamSingapore 50%, South Korea 21.4%, Japan 14%, Hong Kong 4.6%(2006)
GuatemalaUS 34.9%, Mexico 9.9%, China 6.8%, El Salvador 4.6%, CostaRica 4.1% (2007)
GuernseyUK; note - regarded as internal trade (2006)
GuineaChina 10%, France 7%, Netherlands 6.3% (2007)
Guinea-BissauPortugal 21.7%, Senegal 16.8%, France 6%, Pakistan4.7% (2007)
GuyanaTrinidad and Tobago 26.2%, US 20.5%, Cuba 7.2%, China 7.1%,UK 5.4% (2007)
HaitiUS 41.2%, Netherlands Antilles 14.9%, China 4.7%, Brazil 4.4%(2007)
HondurasUS 52.4%, Guatemala 7.1%, El Salvador 5.2%, Mexico 4.5%,Costa Rica 4.2% (2007)
Hong KongChina 46.3%, Japan 10%, Taiwan 7.1%, Singapore 6.8%, US4.9%, South Korea 4.2% (2007)
HungaryGermany 26.6%, China 7.8%, Russia 6.9%, Austria 6.1%, Italy4.5%, France 4.3%, Netherlands 4.3% (2007)
IcelandUS 13.7%, Germany 12.2%, Sweden 10.2%, Denmark 7.5%,Netherlands 5.7%, UK 5.4%, China 5.1%, Norway 4.6% (2007)
IndiaChina 10.6%, US 7.8%, Germany 4.4%, Singapore 4.4% (2007)
IndonesiaSingapore 13.2%, China 11.5%, Japan 8.8%, Malaysia 8.6%,US 6.4%, Thailand 5.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.5%, South Korea 4.3%,Australia 4% (2007)
IranChina 14.2%, Germany 9.6%, UAE 9.1%, South Korea 6.3%, Russia5.7%, Italy 5% (2007)
IraqSyria 30.5%, Turkey 19.8%, US 11.1%, Jordan 5%, China 4.8%(2007)
IrelandUK 38.3%, US 11.3%, Germany 9.7%, Netherlands 5%, France4.2% (2007)
Isle of ManUK (2006)
IsraelUS 13.9%, Belgium 7.9%, Germany 6.2%, China 6.1%, Switzerland5.1%, UK 4.7%, Italy 4.1% (2007)
ItalyGermany 16.9%, France 9%, China 5.9%, Netherlands 5.5%,Belgium 4.3%, Spain 4.2% (2007)
JamaicaUS 37.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.5%, Grenada 9.7%, Venezuela8.3%, Brazil 4.2% (2007)
JapanChina 20.5%, US 11.6%, Saudi Arabia 5.7%, UAE 5.2%, Australia5%, South Korea 4.4%, Indonesia 4.2% (2007)
JerseyUK (2006)
JordanSaudi Arabia 21%, China 9.7%, Germany 7.5%, US 4.7%, Egypt4.4% (2007)
KazakhstanRussia 35.4%, China 22.1%, Germany 8% (2007)
KenyaUAE 11.4%, China 9.9%, India 8.7%, Saudi Arabia 8%, SouthAfrica 6.9%, US 6.2%, Japan 5.9%, UK 4.6% (2007)
KiribatiAustralia 33%, Fiji 27.1%, Japan 18.1%, NZ 6.9% (2006)
Korea, NorthChina 27%, South Korea 16%, Thailand 9%, Russia 7%(2006)
Korea, SouthChina 17.7%, Japan 15.8%, US 10.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.9%(2007)
KosovoEU 35%, Macedonia 15%, Serbia 13%, Turkey 8% (2006)
KuwaitUS 12.7%, Japan 8.5%, Germany 7.3%, China 6.8%, South Korea6.6%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, Italy 5.8%, UK 4.6% (2007)
KyrgyzstanRussia 40.5%, China 14.7%, Kazakhstan 12.9%, Uzbekistan5% (2007)
LaosThailand 68.5%, China 9.3%, Vietnam 5.5% (2007)
LatviaGermany 15.1%, Lithuania 13.8%, Russia 8.7%, Estonia 8%,Poland 6.9%, Finland 5.1%, Sweden 4.9% (2007)
LebanonSyria 12.1%, Italy 8.5%, France 8.3%, US 7%, China 5.9%,Germany 5.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.8% (2007)
LesothoChina 30%, Hong Kong 29.6%, India 10%, South Korea 6.6%,Germany 6.4%, Pakistan 4.6% (2007)
LiberiaSouth Korea 31.4%, Singapore 22.1%, Japan 14.9%, China 10.1%(2007)
LibyaItaly 18.9%, Germany 7.7%, China 7.3%, Tunisia 6.8%, France5.7%, Turkey 5.4%, US 4.3% (2007)
LiechtensteinEU, Switzerland (2006)
LithuaniaRussia 18%, Germany 15%, Poland 10.6%, Latvia 5.5%,Netherlands 4.3% (2007)
LuxembourgBelgium 27.4%, Germany 23.8%, China 17.1%, France 9.2%,Netherlands 5% (2007)
MacauChina 42.6%, Hong Kong 10.1%, Japan 9%, US 5.6%, Germany 4.4%,France 4.2% (2007)
MacedoniaGermany 13.2%, Greece 12.9%, Bulgaria 9.6%, Serbia andMontenegro 7.7%, Turkey 6.6%, Italy 6.3%, Slovenia 5% (2007)
MadagascarFrance 13.6%, China 13%, Iran 8.1%, South Africa 6.4%,Hong Kong 4.9%, Mauritius 4.8% (2007)
MalawiSouth Africa 36.1%, India 8.5%, Tanzania 6.1%, US 6.1%, China4.9% (2007)
MalaysiaJapan 13%, China 12.9%, Singapore 11.5%, US 10.8%, Taiwan5.7%, Thailand 5.3%, South Korea 4.9%, Germany 4.6%, Indonesia 4.2%(2007)
MaldivesCanada 35.2%, Singapore 15%, UAE 10.2%, India 7.4%,Malaysia 7.1% (2007)
MaliFrance 12.9%, Senegal 12.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.9%, China 4.9%(2007)
MaltaItaly 26%, UK 15%, France 9.5%, Germany 8.8%, Singapore 5.2%(2007)
Marshall IslandsUS, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China,Philippines (2006)
MauritaniaFrance 16.5%, China 8.1%, Spain 6.7%, US 6.1%, Belgium5.8%, Brazil 5.7% (2007)
MauritiusIndia 21.2%, China 11.4%, France 10.7%, South Africa 7.4%(2007)
MayotteFrance 49%, Seychelles 8.8%, China 4.1% (2006)
MexicoUS 49.6%, China 10.5%, Japan 5.8%, South Korea 4.5% (2007)
Micronesia, Federated States ofUS, Japan, Hong Kong (2006)
MoldovaRussia 20.5%, Ukraine 15.8%, Romania 15%, Germany 8.7%,Italy 5.7%, Poland 4.1% (2007)
MongoliaChina 32%, Russia 29.4%, South Korea 7.9%, Japan 7.2% (2007)
MontenegroGreece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia andHerzegovina 9.2% (2006)
MontserratUS, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (2006)
MoroccoFrance 16.1%, Spain 13.6%, China 7.3%, Italy 6.7%, SaudiArabia 6.4%, Germany 5.9%, US 4.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)
MozambiqueSouth Africa 36.7%, Australia 8.5%, China 4.6% (2007)
NamibiaSouth Africa 85.2%, US (2006)
NauruSouth Korea 43.8%, Australia 36.2%, US 5.9%, Germany 4.3%(2006)
NepalIndia 58.9%, China 13.6%, Japan 1.6% (2007)
NetherlandsGermany 17.7%, China 10.5%, Belgium 9.3%, US 7.3%, UK5.8%, Russia 5.1%, France 4.4% (2007)
Netherlands AntillesVenezuela 59.1%, US 17.7%, Brazil 7.1% (2007)
New CaledoniaFrance 36.7%, Singapore 14.7%, Australia 12.1%, NZ5.2%, Germany 4.6% (2007)
New ZealandAustralia 20.7%, China 13.4%, US 9.7%, Japan 9.5%,Singapore 4.9%, Germany 4.7% (2007)
NicaraguaUS 22.5%, Mexico 13.5%, Costa Rica 8.4%, Venezuela 6.4%,Guatemala 6.2%, El Salvador 4.8% (2007)
NigerFrance 15.9%, French Polynesia 8.8%, Nigeria 8.6%, Belgium8.6%, US 6.9%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.6% (2007)
NigeriaChina 10.6%, Netherlands 7.9%, US 7.8%, South Korea 6.6%, UK5.7%, France 4.3%, Brazil 4.2%, Germany 4.1% (2007)
NiueNew Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2006)
Norfolk IslandAustralia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia,Europe (2006)
Northern Mariana IslandsUS, Japan (2006)
NorwaySweden 14.7%, Germany 13.6%, UK 6.9%, Denmark 6.4%, China6.1%, US 4.8%, Canada 4.3% (2007)
OmanUAE 19.3%, Japan 17.6%, US 7.4%, Germany 5.2%, India 4.1% (2007)
PakistanChina 16.2%, Saudi Arabia 10.9%, UAE 10.1%, US 5.7%, Kuwait4.9%, Japan 4.4% (2007)
PalauUS, Singapore, Japan, South Korea (2006)
PanamaUS 32.8%, Netherlands Antilles 7.6%, China 5.6%, Japan 5.1%,Costa Rica 5.1%, South Korea 4.1% (2007)
Papua New GuineaAustralia 51.3%, Singapore 11.6%, China 7.9%, Japan5.7% (2007)
ParaguayBrazil 30.4%, US 22.8%, Argentina 14.4%, China 8.6% (2007)
PeruUS 20.5%, China 10.8%, Brazil 9%, Ecuador 6.1%, Argentina 5.6%,Chile 5%, Colombia 4.8% (2007)
PhilippinesUS 14.1%, Japan 12.3%, Singapore 11.2%, Taiwan 7.3%,China 7.2%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, South Korea 5.9%, Malaysia 4.1%,Thailand 4.1% (2007)
PolandGermany 29%, Russia 8.7%, Italy 6.6%, Netherlands 5.7%,France 5.1%, China 4.2% (2007)
PortugalSpain 29.5%, Germany 12.9%, France 8.4%, Italy 5.2%,Netherlands 4.6% (2007)
Puerto RicoUS 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2006)
QatarUS 13.3%, Italy 10.8%, Japan 8.9%, France 7.9%, Germany 7.3%,UK 5.7%, South Korea 5.6%, UAE 5.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.3% (2007)
RomaniaGermany 17.2%, Italy 12.8%, Hungary 6.9%, Russia 6.3%,France 6.2%, Turkey 5.4%, Austria 4.8% (2007)
RussiaGermany 13.3%, China 12.2%, Ukraine 6.7%, Japan 6.4%, US4.8%, Belarus 4.4%, South Korea 4.4%, Italy 4.3% (2007)
RwandaKenya 19.6%, Uganda 6.9%, Germany 6.2%, Belgium 5.9%, China5% (2007)
Saint HelenaUK 53.5%, South Africa 14.3%, Spain 10.3%, Tanzania8.5%, US 4.6% (2006)
Saint Kitts and NevisUS 47.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.3%, UK 5.6%(2007)
Saint LuciaBrazil 63.6%, US 10.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 8.2% (2007)
Saint MartinUS, Mexico (2006)
Saint Pierre and MiquelonFrance 51.3%, Canada 31.8%, Belgium 4.1%(2006)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSingapore 15.9%, Trinidad andTobago 14.9%, Italy 13.3%, US 13%, China 5% (2007)
SamoaNZ 22.1%, Fiji 17.2%, Singapore 16.1%, Australia 7.9%, Japan6.8%, Indonesia 5.4%, US 5.3% (2007)
Sao Tome and PrincipePortugal 62.2%, US 11.6%, Gabon 4.5% (2007)
Saudi ArabiaUS 12.6%, China 9.4%, Germany 8.8%, Japan 8.1%, Italy5%, South Korea 4.9%, UK 4.5% (2007)
SenegalFrance 22.2%, Netherlands 10%, China 7.4%, UK 6.2%, Thailand5.2%, Belgium 4.5% (2007)
SeychellesSaudi Arabia 17.6%, Germany 10.8%, France 8.1%, Spain7.6%, South Africa 6.4%, Singapore 5.8% (2007)
Sierra LeoneCote d'Ivoire 10%, China 10%, US 9.5%, UK 6.2%,Netherlands 5.1%, India 4.7% (2007)
SingaporeMalaysia 13.1%, US 12.5%, China 12.1%, Japan 8.2%, Taiwan5.9%, Indonesia 5.6%, South Korea 4.9% (2007)
SlovakiaGermany 22.1%, Czech Republic 17.3%, Russia 9.2%, Hungary6.7%, Austria 5.1%, Poland 4.9%, South Korea 4.7% (2007)
SloveniaGermany 18.1%, Italy 17.1%, Austria 11.7%, France 5%,Croatia 4.6% (2007)
Solomon IslandsSingapore 28.2%, Australia 25.4%, Japan 4.6%, NZ4.5%, Fiji 4% (2007)
SomaliaDjibouti 34.4%, India 9.1%, Kenya 9%, Oman 6%, UAE 5.6%,Yemen 5.5% (2007)
South AfricaGermany 10.9%, China 10%, Spain 8.2%, US 7.2%, Japan6.1%, UK 4.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.2% (2007)
SpainGermany 15.7%, France 12.7%, Italy 8.4%, China 5.8%, UK 4.8%,Netherlands 4.6% (2007)
Sri LankaIndia 23.1%, Singapore 9.9%, China 8.2%, Iran 7.5%, HongKong 6.4% (2007)
SudanChina 27.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.5%, India 6.3%, Egypt 5.6%, UAE5.5%, Japan 4.2% (2007)
SurinameUS 27%, Netherlands 17.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.3%, China5.9%, Japan 5.1% (2007)
SwazilandSouth Africa 95.6%, EU 0.9%, Japan 0.9% (2006)
SwedenGermany 18.4%, Denmark 9.2%, Norway 8.3%, UK 6.8%, Finland6.1%, Netherlands 5.8%, France 5%, China 4.3%, Belgium 4.1% (2007)
SwitzerlandGermany 32.6%, Italy 10.8%, France 9.5%, US 5.8%,Netherlands 4.6%, Austria 4.2%, UK 4.2% (2007)
SyriaSaudi Arabia 12%, China 8.7%, Egypt 6.2%, Italy 6%, UAE 5.9%,Ukraine 4.8%, Russia 4.8%, Germany 4.7%, Iran 4.3% (2007)
TaiwanJapan 22.7%, US 13.3%, China 11.2%, South Korea 6.6%, SaudiArabia 4.8%, Singapore 4.6% (2007)
TajikistanRussia 32.1%, Kazakhstan 13.1%, China 10.8%, Uzbekistan8.4% (2007)
TanzaniaChina 12%, Kenya 8%, South Africa 7.7%, India 6.9%, UAE5.9% (2007)
ThailandJapan 20.3%, China 11.6%, US 6.8%, Malaysia 6.2%, UAE 4.9%,Singapore 4.5%, Taiwan 4.1% (2007)
TogoChina 36.3%, Estonia 9.6%, US 7.6%, Netherlands 7.3%, France 7%(2007)
TokelauNew Zealand (2006)
TongaFiji 32.5%, NZ 27.5%, US 9%, Australia 7.4%, China 5% (2007)
Trinidad and TobagoUS 28.2%, Brazil 11%, Venezuela 8.2%, Colombia5.4%, Gabon 4.9%, China 4.2% (2007)
TunisiaFrance 23.8%, Italy 21.9%, Germany 9.7%, Spain 5%, Libya4.4% (2007)
TurkeyRussia 13.8%, Germany 10.3%, China 7.8%, Italy 5.9%, US 4.8%,France 4.6% (2007)
TurkmenistanUAE 14.3%, Russia 11.6%, Turkey 10.3%, China 9.1%,Ukraine 8.7%, Iran 7%, Germany 6.5%, US 5.6% (2007)
Turks and Caicos IslandsUS, UK (2006)
TuvaluFiji 46.1%, Japan 18.9%, China 18.2%, Australia 7.7%, NZ 4.1%(2006)
UgandaKenya 31.8%, China 7.8%, UAE 7.7%, South Africa 5.9%, India5.2%, Japan 4.8% (2007)
UkraineRussia 23.9%, Germany 11.8%, China 8.5%, Poland 8.1%,Turkmenistan 5.4% (2007)
United Arab EmiratesChina 12.8%, India 10%, US 8.7%, Japan 6.1%,Germany 5.9%, UK 5.3%, Italy 4.6% (2007)
United KingdomGermany 14.2%, US 8.6%, China 7.3%, Netherlands 7.3%,France 6.9%, Belgium 4.7%, Norway 4.7%, Italy 4.2% (2007)
United StatesChina 16.9%, Canada 15.7%, Mexico 10.6%, Japan 7.4%,Germany 4.8% (2007)
UruguayBrazil 19.1%, Argentina 17.9%, US 9.5%, China 9.1%, Paraguay7.7%, Nigeria 4.7% (2007)
UzbekistanRussia 30.1%, China 13.3%, South Korea 13%, Germany 6.3%,Kazakhstan 6.2%, Ukraine 4% (2007)
VanuatuAustralia 20.7%, Singapore 11.8%, NZ 11.2%, Norway 8.5%, US8.3%, Fiji 8.1%, China 7.2%, New Caledonia 4.5% (2007)
VenezuelaUS 26.6%, Colombia 13.5%, Brazil 9.5%, China 6.7%, Mexico5.2%, Panama 5% (2007)
VietnamChina 19.9%, Singapore 12.1%, Taiwan 11%, Japan 9.9%, SouthKorea 8.5%, Thailand 6% (2007)
Virgin IslandsUS, Puerto Rico (2006)
Wallis and FutunaFrance 97%, Australia 2%, NZ 1% (2006)
West BankIsrael, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2006)
Western SaharaMorocco claims and administers Western Sahara, sotrade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts (2006)
WorldChina 10.7%, Germany 9.23%, US 8.28%, Japan 5.14%, France3.99% (2007)
YemenUAE 15.1%, China 11.6%, US 7.8%, Saudi Arabia 7.1%, Kuwait5.3%, Germany 4.8% (2007)
ZambiaSouth Africa 47.4%, UAE 6.3%, China 6%, India 4.1%, UK 4%(2007)
ZimbabweSouth Africa 50.7%, China 8.4%, US 4.5%, Botswana 4.3%(2007)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
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@2062 Economic aid - donor
AustraliaODA, $2.123 billion (2006)
AustriaODA, $1.498 billion (2006)
BelgiumODA, $1.978 billion (2006)
CanadaODA, $3.9 billion (2007)
Cyprus$25.9 million (2006)
DenmarkODA, $2.236 billion (2006)
FinlandODA, $1.023 billion (2007)
FranceODA, $10.6 billion (2006)
GermanyODA, $10.44 billion (2006)
Greece$424 million (2006)
Iceland$6.7 million (2004)
IrelandODA, $1.022 billion (2006)
ItalyODA, $3.641 billion (2006)
JapanODA, $11.19 billion (2006)
Korea, SouthODA, $455.3 million (2006)
LuxembourgODA, $291 million (2006)
NetherlandsODA, $5.452 billion (2006)
New ZealandODA, $259 million (2006)
NorwayODA, $2.954 billion (2006)
PortugalODA, $396 million (2006)
Saudi Arabiasince 2002, Saudi Arabia has provided more than $480million in budgetary support to the Palestinian Authority, supportedPalestinian refugees through contributions to the UN Relief andWorks Agency (UNRWA), provided more than $250 million to Arab Leaguefunds for the Palestinians, and pledged $500 million in assistanceover the next three years at the Donors Conference in Dec 2007;pledged $230 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq; pledged $133million in direct grant aid, $187 million in concessional loans, and$153 million in export credits for Pakistan earthquake relief;pledged a total of $1.59 billion to Lebanon in assistance anddeposits to the Central Bank of Lebanon in 2006 and pledged anadditional $1.1 billion in early 2007
SpainODA, $3.814 billion (2006)
SwedenODA, $3.955 billion (2006)
SwitzerlandODA, $1.646 billion (2006)
United Arab Emiratessince its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fundfor Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries(2004)
United KingdomODA, $12.46 billion (2006)
United StatesODA, $23.53 billion (2006)
This page was last updated on 13 November 2008
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@2063 Constitution
Afghanistannew constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January2004; signed 16 January 2004
AkrotiriSovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order inCouncil 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legaldocument
Albaniaadopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998;promulgated 28 November 1998
Algeria8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976, effective 22November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28November 1996, and 12 November 2008
American Samoaratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967
AndorraAndorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991,approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993
Angolaadopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992
AnguillaAnguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda1 November 1981
Argentina1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860
Armeniaadopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendmentsadopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Aruba1 January 1986
Australia9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Austria1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during theperiod 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative)constitution in place
Azerbaijanadopted 12 November 1995
Bahamas, The10 July 1973
Bahrainadopted 14 February 2002
Bangladesh4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspendedfollowing coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amendedmany times
Barbados30 November 1966
Belarus15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and becameeffective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removingpresidential term limits
Belgium7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 tocreate a federal state
Belize21 September 1981
Beninadopted by referendum 2 December 1990
Bermuda8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutanratified 23 July 2008
Bolivia2 February 1967; revised in August 1994; possible referendumon new constitution to be held in 2008
Bosnia and Herzegovinathe Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995in Paris, included a new constitution now in force; note - each ofthe entities also has its own constitution
BotswanaMarch 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Brazil5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands13 June 2007
Brunei29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State ofEmergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1January 1984)
Bulgariaadopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso2 June 1991 approved by referendum, 11 June 1991formally adopted; last amended January 2002
Burma30 May 2008
Burundi28 February 2005; ratified by popular referendum
Cambodiapromulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon20 May 1972 approved by referendum, adopted 2 June 1972;revised January 1996
Canadamade up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicialdecisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitutionconsists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created afederation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution fromBritain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights andFreedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revisioncreated the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman Islands1959; revised 1962, 1972, and 1994
Central African Republicratified by popular referendum 5 December2004; effective 27 December 2004
Chadpassed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendumremoved constitutional term limits
Chile11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989,1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005
Chinamost recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas IslandChristmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) asamended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Colombia5 July 1991; amended many times
Comoros23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the18 February 2006
Congo, Republic of theapproved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cook Islands4 August 1965
Costa Rica7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoireapproved by referendum 23 July 2000
Croatiaadopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus16 August 1960note: from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longerparticipated in the government; negotiations to create the basis fora new or revised constitution to govern the island and for betterrelations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been heldintermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their ownconstitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish FederatedState of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of NorthernCyprus (TRNC)" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independencein 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5May 1985, although the "TRNC" remains unrecognized by any countryother than Turkey
Czech Republicratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993
Denmark5 June 1953 constitution allowed for a unicamerallegislature and a female chief of state
DhekeliaSovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order inCouncil 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legaldocument
Djiboutimultiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September1992
Dominica3 November 1978
Dominican Republic28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002
Ecuador10 August 1998
Egypt11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26March 2007
El Salvador20 December 1983
Equatorial Guineaapproved by national referendum 17 November 1991;amended January 1995
Eritreaa transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, wasreplaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yetimplemented
Estoniaadopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopiaratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Unionbased on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris,which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951;the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community(EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957;the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union(Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and theTreaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty,signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years forratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendumbefore it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat inFrench and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setbackto the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Councilagreed on a clear and concise mandate for an IntergovernmentalConference to form a political agreement and put it into legal form;this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as aconstitution and was presented to the European Council in October2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irishvoters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fijienacted on 25 July 1997 to encourage multiculturalism and makemultiparty government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998
Finland1 March 2000
Franceadopted by referendum 28 September 1958, effective 4 October1958note: amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended tocomply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1997 AmsterdamTreaty, 2003 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term toa five-year term; amended in 2005 to make the EU constitutionaltreaty compatible with the Constitution of France and to ensure thatthe decision to ratify EU accession treaties would be made byreferendum
French Polynesia4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabonadopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, Theapproved by national referendum 8 August 1996; effective16 January 1997
Georgiaadopted 24 August 1995
Germany23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of theunited Germany 3 October 1990
Ghanaapproved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar5 June 2006; came into force 2 January 2007
Greece11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Greenland5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Grenada19 December 1973
GuamOrganic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950
Guatemala31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended25 May 1993 by former President Jorge SERRANO; reinstated 5 June1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993
Guernseyunwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26February 1993, 9 June 1993, and in 1996
Guyana6 October 1980
Haitiapproved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articlesreinstated March 1989; constitutional government ousted in amilitary coup in September 1991, although in October 1991, militarygovernment claimed to be observing the constitution; returned toconstitutional rule in October 1994; constitution, while technicallyin force between 2004-2006, was not enforced; returned toconstitutional rule in May 2006
Holy See (Vatican City)new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHNPAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replacesthe first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Honduras11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended manytimes
Hong KongBasic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's NationalPeople's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individualsand constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister andalso established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
India26 January 1950; amended many times
IndonesiaAugust 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 andProvisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series ofamendments concluded in 2002
Iran2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of thepresidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Iraqratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by theConstitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum )
Irelandadopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937
Isle of Manunwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Israelno formal constitution; some of the functions of aconstitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948),the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israelicitizenship law; note - since May 2003 the Constitution, Law, andJustice Committee of the Knesset has been working on a draftconstitution
Italypassed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amendedmany times
Jamaica6 August 1962
Japan3 May 1947
Jerseyunwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan1 January 1952; amended many times
Kazakhstanfirst post-independence constitution adopted 28 January1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Kenya12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued withamendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001; note - anew draft constitution was defeated by popular referendum in 2005
Kiribati12 July 1979
Korea, Northadopted 1948; completely revised 27 December 1972,revised again in April 1992, and September 1998
Korea, South17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times;current constitution approved on 29 October 1987
Kosovoratified 9 April 2008; effective 15 June 2008
Kuwaitapproved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstanadopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed byPresident Askar AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2February 2003 significantly expanded the powers of the president atthe expense of the legislature; during large-scale demonstrations inNovember 2006, President BAKIEV and the opposition negotiated a newconstitution granting greater powers to the parliament and thegovernment; amendments added on 30 December 2006 redistributed somepower back to the president, but both November and December 2006versions were annulled in September 2007, and a new version wasapproved by referendum on 21 October 2007; the BAKIEV-initiatedreferendum was criticized by Western observers for votingirregularities, particularly ballot stuffing
Laospromulgated 14 August 1991
Latvia15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Lawof the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council on 21August 1991; multiple amendments since
Lebanon23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recentlyCharter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) ofOctober 1989
Lesotho2 April 1993
Liberia6 January 1986
Libyanone; note - following the September 1969 military overthrowof the Libyan government, the Revolutionary Command Council replacedthe existing constitution with the Constitutional Proclamation inDecember 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted the Declaration of theEstablishment of the People's Authority
Liechtenstein5 October 1921
Lithuaniaadopted 25 October 1992
Luxembourg17 October 1868; occasional revisions
MacauBasic Law, approved on 31 March 1993 by China's NationalPeople's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
Macedoniaadopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991;amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendmentsstrengthening minority rights and in 2005 with amendments related tothe judiciary
Madagascar19 August 1992 by national referendum
Malawi18 May 1994
Malaysia31 August 1957 (amended many times, latest in 2007)
Maldivesnew constitution ratified 7 August 2008
Maliadopted 12 January 1992
Malta1964 constitution; amended many times
Marshall Islands1 May 1979
Mauritania12 July 1991
Mauritius12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
Mayotte4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mexico5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States of10 May 1979
Moldovanew constitution adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August1994; replaced old Soviet constitution of 1979
Monaco17 December 1962
Mongolia12 February 1992
Montenegro19 October 2007 (approved by the Assembly)
Montserrateffective 19 December 1989
Morocco10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended (to createbicameral legislature) September 1996
Mozambique30 November 1990
Namibiaratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990
Nauru29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968 (Constitution Day)
Nepal9 November 1990; note - a new interim constitution waspromulgated in January 2007; the November 2006 peace agreement callsfor the election of a Constituent Assembly to draft a new permanentconstitution
Netherlandsadopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002
Netherlands Antilles29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of theNetherlands, as amended
New Caledonia4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealandconsists of a series of legal documents, includingcertain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments, as well as TheConstitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter;adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987
Nicaragua9 January 1987; reforms in 1995, 2000, and 2005
Nigernew constitution adopted 18 July 1999
Nigerianew constitution adopted 5 May 1999; effective 29 May 1999
Niue19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island Act of 1979, as amended in 2005
Northern Mariana IslandsConstitution of the Commonwealth of theNorthern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; CovenantAgreement fully effective 4 November 1986
Norway17 May 1814; amended many times
Omannone; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royaldecree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be aconstitution which, among other things, clarifies the royalsuccession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers fromholding interests in companies doing business with the government,establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civilliberties for Omani citizens
Pakistan12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December2007
Palau1 January 1981
Panama11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and2004
Papua New Guinea16 September 1975
Paraguaypromulgated 20 June 1992
Peru29 December 1993
Philippines2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additionalreforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinanceof 1964
Polandadopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed bynational referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
Portugaladopted 2 April 1976; note - subsequent revisions of theConstitution placed the military under strict civilian control,trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for astable, pluralistic liberal democracy; as well, they allowed for theprivatization of nationalized firms and the government-ownedcommunications media
Puerto Ricoratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July1952; effective 25 July 1952
Qatarratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed bythe Amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Romania8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003
Russiaadopted 12 December 1993
Rwandanew constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003
Saint Barthelemy4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Helena1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and Nevis19 September 1983
Saint Lucia22 February 1979
Saint Martin4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines27 October 1979
Samoa1 January 1962
San Marino8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of thefunctions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principeapproved March 1990, effective 10 September1990
Saudi Arabiagoverned according to Islamic law; the Basic Law thatarticulates the government's rights and responsibilities waspromulgated by royal decree in 1992
Senegaladopted 7 January 2001
Serbiaadopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006
Seychelles18 June 1993
Sierra Leone1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Singapore3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence Stateof Singapore Constitution)
Slovakiaratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993;changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president;amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EUmembership
Sloveniaadopted 23 December 1991
Solomon Islands7 July 1978
Somalia25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known asthe Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Africa10 December 1996; this new constitution was certifiedby the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by thenPresident MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 4February 1997
Spainapproved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Sri Lankaadopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978
Sudanconstitution implemented on 30 June 1998, partially suspended12 December 1999 by President BASHIR; under the CPA, InterimNational Constitution ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of SouthernSudan signed December 2005
Surinameratified 30 September 1987; effective 30 October 1987
Swazilandsigned by the King in July 2005 went into effect on 8February 2006
Sweden1 January 1975
Switzerlandrevision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the FederalParliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999,officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Syria13 March 1973
Taiwan25 December 1947; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000,2005note: constitution adopted on 25 December 1946; went into effect on25 December 1947
Tajikistan6 November 1994
Tanzania25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailandconstitution signed by King PHUMIPHON (BHUMIBOL) on 24August 2007
Timor-Leste22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
Togomultiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of theRepublic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelauadministered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amendedin 1970
Tonga4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago1 August 1976
Tunisia1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Turkey7 November 1982
Turkmenistanadopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order2006 (effective 9 August 2006)
Tuvalu1 October 1978
Uganda8 October 1995; in 2005 the constitution was amended removingpresidential term limits and legalizing a multiparty political system
Ukraineadopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996
United Kingdomunwritten; partly statutes, partly common law andpractice
United States17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789