Bosnia and Herzegovinakonvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -1.3083 (2008 est.), 1.4419 (2007), 1.5576 (2006), 1.5727 (2005),1.5752 (2004)note: the convertible mark is pegged to the euro
Botswanapulas (BWP) per US dollar - 6.7907 (2008 est.), 6.2035(2007), 5.8447 (2006), 5.1104 (2005), 4.6929 (2004)
Brazilreals (BRL) per US dollar - 1.8644 (2008 est.), 1.85 (2007est.), 2.1761 (2006), 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251 (2004)
British Indian Ocean Territorythe US dollar is used
British Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
BruneiBruneian dollars (BND) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.5886(2006), 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003)
Bulgarialeva (BGN) per US dollar - 1.3171 (2008 est.), 1.4366(2007), 1.5576 (2006), 1.5741 (2005), 1.5751 (2004)
Burkina FasoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47(2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Burmakyats (MMK) per US dollar - 1,205 (2008 est.), 1,296 (2007),1,280 (2006), 5.761 (2005), 5.7459 (2004)note: unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/USdollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by yearend 2005, theunofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar; data shown for2003-05 are official exchange rates
BurundiBurundi francs (BIF) per US dollar - 1,198 (2008 est.),1,065 (2007), 1,030 (2006), 1,138 (2005), 1,100.91 (2004)
Cambodiariels (KHR) per US dollar - 4,070.94 (2008 est.), 4,006(2007), 4,103 (2006), 4,092.5 (2005), 4,016.25 (2004)
CameroonCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) perUS dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47(2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not acceptedin countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
CanadaCanadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar - 1.0364 (2008 est.),1.0724 (2007), 1.1334 (2006), 1.2118 (2005), 1.301 (2004)
Cape VerdeCape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 73.84 (2008est.), 81.235 (2007), 87.946 (2006), 88.67 (2005), 88.808 (2004)
Cayman IslandsCaymanian dollars (KYD) per US dollar - NA (2007),0.8496 (2006)
Central African RepublicCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centralefrancs (XAF) per US dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 481.8 (2007),522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not acceptedin countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
ChadCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per USdollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 480.1 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47(2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not acceptedin countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
ChileChilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar - 509.02 (2008 est.), 526.25(2007), 530.29 (2006), 560.09 (2005), 609.37 (2004)
ChinaRenminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar - 6.9385 (2008 est.), 7.61(2007), 7.97 (2006), 8.1943 (2005), 8.2768 (2004)
Christmas IslandAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2059(2008 est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598(2004)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -1.2059 (2008 est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005),1.3598 (2004)
ColombiaColombian pesos (COP) per US dollar - 2,243.6 (2008),2,013.8 (2007), 2,358.6 (2006), 2,320.75 (2005), 2,628.61 (2004)
ComorosComoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 361.4 (2007), 391.8(2006), 395.6 (2005), 396.21 (2004), 435.9 (2003)note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongolese francs (CDF) per USdollar - NA (2007), 464.69 (2006), 437.86 (2005), 401.04 (2004),405.34 (2003)
Congo, Republic of theCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centralefrancs (XAF) per US dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 483.6 (2007),522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not acceptedin countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Cook IslandsNZ dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151 (2008 est.),1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004)
Costa RicaCosta Rican colones (CRC) per US dollar - 530.41 (2008est.), 519.53 (2007), 511.3 (2006), 477.79 (2005), 437.91 (2004)
Cote d'IvoireCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47(2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Croatiakuna (HRK) per US dollar - 4.98 (2008 est.), 5.3735 (2007),5.8625 (2006), 5.9473 (2005), 6.0358 (2004)
CubaCuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar - 0.9259 (2008 est.), 0.9259(2007), 0.9231 (2006)note: Cuba has two currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso (CUP)and the convertible peso (CUC); in April 2005 the official exchangerate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC (0.93 CUC per $1) bothfor individuals and enterprises; individuals can buy 24 Cuban pesos(CUP) for each CUC sold or sell 25 Cuban pesos for each CUC bought;enterprises, however, must exchange CUP and CUC at a 1:1 ratio.
Cypruseuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), Cypriotpounds (CYP) per US dollar - 0.4286 (2007), 0.4586 (2006), 0.4641(2005), 0.4686 (2004)
Czech Republickoruny (CZK) per US dollar - 17.064 (2008), 20.53(2007), 22.596 (2006), 23.957 (2005), 25.7 (2004)
DenmarkDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.0236 (2008 est.),5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004)
Dhekeliaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008)note: on 1 January 2008, Dhekelia and Akrotiri adopted the euroalong with the rest of Cyprus
DjiboutiDjiboutian francs (DJF) per US dollar - 177.71 (2007),174.75 (2006), 177.72 (2005), 177.72 (2004), 177.72 (2003)
DominicaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Dominican RepublicDominican pesos (DOP) per US dollar - 34.775(2008 est.), 33.113 (2007), 33.406 (2006), 30.409 (2005), 42.12(2004)
Ecuadorthe US dollar is used; the sucre was eliminated in 2000
EgyptEgyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar - 5.4 (2008 est.), 5.67(2007), 5.725 (2006), 5.78 (2005), 6.1962 (2004)
El Salvadorthe US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001
Equatorial GuineaCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs(XAF) per US dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 481.83 (2007), 522.4(2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not acceptedin countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Eritreanakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 15.38 (2008 est.), 15.5 (2007),15.4 (2006), 14.5 (2005), 13.788 (2004)note: the official exchange rate is 15 nakfa to the dollar
Estoniakrooni (EEK) per US dollar - 10.7 (2008), 11.535 (2007),12.473 (2006), 12.584 (2005), 12.596 (2004)note: the krooni is pegged to the euro
Ethiopiabirr (ETB) per US dollar - 9.57 (2008 est.), 8.96 (2007),8.69 (2006), 8.68 (2005), 8.6356 (2004)note: since 24 October 2001, exchange rates are determined on adaily basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank
European Unioneuros per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland pounds (FKP) per USdollar - 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005),0.5462 (2004)note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe IslandsDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.0236 (2008est.), 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004)
FijiFijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.7313 (2006),1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003)
Finlandeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Franceeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
French PolynesiaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
GabonCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per USdollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47(2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not acceptedin countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Gambia, Thedalasis (GMD) per US dollar - 22.75 (2008 est.), 27.79(2007), 28.066 (2006), 28.575 (2005), 30.03 (2004)
Gaza Stripnew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.56 (2008est.), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004)
Georgialaris (GEL) per US dollar - 1.47 (2008 est.), 1.7 (2007),1.78 (2006), 1.8127 (2005), 1.9167 (2004)
Germanyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Ghanacedis (GHC) per US dollar - 1.1 (2008 est.), 0.95 (2007),9,174.8 (2006), 9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6 (2004)note: in 2007 Ghana revalued its currency with 10,000 old cedisequal to 1 new cedis
GibraltarGibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - 0.4993 (2007),0.5434 (2006), 0.5504 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greeceeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
GreenlandDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.0236 (2008 est.),5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004)
GrenadaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7(2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Guamthe US dollar is used
Guatemalaquetzales (GTQ) per US dollar - 7.5895 (2008 est.), 7.6833(2007), 7.6026 (2006), 7.6339 (2005), 7.9465 (2004)
GuernseyGuernsey pound 0.5302 (2008 est.), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418(2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
GuineaGuinean francs (GNF) per US dollar - 5,500 (2008 est.),4,122.8 (2007), 5,350 (2006), 3,644.3 (2005), 2,225 (2004)
Guinea-BissauCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47(2005), 528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
GuyanaGuyanese dollars (GYD) per US dollar - 203.86 (2008 est.),201.89 (2007), 200.28 (2006), 200.79 (2005), 198.31 (2004)
Haitigourdes (HTG) per US dollar - 39.216 (2008 est.), 37.138(2007), 40.232 (2006), 40.449 (2005), 38.352 (2004)
Holy See (Vatican City)euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008est.), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Honduraslempiras (HNL) per US dollar - 18.983 (2008 est.), 18.9(2007), 18.895 (2006), 18.92 (2005), 18.206 (2004)
Hong KongHong Kong dollars (HKD) per US dollar - 7.751 (2008),7.802 (2007), 7.7678 (2006), 7.7773 (2005), 7.788 (2004)
Hungaryforints (HUF) per US dollar - 171.8 (2008), 183.83 (2007),210.39 (2006), 199.58 (2005), 202.75 (2004)
IcelandIcelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - 85.619 (2008 est.),63.391 (2007), 70.195 (2006), 62.982 (2005), 70.192 (2004)
IndiaIndian rupees (INR) per US dollar - 43.319 (2008 est.), 41.487(2007), 45.3 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004)
IndonesiaIndonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,698.9 (2008),9,143 (2007), 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004)
IranIranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 9,142.8 (2008 est.),9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004)note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regimesince unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
IraqNew Iraqi dinars (NID) per US dollar - 1,176 (2008), 1,255(2007), 1,466 (2006), 1,475 (2005), 1,890 (second half, 2003)
Irelandeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Isle of ManManx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - 0.5302 (2008 est.),0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)note: the Manx pound is at par with the British pound
Israelnew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.56 (2008 est.),4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004)
Italyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345 (2007),0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
JamaicaJamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar - 72.236 (2008 est.),69.034 (2007), 65.768 (2006), 62.51 (2005), 61.197 (2004)
Japanyen (JPY) per US dollar - 103.58 (2008 est.), 117.99 (2007),116.18 (2006), 110.22 (2005), 108.19 (2004)
JerseyJersey pounds per US dollar 0.5302 (2008 est.), 0.4993(2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
JordanJordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - 0.709 (2008 est.),0.709 (2007), 0.709 (2006), 0.709 (2005), 0.709 (2004)
Kazakhstantenge (KZT) per US dollar - 120.25 (2008 est.), 122.55(2007), 126.09 (2006), 132.88 (2005), 136.04 (2004)
KenyaKenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar - 68.358 (2008 est.),68.309 (2007), 72.101 (2006), 75.554 (2005), 79.174 (2004)
KiribatiAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2059 (2008est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004)
Korea, NorthNorth Korean won (KPW) per US dollar - 140 (2007), 141(2006), 170 (December 2004), market rate: North Korean won per USdollar - 3,400 (October 2008)
Korea, SouthSouth Korean won (KRW) per US dollar - 1,101.7 (2008est.), 929.2 (2007), 954.8 (2006), 1,024.1 (2005), 1,145.3 (2004)
Kosovoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007)
KuwaitKuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar - 0.2679 (2008 est.),0.2844 (2007), 0.29 (2006), 0.292 (2005), 0.2947 (2004)
Kyrgyzstansoms (KGS) per US dollar - 36.108 (2008 est.), 37.746(2007), 40.149 (2006), 41.012 (2005), 42.65 (2004)
Laoskips (LAK) per US dollar - 8,760.69 (2008 est.), 9,658 (2007),10,235 (2006), 10,820 (2005), 10,585.5 (2004)
Latvialati (LVL) per US dollar - 0.4701 (2008 est.), 0.5162 (2007),0.5597 (2006), 0.5647 (2005), 0.5402 (2004)
LebanonLebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2008 est.),1,507.5 (2007), 1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5 (2005), 1,507.5 (2004)
Lesothomaloti (LSL) per US dollar - 7.75 (2008 est.), 7.25 (2007),6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)
LiberiaLiberian dollars (LRD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 59.43(2006), 53.098 (2005), 54.906 (2004), 59.379 (2003)
LibyaLibyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 1.2112 (2008 est.), 1.2604(2007), 1.3108 (2006), 1.3084 (2005), 1.305 (2004)
LiechtensteinSwiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.0774 (2008 est.),1.1973 (2007), 1.2539 (2006), 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435 (2004)
Lithuanialitai (LTL) per US dollar - 2.3251 (2008 est.), 2.5362(2007), 2.7498 (2006), 2.774 (2005), 2.7806 (2004)
Luxembourgeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Macaupatacas (MOP) per US dollar - 8.011 (2007), 8.0015 (2006),8.011 (2005), 8.022 (2004), 8.021 (2003)
MacedoniaMacedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - 41.414 (2008est.), 44.732 (2007), 48.978 (2006), 48.92 (2005), 49.41 (2004)
MadagascarMalagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 1,654.78 (2008est.), 1,880 (2007), 2,161.4 (2006), 2,003 (2005), 1,868.9 (2004)
MalawiMalawian kwachas (MWK) per US dollar - 142.41 (2008 est.),141.12 (2007), 135.96 (2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004)
Malaysiaringgits (MYR) per US dollar - 3.33 (2008 est.), 3.46(2007), 3.6683 (2006), 3.8 (2005), 3.8 (2004)
Maldivesrufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar - 12.8 (2008), 12.8 (2007),12.8 (2006), 12.8 (2005), 12.8 (2004)
MaliCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -447.81 (2008 est.), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005),528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Maltaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), Maltese liriper US dollar - 0.3106 (2007), 0.37 (2006), 0.34578 (2005), 0.34466(2004), 0.37723 (2003)
Marshall Islandsthe US dollar is used
Mauritaniaouguiyas (MRO) per US dollar - NA (2007), 271.3 (2006),267.04 (2005), 265.8 (2004), 263.03 (2003)
MauritiusMauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar - 27.973 (2008 est.),31.798 (2007), 31.656 (2006), 29.496 (2005), 27.499 (2004)
Mayotteeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6734 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
MexicoMexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 11.016 (2008 est.), 10.8(2007), 10.899 (2006), 10.898 (2005), 11.286 (2004)
Micronesia, Federated States ofthe US dollar is used
MoldovaMoldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - 10.326 (2008 est.),12.177 (2007), 13.131 (2006), 12.6 (2005), 12.33 (2004)
Monacoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Mongoliatogrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,267.51 (2008), 1,170(2007), 1,165 (2006), 1,205 (2005), 1,185.3 (2004)
Montenegroeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
MontserratEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)note: fixed rate since 1976
MoroccoMoroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 7.526 (2008 est.),8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004)
Mozambiquemeticais (MZM) per US dollar - 24.125 (2008 est.), 26.264(2007), 25.4 (2006), 23,061 (2005), 22,581 (2004)note: in 2006 Mozambique revalued its currency, with 1000 oldmeticais equal to 1 new meticais
NamibiaNamibian dollars (NAD) per US dollar - 7.75 (2008 est.),7.18 (2007), 6.7649 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)
NauruAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2059 (2008 est.),1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004)
NepalNepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - 65.21 (2008), 70.35(2007), 72.446 (2006), 72.16 (2005), 73.674 (2004)
Netherlandseuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per USdollar - NA (2007), 1.79 (2006), 1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79(2003)
New CaledoniaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)
New ZealandNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151 (2008est.), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004)
Nicaraguacordobas (NIO) per US dollar - 19.374 (2008 est.), 18.457(2007), 17.582 (2006), 16.733 (2005), 15.937 (2004)
NigerCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -447.81 (2008 est.), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005),528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Nigerianairas (NGN) per US dollar - 117.8 (2008 est.), 127.46(2007), 127.38 (2006), 132.59 (2005), 132.89 (2004)
NiueNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151 (2008 est.),1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004)
Norfolk IslandAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2059 (2008est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004)
Northern Mariana Islandsthe US dollar is used
NorwayNorwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 5.6361 (2008), 5.86(2007), 6.418 (2006), 6.445 (2005), 6.7327 (2004)
OmanOmani rials (OMR) per US dollar - 0.3845 (2008 est.), 0.3845(2007), 0.3845 (2006), 0.3845 (2005), 0.3845 (2004)
PakistanPakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 70.64 (2008 est.),60.6295 (2007), 60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005), 58.258 (2004)
Palauthe US dollar is used
Panamabalboas (PAB) per US dollar - 1 (2008 est.), 1 (2007), 1(2006), 1 (2005), 1 (2004)note: the US dollar is the legal currency
Papua New Guineakina (PGK) per US dollar - 2.6956 (2008 est.), 3.03(2007), 3.0643 (2006), 3.08 (2005), 3.2225 (2004)
Paraguayguarani (PYG) per US dollar - 4,337.7 (2008 est.), 5,031(2007), 5,672.8 (2006), 6,178 (2005), 5,974.6 (2004)
Perunuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 2.91 (2008 est.), 3.1731(2007), 3.2742 (2006), 3.2958 (2005), 3.4132 (2004)
PhilippinesPhilippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar - 44.439 (2008est.), 46.148 (2007), 51.246 (2006), 55.086 (2005), 56.04 (2004)
Pitcairn IslandsNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151(2008 est.), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087(2004)
Polandzlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 2.3 (2008 est.), 2.81 (2007),3.1032 (2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004)note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Portugaleuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Puerto Ricothe US dollar is used
QatarQatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - 3.64 (2008 est.), 3.64(2007), 3.64 (2006), 3.64 (2005), 3.64 (2004)
Romanialei (RON) per US dollar - 2.5 (2008 est.), 2.43 (2007),2.809 (2006), 3 (2005), 3 (2004)
RussiaRussian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 24.3 (2008 est.), 25.659(2007), 27.19 (2006), 28.284 (2005), 28.814 (2004)
RwandaRwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - 550 (2008 est.), 585(2007), 560 (2006), 610 (2005), 574.62 (2004)
Saint Barthelemyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Saint HelenaSaint Helenian pounds (SHP) per US dollar - 0.5302(2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound
Saint Kitts and NevisEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar -2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Saint LuciaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Saint Martineuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Saint Pierre and Miqueloneuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6734 (2008est.), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per USdollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Samoatala (SAT) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.7594 (2006), 2.7103(2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003)
San Marinoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6734 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Sao Tome and Principedobras (STD) per US dollar - 14,900 (2008est.), 13,700 (2007), 12,050 (2006), 9,900.4 (2005), 9,902.3 (2004)
Saudi ArabiaSaudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - 3.75 (2008 est.),3.745 (2007), 3.745 (2006), 3.747 (2005), 3.75 (2004)
SenegalCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -447.81 (2008 est.), 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005),528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
SerbiaSerbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - 54.5 (2007), 59.98 (2006)
SeychellesSeychelles rupees (SCR) per US dollar - 8 (2008 est.),6.5 (2007), 5.5 (2006), 5.5 (2005), 5.5 (2004)
Sierra Leoneleones (SLL) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2,961.7 (2006),2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003)
SingaporeSingapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar - 1.415 (2008 est.),1.507 (2007), 1.5889 (2006), 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902 (2004)
SlovakiaSlovak koruny (SKK) per US dollar - 21.05 (2008 est.),24.919 (2007), 29.611 (2006), 31.018 (2005), 32.257 (2004)note: on 1 January 2009 Slovakia adopted the euro as legal tender
Sloveniaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345(2007)note: Slovenia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2007
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar - NA(2007), 7.3447 (2006), 7.5299 (2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003)
SomaliaSomali shillings (SOS) per US dollar - NA (2007-08), 1,438.3(2006) official rate; the unofficial black market rate was about23,000 shillings per dollar as of February 2007note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independentcountry not recognized by any foreign government, issues its owncurrency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africarand (ZAR) per US dollar - 7.9576 (2008 est.), 7.05(2007), 6.7649 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)
Spaineuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345 (2007),0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Sri LankaSri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - 108.33 (2008),110.78 (2007), 103.99 (2006), 100.498 (2005), 101.194 (2004)
SudanSudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar - 2.1 (2008 est.), 2.06(2007), 2.172 (2006), 2.4361 (2005), 2.5791 (2004)note: in October 2007 Sudan redenominated its currency bytransforming 100 units of Sudanese dinar into one unit of Sudanesepound
SurinameSurinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar - 2.745 (2007),2.745 (2006), 2.7317 (2005), 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003)note: in January 2004, the government replaced the guilder with theSurinamese dollar, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket
SvalbardNorwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 5.6361 (2008), 5.86(2007), 6.418 (2006), 6.445 (2005), 6.7327 (2004)
Swazilandemalangeni per US dollar - 7.75 (2008 est.), 7.4 (2007),6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)
SwedenSwedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - 6.4074 (2008 est.),6.7629 (2007), 7.3731 (2006), 7.4731 (2005), 7.3489 (2004)
SwitzerlandSwiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.0774 (2008 est.),1.1973 (2007), 1.2539 (2006), 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435 (2004)
SyriaSyrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 46.5281 (2008 est.),50.0085 (2007), 51.689 (2006), 50 (2005), 48.5 (2004)note: data for 2004-06 are the public sector rate; data for 2002-03are the parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut; the official ratefor repaying loans was 11.25 Syrian pounds per US dollars during2004-06,
TaiwanNew Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar - 31.53 (2008 est.),32.84 (2007), 32.534 (2006), 31.71 (2005), 34.418 (2004)
TajikistanTajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - 3.4563 (2008est.), 3.4418 (2007), 3.3 (2006), 3.1166 (2005), 2.9705 (2004)
TanzaniaTanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar - 1,178.1 (2008est.), 1,255 (2007), 1,251.9 (2006), 1,128.93 (2005), 1,089.33 (2004)
Thailandbaht per US dollar - 33.37 (2008 est.), 34.52 (2007),37.882 (2006), 40.22 (2005), 40.222 (2004)
Timor-Lestethe US dollar is used
TogoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -447.81 (2008 est.), 482.71 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005),528.29 (2004)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
TokelauNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151 (2008est.), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004)
Tongapa'anga (TOP) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.0277 (2006), 1.96(2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003)
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago dollars (TTD) per US dollar- 6.2896 (2008 est.), 6.3275 (2007), 6.3107 (2006), 6.2842 (2005),6.299 (2004)
TunisiaTunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar - 1.211 (2008 est.),1.2776 (2007), 1.331 (2006), 1.2974 (2005), 1.2455 (2004)
TurkeyTurkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 1.3179 (2008 est.), 1.319(2007), 1.4286 (2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004)note: on 1 January 2005, the old Turkish lira (TRL) was converted tonew Turkish lira (TRY) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkishlira; on 1 January 2009, the Turkish government dropped the word"new" and the currency is now called simply the Turkish lira
TurkmenistanTurkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - 14,250 (as of 1 May2008 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islandsthe US dollar is used
TuvaluTuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars (AUD) per U 1.2059(2008 est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598(2004)
UgandaUgandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar - 1,658.1 (2008 est.),1,685.8 (2007), 1,834.9 (2006), 1,780.7 (2005), 1,810.3 (2004)
Ukrainehryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - 4.9523 (2008 est.), 5.05(2007), 5.05 (2006), 5.1247 (2005), 5.3192 (2004)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati dirhams (AED) per US dollar - 3.6725(2008 est.), 3.6725 (2007), 3.6725 (2006), 3.6725 (2005), 3.6725(2004)note: officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002
United KingdomBritish pounds (GBP) per US dollar - 0.5302 (2008est.), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)
United StatesBritish pounds per US dollar: 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993(2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1.0364 (2008), 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334(2006), 1.2118 (2005), 1.3010 (2004)Chinese yuan per US dollar: 6.9385 (2008), 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006),8.1943 (2005), 8.2768 (2004)euros per US dollar: 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)Japanese yen per US dollar: 103.58 (2008), 117.99 (2007), 116.18(2006) 110.22 (2005), 108.19 (2004)
UruguayUruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar - 20.936 (2008 est.),23.947 (2007), 24.048 (2006), 24.479 (2005), 28.704 (2004)
UzbekistanUzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 1,317 (2008 est.),1,263.8 (2007), 1,219.8 (2006), 1,020 (2005), 971.265 (2004)
Vanuatuvatu (VUV) per US dollar - NA (2007), 111.93 (2006), NA(2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19 (2003)
Venezuelabolivars (VEB) per US dollar - 2.147 (2008 est.), 2,147(2007), 2,147 (2006), 2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004)note: on 1 January 2008 Venezuela revalued its currency with 1000old bolivares equal to 1 new bolivar
Vietnamdong (VND) per US dollar - 16,548.3 (2008 est.), 16,119(2007), 15,983 (2006), 15,746 (2005), NA (2004)
Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
Wallis and FutunaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) perUS dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)
West Banknew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.56 (2008est.), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004)
Western SaharaMoroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 7.526 (2008est.), 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004)
YemenYemeni rials (YER) per US dollar - 199.76 (2008 est.), 199.14(2007), 197.18 (2006), 192.67 (2005), 184.78 (2004)
ZambiaZambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar - 3,512.9 (2008 est.),3,990.2 (2007), 3,601.5 (2006), 4,463.5 (2005), 4,778.9 (2004)
ZimbabweZimbabwean dollars (ZWD) per US dollar - NA (2008 est.),30,000 (2007), 162.07 (2006), 77.965 (2005), 5.729 (2004)note: these are official exchange rates; non-official rates varysignificantly
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Field Listing :: Executive branch
This entry includes several subfields. Chief of state includes the name and title of the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. Head of government includes the name and title of the top administrative leader who is designated to manage the day-to-day activities of the government. For example, in the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US, the president is both the chief of state and the head of government. Cabinet includes the official name for this body of high-ranking advisers and the method for selection of members. Elections includes the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the last election, and date of the next election. Election results includes the percent of vote for each candidate in the last election. Country
Executive branch
Afghanistanchief of state: President of the Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First VicePresident Ahmad Zia MASOOD; Second Vice President Abdul KarimKHALILI (since 7 December 2004); note - the president is both thechief of state and head of government; former King ZAHIR Shah heldthe honorific, "Father of the Country," and presided symbolicallyover certain occasions but lacked any governing authority; thehonorific is not hereditary; King ZAHIR Shah died on 23 July 2007head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of AfghanistanHamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice President Ahmad ZiaMASOOD; Second Vice President Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December2004)cabinet: 25 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministersare appointed by the president and approved by the National Assemblyelections: the president and two vice presidents are elected bydirect vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if nocandidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round ofvoting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in asecond round; a president can only be elected for two terms;election last held 20 August 2009 (next to be held in 2014)election results: Hamid KARZAI reelected president; percent of vote- Hamid KARZAI 54.6%, Abdullah ABDULLAH 27.8%, Ramazan BASHARDOST9.2%, Ashraf GHANI 2.7% (as reported by the Independent ElectionCommission of Afghanistan on 16 September 2009)note: on 2 November 2009, following the cancellation of the planned7 November election runoff, the UN-backed Electoral ComplaintsCommission officially declared Hamid KARZAI the winner of the 20August presidential election
Akrotirichief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)head of government: Administrator Major General Jamie GORDON (sinceOctober 2008); note - reports to the British Ministry of Defenseelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator isappointed by the monarch
Albaniachief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI (since24 July 2007)head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,nominated by the president, and approved by parliamentelections: president elected by the Assembly for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); four election rounds held between 8and 20 July 2007 (next election to be held in 2012); prime ministerappointed by the presidentelection results: Bamir TOPI elected president; Assembly vote,fourth round (three-fifths majority (84 votes) required): Bamir TOPI85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5 votes
Algeriachief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28April 1999)head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 23 June 2008)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;note - a November 2008 constitutional amendment abolishedpresidential term limits; election last held 9 April 2009 (next tobe held in April 2014); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for thirdterm; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 90.2%, Louisa HANOUNE4.2%, Moussa TOUATI 2.3%, Djahid YOUNSI 1.4%, Ali Fawzi REBIANE lessthan 1%, Mohamed SAID less than 1%
American Samoachief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directorselections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporatedterritories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for USpresident and vice president; however, they may vote in Democraticand Republican presidential primary elections; governor andlieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote forfour-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 4and 18 November 2008 (next to be held in November 2012)election results: Togiola TULAFONO reelected governor; percent ofvote - Togiola TULAFONO 56.5%, Afoa Moega LUTU 43.5%
Andorrachief of state: French Coprince Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16May 2007); represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002) andSpanish Coprince Bishop Joan-Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May2003); represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since 30 July 2003)head of government: Executive Council President Jaume BARTUMEUCassany (since 5 June 2009)cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the ExecutiveCouncil presidentelections: Executive Council president elected by the GeneralCouncil and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-yearterm; election last held 26 April 2009 (next to be held in April-May2013)election results: Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY elected executive councilpresident; percent of General Council vote - NA
Angolachief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); Antonio Paulo KASSOMA was named prime minister byMPLA on 26 September 2008cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) underthe 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS was selected by theparty to take over after the death of former President AugustinoNETO(1979) under a one-party system and stood for reelection inAngola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next wereto be held in September 2009 but have been postponed)election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was neverheld leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as the president
Anguillachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Alistair HARRISON (since 21 April 2009)head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March2000)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among theelected members of the House of Assemblyelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointedchief minister by the governor
Antigua and Barbudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by Governor General Louisse LAKE-TACK(since 17 July 2007)head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24March 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general onthe advice of the prime ministerelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen by themonarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislativeelections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of themajority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by thegovernor general
Argentinachief of state: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER(since 10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10December 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10 December2007)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);election last held 28 October 2007 (next election to be held in 2011)election results: Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER elected president;percent of vote - Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER 45%, Elisa CARRIO23%, Roberto LAVAGNA 17%, Alberto Rodriguez SAA 8%
Armeniachief of state: President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)head of government: Prime Minister Tigran SARGSIAN (since 9 April2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 19 February 2008(next to be held February 2013); prime minister appointed by thepresident based on majority or plurality support in parliament; theprime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the NationalAssembly refuses to accept their programelection results: Serzh SARGSIAN elected president; percent of vote- Serzh SARGSIAN 52.9%, Levon TER-PETROSSIAN 21.5%, ArturBAGHDASARIAN 16.7%
Arubachief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30April 1980); represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since11 May 2004)head of government: Prime Minister Mike EMAN (since 30 October 2009)cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Statenelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed fora six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy primeminister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election lastheld in 2005 (next to be held by 2009)election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percentof legislative vote - NA
Australiachief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by Governor General Quentin BRYCE (since5 September 2008)head of government: Prime Minister Kevin RUDD (since 3 December2007); Deputy Prime Minister Julia GILLARD (since 3 December 2007)cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general toserve as government ministerselections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; followinglegislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader ofa majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governorgeneral
Austriachief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) (since 8 July2004)head of government: Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2December 2008); Vice Chancellor Josef PROELL (OeVP) (since 2December 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the adviceof the chancellorelections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-yearterm (eligible for a second term); presidential election last held25 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2010); chancellor formallychosen by the president but determined by the coalition partiesforming a parliamentary majority; vice chancellor chosen by thepresident on the advice of the chancellorelection results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -Heinz FISCHER 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER 47.6%note: government coalition - SPOe and OeVP
Azerbaijanchief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October2003)head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president andconfirmed by the National Assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 15 October 2008(next to be held in October 2013); prime minister and first deputyprime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by theNational Assemblyelection results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote- Ilham ALIYEV 89%, Igbal AGHAZADE 2.9%, five other candidates withsmaller percentagesnote: several political parties boycotted the election due to unfairconditions; OSCE observers concluded that the election did not meetinternational standards
Bahamas, Thechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by Governor General Arthur D. HANNA (since 1February 2006)head of government: Prime Minister Hubert A. INGRAHAM (since 4 May2007)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the primeminister's recommendationelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime ministerrecommends the deputy prime minister
Bahrainchief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of themonarch, born 21 October 1969)head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa(since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin SalmanAl-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa, Jawad al-ARAIDHcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed bythe monarch
Bangladeshchief of state: President Zillur RAHMAN (since 12February 2009)head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wajed (since 6January 2009)cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by thepresidentelections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second term); last election held on 11 February2009 (next scheduled election to be held in 2014)election results: Zillur RAHMAN declared president-elect by theElection Commission on 11 February 2009 (sworn in on 12 February);he ran unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote -NA
Barbadoschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS(since 1 June 1996)head of government: Prime Minister David THOMPSON (since 16 January2008)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime ministerrecommends the deputy prime minister
Belaruschief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20July 1994)head of government: Prime Minister Sergey SIDORSKIY (since 19December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (sinceDecember 2003)cabinet: Council of Ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via aNovember 1996 referendum; subsequent election held 9 September 2001;an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits andallowed the president to run in a third election, which was held on19 March 2006; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointedby the presidentelection results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percentof vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 82.6%, Aleksandr MILINKEVICH 6%,Aleksandr KOZULIN 2.3%; note - election marred by electoral fraud
Belgiumchief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); HeirApparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarchhead of government: Prime Minister Herman VAN ROMPUY (30 December2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers are formally appointed by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; followinglegislative elections, the leader of the majority party or theleader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime ministerby the monarch and then approved by parliament
Belizechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17November 1993)head of government: Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Gaspar VEGA (since 12 February2008)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed prime minister by the governor general; prime ministerrecommends the deputy prime minister
Beninchief of state: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); runoff election held 19 March 2006(next to be held in March 2011)election results: Thomas YAYI Boni elected president; percent ofvote - Thomas YAYI Boni 74.5%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI 25.5%
Bermudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Sir Richard GOZNEY (since 12 December 2007)head of government: Premier Ewart BROWN (since 30 October 2006);Deputy Premier Paula COXcabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governorelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointedpremier by the governor
Bhutanchief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated thethrone on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded him;the nearly two-year delay between the former King's abdication andhis son's coronation on 6 November 2008 was to ensure anastrologically auspicious coronation date and to give the newKing-who had limited experience-deeper administrative expertiseunder the guidance of this fatherhead of government: Prime Minister Jigme THINLEY (since 9 April 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by themonarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarchelections: the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the monarchwith two-thirds vote; election of a new National Assembly occurredin March 2008; the leader of the majority party is nominated as theprime minister
Boliviachief of state: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January2006)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 18December 2005 (next to be held in December 2009)election results: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma elected president; percentof vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 53.7%; Jorge Fernando QUIROGARamirez 28.6%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana 7.8%; Michiaki NAGATANIMorishit 6.5%; Felipe QUISPE Huanca 2.2%; Guildo ANGULA Cabrera 0.7%
Bosnia and Herzegovinachief of state: Chairman of the PresidencyZeljko KOMSIC (chairman since 6 July 2009; presidency member since 1October 2006 - Croat); other members of the three-member presidencyrotating (every eight months): Haris SILAJDZIC (presidency membersince 1 October 2006 - Bosniak); and Nebojsa RADMANOVIC (presidencymember since 1 October 2006 - Serb)head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers NikolaSPIRIC (since 11 January 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;approved by the National House of Representativeselections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, oneCroat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term(eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years);the chairmanship rotates every eight months and resumes where itleft off following each national election; election last held 1October 2006 (next to be held in 2010); the chairman of the Councilof Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by theNational House of Representativeselection results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 53.3% ofthe votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC with 39.6% of the votesfor the Croat seat; Haris SILAJDZIC with 62.8% of the votes for theBosniak seatnote: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: BorjanaKRISTO (since 21 February 2007); Vice Presidents Spomenka MICIC(since NA 2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since NA 2007); President of theRepublika Srpska: Rajko KUSMANOVIC (since 28 December 2007)
Botswanachief of state: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1April 2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 20 October 2004(next to be held on 9 October 2009); vice president appointed by thepresidentelection results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent ofNational Assembly vote - 52%: note - MOGAE stepped down on 1 April2008 and designated KHAMA to serve out the remainder of his term
Brazilchief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (since 1January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (since 1January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 1October 2006 with runoff 29 October 2006 (next to be held 3 October2010 and, if necessary, 31 October 2010)election results: Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (PT) reelected president- 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%
British Indian Ocean Territorychief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II(since 6 February 1952)head of government: Commissioner Colin ROBERTS (since July 2008);Administrator Joanne YEADON (since December 2007); note - bothreside in the UK and are represented by the officer commandingBritish Forces on Diego Garciacabinet: NAelections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner andadministrator appointed by the monarch