MoroccoArab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
MozambiqueAfrican 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, andothers), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibiablack 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups include Herero 7%, Damara7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
NauruNauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European8%
NepalChhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)
NetherlandsDutch 80.7%, EU 5%, Indonesian 2.4%, Turkish 2.2%,Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%, Netherlands Antilles & Aruba 0.8%, other4.8% (2008 est.)
Netherlands Antillesmixed black 85%, other 15% (includes CaribAmerindian, white, East Asian)
New CaledoniaMelanesian 44.1%, European 34.1%, Wallisian & Futunian9%, Tahitian 2.6%, Indonesian 2.5%, Vietnamese 1.4%, Ni-Vanuatu1.1%, other 5.2% (1996 census)
New ZealandEuropean 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander4.4%, other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)
Nicaraguamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black9%, Amerindian 5%
NigerHaoussa 55.4%, Djerma Sonrai 21%, Tuareg 9.3%, Peuhl 8.5%,Kanouri Manga 4.7%, other 1.2% (2001 census)
NigeriaNigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of morethan 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous andpolitically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
NiueNiuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)
Norfolk Islanddescendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, NewZealander, Polynesian
Northern Mariana IslandsAsian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)
NorwayNorwegian 94.4% (includes Sami, about 60,000), other European3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate)
OmanArab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,Bangladeshi), African
PakistanPunjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%,Sariaki 8.38%, Muhagirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%
PalauPalauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%,Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.2%(2000 census)
Panamamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian andmixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Papua New GuineaMelanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Paraguaymestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%
PeruAmerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
PhilippinesTagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%,Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%,other 25.3% (2000 census)
Pitcairn Islandsdescendants of the Bounty mutineers and theirTahitian wives
PolandPolish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
Portugalhomogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black Africandescent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number lessthan 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Puerto Ricowhite (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed 4.2%, other 6.7% (2000 census)
QatarArab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
RomaniaRomanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
RussiaRussian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%,Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)
RwandaHutu (Bantu) 84%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 15%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%
Saint Barthelemywhite, Creole (mulatto), black, Guadeloupe Mestizo(French-East Asia)
Saint HelenaAfrican descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%
Saint Kitts and Nevispredominantly black; some British, Portuguese,and Lebanese
Saint Luciablack 82.5%, mixed 11.9%, East Indian 2.4%, other orunspecified 3.1% (2001 census)
Saint Martincreole (mulatto), black, Guadeloupe Mestizo(French-East Asia), white, East Indian
Saint Pierre and MiquelonBasques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesblack 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian6%, European 4%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 3%
SamoaSamoan 92.6%, Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesianblood) 7%, Europeans 0.4% (2001 census)
San MarinoSammarinese, Italian
Sao Tome and Principemestico, angolares (descendants of Angolanslaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contractlaborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (childrenof servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Saudi ArabiaArab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
SenegalWolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
SerbiaSerb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census)
Seychellesmixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab
Sierra Leone20 African ethnic groups 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaveswho were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers ofEuropeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
SingaporeChinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000census)
SlovakiaSlovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%,Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
SloveniaSlovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other orunspecified 12% (2002 census)
Solomon IslandsMelanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%,other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)
SomaliaSomali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs30,000)
South Africablack African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%,Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)
Spaincomposite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Sri LankaSinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%,Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 censusprovisional data)
Sudanblack 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
SurinameHindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; theirancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country inthe 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%
SvalbardNorwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%(1998)
SwazilandAfrican 97%, European 3%
Swedenindigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Samiminorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
SwitzerlandGerman 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other6%
SyriaArab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
TaiwanTaiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,indigenous 2%
TajikistanTajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%,other 2.6% (2000 census)
Tanzaniamainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consistingof more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European,and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African
ThailandThai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Timor-LesteAustronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chineseminority
TogoAfrican (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina,and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
TokelauPolynesian
TongaPolynesian, Europeans
Trinidad and TobagoIndian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)
TunisiaArab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
TurkeyTurkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
TurkmenistanTurkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
Turks and Caicos Islandsblack 90%, mixed, European, or NorthAmerican 10%
TuvaluPolynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%
UgandaBaganda 16.9%, Banyakole 9.5%, Basoga 8.4%, Bakiga 6.9%,Iteso 6.4%, Langi 6.1%, Acholi 4.7%, Bagisu 4.6%, Lugbara 4.2%,Bunyoro 2.7%, other 29.6% (2002 census)
UkraineUkrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, SouthAsian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)8% (1982)note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United Kingdomwhite (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)
United Stateswhite 79.96%, black 12.85%, Asian 4.43%, Amerindianand Alaska native 0.97%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander0.18%, two or more races 1.61% (July 2007 estimate)note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the USCensus Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin Americandescent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Ricanorigin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group(white, black, Asian, etc.); about 15.1% of the total US populationis Hispanic
Uruguaywhite 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practicallynonexistent)
UzbekistanUzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
VanuatuNi-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)
VenezuelaSpanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,indigenous people
VietnamKinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)
Virgin Islandsblack 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%,mixed 3.5% (2000 census)
Wallis and FutunaPolynesian
West BankPalestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western SaharaArab, Berber
Yemenpredominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
ZambiaAfrican 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
ZimbabweAfrican 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed andAsian 1%, white less than 1%
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
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@2076 Exchange rates
Afghanistanafghanis (AFA) per US dollar - NA (2007), 46 (2006),47.7 (2005), 48 (2004), 49 (2003)
Akrotirieuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.4286 (2007), 0.46019 (2006),0.4641 (2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003)
Albanialeke (ALL) per US dollar - 92.668 (2007), 98.384 (2006),102.649 (2005), 102.78 (2004), 121.863 (2003)
AlgeriaAlgerian dinars (DZD) per US dollar - 69.9 (2007), 72.647(2006), 73.276 (2005), 72.061 (2004), 77.395 (2003)
American Samoathe US dollar is used
Andorraeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Angolakwanza (AOA) per US dollar - 76.6 (2007), 80.4 (2006), 88.6(2005), 83.541 (2004), 74.606 (2003)
AnguillaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)note: fixed rate since 1976
Antigua and BarbudaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7(2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)note: fixed rate since 1976
ArgentinaArgentine pesos (ARS) per US dollar - 3.1105 (2007),3.0543 (2006), 2.9037 (2005), 2.9233 (2004), 2.9006 (2003)
Armeniadrams (AMD) per US dollar - 344.06 (2007), 414.69 (2006),457.69 (2005), 533.45 (2004), 578.76 (2003)
ArubaAruban guilders/florins (AWG) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.79(2006), 1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79 (2003)
AustraliaAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137 (2007),1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)
Austriaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
AzerbaijanAzerbaijani manats (AZN) per US dollar - 0.8581 (2007),0.8934 (2006), 4,727.1 (2005), 4,913.48 (2004), 4,910.73 (2003)note: on 1 January 2006 Azerbaijan revalued its currency, with 5,000old manats equal to 1 new manat
Bahamas, TheBahamian dollars (BSD) per US dollar - 1 (2007), 1(2006), 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1 (2003)
BahrainBahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - 0.376 (2007), 0.376(2006), 0.376 (2005), 0.376 (2004), 0.376 (2003)
Bangladeshtaka (BDT) per US dollar - 69.893 (2007), 69.031 (2006),64.328 (2005), 59.513 (2004), 58.15 (2003)
BarbadosBarbadian dollars (BBD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2(2006), 2 (2005), 2 (2004), 2 (2003)
BelarusBelarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - 2,145 (2007),2,144.6 (2006), 2,150 (2005), 2,160.26 (2004), 2,051.27 (2003)
Belgiumeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
BelizeBelizean dollars (BZD) per US dollar - 2 (2007), 2 (2006), 2(2005), 2 (2004), 2 (2003)
BeninCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
BermudaBermudian dollars (BMD) per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed ratepegged to the US dollar)
Bhutanngultrum (BTN) per US dollar - 41.487 (2007), 45.279 (2006),44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003)note: the ngultrum is pegged to the Indian rupee
Boliviabolivianos (BOB) per US dollar - 7.8616 (2007), 8.0159(2006), 8.0661 (2005), 7.9363 (2004), 7.6592 (2003)
Bosnia and Herzegovinakonvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -1.4419 (2007), 1.5576 (2006), 1.5727 (2005), 1.5752 (2004), 1.7329(2003)note: the convertible mark is pegged to the euro
Botswanapulas (BWP) per US dollar - 6.2035 (2007), 5.8447 (2006),5.1104 (2005), 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499 (2003)
Brazilreals (BRL) per US dollar - 1.85 (2007 est.), 2.1761 (2006),2.4344 (2005), 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771 (2003)
British Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
BruneiBruneian dollars (BND) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.5886(2006), 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003)
Bulgarialeva (BGN) per US dollar - 1.4366 (2007), 1.5576 (2006),1.5741 (2005), 1.5751 (2004), 1.7327 (2003)
Burkina FasoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004),581.2 (2003)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
Burmakyats (MMK) per US dollar - 1,296 (2007), 1,280 (2006), 5.761(2005), 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003)note: unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/USdollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by yearend 2005, theunofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar; data shown for2003-05 are official exchange rates
BurundiBurundi francs (BIF) per US dollar - 1,065 (2007), 1,030(2006), 1,138 (2005), 1,100.91 (2004), 1,082.62 (2003)
Cambodiariels (KHR) per US dollar - 4,006 (2007), 4,103 (2006),4,092.5 (2005), 4,016.25 (2004), 3,973.33 (2003)
CameroonCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar- 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003)
CanadaCanadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar - 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334(2006), 1.2118 (2005), 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003)
Cape VerdeCape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 81.235 (2007),87.946 (2006), 88.67 (2005), 88.808 (2004), 97.703 (2003)
Cayman IslandsCaymanian dollars (KYD) per US dollar - NA (2007),0.8496 (2006)
Central African RepublicCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs(XAF) per US dollar - 481.8 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005),528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003)
ChadCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -480.1 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003)
ChileChilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar - 526.25 (2007), 530.29(2006), 560.09 (2005), 609.37 (2004), 691.43 (2003)
ChinaRenminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar - 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006),8.1943 (2005), 8.2768 (2004), 8.277 (2003)
Christmas IslandAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137(2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419(2003)
ColombiaColombian pesos (COP) per US dollar - 2,013.8 (2007),2,358.6 (2006), 2,320.75 (2005), 2,628.61 (2004), 2,877.65 (2003)
ComorosComoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 361.4 (2007), 391.8(2006), 395.6 (2005), 396.21 (2004), 435.9 (2003)note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongolese francs (CDF) per USdollar - NA (2007), 464.69 (2006), 437.86 (2005), 401.04 (2004),405.34 (2003)
Congo, Republic of theCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)per US dollar - 483.6 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29(2004), 581.2 (2003)
Cook IslandsNZ dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408(2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)
Costa RicaCosta Rican colones (CRC) per US dollar - 519.53 (2007),511.3 (2006), 477.79 (2005), 437.91 (2004), 398.66 (2003)
Cote d'IvoireCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004),581.2 (2003)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
Croatiakuna (HRK) per US dollar - 5.3735 (2007), 5.8625 (2006),5.9473 (2005), 6.0358 (2004), 6.7035 (2003)
CubaCuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar - 0.9259 (2007), 0.9231 (2006)note: Cuba has two currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso (CUP)and the convertible peso (CUC); in April 2005 the official exchangerate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC (0.93 CUC per $1),both for individuals and enterprises; individuals can buy 24 Cubanpesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban pesos for each CUCbought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP and CUC at a 1:1ratio.
CyprusCypriot pounds (CYP) per US dollar -: 0.4286 (2007), 0.4586(2006), 0.4641 (2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003)
Czech Republickoruny (CZK) per US dollar - 20.53 (2007), 22.596(2006), 23.957 (2005), 25.7 (2004), 28.209 (2003)
DenmarkDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468(2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003)
Dhekeliaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.4286 (2007), 0.46019 (2006),0.4641 (2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003)
DjiboutiDjiboutian francs (DJF) per US dollar - 177.71 (2007),174.75 (2006), 177.72 (2005), 177.72 (2004), 177.72 (2003)
DominicaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Dominican RepublicDominican pesos (DOP) per US dollar - 33.113(2007), 33.406 (2006), 30.409 (2005), 42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003)
Ecuadorthe US dollar is used; the sucre was eliminated in 2000
EgyptEgyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar - 5.67 (2007), 5.725(2006), 5.78 (2005), 6.1962 (2004), 5.8509 (2003)
El Salvadorthe US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001
Equatorial GuineaCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) perUS dollar - 481.83 (2007), 522.4 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29(2004), 581.2 (2003)
Eritreanakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 15.5 (2007), 15.4 (2006), 14.5(2005), 13.788 (2004), 13.878 (2003)note: the official exchange rate is 15 nakfa to the dollar
Estoniakrooni (EEK) per US dollar - 11.535 (2007), 12.473 (2006),12.584 (2005), 12.596 (2004), 13.856 (2003)note: the krooni is pegged to the euro
Ethiopiabirr (ETB) per US dollar - 8.96 (2007), 8.69 (2006), 8.68(2005), 8.6356 (2004), 8.5997 (2003)note: since 24 October 2001, exchange rates are determined on adaily basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank
European Unioneuros per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland pounds (FKP) per USdollar - 0.4993 (2007), 0.5434 (2006), 0.5504 (2005), 0.5462 (2004),0.6125 (2003)note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe IslandsDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.4797 (2007),5.9468 (2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003)
FijiFijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.7313 (2006),1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003)
Finlandeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Franceeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
French PolynesiaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
GabonCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003)
Gambia, Thedalasis (GMD) per US dollar - 27.79 (2007), 28.066(2006), 28.575 (2005), 30.03 (2004), 27.306 (2003)
Gaza Stripnew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 4.14 (2007),4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003)
Georgialaris (GEL) per US dollar - 1.7 (2007), 1.78 (2006), 1.8127(2005), 1.9167 (2004), 2.1457 (2003)
Germanyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Ghanacedis (GHC) per US dollar - 0.95 (2007), 9,174.8 (2006),9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6 (2004), 8,677.4 (2003)note: in 2007 Ghana revalued its currency with 10,000 old cedisequal to 1 new cedis
GibraltarGibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - 0.4993 (2007),0.5434 (2006), 0.5504 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greeceeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
GreenlandDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468(2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003)
GrenadaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7(2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Guamthe US dollar is used
Guatemalaquetzales (GTQ) per US dollar - 7.6833 (2007), 7.6026(2006), 7.6339 (2005), 7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003)
GuernseyGuernsey pound 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005),0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
GuineaGuinean francs (GNF) per US dollar - 4,122.8 (2007), 5,350(2006), 3,644.3 (2005), 2,225 (2004), 1,984.9 (2003)
Guinea-BissauCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004),581.2 (2003)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
GuyanaGuyanese dollars (GYD) per US dollar - 201.89 (2007), 200.28(2006), 200.79 (2005), 198.31 (2004), 193.88 (2003)
Haitigourdes (HTG) per US dollar - 37.138 (2007), 40.232 (2006),40.449 (2005), 38.352 (2004), 42.367 (2003)
Holy See (Vatican City)euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007),0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Honduraslempiras (HNL) per US dollar - 18.9 (2007), 18.895 (2006),18.92 (2005), 18.206 (2004), 17.345 (2003)
Hong KongHong Kong dollars (HKD) per US dollar - 7.802 (2007),7.7678 (2006), 7.7773 (2005), 7.788 (2004), 7.7868 (2003)
Hungaryforints (HUF) per US dollar - 186.16 (2007), 210.39 (2006),199.58 (2005), 202.75 (2004), 224.31 (2003)
IcelandIcelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - 63.391 (2007), 70.195(2006), 62.982 (2005), 70.192 (2004), 76.709 (2003)
IndiaIndian rupees (INR) per US dollar - 41.487 (2007), 45.3(2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003)
IndonesiaIndonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,056 (2007 est.),9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003)
IranIranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1(2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003)note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regimesince unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
IraqNew Iraqi dinars (NID) per US dollar - 1,255 (2007), 1,466(2006), 1,475 (2005), 1,890 (second half, 2003)
Irelandeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Isle of ManManx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418(2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)note: the Manx pound is at par with the British pound
Israelnew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 4.14 (2007), 4.4565(2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003)
Italyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
JamaicaJamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar - 69.034 (2007), 65.768(2006), 62.51 (2005), 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003)
Japanyen (JPY) per US dollar - 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006), 110.22(2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003)
JerseyJersey pounds per US dollar 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006),0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
JordanJordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - 0.709 (2007), 0.709(2006), 0.709 (2005), 0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003)
Kazakhstantenge (KZT) per US dollar - 122.55 (2007), 126.09 (2006),132.88 (2005), 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003)
KenyaKenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar - 68.309 (2007), 72.101(2006), 75.554 (2005), 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003)
KiribatiAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137 (2007),1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)
Korea, NorthNorth Korean won (KPW) per US dollar - 140 (2007), 141(2006), 170 (December 2004), market: North Korean won per US dollar- 2,500-3,000 (December 2006)
Korea, SouthSouth Korean won (KRW) per US dollar - 929.2 (2007),954.8 (2006), 1,024.1 (2005), 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003)
Kosovoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007)
KuwaitKuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar - 0.2844 (2007), 0.29(2006), 0.292 (2005), 0.2947 (2004), 0.298 (2003)
Kyrgyzstansoms (KGS) per US dollar - 37.746 (2007), 40.149 (2006),41.012 (2005), 42.65 (2004), 43.648 (2003)
Laoskips (LAK) per US dollar - 9,658 (2007), 10,235 (2006), 10,820(2005), 10,585.5 (2004), 10,569 (2003)
Latvialati (LVL) per US dollar - 0.5162 (2007), 0.5597 (2006),0.5647 (2005), 0.5402 (2004), 0.5715 (2003)
LebanonLebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2007),1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5 (2005), 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5 (2003)
Lesothomaloti (LSL) per US dollar - 7.25 (2007), 6.85 (2006),6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)
LiberiaLiberian dollars (LRD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 59.43(2006), 53.098 (2005), 54.906 (2004), 59.379 (2003)
LibyaLibyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 1.2604 (2007), 1.3108(2006), 1.3084 (2005), 1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003)
LiechtensteinSwiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.1973 (2007),1.2539 (2006), 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003)
Lithuanialitai (LTL) per US dollar - 2.5362 (2007), 2.7498 (2006),2.774 (2005), 2.7806 (2004), 3.0609 (2003)
Luxembourgeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Macaupatacas (MOP) per US dollar - 8.011 (2007), 8.0015 (2006),8.011 (2005), 8.022 (2004), 8.021 (2003)
MacedoniaMacedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - 44.732 (2007),48.978 (2006), 48.92 (2005), 49.41 (2004), 54.322 (2003)
MadagascarMalagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 1,880 (2007),2,161.4 (2006), 2,003 (2005), 1,868.9 (2004), 1,238.3 (2003)
MalawiMalawian kwachas (MWK) per US dollar - 141.12 (2007), 135.96(2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003)
Malaysiaringgits (MYR) per US dollar - 3.46 (2007), 3.6683 (2006),3.8 (2005), 3.8 (2004), 3.8 (2003)
Maldivesrufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar - NA (2007), 12.8 (2006), 12.8(2005), 12.8 (2004), 12.8 (2003)
MaliCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
Maltaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6795 (January 2008), Malteseliri per US dollar - 0.3106 (2007), 0.37 (2006), 0.34578 (2005),0.34466 (2004), 0.37723 (2003)
Marshall Islandsthe US dollar is used
Mauritaniaouguiyas (MRO) per US dollar - NA (2007), 271.3 (2006),267.04 (2005), 265.8 (2004), 263.03 (2003)
MauritiusMauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar - 31.798 (2007),31.656 (2006), 29.496 (2005), 27.499 (2004), 27.902 (2003)
Mayotteeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
MexicoMexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 10.8 (2007), 10.899(2006), 10.898 (2005), 11.286 (2004), 10.789 (2003)
Micronesia, Federated States ofthe US dollar is used
MoldovaMoldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - 12.177 (2007), 13.131(2006), 12.6 (2005), 12.33 (2004), 13.945 (2003)
Monacoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Mongoliatogrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,170 (2007), 1,179.6(2006), 1,205 (2005), 1,185.3 (2004), 1,146.5 (2003)
Montenegroeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
MontserratEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)note: fixed rate since 1976
MoroccoMoroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722(2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004), 9.574 (2003)
Mozambiquemeticais (MZM) per US dollar - 26.264 (2007), 25.4(2006), 23,061 (2005), 22,581 (2004), 23,782 (2003)note: in 2006 Mozambique revalued its currency, with 1000 oldmeticais equal to 1 new meticais
NamibiaNamibian dollars (NAD) per US dollar - 7.18 (2007), 6.7649(2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)
NauruAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285(2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)
NepalNepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - NA (2007), 72.446(2006), 72.16 (2005), 73.674 (2004), 76.141 (2003)
Netherlandseuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per USdollar - NA (2007), 1.79 (2006), 1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79(2003)
New CaledoniaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 87.59 (2007), 95.025 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)
New ZealandNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811 (2007),1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)
Nicaraguagold cordobas (NIO) per US dollar - 18.457 (2007), 17.582(2006), 16.733 (2005), 15.937 (2004), 15.105 (2003)
NigerCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
Nigerianairas (NGN) per US dollar - 127.46 (2007), 127.38 (2006),132.59 (2005), 132.89 (2004), 129.22 (2003)
NiueNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408(2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)
Norfolk IslandAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137(2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)
Northern Mariana Islandsthe US dollar is used
NorwayNorwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 5.8396 (2007), 6.4117(2006), 6.4425 (2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003)
OmanOmani rials (OMR) per US dollar - 0.3845 (2007), 0.3845 (2006),0.3845 (2005), 0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003)
PakistanPakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 60.6295 (2007),60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005), 58.258 (2004), 57.752 (2003)
Palauthe US dollar is used
Panamabalboas (PAB) per US dollar - 1 (2007), 1 (2006), 1 (2005), 1(2004), 1 (2003)
Papua New Guineakina (PGK) per US dollar - 3.03 (2007), 3.0643(2006), 3.08 (2005), 3.2225 (2004), 3.5635 (2003)
Paraguayguarani (PYG) per US dollar - 5,031 (2007), 5,672.8 (2006),6,178 (2005), 5,974.6 (2004), 6,424.3 (2003)
Perunuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 3.1731 (2007), 3.2742 (2006),3.2958 (2005), 3.4132 (2004), 3.4785 (2003)
PhilippinesPhilippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar - 46.148 (2007),51.246 (2006), 55.086 (2005), 56.04 (2004), 54.203 (2003)
Pitcairn IslandsNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811(2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)
Polandzlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 2.81 (2007), 3.1032 (2006),3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004), 3.8891 (2003)note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Portugaleuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Puerto Ricothe US dollar is used
QatarQatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - 3.64 (2007), 3.64 (2006),3.64 (2005), 3.64 (2004), 3.64 (2003)
Romanialei (RON) per US dollar - 2.43 (2007), 2.809 (2006), 3(2005), 3 (2004), 3 (2003)
RussiaRussian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 25.659 (2007), 27.19(2006), 28.284 (2005), 28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003)
RwandaRwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - 585 (2007), 560 (2006),610 (2005), 574.62 (2004), 537.66 (2003)
Saint Barthelemyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Saint HelenaSaint Helenian pounds (SHP) per US dollar - 0.4993(2007), 0.5434 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound
Saint Kitts and NevisEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar -2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Saint LuciaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Saint Martineuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Saint Pierre and Miqueloneuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007),0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per USdollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Samoatala (SAT) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.7594 (2006), 2.7103(2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003)
San Marinoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Sao Tome and Principedobras (STD) per US dollar - 13,700 (2007),12,050 (2006), 9,900.4 (2005), 9,902.3 (2004), 9,347.6 (2003)
Saudi ArabiaSaudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - 3.745 (2007), 3.745(2006), 3.747 (2005), 3.75 (2004), 3.75 (2003)
SenegalCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
SerbiaSerbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - 54.5 (2007), 59.98 (2006)
SeychellesSeychelles rupees (SCR) per US dollar - 6.5 (2007), 5.5(2006), 5.5 (2005), 5.5 (2004), 5.4007 (2003)
Sierra Leoneleones (SLL) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2,961.7 (2006),2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003)
SingaporeSingapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar - 1.507 (2007),1.5889 (2006), 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003)
SlovakiaSlovak koruny (SKK) per US dollar - 24.919 (2007), 29.611(2006), 31.018 (2005), 32.257 (2004), 36.773 (2003)
Sloveniaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), tolars per USdollar - 190.85 (2006), 192.71 (2005), 192.38 (2004), 207.11 (2003)note: Slovenia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2007
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar - NA(2007), 7.3447 (2006), 7.5299 (2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003)
SomaliaSomali shillings (SOS) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1,438.3(2006) official rate; the unofficial black market rate was about23,000 shillings per dollar as of February 2007note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independentcountry not recognized by any foreign government, issues its owncurrency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africarand (ZAR) per US dollar - 7.05 (2007), 6.7649 (2006),6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)
Spaineuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Sri LankaSri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - 110.78 (2007),103.99 (2006), 100.498 (2005), 101.194 (2004), 96.521 (2003)
SudanSudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar - 2.06 (2007), 2.172(2006), 2.4361 (2005), 2.5791 (2004), 2.6098 (2003)note: in October 2007 Sudan redenominated its currency bytransforming 100 units of Sudanese dinar into one unit of Sudanesepound
SurinameSurinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar - 2.745 (2007),2.745 (2006), 2.7317 (2005), 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003)note: in January 2004, the government replaced the guilder with theSurinamese dollar, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket
SvalbardNorwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 5.8396 (2007),6.4117 (2006), 6.4425 (2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003)
Swazilandemalangeni per US dollar - 7.4 (2007), 6.85 (2006), 6.3593(2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)
SwedenSwedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - 6.7629 (2007), 7.3731(2006), 7.4731 (2005), 7.3489 (2004), 8.0863 (2003)
SwitzerlandSwiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.1973 (2007), 1.2539(2006), 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003)
SyriaSyrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 50.0085 (2007), 51.689(2006), 50 (2005), 48.5 (2004), 52.8 (2003)note: data for 2004-06 are the public sector rate; data for 2002-03are the parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut; the official ratefor repaying loans was 11.25 Syrian pounds per US dollars during2004-06,
TaiwanNew Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar - 32.84 (2007), 32.534(2006), 31.71 (2005), 34.418 (2004), 34.575 (2003)
TajikistanTajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - 3.4418 (2007),3.3 (2006), 3.1166 (2005), 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614 (2003)
TanzaniaTanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar - 1,255 (2007),1,251.9 (2006), 1,128.93 (2005), 1,089.33 (2004), 1,038.42 (2003)
Thailandbaht per US dollar - 33.599 (2007), 37.882 (2006), 40.22(2005), 40.222 (2004), 41.485 (2003)
Timor-Lestethe US dollar is used
TogoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -482.71 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2(2003)note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to theeuro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
TokelauNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811 (2007),1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)
Tongapa'anga (TOP) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.0277 (2006), 1.96(2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003)
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago dollars (TTD) per US dollar- 6.3275 (2007), 6.3107 (2006), 6.2842 (2005), 6.299 (2004), 6.2951(2003)
TunisiaTunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar - 1.2776 (2007), 1.331(2006), 1.2974 (2005), 1.2455 (2004), 1.2885 (2003)
TurkeyTurkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 1.319 (2007), 1.4286(2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004), 1.5009 (2003)note: on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish lira (TRL) was converted tonew Turkish lira (TRY) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkishlira
TurkmenistanTurkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - 6,250 (2007)official ratenote: the commercial rate was 19,800 Turkemen manat per US$ (2007)
Turks and Caicos Islandsthe US dollar is used
TuvaluTuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419(2003)
UgandaUgandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar - 1,685.8 (2007),1,834.9 (2006), 1,780.7 (2005), 1,810.3 (2004), 1,963.7 (2003)
Ukrainehryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - 5.05 (2007), 5.05 (2006),5.1247 (2005), 5.3192 (2004), 5.3327 (2003)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati dirhams (AED) per US dollar - 3.673(2007), 3.673 (2006), 3.6725 (2005), 3.6725 (2004), 3.6725 (2003)note: officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002
United KingdomBritish pounds (GBP) per US dollar - 0.4993 (2007),0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)
United StatesBritish pounds per US dollar: 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418(2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334 (2006), 1.2118(2005), 1.3010 (2004), 1.4011 (2003)Japanese yen per US dollar: 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006) 110.22(2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003)euros per US dollar: 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),0.8054 (2004), 0.8860 (2003)Chinese yuan per US dollar: 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006), 8.1943 (2005),8.2768 (2004), 8.2770 (2003)
UruguayUruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar - 23.947 (2007), 24.048(2006), 24.479 (2005), 28.704 (2004), 28.209 (2003)
UzbekistanUzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 1,263.8 (2007),1,219.8 (2006), 1,020 (2005), 971.265 (2004), 771.029 (2003)
Vanuatuvatu (VUV) per US dollar - NA (2007), 111.93 (2006), NA(2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19 (2003)
Venezuelabolivars (VEB) per US dollar - 2,147 (2007), 2,147 (2006),2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004), 1,607 (2003)note: On 1 January 2008 Venezuela revalued its currency with 1000old bolivares equal to 1 new bolivar
Vietnamdong (VND) per US dollar - 16,119 (2007), 15,983 (2006),15,746 (2005), NA (2004), 15,510 (2003)
Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
Wallis and FutunaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) perUS dollar - NA (2007), 95.03 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)
West Banknew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 4.14 (2007),4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003)
Western SaharaMoroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3563 (2007),8.7722 (2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004), 9.5744 (2003)
YemenYemeni rials (YER) per US dollar - 199.14 (2007), 197.18(2006), 192.67 (2005), 184.78 (2004), 183.45 (2003)
ZambiaZambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar - 3,990.2 (2007), 3,601.5(2006), 4,463.5 (2005), 4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3 (2003)
ZimbabweZimbabwean dollars (ZWD) per US dollar - 30,000 (2007),162.07 (2006), 77.965 (2005), 5.729 (2004), 0.824 (2003)note: these are official exchange rates; non-official rates varysignificantly
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
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@2077 Executive branch
Afghanistanchief of state: President of the Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice PresidentsAhmad Zia MASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernment; former King ZAHIR Shah held the honorific, "Father ofthe Country," and presided symbolically over certain occasions butlacked any governing authority; the honorific is not hereditary;King ZAHIR Shah died on 23 July 2007head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of AfghanistanHamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice Presidents Ahmad ZiaMASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004)cabinet: 25 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministersare appointed by the president and approved by the National Assemblyelections: the president and two vice presidents are elected bydirect vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if nocandidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round ofvoting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in asecond round; a president can only be elected for two terms;election last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held in 2009)election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -Hamid KARZAI 55.4%, Yunus QANUNI 16.3%, Ustad Mohammad MOHAQQEQ11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM 1.4%, MasoodaJALAL 1.2%
Akrotirichief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)head of government: Administrator Air Vice-Marshal Richard LACEY(since 26 April 2006); note - reports to the British Ministry ofDefenseelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator isappointed by the monarch
Albaniachief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI (since24 July 2007)head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,nominated by the president, and approved by parliamentelections: president elected by the People's Assembly for afive-year term (eligible for a second term); four election roundsheld between 8 and 20 July 2007 (next election to be held in 2012);prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Bamir TOPI elected president; People's Assemblyvote, fourth round (three-fifths majority (84 votes) required):Bamir TOPI 85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5 votes
Algeriachief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28April 1999)head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 23 June 2008)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a third term under 2008 amendment to constitution);election last held 8 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009);prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president forsecond term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS6.4%, Abdellah DJABALLAH 5%
American Samoachief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20January 2001)head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directorselections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporatedterritories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for USpresident and vice president; however, they may vote in Democraticand Republican presidential primary elections; governor andlieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote forfour-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 4and 18 November 2008 (next to be held in November 2012)election results: Togiola TULAFONO reelected governor; percent ofvote - Togiola TULAFONO 56.5%, Afoa Moega LUTU 43.5%
Andorrachief of state: French Coprince Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16May 2007); represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002) andSpanish Coprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May2003); represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since 30 July 2003)head of government: Executive Council President Albert PINTATSANTOLARIA (since 27 May 2005)cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the ExecutiveCouncil presidentelections: Executive Council president elected by the GeneralCouncil and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-yearterm; election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held in April-May2009)election results: Albert PINTAT SANTOLARIA elected executive councilpresident; percent of General Council vote - NA
Angolachief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); Antonio Paulo KASSOMA was named prime minister byMPLA on 26 September 2008cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) underthe 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood forreelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September1992 (next to be held in 2009)election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was not heldbecause SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total Independence ofAngola (UNITA) repudiated the results of the first election; thecivil war resumed leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as thepresident
Anguillachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Andrew N. GEORGE (since 10 July 2006)head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March2000)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among theelected members of the House of Assemblyelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointedchief minister by the governor
Antigua and Barbudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by Governor General Louisse LAKE-TACK(since 17 July 2007)head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24March 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general onthe advice of the prime ministerelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen by themonarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislativeelections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of themajority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by thegovernor general
Argentinachief of state: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER(since 10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10December 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10 December2007)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);election last held 28 October 2007 (next election to be held in 2011)election results: Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER elected president;percent of vote - Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER 45%, Elisa CARRIO23%, Roberto LAVAGNA 17%, Alberto Rodriguez SAA 8%
Armeniachief of state: President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)head of government: Prime Minister Tigran SARGSIAN (since 9 April2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 19 February 2008(next to be held February 2013); prime minister appointed by thepresident based on majority or plurality support in parliament; theprime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the NationalAssembly refuses to accept their programelection results: Serzh SARGSIAN elected president; percent of vote- Serzh SARGSIAN 52.9%, Levon TER-PETROSSIAN 21.5%, ArturBAGHDASARIAN 16.7%