Mongoliachief of state: President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June2009)head of government: Prime Minister Sukhbaatar BATBOLD (since 29October 2009); First Deputy Prime Minister (Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since20 September 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Miegombyn ENKHBOLD (since6 December 2007)cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultationwith the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural(parliament)elections: presidential candidates nominated by political partiesrepresented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for afour-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on24 May 2009 (next to be held in May 2013); following legislativeelections, leader of majority party or majority coalition usuallyelected prime minister by State Great Huralelection results: in elections in May 2009, Tsakhia ELBEGDORJelected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 51.2%, NambarENKHBAYAR 47.4%, others 1.3%
Montenegrochief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April2008)head of government: Prime Minister Igor LUKSIC (since 29 December2010)cabinet: Ministries act as cabinetelections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 April 2008(next to be held in 2013); prime minister proposed by president,accepted by Assemblyelection results: Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; FilipVUJANOVIC 51.9%, Andrija MANDIC 19.6%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.6%,Srdan MILIC 11.9%
Montserratchief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by Governor Peter A. WATERWORTH (since 27 July2007)head of government: Chief Minister Rueben MEADE (since 10 September2009)cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chiefminister, 3 other ministers, the attorney general, and the financesecretaryelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty usually becomes chief minister
Moroccochief of state: King MOHAMMED VI (since 30 July 1999)head of government: Prime Minister Abbas EL FASSI (since 19September 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed bythe monarch following legislative elections
Mozambiquechief of state: President Armando GUEBUZA (since 2February 2005)head of government: Prime Minister Aires Bonifacio ALI (since 16January 2010)cabinet: Cabinetelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 October 2009(next to be held in 2014); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Armando GUEBUZA reelected president; percent ofvote - Armando GUEBUZA 76.3%, Afonso DHLAKAMA 14.9%, Daviz SIMANGO8.8%
Namibiachief of state: President Hifikepunye POHAMBA (since 21March 2005)head of government: Prime Minister Nahas ANGULA (since 21 March 2005)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the membersof the National Assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 27-28 November2009 (next to be held in 2014)election results: Hifikepunye POHAMBA reelected president; percentof vote - Hifikepunye POHAMBA 76.4%, Hidipo HAMUTENYA 11.0%,Katuutire KAURA 3.0%, Kuaima RIRUAKO 2.9%, Justus GAROEB 2.4%,Ignatius SHIXWAMENI 1.3%, Hendrick MUDGE 1.2%, other 1.3%
Nauruchief of state: President Marcus STEPHEN (since 19 December2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Marcus STEPHEN (since 19 December 2007)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the membersof parliamentelections: president elected by parliament for a three-year term;election last held on 1 November 2010 (next to be held in 2013)election results: Marcus STEPHEN reelected in a parliamentary voteof 11 to 6
Nepalchief of state: President Ram Baran YADAV (since 23 July2008); Vice President Paramananda JHA (since 23 July 2008)head of government: vacant; Prime Minister Madhav Kumar NEPALresigned on 30 June 2010 but leads a caretaker governmentcabinet: cabinet was formed in May 2009 by a majority coalition madeup of the Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist-Leninist, NepaliCongress, Madhesi People's Rights Forum, Nepal-Democratic, andseveral smaller partieselections: president elected by Parliament; term extends until thenew constitution is promulgated; election last held on 21 July 2008;date of next election NAelection results: Ram Baran YADAV elected president by theConstituent Assembly in a second round of voting on 21 July 2008;Ram Baran YADAV 308, Ram Jaja Prasad SINGH 282
Netherlandschief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980);Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of themonarchhead of government: Prime Minister Mark RUTTE (since 14 October2010); Deputy Prime Minister Maxime VERHAGEN (since 14 October 2010)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary; following Second Chamberelections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majoritycoalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; deputyprime ministers appointed by the monarchnote: there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heirapparent, and councilors that provides consultations to the cabineton legislative and administrative policy
New Caledoniachief of state: President Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16May 2007); represented by High Commissioner Albert DUPUY (since 6October 2010)head of government: President of the Government Philippe GOMES(since 5 June 2009)cabinet: Cabinet consisting of 11 members elected from and by theTerritorial Congresselections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-yearterm; high commissioner appointed by the French president on theadvice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of thegovernment elected by the members of the Territorial Congress for afive-year term (no term limits); note - last election held on 5 June2009
New Zealandchief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by Governor General Anand SATYANAND (since 23August 2006)head of government: Prime Minister John KEY (since 19 November2008); Deputy Prime Minister Bill ENGLISH (since 19 November 2008)cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor general on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of themajority party or the leader of a majority coalition usuallyappointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy primeminister appointed by the governor general
Nicaraguachief of state: President Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (since 10January 2007); Vice President Jaime MORALES Carazo (since 10 January2007); note - the president is both chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (since 10January 2007); Vice President Jaime MORALES Carazo (since 10 January2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term solong as it is not consecutive); election last held on 5 November2006 (next to be held by November 2011)election results: Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra elected president - 38.1%,Eduardo MONTEALEGRE 29%, Jose RIZO 26.2%, Edmundo JARQUIN 6.4%
Nigerchief of state: Djibo SALOU, chairman of the Supreme Councilfor the Restoration of Democracy, and a leader of the military coupthat deposed President Mamadou TANDJA on 18 February 2010head of government: Prime Minister Mahamadou DANDA (since 19February 2010); appointed by the president and shares some executiveresponsibilities with the presidentcabinet: 26-member Cabinet appointed by the president (Cabinetdissolved following the 18 February 2010 coup)elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); second round of election last held on4 December 2004; a presidential election to restore civilian rule isscheduled for 31 January 2011election results: Mamadou TANDJA reelected president; percent ofvote - Mamadou TANDJA 65.5%, Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 34.5%
Nigeriachief of state: President Goodluck JONATHAN (since 5 May2010, acting since 9 February 2010); note - the president is boththe chief of state and head of government; JONATHAN assumed thepresidency on 5 May 2010 following the death of President YAR'ADUA,he was declared Acting President on 9 February 2010 by the NationalAssembly during the extended illness of the former presidenthead of government: President Goodluck JONATHAN (since 5 May 2010,acting since 9 February 2010)cabinet: Federal Executive Councilelections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 April 2007(next to be held on 22 January 2011)election results: Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA elected president; percent ofvote - Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA 69.8%, Muhammadu BUHARI 18.7%, AtikuABUBAKAR 7.5%, Orji Uzor KALU 1.7%, other 2.3%
Niuechief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor General of New Zealand Anand SATYANAND(since 23 August 2006); the UK and New Zealand are represented byNew Zealand High Commissioner John BRYAN (since May 2000)head of government: Premier Toke TALAGI (since 18 June 2008)cabinet: Cabinet consists of the premier and 3 ministerselections: the monarchy is hereditary; premier elected by theLegislative Assembly for a three-year term; election last held on 18June 2008 (next to be held in 2011)election results: Toke TALAGI defeats incumbent Young VIVIAN inLegislative Assembly vote; Toke TALAGI - 14, Young VIVIAN - 5
Norfolk Islandchief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by the Australian governor generalhead of government: Administrator Owen WALSH (since October 2007)cabinet: Executive Council made up of 4 of the 9 members of theLegislative Assembly; the council devises government policy and actsas an advisor to the administratorelections: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed bythe governor general of Australia and represents the monarch andAustralia
Northern Mariana Islandschief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA(since 20 January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20January 2009)head of government: Governor Benigno R. FITIAL (since 9 January2006); Lieutenant Governor Eloy S. INOS (since 1 May 2009)cabinet: the cabinet consists of the heads of the 10 principaldepartments under the executive branch who are appointed by thegovernor with the advice and consent of the Senate; other membersinclude special assistants to the governor and office headsappointed by and reporting directly to the governorelections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporatedterritories, such as the Commonwealth of the Northern MarianaIslands, do not vote in elections for US president and vicepresident; however, they may vote in the Democratic and Republicanparty presidential primary elections; governor and lieutenantgovernor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-yearterms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 November2009 (run-off election was held on 23 November 2009)election results: percent of vote - Benigno R. FITIAL reelected with51.4% over Heinz HOFSCHNEIDER (48.6%) in the run-off election heldon 23 November 2009
Norwaychief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); HeirApparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20July 1973)head of government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17October 2005)cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval ofparliamentelections: the monarchy is hereditary; following parliamentaryelections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of themajority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarchwith the approval of the parliament
Omanchief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin SaidAl-Said (sultan since 23 July 1970 and prime minister since 23 July1972); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin SaidAl-Said (sultan since 23 July 1970 and prime minister since 23 July1972)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary
Pakistanchief of state: President Asif Ali ZARDARI (since 9September 2008)head of government: Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza GILANI (since 25March 2008)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of theprime ministerelections: the president elected by secret ballot through anElectoral College comprising the members of the Senate, NationalAssembly, and the provincial assemblies for a five-year term;election last held on 6 September 2008 (next to be held not laterthan 2013); note - any person who is a Muslim and not less than 45years of age and is qualified to be elected as a member of theNational Assembly can contest the presidential election; the primeminister selected by the National Assembly; election last held on 24March 2008election results: Asif Ali ZARDARI elected president; ZARDARI 481votes, SIDDIQUE 153 votes, SYED 44 votes; Syed Yousuf Raza GILANIelected prime minister; GILANI 264 votes, Pervaiz ELAHI 42 votes;several abstentions
Palauchief of state: President Johnson TORIBIONG (since 15 January2009); Vice President Kerai MARIUR (since 15 January 2009); note -the president is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Johnson TORIBIONG (since 15 January2009); Vice President Kerai MARIUR (since 15 January 2009)cabinet: NAelections: president and vice president elected on separate ticketsby popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);election last held on 4 November 2008 (next to be held in November2012)election results: Johnson TORIBIONG (51%) defeats Elias Camsek CHIN(49%) for president; Kerai MARIUR elected vice president
Panamachief of state: President Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal (since1 July 2009); Vice President Juan Carlos VARELA (since 1 July 2009);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal (since 1July 2009); Vice President Juan Carlos VARELA (since 1 July 2009)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for five-year terms (not eligible for immediatereelection; president and vice president must sit out two additionalterms (10 years) before becoming eligible for reelection); electionlast held on 3 May 2009 (next to be held in 2014)election results: Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal elected president;percent of vote - Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal 60%, Balbina HERRERA38%, Guillermo ENDARA Galimany 2%note: government coalition - CD (Democratic Change), Panamenista,MOLIRENA (Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement), and UP(Patriotic Union Party)
Papua New Guineachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by acting governor general Michael OGIO(since 20 December 2010)note: governor general Sir Paulias MATANE (since 29 June 2004) wasreplaced on 10 December 2010 when his reappointment to the office inMay 2010 was declared null and voidhead of government: Acting Prime Minister Sam ABAL (since 14December 2010)note: Prime Minister Sir Michael SOMARE (since 2 August 2002)stepped aside on 14 December 2010 because he was to be referred to atribunal for not submitting three annual fiscal returns; DeputyPrime Minister Don POYLE (since 20 June 2010) was replaced on 9December 2010 by Sam ABALcabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governorgeneral on the recommendation of the prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; the governor generalnominated by parliament and appointed by the chief of state;following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party orleader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister bythe governor general acting in accordance with a decision of theparliament
Paraguaychief of state: President Fernando Armindo LUGO Mendez(since 15 August 2008); Vice President Federico FRANCO (since 15August 2008); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Fernando Armindo LUGO Mendez (since 15August 2008); Vice President Federico FRANCO (since 15 August 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held on20 April 2008 (next to be held in April 2013)election results: Fernando Armindo LUGO Mendez elected president;percent of vote - Fernando Armindo LUGO Mendez 40.8%, Blanca OVELAR30.6%, Lino OVIEDO 21.9%, Pedro FADUL 2.4%, other 4.3%
Peruchief of state: President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July2006); First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas (since 28 July2006); Second Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28July 2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and headof governmenthead of government: President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July2006); First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas (since 28 July2006); Second Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28July 2006)note: Prime Minister Jose Antonio CHANG Escobedo (since 14 September2010) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with thepresidentcabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential andcongressional elections last held on 9 April 2006 with runoffelection held on 4 June 2006; next to be held in April 2011election results: Alan GARCIA Perez elected president in runoffelection; percent of vote - Alan GARCIA Perez 52.5%, Ollanta HUMALATasso 47.5%
Philippineschief of state: President Benigno AQUINO (since 30 June2010); Vice President Jejomar BINAY (since 30 June 2010); note -president is both chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Benigno AQUINO (since 30 June 2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with consent ofCommission of Appointmentselections: president and vice president elected on separate ticketsby popular vote for a single six-year term; election held on 10 May2010; Benigno AQUINO declared winner and took office on 30 June2010; next election to be held in May 2016election results: Benigno AQUINO elected president; percent of vote- Benigno AQUINO 42.1%, Joseph ESTRADA 26.3%, seven others 31.6%;Jejomar BINAY elected vice president; percent of vote Jejomar BINAY41.6%, Manuel ROXAS 39.6%, six others 18.8%
Pitcairn Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealandand Governor (nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands George FERGUSSON(since April 2006); Commissioner (nonresident) Leslie JAQUES (sinceSeptember 2003) serves as liaison between the governor and theIsland Councilhead of government: Governor George FERGUSSON (since April 2006);Mayor and Chairman of the Island Council Mike WARREN (since 1January 2008)cabinet: NAelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor and commissionerappointed by the monarch; island mayor elected by popular vote for athree-year term; election last held in December 2007 (next to beheld in December 2010)election results: Mike WARREN elected mayor and chairman of theIsland Council
Polandchief of state: President Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (since 6August 2010)head of government: Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November2007); Deputy Prime Minister Waldemar PAWLAK (since 16 November 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister andthe Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, andthe Sejm approves the Council of Ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 June and 4July 2010 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister and deputy primeministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejmelection results: Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI elected president; percent ofpopular vote - Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI 53%, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI 47%
Portugalchief of state: President Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 9March 2006)head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto deSousa (since 12 March 2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministernote: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultativebody to the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 January 2006(next to be held in January 2011); following legislative elections,the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalitionusually appointed prime minister by the presidentelection results: Anibal CAVACO SILVA elected president; percent ofvote - Anibal CAVACO SILVA 50.6%, Manuel ALEGRE 20.7%, Mario AlbertoNobre Lopes SOARES 14.3%, Jeronimo DE SOUSA 8.5%, Franciso LOUCA 5.3%
Puerto Ricochief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)head of government: Governor Luis FORTUNO (since 2 January 2009)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of thelegislatureelections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporatedterritories, such as Puerto Rico, do not vote in elections for USpresident and vice president; however, they may vote in Democraticand Republican party presidential primary elections; governorelected by popular vote for a four-year term (no term limits);election last held on 4 November 2008 (next to be held in November2012)election results: Luis FORTUNO elected governor with 52.8% of thevote
Qatarchief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (since 27 June1995 when, as heir apparent, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA binHamad Al Thani, in a bloodless coup); Heir Apparent TAMIM bin Hamadbin Khalifa Al Thani, fourth son of the amir (selected Heir Apparentby the amir on 5 August 2003); note - Amir HAMAD also holds thepositions of Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the ArmedForceshead of government: Prime Minister HAMAD bin Jasim bin Jabir AlThani (since 3 April 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Abdallah bin Hamadal-ATIYAH (since 3 April 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the amirelections: the amir is hereditarynote: in April 2007, Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-memberCentral Municipal Council (CMC), which has limited consultativepowers aimed at improving the provision of municipal services; thefirst election for the CMC was held in March 1999
Romaniachief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December2004)head of government: Prime Minister Emil BOC (since 22 December2008); Deputy Prime Minister Marko BELA (since 23 December 2009)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009with runoff on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in November-December2014); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent ofthe Parliamentelection results: Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent ofvote - Traian BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%
Russiachief of state: President Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV(since 7 May 2008)head of government: Premier Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 8May 2008); First Deputy Premiers Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV and ViktorAlekseyevich ZUBKOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers SergeyBorisovich IVANOV (since 12 May 2008), Aleksandr GennadiyevichKHLOPONIN (since 19 January 2010), Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since14 October 2008), Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 24 September2007), Igor Ivanovich SECHIN (since 12 May 2008), VyacheslavViktorovich VOLODIN (since 21 October 2010), Aleksandr DmitriyevichZHUKOV (since 9 March 2004)cabinet: the "Government" is composed of the premier, his deputies,and ministers; all are appointed by the president, and the premieris also confirmed by the Dumanote: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that providesstaff and policy support to the president, drafts presidentialdecrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; aSecurity Council also reports directly to the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 2 March 2008 (nextto be held in March 2012); note - the term length was extended tosix years in late 2008, to go into effect following the 2012presidential election; there is no vice president; if the presidentdies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, isimpeached, or resigns, the premier serves as acting president untila new presidential election is held, which must be within threemonths; premier appointed by the president with the approval of theDumaelection results: Dmitriy MEDVEDEV elected president; percent ofvote - Dmitriy MEDVEDEV 70.2%, Gennady ZYUGANOV 17.7%, VladimirZHIRINOVSKY 9.4%, Andrey BOGDANOV 1.3%
Rwandachief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000)head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March2000)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: President elected by popular vote for a seven-year term(eligible for a second term); elections last held on 9 August 2010(next to be held in 2017)election results: Paul KAGAME elected to a second term as president;Paul KAGAME 93.1%, Jean NTAWUKURIRYAYO 5.1%, Prosper HIGIRO 1.4%,Alvera MUKABAR 0.4%
Saint Barthelemychief of state: President Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16May 2007), represented by Prefect Dominique LACROIX (since 21 March2007)head of government: President of the Territorial Council BrunoMAGRAS (since 16 July 2007)cabinet: Executive Council; note - there is also an advisory,economic, social, and cultural councilelections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-yearterm; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of theFrench Ministry of Interior; president of the Territorial Councilelected by the members of the Council for a five-year termelection results: Bruno MAGRAS unanimously elected president by theTerritorial Council on 16 July 2007
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunhachief of state: QueenELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)head of government: Governor Andrew GURR (since 11 November 2007)cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, 3 ex-officioofficers, and 5 elected members of the Legislative Councilelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarch
Saint Kitts and Nevischief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by Governor General Cuthbert MontravilleSEBASTIAN (since 1 January 1996)head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS (since 6 July1995); Deputy Prime Minister Sam CONDOR (since 6 July 1995)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general in consultationwith the prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; the governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalitionusually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputyprime minister appointed by the governor general
Saint Luciachief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by Governor General Dame Pearlette LOUISY (sinceSeptember 1997)head of government: Prime Minister Stephenson KING (since 9September 2007); note - Sir John COMPTON died in office 7 September2007cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; the governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalitionusually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputyprime minister appointed by the governor general
Saint Martinchief of state: President Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16 May2007), represented by Prefect Dominique LACROIX (since 21 March 2007)head of government: President of the Territorial Council FrantzGUMBS (since 5 May 2009)cabinet: Executive Council; note - there is also an advisoryeconomic, social, and cultural councilelection: French president elected by popular vote to a five-yearterm; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of theFrench Ministry of Interior; president of the Territorial Councilelected by the members of the Council for a five-year termelection results: Frantz GUMBS elected president by the TerritorialCouncil on 7 August 2008 but election was declared invalid on 10April 2009
Saint Pierre and Miquelonchief of state: President Nicolas SARKOZY(since 16 May 2007); represented by Prefect Jean-Regis BORIUS (since29 October 2009)head of government: President of the Territorial Council StephaneARTANO (since 21 February 2007)cabinet: NAelections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-yearterm; election last held on 6 May 2007 (next to be held in 2012);prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of theFrench Ministry of Interior; president of the Territorial Councilelected by the members of the council
Saint Vincent and the Grenadineschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II(since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General SirFredrick Nathaniel BALLANTYNE (since 2 September 2002)head of government: Prime Minister Ralph E. GONSALVES (since 29March 2001)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice ofthe prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; the governor generalappointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party usually appointed prime minister by thegovernor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the governorgeneral on the advice of the prime minister
Samoachief of state: TUIATUA Tupua Tamasese Efi (since 20 June 2007)head of government: Prime Minister Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA(since 1998); Deputy Prime Minister MISA Telefoni (since 2001)cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 members appointed by the chief ofstate on the prime minister's adviceelections: chief of state elected by the Legislative Assembly toserve a five-year term (no term limits); election last held on 15June 2007 (next to be held in 2012); following legislativeelections, the leader of the majority party usually appointed primeminister by the chief of state with the approval of the LegislativeAssemblyelection results: TUIATUA Tupua Tamasese Efi unanimously elected bythe Legislative Assembly
San Marinochief of state: Co-chiefs of State Captain RegentGiovanni Francesco UGOLINI and Captain Regent Andrea ZAFFERANI (forthe period 1 October 2010-1 April 2011)head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and PoliticalAffairs Antonella MULARONI (since 3 December 2008)cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Councilfor a five-year termelections: co-chiefs of state (captains regent) elected by the Greatand General Council for a six-month term; election last held inSeptember 2009 (next to be held in March 2010); secretary of statefor foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and GeneralCouncil for a five-year term; election last held on 9 November 2008(next to be held by 2013)election results: Francesco MUSSONI and Stefano PALMIERI electedcaptains regent; percent of legislative vote - NA; AntonellaMULARONI elected secretary of state for foreign and politicalaffairs; percent of legislative vote - NAnote: the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council)selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent(co-chiefs of state) for a six-month period; they preside overmeetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congressof State), which has 10 other members, all are selected by the Grandand General Council; assisting the captains regent are 10secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs hasassumed some prime ministerial roles
Sao Tome and Principechief of state: President Fradique BandieraMelo DE MENEZES (since 3 September 2001)head of government: Prime Minister Joachim Rafael BRANCO (since 22June 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on theproposal of the prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 30 July 2006(next to be held in July 2011); prime minister chosen by theNational Assembly and approved by the presidentelection results: Fradique DE MENEZES elected president; percent ofvote - Fradique DE MENEZES 60%, Patrice TROVOADA 38.5%
Saudi Arabiachief of state: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH binAbd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent CrownPrince SULTAN bin Abd al- Aziz Al Saud (half brother of themonarch); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-AzizAl Saud (since 1 August 2005); Deputy Prime Minister SULTAN bin Abdal-Aziz Al Saud; Second Deputy Prime Minister NAYIF bin Abd Al-AzizAl Saudcabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch every fouryears and includes many royal family memberselections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; note - an AllegianceCommission created by royal decree in October 2006 established acommittee of Saudi princes that will play a role in selecting futureSaudi kings, but the system will not take effect until after CrownPrince Sultan becomes king
Senegalchief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000)head of government: Prime Minister Soulayemane Ndene NDIAYE (since 1May 2009)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister inconsultation with the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term) under new constitution; election lastheld on 25 February 2007 (next to be held in 2012); prime ministerappointed by the presidentelection results: Abdoulaye WADE reelected president; percent ofvote - Abdoulaye WADE 55.9%, Idrissa SECK 14.9%, Ousmane Tanor DIENG13.6%, Moustapha NIASSE 5.9%, other 9.7%
Serbiachief of state: President Boris TADIC (since 11 July 2004)head of government: Prime Minister Mirko CVETKOVIC (since 7 July2008)cabinet: Republican Ministries act as cabinetelections: president elected by direct vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 February 2008(next to be held in 2013); prime minister elected by the NationalAssemblyelection results: Boris TADIC elected president in the second roundof voting; Boris TADIC received 51.2% of the vote and TomislavNIKOLIC 48.8%
Seychelleschief of state: President James Alix MICHEL (since 14April 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President James MICHEL (since 14 April 2004)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for two more terms); election last held on 28-30 July 2006(next to be held in 2011)election results: President James MICHEL elected president; percentof vote - James MICHEL 53.7%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN 45.7%, PhilippeBOULLE 0.6%; note - this was the first election in which PresidentJames MICHEL participated; he was originally sworn in as presidentafter former president France Albert RENE stepped down in April 2004
Sierra Leonechief of state: President Ernest Bai KOROMA (since 17September 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state andhead of governmenthead of government: President Ernest Bai KOROMA (since 17 September2007)cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with theapproval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsibleto the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 August 2007and 8 September 2007 (next to be held in 2012)election results: second round results; percent of vote - Ernest BaiKOROMA 54.6%, Solomon BEREWA 45.4%
Singaporechief of state: President S R NATHAN (since 1 September1999)note: uses S R NATHAN but his full name and the one used in formalcommunications is Sellapan RAMANATHANhead of government: Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 12 August2004); Senior Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 12 August 2004); SeniorMinister Shunmugam JAYAKUMAR (since 1 April 2009); Minister MentorLEE Kuan Yew (since 12 August 2004); Deputy Prime Minister TEO CheeHuan (since 1 April 2009) and Deputy Prime Minister WONG Kan Seng(since 1 September 2005)cabinet: appointed by president, responsible to parliamentelections: president elected by popular vote for six-year term;appointed on 17 August 2005 (next election to be held by August2011); following legislative elections, leader of majority party orleader of majority coalition usually appointed prime minister bypresident; deputy prime ministers appointed by presidentelection results: Sellapan Rama (S R) NATHAN was appointed presidentin August 2005 after Presidential Elections Committee disqualifiedthree other would-be candidates; scheduled election not held
Sint Maartenchief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since30 April 1980); represented by Governor General Eugene HOLIDAY(since 10 October 2010)head of government: Sarah WESCOTT-WILLIAMS (since 10 October 2010)cabinet: Cabinetelections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch for a six-year term; following legislative elections,the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime ministerby the legislature
Slovakiachief of state: President Ivan GASPAROVIC (since 15 June2004)head of government: Prime Minister Iveta RADICOVA (since 8 July2010); Deputy Prime Ministers Jan FIGEL, Ivan MIKLOS, Jozef MIHAL,Rudolf CHMEL (since 9 July 2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation ofthe prime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 March and 4April 2009 (next to be held no later than April 2014); followingNational Council elections, the leader of the majority party or theleader of a majority coalition usually appointed prime minister bythe presidentelection results: Ivan GASPAROVIC reelected president in runoff;percent of vote - Ivan GASPAROVIC 55.5%, Iveta RADICOVA 44.5%
Sloveniachief of state: President Danilo TURK (since 22 December2007)head of government: Prime Minister Borut PAHOR (since 7 November2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister andelected by the National Assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 October and11 November 2007 (next to be held on 8 October 2012); followingNational Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or theleader of a majority coalition usually nominated to become primeminister by the president and elected by the National Assembly;election last held on 21 September 2008 (next National Assemblyelections to be held in 8 October 2012)election results: Danilo TURK elected president; percent of vote -Danilo TURK 68.2%, Alojze PETERLE 31.8%; Borut PAHOR elected primeminister by National Assembly vote
Solomon Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); represented by Governor General Frank KABUI (since 7 July2009)head of government: Prime Minister Danny PHILIP (since 25 August2010)cabinet: Cabinet consists of 20 members appointed by the governorgeneral on the advice of the prime minister from among the membersof parliamentelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch on the advice of parliament for up to five years(eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalitionusually elected prime minister by parliament; deputy prime ministerappointed by the governor general on the advice of the primeminister from among the members of parliament
Somaliachief of state: Transitional Federal President Sheikh SHARIFSheikh Ahmed (since 31 January 2009); note - a transitionalgoverning entity with a five-year mandate, known as the TransitionalFederal Institutions (TFIs), was established in October 2004; theTFIs relocated to Somalia in June 2004; in 2009, the TFI's weregiven a two-year extension to October 2011head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed FARMAJO(since 1 November 2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by theTransitional Federal Assemblyelection results: Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed elected president bythe expanded Transitional Federal Assembly in Djibouti
South Africachief of state: President Jacob ZUMA (since 9 May2009); Executive Deputy President Kgalema MOTLANTHE (since 11 May2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Jacob ZUMA (since 9 May 2009);Executive Deputy President Kgalema MOTLANTHE (since 11 May 2009)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by the National Assembly for afive-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6May 2009 (next to be held in 2014)election results: Jacob ZUMA elected president; National Assemblyvote - Jacob ZUMA 277, Mvume DANDALA 47, other 76
Spainchief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968head of government: President of the Government (Prime Ministerequivalent) Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO (since 17 April 2004);First Vice President (and Minister of the Interior) Alfredo PerezRUBALCABA (since 20 October 2010), Second Vice President (andMinister of Economy and Finance) Elena SALGADO Mendez (since 8 April2009), and Third Vice President (and Minister of Regional Affairs)Manuel CHAVES Gonzalez (since 8 April 2009)cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the presidentnote: there is also a Council of State that is the supremeconsultative organ of the government, but its recommendations arenon-bindingelections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislativeelections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of themajority coalition usually proposed president by the monarch andelected by the National Assembly; election last held on 9 and 11April 2008 (next to be held in March 2012); vice presidentsappointed by the monarch on the proposal of the presidentelection results: Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO reelected Presidentof the Government; percent of National Assembly vote - 46.9%
Sri Lankachief of state: President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since19 November 2005); note - the president is both the chief of stateand head of government; Dissanayake Mudiyanselage JAYARATNE holdsthe largely ceremonial title of prime minister (since 21 April 2010)head of government: President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19November 2005)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with theprime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term(two-term limit); election last held on 26 January 2010 (next to beheld in 2016)election results: Mahinda RAJAPAKSA reelected president for secondterm; percent of vote - Mahinda RAJAPAKSA 57.88%, Sarath FONSEKA40.15%, other 1.97%
Sudanchief of state: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since16 October 1993); note - the president is both the chief of stateand head of governmenthead of government: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16October 1993)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - theNational Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Frontor NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinetelections: election on 11-15 April 2010; next to be held in 2015election results: Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president;percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR 68.2%, Yasir ARMAN21.7%, Abdullah Deng NHIAL 3.9%, others 6.2%note: al-BASHIR assumed power as chairman of Sudan's RevolutionaryCommand Council for National Salvation (RCC) in June 1989 and servedconcurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister,and minister of defense until mid-October 1993 when he was appointedpresident by the RCC; he was elected president by popular vote forthe first time in March 1996
Surinamechief of state: President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12August 2010); Vice President Robert AMEERALI (since 12 August 2010);note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12August 2010); Vice President Robert AMEERALI (since 12 August 2010)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected by the NationalAssembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidatereceives a two-thirds constitutional majority in the NationalAssembly after two votes, by a simple majority in the larger UnitedPeople's Assembly (893 representatives from the national, local, andregional councils), for five-year terms (no term limits); electionlast held on 19 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015)election results: Desire Delano BOUTERSE elected president; percentof vote - Desire Delano BOUTERSE 70.6%, Chandrikapersad SATOKHI25.5%, other 3.9%
Svalbardchief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January1991)head of government: Governor Odd Olsen INGERO (since September2009); Assistant Governor Lars FAUSE (since September 2008)elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor and assistantgovernor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry ofJustice
Swazilandchief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)head of government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso DLAMINI (since16 October 2008)cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed bythe monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed bythe monarch from among the elected members of the House of Assembly
Swedenchief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree,daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)head of government: Prime Minister Fredrik REINFELDT (since 5October 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Jan BJORKLUND (since 5 October2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislativeelections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of themajority coalition usually becomes the prime minister
Switzerlandchief of state: President of the Swiss ConfederationMicheline CALMY-REY (since 1 January 2011); Vice President EvelineWIDMER-SCHLUMPF (since 1 January 2011); note - the president is boththe chief of state and head of government representing the FederalCouncil; the Federal Council is the formal chief of state and headof government whose council members, rotating in one-year terms asfederal president, represent the Councilhead of government: President of the Swiss Confederation MichelineCALMY-REY (since 1 January 2011); Vice President EvelineWIDMER-SCHLUMPF (since 1 January 2011)cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal(in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) is elected by theFederal Assembly usually from among its members for a four-year termelections: president and vice president elected by the FederalAssembly from among the members of the Federal Council for aone-year term (they may not serve consecutive terms); election lastheld on 8 December 2010 (next to be held in early December 2011)election results: Micheline CALMY-REY elected president; number ofFederal Assembly votes - 106 of 189; Eveline WIDMER-SCHLUMPF electedvice president; current Vice President Eveline WIDMER-SCHLUMPF isslated to become president on 1 January 2012
Syriachief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) overseesforeign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)oversees cultural policyhead of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallahal-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president approved by popular referendum for a secondseven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vicepresidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministerselection results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent ofvote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
Taiwanchief of state: President MA Ying-jeou (since 20 May 2008);Vice President Vincent SIEW (since 20 May 2008)head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) WUDen-yih (since 10 September 2009); Vice Premier (Vice President ofExecutive Yuan) Sean CHEN (since 17 May 2010)cabinet: Executive Yuan - (ministers appointed by president onrecommendation of premier)elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);election last held on 22 March 2008 (next to be held in March 2012);premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by thepresident on the recommendation of the premierelection results: MA Ying-jeou elected president; percent of vote -MA Ying-jeou 58.45%, Frank HSIEH 41.55%
Tajikistanchief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19November 1992)head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January1999)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approvedby the Supreme Assemblyelections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 November 2006(next to be held in November 2013); prime minister appointed by thepresidentelection results: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent ofvote - Emomali RAHMON 79.3%, Olimjon BOBOEV 6.2%, other 14.5%
Tanzaniachief of state: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001);note - the president is both chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001)note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government formatters internal to Zanzibar; Ali Mohamed SHEIN elected to thatoffice on 31 October 2010, sworn in 3 November 2010cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the membersof the National Assemblyelections: president and vice president elected on the same ballotby popular vote for five-year terms (eligible for a second term);election last held on 31 October 2010 (next to be held in 2015);prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Jakaya KIKWETE elected president; percent of vote- Jakaya KIKWETE 61.2%, Wilbrod SLAA 26.3%, Ibrahim LIPUMBA 8.1%,other 4.5%
Thailandchief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet, also spelledBHUMIBOL Adulyadej (since 9 June 1946)head of government: Prime Minister ABHISIT Wetchachiwa, also spelledABHISIT Vejjajiva (since 17 December 2008); Deputy Prime MinisterSANAN Kachornprasat, also spelled SANAN Kachornparsart (since 7February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister SUTHEP Thueaksuban, alsospelled SUTHEP Thaugsuban (since 22 December 2008); Deputy PrimeMinister TRAIRONG Suwannakhiri (since 18 January 2010)cabinet: Council of Ministersnote: there is also a Privy Council advising the kingelections: the monarchy is hereditary; according to 2007constitution, the prime minister elected from among members of Houseof Representatives; following national elections for House ofRepresentatives, the leader of the party positioned to organize amajority coalition usually becomes prime minister by appointment bythe king; the prime minister limited to two four-year terms
Timor-Lestechief of state: President Jose RAMOS-HORTA (since 20 May2007); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but isable to veto legislation, dissolve parliament, and call nationalelectionshead of government: Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 8August 2007), note - he formerly used the name Jose AlexandreGUSMAO; Vice Prime Minister Jose Luis GUTERRES (since 8 August 2007)cabinet: Council of Ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 April 2007with run-off on 8 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2012); followingelections, president appoints leader of majority party or majoritycoalition as prime ministerelection results: Jose RAMOS-HORTA elected president; percent ofvote - Jose RAMOS-HORTA 69.2%, Francisco GUTTERES 30.8%
Togochief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005);head of government: Prime Minister Gilbert HOUNGBO (since 7September 2008)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and theprime ministerelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(no term limits); election last held on 4 March 2010 (next to beheld in 2015); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent ofvote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.9%, Jean-Pierre FABRE 33.9%, YawoviAGBOYIBO 3%, other 2.2%
Tokelauchief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor General of New Zealand Anand SATYANAND(since 23 August 2006); New Zealand is represented by AdministratorDavid PAYTON (since 17 October 2006)head of government: Foua TOLOA (since 21 February 2009); note -position rotates annually among the 3 Faipule (village leaders)cabinet: the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau,consisting of 3 Faipule (village leaders) and 3 Pulenuku (villagemayors), functions as a cabinetelections: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed bythe Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the headof government chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves aone-year term
Tongachief of state: King George TUPOU V (since 11 September 2006)head of government: Prime Minister Lord Siale'ataonga TU'IVAKANO(since 22 December 2010)cabinet: Cabinet is nominated by the prime minister and appointed bythe monarchnote: there is also a Privy Council that advises the monarchelections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister and deputyprime minister elected by and from the members of parliament andappointed by the monarchelection results: Lord Siale'ataonga TU'IVAKANO elected byparliament on 21 December 2010 with 14 of 26 votes
Trinidad and Tobagochief of state: President George MaxwellRICHARDS (since 17 March 2003)head of government: Prime Minister Kamla PERSAD-BISSESSAR (since 26May 2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliamentelections: president elected by an electoral college, which consistsof the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for afive-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on11 February 2008 (next to be held by February 2013); the presidentusually appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority partyin the House of Representativeselection results: George Maxwell RICHARDS reelected president;percent of electoral college vote - NA
Tunisiachief of state: President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7November 1987)head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17November 1999)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(no term limits); election last held on 25 October 2009 (next to beheld in October 2014); prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for afifth term; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI 89.6%, MohamedBOUCHIHA 5%, Ahmed INOUBLI 3.8%, Ahmed BRAHIM 1.6%; voter turnout89.4%
Turkeychief of state: President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14March)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on thenomination of the prime ministerelections: president elected directly for a five-year term (eligiblefor a second term); prime minister appointed by the president fromamong members of parliamentelection results: on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly electedAbdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote -339note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum packageof constitutional amendments including a provision for directpresidential elections
Turkmenistanchief of state: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW(since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both the chief ofstate and head of governmenthead of government: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14February 2007)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held on 11 February 2007 (next to be held in February2012)election results: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW elected president;percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 89.2%, Amanyaz ATAJYKOW3.2%, other candidates 7.6%
Turks and Caicos Islandschief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6February 1952); represented by Governor Gordon WETHERELL (since 5August 2008)head of government: Governor Gordon WETHERELL (since 14 August2009); note - the office of premier is suspended by the Order inCouncil, effective 14 August 2009cabinet: under provisions of the Order in Council, the cabinet issuspended effective 14 August 2009 and replaced by an AdvisoryCouncil appointed by the governorelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by themonarchnote: following an investigation into allegations of widespreadcorruption and misconduct within the Turks and Caicos Government,the UK foreign minister directed the governor to bring into effecton 14 August 2009 an Order in Council suspending Ministerialgovernment and the House of Assembly, and imposing direct rule for aperiod of up to two years
Tuvaluchief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);represented by Governor General Iakoba TAEIA Italeli (since May 2010)head of government: Prime Minister Willie TELAVI (since 24 December2010)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on therecommendation of the prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; primeminister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the membersof parliament following parliamentary electionselection results: Willie TELAVI elected prime minister in aparliamentary election on 24 December 2010 following a no-confidencevote on 21 December 2010 that ousted Maatia TOAFA
Ugandachief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI(since seizing power on 26 January 1986); note - the president isboth chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (sinceseizing power on 26 January 1986); Prime Minister Apolo NSIBAMBI(since 5 April 1999); note - the prime minister assists thepresident in the supervision of the cabinetcabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among electedlegislatorselections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;election last held on 23 February 2006 (next to be held on 18February 2011)election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president;percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 59.3%, KizzaBESIGYE 37.4%, other 3.3%
Ukrainechief of state: President Viktor YANUKOVYCH (since 25February 2010)head of government: Prime Minister Mykola AZAROV (since 11 March2010); First Deputy Prime Minister Andriy KLYUYEV (since 11 March2010); Deputy Prime Ministers Borys KOLESNIKOV, Serhiy TIHIPKO,Viktor TYKHONOV (all since 11 March 2010)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the president andapproved by the Radanote: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDCoriginally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; theNSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy ondomestic and international matters and advising the president; aPresidential Administration helps draft presidential edicts andprovides policy support to the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 January 2010with runoff on 7 February 2010 (next to be held in 2015)election results: Viktor YANUKOVYCH elected president; percent ofvote - Viktor YANUKOVYCH 48.95%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO 45.5%
United Arab Emirateschief of state: President KHALIFA bin ZayidAl-Nuhayyan (since 3 November 2004), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)(since 4 November 2004); Vice President and Prime Minister MUHAMMADBIN RASHID Al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006)head of government: Prime Minister and Vice President MUHAMMAD binRashid Al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers SAIFbin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan (since 11 May 2009) and MANSUR bin ZayidAl-Nuhayyan (since 11 May 2009)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentnote: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of theseven emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutionalauthority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctionsfederal legislation; meets four times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto powerelections: president and vice president elected by the FSC forfive-year terms (no term limits) from among the seven FSC members;election last held 3 November 2009 upon the death of the UAE'sFounding Father and first President ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan(next election NA); prime minister and deputy prime ministerappointed by the presidentelection results: KHALIFA bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan elected president bya unanimous vote of the FSC; MUHAMMAD bin Rashid Al-Maktumunanimously affirmed vice president after the 2006 death of hisbrother Sheikh Maktum bin Rashid Al-Maktum
United Kingdomchief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14November 1948)head of government: Prime Minister David CAMERON (since 11 May 2010)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime ministerelections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislativeelections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of themajority coalition usually the prime minister
United Stateschief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20 January2009); Vice President Joseph BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approvalelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby a college of representatives who are elected directly from eachstate; president and vice president serve four-year terms (eligiblefor a second term); election last held 4 November 2008 (next to beheld on 6 November 2012)election results: Barack H. OBAMA elected president; percent ofpopular vote - Barack H. OBAMA 52.4%, John MCCAIN 46.3%, other 1.3%;
Uruguaychief of state: President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since1 March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head ofgovernmenthead of government: President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since 1March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March2010)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president withparliamentary approvalelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticketby popular vote for five-year terms (may not serve consecutiveterms); election last held on 29 November 2009 (next to be held inOctober 2014)election results: Jose "Pepe" MUJICA elected president; percent ofvote - Jose "Pepe" MUJICA 54.8%, Luis Alberto LACALLE 45.2%