MalawiMalawian kwachas (MWK) per US dollar - 151.65 (2010), 141.14(2009), 142.41 (2008), 141.12 (2007), 135.96 (2006)
Malaysiaringgits (MYR) per US dollar - 3.2182 (2010), 3.5246(2009), 3.33 (2008), 3.46 (2007), 3.6683 (2006)
Maldivesrufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar - 12.8 (2009), 12.8 (2008),12.8 (2007), 12.8 (2006)
MaliCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -506.04 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Maltaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7732 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.3106 (2007), 0.37(2006)
Marshall Islandsthe US dollar is used
Mauritaniaouguiyas (MRO) per US dollar - 261.5 (2010 est.), 262.4(2009), 238.2 (2008), 258.6 (2007), 271.3 (2006)
MauritiusMauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar - 30.991 (2010),31.96 (2009), 27.973 (2008), 31.798 (2007), 31.656 (2006)
Mayotteeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6734 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
MexicoMexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 12.687 (2010), 13.514(2009), 11.016 (2008), 10.8 (2007), 10.899 (2006)
Micronesia, Federated States ofthe US dollar is used
MoldovaMoldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - 12.443 (2010), 11.11(2009), 10.326 (2008), 12.177 (2007), 13.131 (2006)
Monacoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Mongoliatogrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,442.8 (2009),1,267.51 (2008), 1,170 (2007), 1,165 (2006)
Montenegroeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
MontserratEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)note: fixed rate since 1976
MoroccoMoroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3619 (2010), 8.0571(2009), 7.526 (2008), 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006)
Mozambiquemeticais (MZM) per US dollar - 35 (2010), 26.283 (2009),24.125 (2008), 26.264 (2007), 25.4 (2006)
NamibiaNamibian dollars (NAD) per US dollar - 7.57 (2010), 8.4234(2009), 7.75 (2008), 7.18 (2007), 6.7649 (2006)
NauruAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.1151 (2010), 1.2822(2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)
NepalNepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - 72.56 (2010), 77.44(2009), 65.21 (2008), 70.35 (2007), 72.446 (2006)
Netherlandseuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.774 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
New CaledoniaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)
New ZealandNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015 (2010),1.6002 (2009), 1.4151 (2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)
Nicaraguacordobas (NIO) per US dollar - 21.35 (2010), 20.34 (2009),19.374 (2008), 18.457 (2007), 17.582 (2006)
NigerCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -506.04 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
Nigerianairas (NGN) per US dollar - 150.88 (2010), 148.84 (2009),117.8 (2008), 127.46 (2007), 127.38 (2006)
NiueNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015 (2010), 1.6002(2009), 1.4151 (2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)
Norfolk IslandAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.1151(2010), 1.2822 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)
Northern Mariana Islandsthe US dollar is used
NorwayNorwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 6.1533 (2010), 6.2883(2009), 5.6361 (2008), 5.86 (2007), 6.418 (2006)
OmanOmani rials (OMR) per US dollar - 0.3845 (2010), 0.3845 (2009),0.3845 (2008), 0.3845 (2007), 0.3845 (2006)
PakistanPakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 85.27 (2010),81.7129 (2009), 70.64 (2008), 60.6295 (2007), 60.35 (2006)
Palauthe US dollar is used
Panamabalboas (PAB) per US dollar - 1 (2010), 1 (2009), 1 (2008), 1(2007), 1 (2006)
Papua New Guineakina (PGK) per US dollar - 2.7517 (2010), 2.7551(2009), 2.6956 (2008), 3.03 (2007), 3.0643 (2006)
Paraguayguarani (PYG) per US dollar - 4,767.6 (2010), 4,965.4(2009), 4,337.7 (2008), 5,031 (2007), 5,672.8 (2006)
Perunuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 2.8178 (2010), 3.0115 (2009),2.91 (2008), 3.1731 (2007), 3.2742 (2006)
PhilippinesPhilippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar - 45.459 (2010),47.68 (2009), 44.439 (2008), 46.148 (2007), 51.246 (2006)
Pitcairn IslandsNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015(2010), 1.6002 (2009), 1.4151 (2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)
Polandzlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 3.0718 (2010), 3.1214 (2009),2.3 (2008), 2.81 (2007), 3.1032 (2006)
Portugaleuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.774 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Puerto Ricothe US dollar is used
QatarQatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - 3.64 (2010), 3.64 (2009),3.64 (2008), 3.64 (2007), 3.64 (2006)
Romanialei (RON) per US dollar - 3.2 (2010), 3.0493 (2009), 2.5(2008), 2.43 (2007), 2.809 (2006)
RussiaRussian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 30 (2010), 31.742(2009), 24.853 (2008), 25.581 (2007), 27.191 (2006)
RwandaRwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - 586.25 (2010), 568.176(2009), 550 (2008), 585 (2007), 560 (2006)
Saint Barthelemyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338(2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helenian pounds (SHP) per US dollar - 0.6494 (2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5462 (2004) note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound
Saint Kitts and NevisEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar -2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Saint LuciaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Saint Martineuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338(2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Saint Pierre and Miqueloneuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010),0.7179 (2009), 0.6734 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per USdollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Samoatala (SAT) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.7594 (2006), 2.7103(2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003)
San Marinoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6734 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Sao Tome and Principedobras (STD) per US dollar - 19,641 (2010),16,000 (2009), 14,900 (2008), 13,700 (2007), 12,050 (2006)
Saudi ArabiaSaudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - 3.75 (2010), 3.75(2009), 3.75 (2008), 3.745 (2007), 3.745 (2006)
SenegalCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -507.71 (2010), 470.9 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 481.83 (2007), 522.89(2006)
SerbiaSerbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - 79.979 (2010), 62.9(2008), 54.5 (2007), 59.98 (2006)
SeychellesSeychelles rupees (SCR) per US dollar - 12.221 (2010),13.6124 (2009), 8 (2008), 6.5 (2007), 5.5 (2006)
Sierra Leoneleones (SLL) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2,961.7 (2006),2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003)
SingaporeSingapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar - 1.3702 (2010),1.4545 (2009), 1.415 (2008), 1.507 (2007), 1.5889 (2006)
Sint MaartenNetherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per US dollar -1.79 (2009), 1.79 (2008), 1.79 (2007), 1.79 (2006)
SlovakiaSlovak koruny (SKK) per US dollar - 0.774 (2010), 0.718(2009), 21.05 (2008), 24.919 (2007), 29.611 (2006)
Sloveniaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.77399 (2010), 0.72 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007)
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar - NA(2007), 7.3447 (2006), 7.5299 (2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003)
SomaliaSomali shillings (SOS) per US dollar - NA (2007-08), 1,438.3(2006) official rate; the unofficial black market rate was about23,000 shillings per dollar as of February 2007note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independentcountry not recognized by any foreign government, issues its owncurrency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africarand (ZAR) per US dollar - 7.38 (2010), 8.4234 (2009),7.9576 (2008), 7.05 (2007), 6.7649 (2006)
Spaineuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Sri LankaSri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - 113.36 (2010),114.95 (2009), 108.33 (2008), 110.78 (2007), 103.99 (2006)
SudanSudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar - 2.36 (2010), 2.32(2009), 2.1 (2008), 2.06 (2007), 2.172 (2006)
SurinameSurinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar - 2.745 (2007),2.745 (2006), 2.7317 (2005), 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003)note: in January 2004, the government replaced the guilder with theSurinamese dollar, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket
SvalbardNorwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 6.1533 (2009),5.6361 (2008), 5.86 (2007), 6.418 (2006)
Swazilandemalangeni per US dollar - 7.57 (2010), 8.4737 (2009),7.75 (2008), 7.4 (2007), 6.85 (2006)
SwedenSwedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - 7.5077 (2010), 7.6529(2009), 6.4074 (2008), 6.7629 (2007), 7.3731 (2006)
SwitzerlandSwiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.0723 (2010), 1.0881(2009), 1.0774 (2008), 1.1973 (2007), 1.2539 (2006)
SyriaSyrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 46.456 (2010), 46.7082(2009), 46.5281 (2008), 50.0085 (2007), 51.689 (2006)
TaiwanNew Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar - 31.864 (2010),33.061 (2009), 31.53 (2008), 32.84 (2007), 32.534 (2006)
TajikistanTajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - 4.3788 (2010),4.1428 (2009), 3.4563 (2008), 3.4418 (2007), 3.3 (2006)
TanzaniaTanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar - 1,423.3 (2010),1,320.3 (2009), 1,178.1 (2008), 1,255 (2007), 1,251.9 (2006)
Thailandbaht per US dollar - 31.663 (2010), 34.286 (2009), 33.37(2008), 34.52 (2007), 37.882 (2006)
Timor-Lestethe US dollar is used
TogoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -507.71 (2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 482.71 (2007), 522.59(2006)
TokelauNew Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015 (2010),1.6002 (2009), 1.4151 (2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)
Tongapa'anga (TOP) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.0277 (2006), 1.96(2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003)
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago dollars (TTD) per US dollar- 6.3337 (2010), 6.3099 (2009), 6.2896 (2008), 6.3275 (2007), 6.3107(2006)
TunisiaTunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar - 1.4367 (2010), 1.3503(2009), 1.211 (2008), 1.2776 (2007), 1.331 (2006)
TurkeyTurkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 1.5181 (2010), 1.55(2009), 1.3179 (2008), 1.319 (2007), 1.4286 (2006)
TurkmenistanTurkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - 2.85 (2010), 2.85(2009), 14,250 (2008)
Turks and Caicos Islandsthe US dollar is used
TuvaluTuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -1.1151 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)
UgandaUgandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar - 2,166 (2010), 2,038.9(2009), 1,658.1 (2008), 1,685.8 (2007), 1,834.9 (2006)
Ukrainehryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - 7.9111 (2010), 7.7912 (2009),4.9523 (2008), 5.05 (2007), 5.05 (2006)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati dirhams (AED) per US dollar - 3.673(2010), 3.673 (2009), 3.6725 (2008), 3.6725 (2007), 3.6725 (2006)
United KingdomBritish pounds (GBP) per US dollar - 0.6504 (2010),0.6389 (2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)
United StatesBritish pounds per US dollar: 1 (2010), 0.6504 (2010),0.6494 (2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1.0346 (2010), 1.1548 (2009), 1.0364(2008), 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334 (2006)Chinese yuan per US dollar: 6.7852 (2010), 6.8249 (2009), 6.9385(2008), 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006)euros per US dollar: 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008),0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)Japanese yen per US dollar: 88.67 (2010), 94.5 (2009), 103.58(2008), 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006)
UruguayUruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar - 20.276 (2010), 22.568(2009), 20.936 (2008), 23.947 (2007), 24.048 (2006)
UzbekistanUzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 1,588.1 (2010),1,466.7 (2009), 1,317 (2008), 1,263.8 (2007), 1,219.8 (2006)
Vanuatuvatu (VUV) per US dollar - 97.93 (2009), NA (2007), 111.93(2006), NA (2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19 (2003)
Venezuelabolivars (VEB) per US dollar - 4.3039 (2010), 2.1522(2009), 2.147 (2008), 2,147 (2007), 2,147 (2006)
Vietnamdong (VND) per US dollar - 19,148.9 (2010), 17,799.6 (2009),16,548.3 (2008), 16,119 (2007), 15,983 (2006)
Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
Wallis and FutunaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) perUS dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)
West Banknew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.7461 (2010),3.9326 (2009), 3.56 (2008), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006)
Western SaharaMoroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3619 (2009),7.526 (2008), 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006)
YemenYemeni rials (YER) per US dollar - 220.05 (2010), 202.85(2009), 199.76 (2008), 199.14 (2007), 197.18 (2006)
ZambiaZambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar - 4,823.6 (2010), 5,046.1(2009), 3,512.9 (2008), 3,990.2 (2007), 3,601.5 (2006)
ZimbabweZimbabwean dollars (ZWD) per US dollar - 234.25 (2010), 234(2008), 30,000 (2007), 162 (2006), 78 (2005)
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Field Listing :: Executive branch
This entry includes several subfields. Chief of state includes the name and title of the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. Head of government includes the name and title of the top administrative leader who is designated to manage the day-to-day activities of the government. For example, in the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US, the president is both the chief of state and the head of government. Cabinet includes the official name for this body of high-ranking advisers and the method for selection of members. Elections includes the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the last election, and date of the next election. Election results includes the percent of vote for each candidate in the last election. Country
Executive branch
Afghanistanchief of state: President of the Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First VicePresident Mohammad FAHIM Khan (since 19 November 2009); Second VicePresident Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President of the Islamic Republic of AfghanistanHamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice President MohammadFAHIM Khan (since 19 November 2009); Second Vice President AbdulKarim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004)cabinet: 25 ministers; note - ministers are appointed by thepresident and approved by the National Assemblyelections: the president and two vice presidents elected by directvote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if nocandidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round ofvoting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in asecond round; election last held on 20 August 2009 (next to be heldin 2014)election results: Hamid KARZAI reelected president; percent of vote(first round) - Hamid KARZAI 49.67%, Abdullah ABDULLAH 30.59%,Ramazan BASHARDOST 10.46%, Ashraf GHANI 2.94%; other 6.34%; note -ABDULLAH conceded the election to KARZAI following the first roundvote
Akrotirichief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)head of government: Administrator Major General Jamie GORDON (sinceOctober 2008); note - reports to the British Ministry of Defenseelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; the administratorappointed by the monarch
Albaniachief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI (since24 July 2007)head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,nominated by the president, and approved by parliamentelections: president elected by the Assembly for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); four election rounds held between 8and 20 July 2007 (next election to be held in 2012); prime ministerappointed by the presidentelection results: Bamir TOPI elected president; Assembly vote,fourth round (three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required): Bamir TOPI85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5 votes
Algeriachief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28April 1999) note - the president is both the chief of state and headof government; a November 2008 constitutional amendment separatedthe position of head of government from that of the prime ministerhead of government: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28 April1999)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;note - a November 2008 constitutional amendment abolishedpresidential term limits; election last held on 9 April 2009 (nextto be held in April 2014)election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA was reelected president for athird term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 90.2%, LouisaHANOUNE 4.2%, Moussa TOUATI 2.3%, Djahid YOUNSI 1.4%, Ali FawziREBIANE less than 1%, Mohamed SAID less than 1%
American Samoachief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directorselections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporatedterritories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for USpresident and vice president; however, they may vote in Democraticand Republican presidential primary elections; governor andlieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote forfour-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on4 and 18 November 2008 (next to be held in November 2012)election results: Togiola TULAFONO reelected governor; percent ofvote - Togiola TULAFONO 56.5%, Afoa Moega LUTU 43.5%
Andorrachief of state: French Coprince Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16May 2007); represented by Christian FREMONT (since September 2008)and Spanish Coprince Bishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May2003); represented by Nemesi MARQUES i Oste (since 30 July 2003)head of government: Executive Council President Jaume BARTUMEUCassany (since 5 June 2009)cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the ExecutiveCouncil presidentelections: Executive Council president elected by the GeneralCouncil and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-yearterm; election last held on 26 April 2009 (next to be held inApril-May 2013)election results: Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY elected executive councilpresident; percent of General Council vote - NA
Angolachief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21September 1979); Antonio Paulo KASSOMA was named prime minister byMPLA on 26 September 2008cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) underthe 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS was selected by theparty to take over after the death of former President AugustinoNETO(1979) under a one-party system and stood for reelection inAngola's first multiparty elections on 29-30 September 1992 (nextwere to be held in September 2009 but have been postponed)election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was neverheld leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as the president
Anguillachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Alistair HARRISON (since 21 April 2009)head of government: Chief Minister Hubert HUGHES (since 16 February2010)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among theelected members of the House of Assemblyelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointedchief minister by the governor
Antigua and Barbudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by Governor General Louisse LAKE-TACK(since 17 July 2007)head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24March 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general onthe advice of the prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general chosen bythe monarch on the advice of the prime minister; followinglegislative elections, the leader of the majority party or theleader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister bythe governor general
Argentinachief of state: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER(since 10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10December 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10 December2007)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);election last held on 28 October 2007 (next election to be held in2011)election results: Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER elected president;percent of vote - Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER 45%, Elisa CARRIO23%, Roberto LAVAGNA 17%, Alberto Rodriguez SAA 8%
Armeniachief of state: President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)head of government: Prime Minister Tigran SARGSIAN (since 9 April2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 19 February 2008(next to be held in February 2013); prime minister appointed by thepresident based on majority or plurality support in parliament; theprime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the NationalAssembly refuses to accept their programelection results: Serzh SARGSIAN elected president; percent of vote- Serzh SARGSIAN 52.9%, Levon TER-PETROSSIAN 21.5%, ArturBAGHDASARIAN 16.7%
Arubachief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30April 1980); represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since11 May 2004)head of government: Prime Minister Michiel Godfried (Mike) EMAN(since 30 October 2009)cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Statenelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointedfor a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy primeminister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election lastheld in 2009 (next to be held by 2013)election results: Mike EMAN elected prime minister; percent oflegislative vote - NA
Australiachief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by Governor General Quentin BRYCE (since5 September 2008)head of government: Prime Minister Julia Eileen GILLARD (since 24June 2010); Deputy Prime Minister Wayne Maxwell SWAN (since 24 June2010)cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general toserve as government ministerselections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; followinglegislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader ofa majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governorgeneral
Austriachief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) (since 8 July2004)head of government: Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2December 2008); Vice Chancellor Josef PROELL (OeVP) (since 2December 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the adviceof the chancellorelections: president elected for a six-year term (eligible for asecond term) by direct popular vote and formally sworn into officebefore the Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung; presidentialelection last held on 25 April 2010 (next to be held on 25 April2016); chancellor formally chosen by the president but determined bythe coalition parties forming a parliamentary majority; vicechancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellorelection results: Heinz FISCHER reelected president with 79.3% ofthe votenote: government coalition - SPOe and OeVP
Azerbaijanchief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October2003)head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president andconfirmed by the National Assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for unlimited terms); election last held on 15 October2008 (next to be held in October 2013); prime minister and firstdeputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed bythe National Assemblyelection results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote- Ilham ALIYEV 89%, Igbal AGHAZADE 2.9%, five other candidates withsmaller percentagesnote: several political parties boycotted the election due to unfairconditions; OSCE observers concluded that the election did not meetinternational standards
Bahamas, Thechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by Governor General Sir Arthur A. FOULKES (since14 April 2010)head of government: Prime Minister Hubert A. INGRAHAM (since 4 May2007)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the primeminister's recommendationelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime ministerrecommends the deputy prime minister
Bahrainchief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (sonof the monarch, born 21 October 1969)head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa(since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin SalmanAl-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa, Jawad bin Salimal-ARAIDHcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed bythe monarch
Bangladeshchief of state: President Zillur RAHMAN (since 12February 2009)head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wajed (since 6January 2009)cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by thepresidentelections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second term); last election held on 11 February2009 (next to be held in 2014)election results: Zillur RAHMAN declared president-elect by theElection Commission on 11 February 2009 (sworn in on 12 February);he ran unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote -NA
Barbadoschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS(since 1 June 1996)head of government: Prime Minister Fruendel STUART (since 23 October2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime ministerrecommends the deputy prime minister
Belaruschief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20July 1994)head of government: Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since 28December 2010); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (sinceDecember 2003)cabinet: Council of Ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according tothe 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via aNovember 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits andallowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006) and fourthelection (19 December 2010); prime minister and deputy primeministers appointed by the presidentelection results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percentof vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 79.7%, Andrey SANNIKAU 2.6%, othercandidates 17.7%; note - election marred by electoral fraud
Belgiumchief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); HeirApparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarchhead of government: Prime Minister Yves LETERME (since 25 November2009); note - the king accepted the resignation of LETERME on 26April 2010; LETERME remains as caretakercabinet: Council of Ministers are formally appointed by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; followinglegislative elections, the leader of the majority party or theleader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister bythe monarch and then approved by parliament
Belizechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17November 1993)head of government: Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Gaspar VEGA (since 12 February2008)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of the majority coalition usuallyappointed prime minister by the governor general; prime ministerrecommends the deputy prime minister
Beninchief of state: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); runoff election held on 19 March 2006(next to be held in March 2011)election results: Thomas YAYI Boni elected president; percent ofvote - Thomas YAYI Boni 74.5%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI 25.5%
Bermudachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor Sir Richard GOZNEY (since 12 December 2007)head of government: Premier Paula COX (since 29 October 2010);Deputy Premier Derrick BURGESScabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governorelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointedpremier by the governor
Bhutanchief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated thethrone on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded him;the nearly two-year delay between the former King's abdication andhis son's coronation on 6 November 2008 was to ensure anastrologically auspicious coronation date and to give the new king,who had limited experience, deeper administrative expertise underthe guidance of this fatherhead of government: Prime Minister Jigme THINLEY (since 9 April 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by themonarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council(Lodoi Tsokde); members are nominated by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary, but democratic reforms inJuly 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove themonarch with two-thirds vote; election of a new National Assemblyoccurred in March 2008; the leader of the majority party nominatedas the prime minister
Boliviachief of state: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January2006)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a five-year term and are eligible for a singlere-election; election last held on 6 December 2009 (next to be heldin 2014)election results: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma reelected president; percentof vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 64%; Manfred REYES VILLA 26%; SamuelDORIA MEDINA Arana 6%; Rene JOAQUINO 2%; other 2%
Bosnia and Herzegovinachief of state: Chairman of the PresidencyNebojsa RADMANOVIC (chairman of the presidency since 10 November2010; presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Serb); other membersof the three-member presidency rotate every eight months: BakirIZETBEGOVIC (presidency member since 3 October 2010 - Bosniak);Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Croat)head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers NikolaSPIRIC (since 11 January 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;approved by the state-level House of Representativeselections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, oneCroat, one Serb) elected by popular vote for a four-year term(eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years);the chairmanship rotates every eight months and resumes where itleft off following each general election; election last held on 3October 2010 (next to be held in October 2014); the chairman of theCouncil of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed bythe state-level House of Representativeselection results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 48.9% ofthe votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC with 60.6% of the votesfor the Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC with 34.9% of the votes forthe Bosniak seatnote: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: BorjanaKRISTO (since 21 February 2007); Vice Presidents Spomenka MICIC(since 21 February 2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since 21 February 2007);President of the Republika Srpska: Milorad DODIK (since 3 October2010); took office 15 November 2010
Botswanachief of state: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1April 2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 October 2009(next to be held in October 2014); vice president appointed by thepresidentelection results: Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA elected president; percentof National Assembly vote - NA%
Brazilchief of state: President Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January2011); Vice President Michel TEMER (since 1 January 2011); note -the president is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January 2011);Vice President Michel TEMER (since 1 January 2011)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held on 3October 2010 with runoff on 31 October 2010 (next to be held on 5October 2014 and, if necessary, a runoff election on 2 November 2014)election results: Dilma ROUSSEFF (PT) elected president in a runoffelection; percent of vote - Dilma ROUSSEFF 56.01%, Jose SERRA (PSDB)43.99%
British Indian Ocean Territorychief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II(since 6 February 1952)head of government: Commissioner Colin ROBERTS (since July 2008);Administrator Joanne YEADON (since December 2007); note - bothreside in the UK and are represented by the officer commandingBritish Forces on Diego Garciacabinet: NAelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; commissioner andadministrator appointed by the monarch
British Virgin Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by Governor Boyd MCCLEARY (since 20August 2010)head of government: Premier Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 23 August 2007)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members ofthe House of Assemblyelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointedpremier by the governor
Bruneichief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANALBolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chiefof state and head of governmenthead of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah(since 5 October 1967)cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over bythe monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also aReligious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises onreligious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by themonarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council ofSuccession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines thesuccession to the throne if the need ariseselections: none; the monarchy is hereditary
Bulgariachief of state: President Georgi PARVANOV (since 22 January2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Boyko BORISSOV (since 27 July2009); Deputy Prime Ministers Simeon DJANKOV and Tsvetan TSVETANOV(since 27 July 2009)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister andelected by the National Assemblyelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);election last held on 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in2011); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) electedby the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by theprime minister and elected by the National Assemblyelection results: Georgi PARVANOV reelected president; percent ofvote - Georgi PARVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Boyko BORISSOVelected prime minister; result of legislative vote - 162 to 77 with1 abstention
Burkina Fasochief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15October 1987)head of government: Prime Minister Tertius ZONGO (since 4 June 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 November 2010(next to be held in 2015); prime minister appointed by the presidentwith the consent of the legislatureelection results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president; percent ofpopular vote - Blaise COMPAORE 80.2%, Hama Arba DIALLO 8.2%,Benewende Stanislas SANKARA 6.3%
Burmachief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and DevelopmentCouncil (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)head of government: Prime Minister Lt. Gen THEIN SEIN (since 24October 2007)cabinet: Cabinet is overseen by the military regime that assumedpower 18 September 1988 under the name State Law and OrderRestoration Council (SLORC); changed in 1997 to SPDCelections: none
Burundichief of state: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA - Hutu (since 26August 2005); First Vice President Therence SINUNGURUZA - Tutsi(since 29 August 2010); Second Vice President Gervais RUFYIKIRI -Hutu (since 29 August 2010); note - the president is both the chiefof state and head of governmenthead of government: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA - Hutu (since 26August 2005); First Vice President Therence SINUNGURUZA - Tutsi(since 29 August 2010); Second Vice President Gervais RUFYIKIRI -Hutu (since 29 August 2010)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by presidentelections: the president elected by popular vote for a five-yearterm (eligible for a second term); note - the constitution adoptedin February 2005 permited the post-transition president to beelected by a two-thirds majority of the parliament; elections lastheld 28 June 2010 (next to be held in 2015); vice presidentsnominated by the president, endorsed by parliamentelection results: Pierre NKURUNZIZA elected president by popularvote; Pierre NKURUNZIZA 91.6%, other 8.4%; note - opposition partieswithdrew from the election due to alleged government interference inthe electoral process
Cambodiachief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October2004)head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)[co-prime minister from 1993 to 1997]; Permanent Deputy PrimeMinister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy PrimeMinisters SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOK AN, TEA BANH, HORNAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004); BIN CHHIN (since 5September 2007); KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 24 September 2008);KE KIMYAN (since 12 March 2009)cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister andappointed by the monarchelections: the king chosen by a Royal Throne Council from among alleligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, amember of the majority party or majority coalition named primeminister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed bythe king
Cameroonchief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)head of government: Prime Minister Philemon YANG (since 30 June 2009)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submittedby the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 October 2004(next to be held by October 2011); prime minister appointed by thepresidentelection results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -Paul BIYA 70.9%, John FRU NDI 17.4%, Adamou Ndam NJOYA 4.5%, GargaHaman ADJI 3.7%
Canadahead of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor General David JOHNSTON (since 1 October 2010)head of government: Prime Minister Stephen Joseph HARPER (since 6February 2006)cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually fromamong the members of his own party sitting in Parliamentelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-yearterm; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or the leader of the majority coalition in the House ofCommons generally designated prime minister by the governor general
Cape Verdechief of state: President Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES(since 22 March 2001)head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1February 2001)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2006(next to be held in 2011); prime minister nominated by the NationalAssembly and appointed by the presidentelection results: Pedro PIRES reelected president; percent of vote -Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 51.2%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 48.8%
Cayman Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by Governor Duncan TAYLOR (since 15 January 2010)head of government: Premier McKeeva BUSH (since 6 November 2009)cabinet: The Cabinet (six members are appointed by the governor onthe advice of the premier, selected from among the elected membersof the Legislative Assembly)elections: the monarchy is hereditary; the governor appointed by themonarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or coalition appointed by the governor as premier
Central African Republicchief of state: President Francois BOZIZE(since 15 March 2003 coup)head of government: Prime Minister Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (since22 January 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministerselections: under the new constitution, the president elected for afive-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on13 March and 8 May 2005 (next to be held on 23 January 2011); primeminister appointed by the political party with a parliamentarymajorityelection results: Francois BOZIZE elected president; percent ofsecond round balloting - Francois BOZIZE (KNK) 64.6%, Martin ZIGUELE(MLPC) 35.4%
Chadchief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4December 1990)head of government: Prime Minister Emmanuel NADINGAR (since 5 March2010)cabinet: Council of State; members are appointed by the president onthe recommendation of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the twocandidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round ofvoting; last election held on 3 May 2006 (next to be held by May2011); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president;percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 64.7%, Delwa KassireKOUMAKOYE 15.1%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 7.8%, Mahamat ABDOULAYE 7.1%,Brahim KOULAMALLAH 5.3%; note - a June 2005 national referendumaltered the constitution removing presidential term limits andpermitting Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno to run for reelection
Chilechief of state: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11March 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11March 2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a single four-yearterm; election last held on 13 December 2009 with runoff electionheld on 17 January 2010 (next to be held in December 2013)election results: Sebastian PINERA Echenique elected president;percent of vote - Sebastian PINERA Echenique 51.6%; Eduardo FREI48.4%
Chinachief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003);Vice President XI Jinping (since 15 March 2008)head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003);Executive Vice Premier LI Keqiang (17 March 2008), Vice Premier HUILiangyu (since 17 March 2003), Vice Premier ZHANG Dejiang (since 17March 2008), and Vice Premier WANG Qishan (since 17 March 2008)cabinet: State Council appointed by National People's Congresselections: president and vice president elected by National People'sCongress for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);elections last held on 15-17 March 2008 (next to be held inmid-March 2013); premier nominated by president, confirmed byNational People's Congresselection results: HU Jintao elected president by National People'sCongress with a total of 2,963 votes; XI Jinping elected vicepresident with a total of 2,919 votes
Christmas Islandchief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952) represented by the Australian governor generalhead of government: Administrator Brian LACY (since 5 October 2009)elections: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed bythe governor general of Australia and represents the monarch andAustralia
Cocos (Keeling) Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by the Australian governor generalhead of government: Administrator (nonresident) Brian LACY (since 5October 2009)cabinet: NAelections: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed bythe governor general of Australia and represents the monarch andAustralia
Colombiachief of state: President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon(since 7 August 2010); Vice President Angelino GARZON (since 7August 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (since 7August 2010); Vice President Angelino GARZON (since 7 August 2010)cabinet: Cabinetelections: president and vice president elected by popular vote fora four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on30 May 2010 with a runoff election 20 June 2010 (next to be held inMay 2014)election results: Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon elected president inrunoff election; percent of vote - Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon69.06%, Antanas MOCKUS 27.52%
Comoroschief of state: President Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI (since 26 May2006)head of government: President Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI (since 26 May2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: as defined by the 2001 constitution, the presidencyrotates every four years among the elected presidents from the threemain islands in the Union; election last held on 14 May 2006 (nextto be held on 7 November 2010)election results: Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI elected president; percent ofvote - Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI 58.0%, Ibrahim HALIDI 28.3%, MohamedDJAANFAMI 13.7%
Congo, Democratic Republic of thechief of state: President JosephKABILA (since 17 January 2001);head of government: Prime Minister Adolphe MUZITO (since 10 October2008)cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the presidentelections: under the new constitution the president elected bypopular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);elections last held on 30 July 2006 and on 29 October 2006 (next tobe held on 27 November 2011); prime minister appointed by thepresidentelection results: Joseph KABILA elected president; percent of vote(second round) - Joseph KABILA 58%, Jean-Pierre BEMBA Gombo 42%note: Joseph KABILA succeeded his father, Laurent Desire KABILA,following the latter's assassination in January 2001; negotiationswith rebel leaders led to the establishment of a transitionalgovernment in July 2003 with free elections held on 30 July 2006 anda run-off on 29 October 2006 confirming Joseph KABILA as president
Congo, Republic of thechief of state: President DenisSASSOU-Nguesso (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war inwhich he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (since 25 October1997); note - the position of prime minister was abolished inSeptember 2009cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 July 2009(next to be held in 2016)election results: Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO reelected president; percentof vote - Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO 78.6%, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia MBOUNGOU7.5%, Nicephore Fylla de SAINT-EUDES 7%
Cook Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952) represented by Sir Frederick GOODWIN (since 9 February 2001);New Zealand High Commissioner Linda TE PUNI (since 3 June 2010)head of government: Prime Minister Henry PUNA (since 30 November2010)cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectivelyresponsible to Parliamentelections: the monarchy is hereditary; the UK representativeappointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissionerappointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislativeelections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of themajority coalition usually becomes prime minister
Coral Sea Islandsadministered from Canberra by the AustralianAttorney-General's Department
Costa Ricachief of state: President Laura CHINCHILLA Miranda (since8 May 2010); First Vice President Alfio PIVA Mesen (since 8 May2010); Second Vice President Luis LIBERMAN Ginsburg (since 8 May2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Laura CHINCHILLA Miranda (since 8 May2010); First Vice President Alfio PIVA Mesen (since 8 May 2010);Second Vice President Luis LIBERMAN Ginsburg (since 8 May 2010)cabinet: Cabinet selected by the presidentelections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held on 7February 2010 (next to be held in February 2014)election results: Laura CHINCHILLA Miranda elected president;percent of vote - Laura CHINCHILLA Miranda (PLN) 46.7%; Otton SOLIS(PAC) 25.1%, Otto GUEVARA Guth (ML) 20.8%
Cote d'Ivoirechief of state: President Alassane OUATTARA (since 4December 2010); note - former President Laurent GBAGBO has refusedto cede powerhead of government: Prime Minister Guillaume SORO (since 4 April2007); note - on 4 December 2010, Gilbert Marie N'GBO AKE was alsoappointed to the position by former president GBAGBOcabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note -under the current power-sharing agreement the prime minister and thepresident share the authority to appoint ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(no term limits); election last held on 31 October and 28 November2010 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister appointed by thepresidentelection results: Alassane OUATTARA elected president; percent ofvote - Alassane OUATTARA 54.1%, Laurent GBAGBO 45.9%; note -President OUATTARA was declared winner by the election commissionand took the oath of office on 4 December, Prime Minister SOROresigned from the incumbent administration and was subsequentlyappointed to the same position by OUATTARA; former president GBAGBOrefused to cede and on 5 December appointed Gilbert Marie N'GBO AKEas Prime Minister
Croatiachief of state: President Ivo JOSIPOVIC (since 18 February2010)head of government: Prime Minister Jadranka KOSOR (since 6 July2009); Deputy Prime Ministers Bozidar PANKRETIC (since 6 July 2009),Darko MILINOVIC (since 13 November 2009), Domagoj Ivan MILOSEVIC(since 29 December 2010), Petar COBANKOVIC (since 29 December 2010),Slobodan UZELAC (since 12 January 2008), Gordan JANDROKOVIC (since29 December 2010)cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister andapproved by the parliamentary assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 January 2010(next to be held in December 2015); the leader of the majority partyor the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed primeminister by the president and then approved by the assemblyelection results: Ivo JOSIPOVIC elected president; percent of votein the second round - Ivo JOSIPOVIC 60%, Milan BANDIC 40%
Cubachief of state: President of the Council of State and Presidentof the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (president since 24February 2008); First Vice President of the Council of State andFirst Vice President of the Council of Ministers Jose Ramon MACHADOVentura (since 24 February 2008); note - the president is both thechief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President of the Council of State and Presidentof the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (president since 24February 2008); First Vice President of the Council of State andFirst Vice President of the Council of Ministers Jose Ramon MACHADOVentura (since 24 February 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of theCouncil of State and appointed by the National Assembly or the31-member Council of State, elected by the assembly to act on itsbehalf when it is not in sessionelections: president and vice presidents elected by the NationalAssembly for a five-year term; election last held on 24 February2008 (next to be held in 2013)election results: Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz elected president; percent oflegislative vote - 100%; Jose Ramon MACHADO Ventura elected vicepresident; percent of legislative vote - 100%
Curacaochief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30April 1980); represented by Governor General Frits GOEDGEDRAG (since10 October 2010)head of government: Prime Minister Gerrit SCHOTTE (since 10 October2010)cabinet: Executive Councilelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party is usually elected prime minister by the parliament
Cypruschief of state: President Demetris CHRISTOFIAS (since 28February 2008); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of government; post of vice president is currently vacant;under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a TurkishCypriothead of government: President Demetris CHRISTOFIAS (since 28February 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president andvice presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held on 17 and 24 February 2008 (next to be held inFebruary 2013)election results: Demetris CHRISTOFIAS elected president; percent ofvote (first round) - Ioannis KASOULIDES 33.5%, Demetris CHRISTOFIAS33.3%, Tassos PAPADOPOULOS 31.8%; (second round) DemetrisCHRISTOFIAS 53.4%, Ioannis KASOULIDES 46.6%note: Dervis EROGLU became "president" of the "TRNC" on 23 April2010 after "presidential" elections on 18 April 2010; results -Dervis EROGLU 50.4%, Mehmet Ali TALAT 42.9%; Huseyin OZGURGUN is"TRNC acting prime minister"
Czech Republicchief of state: President Vaclav KLAUS (since 7 March2003)head of government: Prime Minister Petr NECAS (since 28 June 2010);First Deputy Prime Minister Karel SCHWARZENBERG (since 13 July2010), Deputy Prime Minister Radek JOHN (since 13 July 2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation ofthe prime ministerelections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); last successful election held on 15February 2008 (after earlier elections held 8 and 9 February 2008were inconclusive; next election to be held in 2013); prime ministerappointed by the presidentelection results: Vaclav KLAUS reelected president on 15 February2008; Vaclav KLAUS 141 votes, Jan SVEJNAR 111 votes (third round;combined votes of both chambers of parliament)
Denmarkchief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972);Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (bornon 26 May 1968)head of government: Prime Minister Lars Loekke RASMUSSEN (since 5April 2009)cabinet: Council of State appointed by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislativeelections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of themajority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
Dhekeliachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)head of government: Administrator Major General Jamie GORDON (sinceOctober 2008); note - reports to the British Ministry of Defenseelections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; the administratorappointed by the monarch