Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSingapore 27.1%, Trinidad andTobago 13.2%, US 12.1%, China 8.5%, Italy 7.1%, Norway 5.1% (2008)
SamoaNZ 20.1%, Fiji 18.2%, Singapore 18.1%, China 8.7%, Australia6.4% (2008)
Sao Tome and PrincipePortugal 55.8%, Belgium 9.6%, Japan 9.3% (2008)
Saudi ArabiaUS 12.2%, China 10.5%, Japan 7.7%, Germany 7.4%, SouthKorea 5.1%, Italy 4.8%, India 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
SenegalFrance 19.7%, UK 15.2%, China 6.7%, Belgium 4.6%, Thailand4.4%, Netherlands 4.1% (2008)
SeychellesSaudi Arabia 17.5%, Singapore 12.4%, France 10.3%, Spain8.1%, Germany 7%, India 5.4%, South Africa 4.7% (2008)
Sierra LeoneChina 10.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.8%, US 7.8%, Belgium 6.6%,UK 6.6%, Thailand 5.2%, India 4.2% (2008)
SingaporeMalaysia 11.9%, US 11.8%, China 10.5%, Japan 8.1%, SouthKorea 5.6%, Indonesia 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.6% (2008)
SlovakiaGermany 20%, Czech Republic 17.7%, Russia 10.6%, Hungary6.9%, South Korea 5.2%, Austria 5%, Poland 4.9%, China 4.1% (2008)
SloveniaGermany 17.2%, Italy 16.6%, Austria 11.2%, France 4.7%,Croatia 4.1% (2008)
Solomon IslandsSingapore 26.7%, Australia 18.1%, India 7.5%, Fiji4.4%, Malaysia 4.4%, Papua New Guinea 4.3%, NZ 4% (2008)
SomaliaDjibouti 29.2%, India 11.9%, Kenya 7.6%, US 6%, Oman 5.6%,UAE 5.5%, Yemen 4.7% (2008)
South AfricaGermany 11.2%, China 11.1%, US 7.9%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%,Japan 5.5%, UK 4% (2008)
SpainGermany 14.5%, France 11.1%, Italy 7.4%, China 6.3%, UK 4.6%,Netherlands 4.4% (2008)
Sri LankaIndia 20.3%, China 12.2%, Iran 7.6%, Singapore 7.4%, SouthKorea 4.7% (2008)
SudanChina 20%, Saudi Arabia 8.4%, UAE 6.2%, India 6.1%, Egypt5.5%, Italy 4.1% (2008)
SurinameUS 31.2%, Netherlands 15.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.2%,China 7.7%, Japan 6.4% (2008)
SwedenGermany 17.5%, Denmark 9.4%, Norway 8.6%, UK 6.2%, Finland5.7%, Netherlands 5.6%, France 5%, Russia 4.4%, China 4.2% (2008)
SwitzerlandGermany 33.3%, Italy 11%, France 9.4%, US 5.8%,Netherlands 4.6%, Austria 4% (2008)
SyriaSaudi Arabia 11.7%, China 8.7%, Russia 6.4%, Italy 5.9%, Egypt5.8%, UAE 5.8%, Turkey 4.3%, Iran 4.2% (2008)
TaiwanJapan 19.3%, China 13%, US 10.9%, Saudi Arabia 6.3%, SouthKorea 5.5% (2008 est.)
TajikistanRussia 32.3%, China 11.9%, Kazakhstan 8.8%, Uzbekistan4.7% (2008)
TanzaniaChina 14.4%, India 9%, South Africa 7.7%, Kenya 6.9%, UAE5.9% (2008)
ThailandJapan 18.8%, China 11.2%, US 6.4%, UAE 6%, Malaysia 5.5%,Saudi Arabia 4.1%, Singapore 4% (2008)
TogoChina 34.2%, Netherlands 7.5%, France 6.8%, India 6.5%,Thailand 4.9% (2008)
TongaFiji 36.8%, NZ 23.9%, US 9.3%, Australia 8.8%, China 4.9%(2008)
Trinidad and TobagoUS 26.8%, Brazil 9.8%, Venezuela 7.9%, Colombia6.2%, China 4.1%, Gabon 4% (2008)
TunisiaFrance 21.5%, Italy 19.3%, Germany 9%, Libya 4.6%, Spain4.5% (2008)
TurkeyRussia 15.5%, Germany 9.3%, China 7.8%, US 5.9%, Italy 5.5%,France 4.5%, Iran 4.1% (2008)
TurkmenistanChina 16.9%, Russia 15.9%, Turkey 14%, UAE 10.3%,Ukraine 7.9%, Germany 5.6%, Iran 5.1% (2008)
UgandaUAE 11.4%, Kenya 11.3%, India 10.4%, China 8.1%, South Africa6.7%, Japan 5.9% (2008)
UkraineRussia 22.7%, Germany 8.4%, Turkmenistan 6.6%, China 6.5%,Poland 5% (2008)
United Arab EmiratesChina 13.2%, India 10.4%, US 8.8%, Germany6.5%, Japan 6.1%, Turkey 4.5%, Italy 4.3% (2008)
United KingdomGermany 13.1%, US 8.7%, China 7.5%, Netherlands 7.4%,France 6.8%, Norway 6%, Belgium 4.7%, Italy 4.1% (2008)
United StatesChina 16.5%, Canada 15.7%, Mexico 10.1%, Japan 6.6%,Germany 4.6% (2008)
UruguayArgentina 19.9%, Brazil 16.5%, China 11.2%, US 9.9%,Paraguay 6.6%, Nigeria 4.6% (2008)
UzbekistanRussia 24.7%, China 15.4%, South Korea 13.6%, Ukraine7.2%, Germany 5.5%, Kazakhstan 4.9%, Turkey 4.1% (2008)
VanuatuAustralia 17.6%, US 15.9%, Japan 12%, Singapore 10.8%, China8.5%, NZ 7.5%, Fiji 6.7% (2008)
VenezuelaUS 26.3%, Colombia 12.7%, Brazil 10.3%, China 7%, Mexico4.8% (2008)
VietnamChina 19.4%, Singapore 11.6%, South Korea 8.8%, Thailand6.1% (2008)
WorldChina 10.3%, Germany 8.7%, US 8%, Japan 5% (2008)
YemenUAE 14.7%, India 11.7%, China 11.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.9%, Kuwait5.2% (2008)
ZambiaSouth Africa 51.7%, UAE 8%, China 6.8%, India 4.5% (2008)
ZimbabweSouth Africa 60.1%, China 4.2%, Botswana 3.7% (2008)
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@2062
Field Listing :: Economic aid - donor
Country
Economic aid - donor
AustraliaODA, $2.123 billion (2006)
AustriaODA, $1.498 billion (2006)
BelgiumODA, $1.978 billion (2006)
CanadaODA, $3.9 billion (2007)
Cyprus$25.9 million (2006)
DenmarkODA, $2.236 billion (2006)
FinlandODA, $1.023 billion (2007)
FranceODA, $10.6 billion (2006)
GermanyODA, $10.44 billion (2006)
Greece$424 million (2006)
Iceland$6.7 million (2004)
IrelandODA, $1.022 billion (2006)
ItalyODA, $3.641 billion (2006)
JapanODA, $11.19 billion (2006)
Korea, SouthODA, $455.3 million (2006)
LuxembourgODA, $291 million (2006)
NetherlandsODA, $5.452 billion (2006)
New ZealandODA, $259 million (2006)
NorwayODA, $2.954 billion (2006)
PortugalODA, $396 million (2006)
Saudi Arabiasince 2002, Saudi Arabia has provided more than $480million in budgetary support to the Palestinian Authority, supportedPalestinian refugees through contributions to the UN Relief andWorks Agency (UNRWA), provided more than $250 million to Arab Leaguefunds for the Palestinians, and pledged $500 million in assistanceover the next three years at the Donors Conference in Dec 2007;pledged $230 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq; pledged $133million in direct grant aid, $187 million in concessional loans, and$153 million in export credits for Pakistan earthquake relief;pledged a total of $1.59 billion to Lebanon in assistance anddeposits to the Central Bank of Lebanon in 2006 and pledged anadditional $1.1 billion in early 2007
SpainODA, $3.814 billion (2006)
SwedenODA, $3.955 billion (2006)
SwitzerlandODA, $1.646 billion (2006)
United Arab Emiratessince its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fundfor Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries(2004)
United KingdomODA, $12.46 billion (2006)
United StatesODA, $23.53 billion (2006)
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@2063
Field Listing :: Constitution
This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and majoramendments.Country
Constitution
Afghanistannew constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January2004; signed 16 January 2004; ratified 26 January 2004
AkrotiriSovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order inCouncil 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legaldocument
Albaniaapproved by parliament on 21 October 1998; adopted bypopular referendum on 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998
Algeria8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976; effective 22November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28November 1996, 10 April 2002, and 12 November 2008
American Samoaratified 2 June 1966; effective 1 July 1967
AndorraAndorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991;approved by referendum 14 March 1993; effective 28 April 1993
Angolaadopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992
AnguillaAnguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda1 November 1981
Argentina1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860
Armeniaadopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendmentsadopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Aruba1 January 1986
Australia9 July 1900; effective 1 January 1901
Austria1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during theperiod 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative)constitution in place
Azerbaijanadopted 12 November 1995; modified by referendum 24August 2002
Bahamas, The10 July 1973
Bahrainadopted 14 February 2002
Bangladesh4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspendedfollowing coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amendedmany times
Barbados30 November 1966
Belarus15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and becameeffective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removingpresidential term limits
Belgium7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 tocreate a federal state
Belize21 September 1981
Beninadopted by referendum 2 December 1990
Bermuda8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutanratified 18 July 2008
Bolivia2 February 1967; revised in August 1994; voters approved anew constitution on 25 January 2009
Bosnia and Herzegovinathe Dayton Peace Accords, signed 14 December1995 in Paris, included a new constitution now in force; note - eachof the entities also has its own constitution
BotswanaMarch 1965; effective 30 September 1966
Brazil5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands13 June 2007
Brunei29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State ofEmergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1January 1984)
Bulgariaadopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Fasoapproved by referendum 2 June 1991; formally adopted 11June 1991; last amended January 2002
Burma3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; a newconstitution was approved on 10 May 2008; note - new constitutionwill take effect when a new parliament is convened followingelections scheduled for 2010
Burundiratified by popular referendum 28 February 2005
Cambodiapromulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroonapproved by referendum 20 May 1972; adopted 2 June 1972;revised January 1996
Canadamade up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicialdecisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitutionconsists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created afederation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution fromBritain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights andFreedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revisioncreated the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman IslandsThe Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009, 6November 2009
Central African Republicratified by popular referendum 5 December2004; effective 27 December 2004
Chadpassed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendumremoved constitutional term limits
Chile11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989,1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005
Chinamost recent promulgation 4 December 1982 with amendments in1988 and 1993
Christmas IslandChristmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) asamended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Colombia5 July 1991; amended many times
Comoros23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the18 February 2006
Congo, Republic of theapproved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cook Islands4 August 1965
Costa Rica7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoireapproved by referendum 23 July 2000
Croatiaadopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus16 August 1960note: from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longerparticipated in the government; negotiations to create the basis fora new or revised constitution to govern the island and for betterrelations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been heldintermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their ownconstitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish FederatedState of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of NorthernCyprus (TRNC)" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independencein 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5May 1985, although the "TRNC" remains unrecognized by any countryother than Turkey
Czech Republicratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993;amended 1997, 2000, 2001 (twice), 2002
Denmark5 June 1953; note - constitution allowed for a unicamerallegislature and a female chief of state
DhekeliaSovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order inCouncil 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legaldocument
Djiboutiapproved by referendum 4 September 1992; note -constitution allows for multiparties
Dominica3 November 1978
Dominican Republic28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002
Ecuador20 October 2008
Egypt11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26March 2007
El Salvador20 December 1983
Equatorial Guineaapproved by national referendum 17 November 1991;amended January 1995
Eritreaadopted on 23 May 1997, but has not yet been fullyimplemented
Estoniaadopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopiaratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Unionnonenote: based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which setup the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; theTreaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC)and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; theSingle European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union(Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and theTreaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty,signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years forratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendumbefore it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat inFrench and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setbackto the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Councilagreed on a clear and concise mandate for an IntergovernmentalConference to form a political agreement and put it into legal form;this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as aconstitution and was presented to the European Council in October2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irishvoters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process; theReform Treaty, more recently known as the Treaty of Lisbon, wasagain circulated for ratification, and by November 2009 was approvedby all 27 countries; it is scheduled to come into effect on 1December 2009
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fijienacted 25 July 1997; effective 28 July 1998; note - itencourages multiculturalism and makes multiparty government mandatory
Finland1 March 2000
Franceadopted by referendum 28 September 1958; effective 4 October1958; amended many timesnote: amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended tocomply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1997 AmsterdamTreaty, 2003 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term toa five-year term; amended in 2005 to make the EU constitutionaltreaty compatible with the Constitution of France and to ensure thatthe decision to ratify EU accession treaties would be made byreferendum
French Polynesia4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabonadopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, Theapproved by national referendum 8 August 1996; effective16 January 1997
Georgiaadopted 24 August 1995
Germany23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of theunited Germany 3 October 1990
Ghanaapproved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar5 June 2006; came into force 2 January 2007
Greece11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Greenland(November 2008) Act on Greenland Self Government
Grenada19 December 1973
GuamOrganic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950
Guatemala31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; suspended 25 May1993; reinstated 5 June 1993; amended November 1993
Guernseyunwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26February 1993, 9 June 1993, and in 1996
Guyana6 October 1980
Haitiapproved March 1987note: suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989;constitutional government ousted in a military coup in September1991, although in October 1991 military government claimed to beobserving the constitution; returned to constitutional rule inOctober 1994; constitution, while technically in force between2004-2006, was not enforced; returned to constitutional rule in May2006
Holy See (Vatican City)Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHNPAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replacedthe first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Honduras11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended manytimes
Hong KongBasic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's NationalPeople's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April1972; 18 October 1989; and 1997note: 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individualsand constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister andalso established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
India26 January 1950; amended many times
IndonesiaAugust 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 andProvisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series ofamendments concluded in 2002
Iran2-3 December 1979; revised in 1989note: the revision in 1989 expanded powers of the presidency andeliminated the prime ministership
Iraqratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by theConstitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum )
Irelandadopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937
Isle of Manunwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Israelno formal constitution; some of the functions of aconstitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948),the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israelicitizenship law; note - since May 2003 the Constitution, Law, andJustice Committee of the Knesset has been working on a draftconstitution
Italypassed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amendedmany times
Jamaica6 August 1962
Japan3 May 1947
Jerseyunwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan1 January 1952; amended many times
Kazakhstanfirst post-independence constitution adopted 28 January1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Kenya12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued withamendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001; note - anew draft constitution was defeated by popular referendum in 2005
Kiribati12 July 1979
Korea, Northadopted 1948; revised several times
Korea, South17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times;current constitution approved on 29 October 1987
Kosovoadopted by the Kosovo Assembly on 9 April 2008; effective 15June 2008
Kuwaitapproved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstanapproved by referendum in November 2006note: under the old constitution adopted on 5 May 1993, an amendmentproposed by President Askar AKAEV and passed in a nationalreferendum on 2 February 2003 significantly expanded the powers ofthe president at the expense of the legislature; during large-scaledemonstrations in November 2006, President BAKIEV and the oppositionnegotiated a new constitution granting greater powers to theparliament and the government; amendments added on 30 December 2006redistributed some power back to the president, but both Novemberand December 2006 versions were annulled in September 2007, and anew version was approved by referendum on 21 October 2007; theBAKIEV-initiated referendum was criticized by Western observers forvoting irregularities, particularly ballot stuffing
Laospromulgated 14 August 1991
Latvia15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Lawof the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council on 21August 1991; multiple amendments since
Lebanon23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recentlyCharter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) ofOctober 1989
Lesotho2 April 1993
Liberia6 January 1986
Libyanone; note - following the September 1969 military overthrowof the Libyan government, the Revolutionary Command Council replacedthe existing constitution with the Constitutional Proclamation inDecember 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted the Declaration of theEstablishment of the People's Authority
Liechtenstein5 October 1921; amended 15 September 2003
Lithuaniaadopted 25 October 1992; last amended 13 July 2004
Luxembourg17 October 1868; occasional revisions
MacauBasic Law, approved on 31 March 1993 by China's NationalPeople's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
Macedoniaadopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991;amended November 2001 and in 2005note: amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutionalamendments strengthening minority rights and in 2005 with amendmentsrelated to the judiciary
Madagascarpassed by referendum 19 August 1992
Malawi18 May 1994
Malaysia31 August 1957; amended many times, the latest in 2007
Maldivesnew constitution ratified 7 August 2008
Maliadopted 12 January 1992
Malta1964; amended many times
Marshall Islands1 May 1979
Mauritania12 July 1991
Mauritius12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
Mayotte4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mexico5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States of10 May 1979
Moldovaadopted 29 July 1994; effective 27 August 1994; note -replaced 1979 Soviet constitution
Monaco17 December 1962; modified 2 April 2002
Mongolia13 January 1992
Montenegroapproved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)
Montserrateffective 19 December 1989
Morocco10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended September1996note: the amendment of September 1996 was to create a bicamerallegislature
Mozambique30 November 1990
Namibiaratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990
Nauru29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968
Nepal15 January 2007 (interim Constitution); note - in April 2008,a Constituent Assembly was elected to draft and promulgate a newconstitution by May 2010
Netherlandsadopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002
Netherlands Antilles29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of theNetherlands, as amended
New Caledonia4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealandconsists of a series of legal documents, includingcertain acts of the UK and New Zealand parliaments, as well as TheConstitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter;adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987
Nicaragua9 January 1987; revised in 1995, 2000, and 2005
Nigeradopted 18 July 1999
Nigeriaadopted 5 May 1999; effective 29 May 1999
Niue19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island Act of 1979 as amended in 2005
Northern Mariana IslandsConstitution of the Commonwealth of theNorthern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; CovenantAgreement fully effective 4 November 1986
Norway17 May 1814; amended many times
Omannone; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royaldecree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be aconstitution which, among other things, clarifies the royalsuccession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers fromholding interests in companies doing business with the government,establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civilliberties for Omani citizens
Pakistan12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December2007
Palau1 January 1981
Panama11 October 1972; revised in 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004
Papua New Guinea16 September 1975
Paraguaypromulgated 20 June 1992
Peru29 December 1993
Philippines2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additionalreforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinanceof 1964
Polandadopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed bynational referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
Portugaladopted 2 April 1976; subsequently revisednote: the revisions placed the military under strict civiliancontrol, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid thegroundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; and theyallowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and thegovernment-owned communications media
Puerto Ricoratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July1952; effective 25 July 1952
Qatarratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed bythe Amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Romania8 December 1991; revised 29 October 2003
Russiaadopted 12 December 1993
Rwandanew constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003
Saint Barthelemy4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Helena1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and Nevis19 September 1983
Saint Lucia22 February 1979
Saint Martin4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines27 October 1979
Samoa1 January 1962
San Marino8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of thefunctions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principeapproved March 1990, effective 10 September1990
Saudi Arabiagoverned according to Islamic law; the Basic Law thatarticulates the government's rights and responsibilities waspromulgated by royal decree in 1992
Senegaladopted 7 January 2001
Serbiaadopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006
Seychelles18 June 1993
Sierra Leone1 October 1991; amended several times
Singapore3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on pre-independence Stateof Singapore Constitution)
Slovakiaratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993;changed in September 1998; amended February 2001note: the change in September 1998 allowed direct election of thepresident; the amendment of February 2001 allowed Slovakia to applyfor NATO and EU membership
Sloveniaadopted 23 December 1991, amended 14 July 1997 and 25 July2000
Solomon Islands7 July 1978
Somalia25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known asthe Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Africa10 December 1996; note - certified by theConstitutional Court on 4 December 1996; was signed by thenPresident MANDELA on 10 December 1996; and entered into effect on 4February 1997
Spainapproved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum6 December 1978; signed by the king 27 December 1978
Sri Lankaadopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended20 December 2000
SudanInterim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005note: under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the Interim NationalConstitution was ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of SouthernSudan was signed December 2005
Surinameratified 30 September 1987; effective 30 October 1987
Swazilandsigned by the King in July 2005 went into effect on 8February 2006
Sweden1 January 1975
Switzerlandrevision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the FederalParliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999,officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Syria13 March 1973
Taiwanadopted on 25 December 1946; effective 25 December 1947;amended in 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2005
Tajikistan6 November 1994
Tanzania25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailand24 August 2007
Timor-Leste22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
Togoadopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelauadministered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amendedin 1970
Tonga4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago1 August 1976
Tunisia1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Turkey7 November 1982; amended 17 May 1987, 1995, 2001, and 2007;note - amendment passed by referendum concerning presidentialelections on 21 October 2007
Turkmenistanadopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands Constitution(Interim Amendment) Order 2009, S.I. 2009/701 - effective 14 August2009 - suspended Ministerial government, the House of Assembly, andthe constitutional right to trial by jury, and imposed directBritish rule
Tuvalu1 October 1978
Uganda8 October 1995; amended in 2005note: the amendments in 2005 removed presidential term limits andlegalized a multiparty political system
Ukraineadopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996
United Kingdomunwritten; partly statutes, partly common law andpractice
United States17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
Uruguay27 November 1966; effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27June 1973; revised 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
Uzbekistanadopted 8 December 1992
Vanuatu30 July 1980
Venezuela30 December 1999
Vietnam15 April 1992
Virgin IslandsRevised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and Futuna4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Yemen16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Zambia24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidentialterm limits
Zimbabwe21 December 1979
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@2064
Field Listing :: Economic aid - recipient
Country
Economic aid - recipient
Afghanistan $2.775 billion (2005)
Albania ODA: $318.7 million note: top donors were Italy, EU, Germany (2005 est.)
Algeria$370.6 million (2005 est.)
American Samoaimportant financial support from the US, more than$40 million in 1994
Andorra$0
Angola$441.8 million (2005)
Anguilla$9 million (2004 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda$7.23 million (2005)
Argentina$99.66 million (2005)
ArmeniaODA, $180 million (2007)
Aruba$11.3 million (2004)
AzerbaijanODA, $223.4 million (2005 est.)
Bahamas, The$4.78 million (2004)
Bahrain$103.9 million (2004)
Bangladesh$1.321 billion (2005)
Barbados$2.07 million (2005)
Belarus$53.76 million (2005)
Belize$12.91 million (2005)
Benin$374.7 million (2006)
Bermuda$90,000 (2004)
Bhutan$941.2 million; note - substantial aid from India (2006)
Bolivia$582.9 million (2005 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina$546.1 million (2005 est.)
Botswana$70.89 million (2005)
Brazil$191.9 million (2005)
British Virgin Islands$NA
Brunei$770,000 (2004)
Bulgaria$742 million (2005-06 est.)
Burkina Faso$659.6 million (2005)
Burma$144.7 million (2005 est.)
Burundi$365 million (2005)
Cambodia$698.2 million pledged in grants and concession loans for2007 by international donors (2007)
Cameroon$413.8 million (2005)
Cape Verde$160.6 million (2005)
Cayman Islands$390,000 (2004)
Central African RepublicODA, $95.29 million; note - traditionalbudget subsidies from France (2005 est.)
ChadODA, $379.8 million (2005)
Chile$0 (2006)
China$1.641 billion (FY07)
Christmas Island$NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands$NA
Colombia$511.1 million (2005)
Comoros$25.23 million (2005 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the$1.828 billion (2005)
Congo, Republic of the$1.449 billion (2005)
Cook Islands$13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnishthe greater part (1995)
Costa Rica$29.51 million (2005)
Cote d'IvoireODA, $60 million (2007 est.)
CroatiaODA, $125.4 million (2005)
Cuba$87.8 million (2005 est.)
Cyprus$15 million (2006)
Czech Republic$278.7 million in available EU structural adjustmentand cohesion funds (2004)
Djibouti$78.6 million (2005)
Dominica$15.17 million (2005 est.)
Dominican Republic$76.99 million (2005)
Ecuador$209.5 million (2005)
EgyptODA, $925.9 million (2005)
El Salvador$267.6 million of which $55 million from US (2005)
Equatorial Guinea$39 million (2005)
Eritrea$355.2 million (2005)
Estonia$135.5 million (2004)
Ethiopia$1.6 billion (FY05/06)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)$0 (1997 est.)
Faroe Islands$105 million; note - annual subsidy from Denmark (2005)
Fiji$63.96 million (2005)
French Polynesia$579.8 million (2004)
Gabon$53.87 million (2005)
Gambia, The$58.15 million (2005)
Gaza Strip$1.4 billion; (includes West Bank) (2006 est.)
GeorgiaODA, $309.8 million (2005 est.)
Ghana$1.316 billion in loans and grants (2007)
Gibraltar$NA
Greece$8 billion annually from EU (2000-06); Greece will receiveabout $3.8 billion per year between 2007-13 under the EU's CommunitySupport Funds IV
Greenland$512 million; note - subsidy from Denmark (2005)
Grenada$44.87 million (2005)
GuamGuam receives large transfer payments from the US FederalTreasury into which Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; underthe provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guam Treasury,rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid bymilitary and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam (2001 est.)
Guatemala$253.6 million (2005 est.)
Guernsey$NA
Guinea$182.1 million (2005)
Guinea-Bissau$79.12 million (2005)
Guyana$136.8 million (2005)
Haiti$515 million (2005 est.)
Honduras$680.8 million (2005)
Hong Kong$6.95 million (2004)
Hungary$302.6 million (2004)
India$1.724 billion (2005)
IndonesiaODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.)note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt(about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as thelargest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledgedto rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONOdisbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum inJanuary 2007
Iran$104 million (2005 est.)
Iraq$21.65 billion (2005)
Isle of Man$NA
Israel$240 million from US (FY06)
Jamaica$35.74 million (2005)
JordanODA, $752 million (2005 est.)
Kazakhstan$229.2 million (2005)
Kenya$768.3 million (2005)
Kiribati$27.84 million largely from UK and Japan (2005)
Korea, North$372 millionnote: approximately 65,000 metric tons in food aid through the WorldFood Program appeals in 2007, plus additional aid from bilateraldonors and non-governmental organizations (2007 est.)
Korea, South$68.07 million (2004)
Kosovo$324 million (2007)
Kuwait$2.6 million (2004)
Kyrgyzstan$268.5 million from the US (2005)
Laos$379 million (2006 est.)
Latvia$162 million (2004)
Lebanonof the $7.6 billion in grants and loans pledged to Lebanonat the Paris III conference in January 2007, Beirut as ofmid-December 2007 had signed agreements for $3 billion, including $1billion in project financing, $750 million in direct budget support,$750 million in private sector credit, and $285 million in in-kindaid; about $500 million of the $1.7 billion pledged for directbudget support has been disbursed to Lebanon; donors in August 2006also pledged nearly $1.8 billion in aid to help Lebanon recover fromthe 2006 Israel-Hizballah war; during the conflict, Saudi Arabia andKuwait provided $1.5 billion in concessional loans to the Lebanesecentral bank to maintain confidence in the Lebanese currency. (2005)
Lesotho$68.82 million (2005)
Liberia$236.2 million (2005)
LibyaODA, $24.44 million (2005 est.)
Lithuania$249.7 million (2004)
Macau$13.7 million (2004)
Macedonia$230.3 million (2005)
Madagascar$929.2 million (2005)
Malawi$575.3 million (2005)
Malaysia$31.6 million (2005)
Maldives$66.83 million (2005)
Mali$691.5 million (2005)
Malta$6.19 million (2004)
Marshall Islands$56.56 million (2005)
Mauritania$190.4 million (2005)
Mauritius$31.93 million (2005)
Mayotte$201.3 million; note - extensive French financial assistance(2005)
Mexico$189.4 million (2005)
Micronesia, Federated States of$106.4 million (2005)
Moldova$191.8 million (2005)
Monaco$NA
Mongolia$159.5 million (2006)
Montenegro$NA
MontserratCountry Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program forspending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)
MoroccoODA, $651.8 million (2005)
Mozambique$1.286 billion (2005)
NamibiaODA, $123.4 million (2005 est.)
Nauru$20 million mostly from Australia (2005)
Nepal$427.9 million (2005)
Netherlands Antilles$21.32 million (2004)
New Caledonia$524.3 million annual subsidy from France (2004)
Nicaragua$471 million (2006 est.)
Niger$515.4 million (2005)
Nigeria$6.437 billion (2005)
Niue$2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)
Norfolk Island$NA
Northern Mariana Islandsextensive funding from US
Oman$30.68 million (2005)
Pakistan$1.666 billion (2005)
Palau$23.46 million (2005)
Panama$19.54 million (2005)
Papua New Guinea$266.1 million (2005)
Paraguay$51.09 million (2005)
Peru$397.8 million (2005)
PhilippinesODA, $451.4 million in commitments (2006)
Pitcairn Islands$3.465 million (2004)
Poland$1.524 billion in available EU structural adjustment andcohesion funds (2004)
Puerto Rico$NA
Qatar$2.18 million (2004)
Romania$914.3 million (2004)
Russia$982.7 million in FY06 from US, including $847 million innon-proliferation subsidies
Rwanda$576 million (2005)
Saint Helena$27.84 million obtained in a grant from the UnitedKingdom (FY06/07)
Saint Kitts and Nevis$3.52 million (2005)
Saint Lucia$11.06 million (2005)
Saint Pierre and Miquelonapproximately $60 million in annual grantsfrom France
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines$4.89 million (1995); note - EU$34.5 million (2005)
Samoa$43.95 million (2005)
San Marino$NA
Sao Tome and Principe$31.9 million in December 2000 under theHeavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) program (2005)
Saudi Arabia$26.29 million (2005)
Senegal$477 million (2007 est.)
Serbia$2 billion pledged in 2001 to Serbia and Montenegro(disbursements to follow over several years; some aid pledged by EUand US has been placed on hold because of lack of cooperation bySerbia in handing over General Ratko MLADIC to the criminal court inThe Hague)
Seychelles$18.81 million (2005)
Sierra Leone$343.4 million (2005 est.)
Singapore$0 (2007)
Slovakia$235 million in available EU structural adjustment andcohesion funds (2004)
SloveniaODA, $484 million (2004-06)
Solomon Islands$198.2 million annually, mainly from Australia (2005est.)
Somalia$236.4 million (2005 est.)
South Africa$700 million (2005)
Sri Lanka$1.189 billion (2005)
Sudan$1.829 billion (2005)
Suriname$43.97 million (2005)
Svalbard$8.2 million from Norway (1998)
Swaziland$46.03 million (2005)
Syria$213 million (2008 est.)
Tajikistan$241.4 million from US (2005)
Tanzania$1.505 billion (2005)
Thailand$171.1 million (2005)
Timor-Leste$184.7 million (2005 est.)
TogoODA, $86.71 million (2005 est.)
Tonga$31.75 million (2005)
Trinidad and Tobago$200,000 (2007 est.)
Tunisia$376.5 million (2005)
TurkeyODA, $464 million (2005)
Turkmenistan$28.25 million from the US (2005)
Turks and Caicos Islands$4.1 million (1997)
Tuvalu $10.49 million note: includes distributions from the Tuvalu Trust Fund (2006)
Uganda$1.198 billion (2005)
Ukraine$409.6 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2billion (2005)
United Arab Emirates$5.36 million (2004)
Uruguay$14.62 million (2005)
Uzbekistan$172.3 million from the US (2005)
Vanuatu$39.48 million (2005)
Venezuela$48.66 million (2005)
Vietnam$5.4 billion in credits and grants pledged by the 2007Consultative Group meeting in Hanoi (2007)
Virgin Islands$NA
Wallis and Futunaassistance from France, $NA
West Bank$1.4 billion; (includes Gaza Strip) (2006 est.)
Western Sahara$NA
WorldODA, $106.4 billion (2005)
Yemen$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)