THE MIWOK FOOTHILL AREA

Tribe orVillageDates ofConversionNumber ofBaptismsCuyens1811-181388Mayemes1813-182391Apaglamnes1818-182448Tationes1805-1811243

The total is 470. These were San Joaquin River natives, not from the delta and marsh region. On the other hand they were less remote from Spanish influence and attack than the tribes which extended up the lateral streams. Hence the proportion of baptisms was probably intermediate between the value of 50 per cent assumed for the very exposed bay and delta people and that of 10 per cent ascribed to the Cosumnes. An estimate of 25 per cent would be reasonable, yielding a population value of 1,800. The two methods of calculation coincide, and the result, 1,800 inhabitants, may be allowed for the area.

For the lower Stanislaus and Tuolumne rivers the only tribes mentioned in the Spanish documents are the Tauhalames (or Taulamnes) on the Tuolumne and the Lakisamne (or Lakisumne or Laquisemne) on the Stanislaus. Kroeber (1925, p. 485) writes: "the Tawalimni, presumably on Tuolumne River ... the Lakisamni ... on the Stanislaus ..." Schenck says (p. 141):

The villages of Taulamne and Taualames are both definitely placed, the former on an inaccessible rock on the Stanislaus river in the foothills, the latter at the ford of the San Joaquin just below the mouth of the Tuolumne river.... This seems to establish the region between the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus rivers as Taulamne territory. Merriam agrees in assigning the same region to the Tuolumne.

Schenck's only reference to the Lakisamne is on the same page: "The Leuchas might possibly be identified with Kroeber's Lakisamni (Yokuts) on the Stanislaus river." But the mission records and all other documents clearly distinguish between the two groups, rendering Schenck's hypothesis entirely untenable.

Some of the confusion may derive from the account ofMuñoz. In his diary of the Moraga expedition he tells how, on October 1, 1806, the party left the Merced River and proceded northwest for 7 to 8 leagues, reaching finally a river which they called the Dolores (i.e., the Tuolumne, probably near Modesto). There were no Indians, but signs of "varias rancherias," the inhabitants having all absconded. On October 2 they went northwest again and at 4 leagues, in the middle of a very large oak park, they came upon another river, which they called the Guadelupe. This could only have been the Stanislaus, probably somewhere east of Ripon. On the next day, October 3, they went up this river, and at the end of 6 leagues reached a rancheria called Taulamne. It was situated in "unos empinados voladeros e inacesibles por unas encrespadas rocas." They could not get at the Indians but estimated the population as 200, on the basis of the people they could discern. This village, be it noted, was situated among "steep cliffs, inaccessible because of certain rough rocks"—not on an inaccessible rock in the river. This spot, judging by both the distances and the description, was along the limestone bluffs which steeply border the south bank of the Stanislaus for several miles opposite Knights Ferry. The Indians said that there were six other rancherias upstream. From this point the expedition moved the next day again northwest toward the Calaveras River. We gather little concerning tribal names from Moraga's account but we learn that there was a considerable population along the Stanislaus which demonstrated sharp defiance to the Spanish invaders.

In the later documents there is little if any reference to the Taulamnes but much discussion of the Lakisamni. There are repeated allusions to this group as being very hostile, bad raiders, and the object of several military campaigns, particularly those against the great Indian rebel chief, Estanislao. The fighting was undoubtedly on the Stanislaus River and the Indian protagonists were frequently allied with the Cosumnes and Mokelumnes. From the context of the documents they would seem to have been as numerous, or at least as bellicose, as either of these two tribes.

José Sanchez in 1826 refers to his bitter battle with Estanislao, which took place on the "rio de los Laquisimes" (MS, 1826). Joaquin Piña describes a military expedition under Guadelupe Vallejo in 1829 (MS, 1829). The objective was two "rancherias," one of the Laquisimes and the other of the Tagualames, on the "Rio de los Laquisimes," or the "Rio Pescadero." The campaign was inconclusive since nearly all of the Indians escaped.

From the citations above it appears probable that the Taulamnes and the Lakisamne were two distinct tribal groups and that their home was on both the Tuolumne and Stanislaus rivers. It is also likely that in the turmoil and confusion of the period between 1800 and 1830 the original spacing and distribution of the tribes became irreparably lost and that the surviving fragments of both amalgamated and reconstituted themselves with reference to their Spanish enemies rather than with reference to their aboriginal social organization. Hence they may have come to be concentrated more on the Stanislaus than on the Tuolumne.

The only direct population estimate we have for them is that of Muñoz, who claimed 200 persons for the village of Taulamne, among the cliffs. Assuming that 50 persons were not seen, the village would have had 250 inhabitants, which is more or less standard for the general area, according to Moraga's account. If the other six villages had an equal population, the total would have been 1,500. But this estimate does not include the portion of the Stanislaus below Taulamne which was covered by Moraga in his march of 6 leagues upstream. No villages are mentioned in connection with this march but they could scarcely have failed to exist. Hence we may add another 500 without much fear of exaggeration, making a total of 2,000 for the course of the river from the San Joaquin to several miles above Knights Ferry. On the Tuolumne "varias rancherias" were seen, all deserted by their occupants. However, Moraga also remarked that the lower Tuolumne resembled the lower Merced. On the latter were 8 rancherias, hence there may have been an equal number on the Tuolumne. At a conservative 225 persons in each, the aggregate would have been 1,800. The sum for the two rivers would be 3,800.

The baptism lists show 151 conversions for the Lakisamne and 263 for the Taulamnes, or 414 in all. In view of the notorious hostility and the successful resistance these groups opposed to the white men, evident even in Moraga's day, we are justified in setting the baptism factor as low as for the Mokelumnes, or 7 per cent. This gives a potential aboriginal population of 5,920.

The midcentury American estimates would indicate more than this number. H. W. Wessells (1859) claims 500 to 700 on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne in 1853. Adam Johnston (1853) put 1,350 on his map of the same area in 1852. W. M. Ryer vaccinated 1,010 on the two rivers in 1851. The Daily Alta California for May 31, 1851, said that the Indians were 1,000 strong between the Stanislaus and the Tuolumne, and Savage, for an earlier period, put them at 4,600 (Dixon, MS, 1875). On the other hand, it must be remembered that as a result of Spanish and Mexican, not to mention American, aggression most of the strictly San Joaquin River people had long since retreated up the lateral streams. Hence the natives seen by the commissioners between 1850 and 1853 included the residues of all the river tribes from Manteca to Merced. For the southern part of the San Joaquin Valley it was determined, in a previous discussion, that the population remainder in 1850 represented approximately one-third of the aboriginal population. Of the estimates just cited the most reliable is that of Ryer. Following the suggestions presented in the consideration of his activities, we must make a correction to account for persons who missed vaccination. Such a correction would bring the number to 1,420. Then application of the factor one-third gives an aboriginal value of 4,730.

The three modes of estimate yield respectively a population of 3,800, 5,920, and 4,730, with an average of 4,817. We may use a slightly greater value and call the population 5,000. To this must be added the 1,800 persons estimated to have lived along the San Joaquin River itself. The lower San Joaquin River group as a whole, therefore, may be assigned a population of 6,800.

Lower San Joaquin River Group ... 6,800

NORTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY ... 27,070

Above the central valley itself and occupying the foothills from the Cosumnes to the Tuolumne lived the northern and central Miwok. This region was not reached by the Spanish expeditions nor were many, if any, of the inhabitants incorporated in the missions. It is therefore necessary to rely exclusively upon thereports of the ethnographers. In a preceding discussion of the central Miwok, who lived on the upper Stanislaus and Tuolumne, there were cited the data secured by Gifford, Kroeber, and Merriam for 70 villages. This area in 1850 was estimated to contain a population of 1,470. There are no data comparable to Gifford's for the rivers farther north, largely because the natives on the upper Cosumnes, Mokelumne, and Calaveras were thoroughly dispersed during the Gold Rush and village names and locations have become lost to the memory of Indian and white man alike. It is possible, however, to get a reasonable estimate of the population indirectly.

The territory of the northern Miwok, from the ecological standpoint resembles closely that of the central Miwok. Hence stream mileage and area comparisons are justified. If we use the boundaries of the two groups substantially as given by Kroeber in the Handbook (map, opp. p. 446) and plot rivers and areas on a large-scale map, the equivalent aboriginal population for the northern Miwok by stream mileage and area is 2,480 and 1,535, respectively. The discrepancy in the two estimates is due to the greater frequency of streams and creeks in the northern area. The average of the population calculated by the two methods is 2,008, very close to that found for the central Miwok. The total for the foothill strip is then 4,138 or in round numbers 4,150.

MIWOK FOOTHILL AREA ... 4,150

FOOTNOTES:[5]There are numerous other letters pertaining to this matter in the same volume of the Provincial State Papers.

[5]There are numerous other letters pertaining to this matter in the same volume of the Provincial State Papers.

From the data presented in detail in the last section we may now derive the aboriginal population of the San Joaquin Valley as a whole.

RegionPopulationTulare Lake Basin6,500Kaweah River7,600Merced River3,500Kings River9,100Mariposa, Fresno, Chowchilla,upper San Joaquin19,000Southern San Joaquin Valley6,900Northern San Joaquin ValleyDelta area9,350Lower Cosumnes5,200Lower Mokelumne5,720Lower San Joaquin, Calaveras,Tuolumne, and Stanislaus6,80027,070Foothill strip (centraland northern Miwok)4,150Total83,820

The total, 83,820, is more than four times as large as the population estimated to be surviving in 1850 (19,000) and much exceeds any previous estimate advanced by modern students of the California Indians.

Dr. C. Hart Merriam in 1905 computed the population of the entire state of California as 260,000, of whom perhaps one-fifth may have occupied the San Joaquin Valley, although Merriam does not attempt to assess the population of this area as such. Kroeber discusses the matter at length in the Handbook (pp. 488-491, 880-891) and concludes that the population of the whole state was 133,000. Of these the Yokuts had 18,000, the Miwok (Plains and Sierra) 9,000, the Western Mono about 1,000, and the peripheral tribes in the south perhaps 2,000, a total of 30,000. Schenck is more liberal, since for the delta region he allows for a spread of between 3,000 and 15,000 persons. The present estimate for the same area, as closely as it can be determined, is in the vicinity of 13,000, or within Schenck's limits although toward his upper extreme.

Since the data and reasoning upon which the present figure of 83,820 is based are set forth in detail in the preceding pages there is little value in repeating them, nor will anything be gained by attempting a rebuttal to the arguments presented by Kroeber. At the same time the author may be permitted to recapitulate three points wherein he thinks many modern scholars have been misled.

1. All available information from the Spanish and Mexican sources must be consulted. To confine an argument or an estimate to a single account, such as that by Moraga, may lead to a false impression. Kroeber seems to have been thus deceived in his discussion of the population of the Yokuts.2. It must be remembered that in the central valley, as contrasted perhaps with an area like the Klamath River, no informants speaking since 1900, and particularly since 1920, can possibly have furnished a true picture of conditions prior to the Spanish invasion in the decade following 1800.3. The depletion of population in the San Joaquin Valley between 1800 and 1850 was far greater than has been appreciated, although the basic facts have always been recognized. Warfare, massacre, forced conversion, starvation, and exposure all took a tremendous toll of life but the sweeping epidemics of the 1830's were even more devastating. Together these forces destroyed in the aggregate fully 75 per cent of the aboriginal population.

2. It must be remembered that in the central valley, as contrasted perhaps with an area like the Klamath River, no informants speaking since 1900, and particularly since 1920, can possibly have furnished a true picture of conditions prior to the Spanish invasion in the decade following 1800.

3. The depletion of population in the San Joaquin Valley between 1800 and 1850 was far greater than has been appreciated, although the basic facts have always been recognized. Warfare, massacre, forced conversion, starvation, and exposure all took a tremendous toll of life but the sweeping epidemics of the 1830's were even more devastating. Together these forces destroyed in the aggregate fully 75 per cent of the aboriginal population.

After this manuscript was completed, the writer had an opportunity to examine those documentary files of the Office of Indian Affairs and of the War Department which are at present in the National Archives at Washington. Several letters in the files containing information on the native population of the San Joaquin Valley have never, so far as could be determined, been published. Since the data thus procured are fragmentary and since they do not apparently invalidate the conclusions set forth in previous pages, they have not been incorporated in the body of this paper. These items, however, have some intrinsic interest and therefore merit specific mention. They are briefly abstracted as follows.

War Department

Record Group 98.10th Military Dept. Letters received Calif., Document no.K 21. E. D. Keyes, Camp Magruder, June 17, 1851.The 8 tribes on the Kaweah, with whom a treaty was concluded on May 30 contain 1,240 individuals.The 4 tribes on Paint Creek with whom a treaty was concluded on June 3 contain 1,660 persons.Record Group 98.Letters received Calif., 1854. Enclosure to document no.W 2. John Nugent, Camp Wessells, Dec. 31, 1853.The Four Creeks region (Kaweah) from the Sierra Nevada to Tulare Lake will not contain more than 1,000, all told.Record Group 98.Letters received Calif., 1854. Enclosure to document no.W 12. H. W. Wessells, Fort Miller, March 7, 1854.The Indians under control of Fort Miller include those on the Fresno, San Joaquin, Kings, and Kaweah Rivers. They are much reduced in numbers, owing to the recent sickness.Fresno River: 400 persons, including 100 able men.San Joaquin River: 350, including 80-90 able men.Kings River: 1,100, including 250 able men.Kaweah River: 800, including 200 able men.

Record Group 98.10th Military Dept. Letters received Calif., Document no.K 21. E. D. Keyes, Camp Magruder, June 17, 1851.

The 8 tribes on the Kaweah, with whom a treaty was concluded on May 30 contain 1,240 individuals.

The 4 tribes on Paint Creek with whom a treaty was concluded on June 3 contain 1,660 persons.

Record Group 98.Letters received Calif., 1854. Enclosure to document no.W 2. John Nugent, Camp Wessells, Dec. 31, 1853.

The Four Creeks region (Kaweah) from the Sierra Nevada to Tulare Lake will not contain more than 1,000, all told.

Record Group 98.Letters received Calif., 1854. Enclosure to document no.W 12. H. W. Wessells, Fort Miller, March 7, 1854.

The Indians under control of Fort Miller include those on the Fresno, San Joaquin, Kings, and Kaweah Rivers. They are much reduced in numbers, owing to the recent sickness.

Fresno River: 400 persons, including 100 able men.

San Joaquin River: 350, including 80-90 able men.

Kings River: 1,100, including 250 able men.

Kaweah River: 800, including 200 able men.

Office of Indian Affairs

Record Group 75.Letters received Calif., 1854. Enclosure to document no.H 758. D. A. Enyart, Fresno Reservation, Nov. 3, 1854.The Indians on the Fresno Farm include: 30 Chowchilla, 220 Choot-chances, 90 Pohonicha, and 100 Potohanchi.The Indians in Mariposa, Stanislaus, and Tuolumne counties do not exceed a total of 2,000.By river system he breaks them down thus: 300 on the Merced, 350 on the Tuolumne, 250 at Plant's Ferry on the Stanislaus, 100 elsewhere on the Stanislaus, and 100 scattering through the country.Record Group 75.Letters received Calif., 1855. Enclosure to document no.H 1050. Report of D. A. Enyart, Fresno Reservation, Aug. 22, 1855."I find that there are at least about 1,000 to 1,500 Indians on the River (i.e., San Joaquin).... This does not include the 'Mono' tribe which is the most numerous of any tribe...."Record Group 75.Letters received Calif., 1859. Enclosure to document no.M 66. M. B. Lewis, Fresno Agency, Aug. 30, 1859.A report on the 22 tribes which recognize the Fresno Agency as their headquarters. Abstracted as follows:

Record Group 75.Letters received Calif., 1854. Enclosure to document no.H 758. D. A. Enyart, Fresno Reservation, Nov. 3, 1854.

The Indians on the Fresno Farm include: 30 Chowchilla, 220 Choot-chances, 90 Pohonicha, and 100 Potohanchi.

The Indians in Mariposa, Stanislaus, and Tuolumne counties do not exceed a total of 2,000.

By river system he breaks them down thus: 300 on the Merced, 350 on the Tuolumne, 250 at Plant's Ferry on the Stanislaus, 100 elsewhere on the Stanislaus, and 100 scattering through the country.

Record Group 75.Letters received Calif., 1855. Enclosure to document no.H 1050. Report of D. A. Enyart, Fresno Reservation, Aug. 22, 1855.

"I find that there are at least about 1,000 to 1,500 Indians on the River (i.e., San Joaquin).... This does not include the 'Mono' tribe which is the most numerous of any tribe...."

Record Group 75.Letters received Calif., 1859. Enclosure to document no.M 66. M. B. Lewis, Fresno Agency, Aug. 30, 1859.

A report on the 22 tribes which recognize the Fresno Agency as their headquarters. Abstracted as follows:

Wel-leelch-um-nies:the most northerly tribe; is "temporarily" on the Tuolumne River because of displacement by the whites.85Poto-en-cies:have abandoned their native land, the Merced Valley and are now on the Chowchilla.110Noot-choos:"a union of the remnant of other tribes," including some Yosemites. Now on the north fork of the Chowchilla.85Po-ho-nee-chees:on the headwaters of the Fresno.105Chow-chillas:have moved from the Chowchilla to the Fresno River.85Cooc-chances:the largest "unbroken" tribe in the agency, originally on Coarse Gold Creek; some still there, some at agency.240How-ches:once large; always have been on the Fresno.18Pit-cat-chesandTal-linches:(two distinct tribes); native habitat was the San Joaquin River; still near Fort Miller.150Coss-waz:"to some extent identified with the Pit-cat-ches"; native land is Deer Creek.88Monos:on Fine Gold Creek and the upper San Joaquin River.535War-to-kes,Itee-ches, andCho-pes:all on Kings River; "constitute one nation" but have separate heads (on Wartoke Creek).290Wat-ches:since 1854 have been on Kings River Farm.75No-to-no-tosandWe-melches.190Tat-chesandWo-wells:these four tribes are native to the lower Kings River and Tulare Lake. They were recently driven to their homes on the Fresno Farm.165Cow-willas:their home is the mouth of the Kaweah at the foothills.110Tel-em-nies:on the Kaweah, near Visalia.105——Total2,436

Barbour, G. W.

1852. 32nd Cong., 1st sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 1, pt. III.

1853. Report to the Indian Commissioner. 33rd Cong., spec. sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 4, pp. 249-264 [Ser. no. 688].

Barbour, G. W., R. McKee, and O. M. Wozencraft

1853. Report to the Indian Commissioner. 33rd Cong., spec. sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 4, pp. 56-59.

Carson, James H.

1852. In San Joaquin Republican (Stockton, Feb., 1852), as quoted by S. P. Elias, Stories of Stanislaus (Modesto, 1924), p. 196.

Chapman, Charles E.

1911. Expedition on the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers in 1817, Diary of Fray Narciso Duran. Publ. Acad. Pacific Coast Hist., Vol. 2, No. 5.

Cook, S. F.

1940. Population Trends among the California Mission Indians. Univ. Calif. Ibero-Americana 17. Berkeley.

Coues, Elliott, ed.

1900. On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer. (The diary of Francisco Garcés.) Trans, and ed. by Elliott Coues. New York. The parts pertaining to the San Joaquin Valley are in 1:281-300.

Derby, Lt. George H.

1852. A Report of the Tulare Valley. 32nd. Cong., 1st sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 110, pp. 4-16.

Farquhar, Francis P.

1932. The Topographical Reports of George H. Derby, California Hist. Soc. Quarterly, 11:99, 247, 365.

Gayton, A. H.

1948. Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography. Univ. Calif. Publ. Anthro. Rec., Vol. 10. Berkeley.

Gifford, E. W.

1932. The Northfork Mono. Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. and Ethn., 31:15-65. Berkeley.

Gifford, E. W., and W. Egbert Schenck

1926. Archaeology of the Southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. and Ethn., 23:1-122. Berkeley.

Gilbert, F. T.

1879. History of San Joaquin County, California. Oakland, Calif.

Henley, T. J.

1857. Report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, accompanying Ann. Rept. Sec. of the Interior for 1856. No. 100, pp. 236-246.

Johnston, Adam

1853. Report to the Indian Commissioner. 33rd Cong., spec. sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 4, pp. 241-247.

1860. In H. R. Schoolcraft, Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, 4:406 ff.

Kroeber, A. L.

1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bur. Amer. Ethn. Bull. 78. Washington, D. C.

Latta, F. F.

1949. Handbook of Yokuts Indians. Bakersfield, Calif.

Mason, J. D.

1881. History of Amador County, California. Oakland, Calif.

Merriam, C. Hart

1905. The Indian Population of California, American Anthropologist, n.s., 7:594-606.

1907. Distribution and Classification of the Mewan Stock of California, American Anthropologist, n.s., 9:338-357.

Powers, Stephen

1877. Tribes of California, Contributions to North American Ethnology. Washington, D. C.

Ryer, W. M.

1852. Vouchers for vaccination. 32nd Cong., 2nd sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 61, pp. 20-23 [Ser. no. 620].

Savage, James D.

1851. Letter in the True Standard, reprinted in the Sacramento Union, Apr. 10, 1851.

Schenck, W. Egbert

1926. Historic Aboriginal Groups of the California Delta Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. and Ethn., 23:123-146. Berkeley.

Sutter, John A.

1850. Letter to H. W. Halleck, Dec. 20, 1847. 31st Cong., 1st sess., H. R. Ex. Doc. 17.

1939. New Helvetia Diary; a Record of Events Kept by John A. Sutter and His Clerks at New Helvetia, California, from September 9, 1845, to May 25, 1848. San Francisco, Calif.

Tinkham, George H.

1923. History of San Joaquin County, California. Los Angeles, Calif.

United States Treaties

1905. Message from the President ... communicating Eighteen Treaties made with Indians in California ... [1851-1852, by G. W. Barbour, O. M. Wozencraft, and Redick McKee.] 32nd Cong., 1st sess., Sen. Con. Doc. Reprint of 1905. Washington, D. C.

Warner, J. J.

Description of 1832 Epidemic among the Indians of the San Joaquin Valley. In An Illustrated History of San Joaquin County, California ... pp. 28-29. The Lewis Publishing Co. Chicago.

Wessels, H. W.

1857. Report on the Tribes of the San Joaquin Valley. 34th Cong., 3rd sess., H. R. Ex. Doc. 76, pp. 31-32.

Wozencraft, O. M.

1851. Letter dated July 12, 1851. 32nd Cong., 1st sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 1, pt. III, pp. 488-490 [Ser. no. 906].

All manuscripts are in the Bancroft Library,University of California, Berkeley, unless otherwise stated.

Abella, Ramon

Diario de un registro de los Rios Grandes, Oct. 31, 1811, San Francisco. Santa Barbara Archive, IV:101-134. Also original manuscript.

Altimira, José

Letter to Prefect José Senan, July 10, 1823, San Francisco. Archbishop's Archive, IV (2):21-26.

Amador, José Maria

Memorias sobre la Historia de California, 1877. Original manuscript C-D 28.

Argüello, José

Letter to Governor Arrillaga, May 30, 1805, San Francisco. Provincial State Papers, XIX:42 ff.

Argüello, Luís Antonio

Letter to Governor Arrillaga, Oct. 31, 1813, San Francisco. Provincial State Papers, XIX:345-349.Carta al Gobernador Don Pablo Vicente de Sola ... May 26, 1817, San Francisco. Original manuscript (no. fm F864A64); also typed copy.

Letter to Governor Arrillaga, Oct. 31, 1813, San Francisco. Provincial State Papers, XIX:345-349.

Carta al Gobernador Don Pablo Vicente de Sola ... May 26, 1817, San Francisco. Original manuscript (no. fm F864A64); also typed copy.

Berryesa, José

Dated July 15, 1830, San Jose. Departmental State Papers, II:135-137.

Cabot, Juan

Expedicion al valle de los Tulares, Letter to the Padre Presidente, Apr. 7, 1815. Santa Barbara Archive, VI:67-72.Letter to De La Guerra, May 23, 1818. De La Guerra Documents, VII:88.

Expedicion al valle de los Tulares, Letter to the Padre Presidente, Apr. 7, 1815. Santa Barbara Archive, VI:67-72.

Letter to De La Guerra, May 23, 1818. De La Guerra Documents, VII:88.

Dixon, H.

California Indians. 1875.

Duran, Narciso

Diario de la expedicion de reconocimiento hecha en el mes de Mayo de 1817.... Original manuscript. (See alsoCharles E. Chapman, 1911.)

Estudillo, José Maria

Diario que formo yo el tentednJose Maria Estudillo en la campaña ... emprendo pael reconocimiento y visita de las rancherias situadas en los tulares ... Nov. 10, 1819, Monterey. Original manuscript; also typed copy.

Garcia, Inocente

Hechos Historicos de California, 1878. Original manuscript. CC-D 84.

Jaime, Antonio

Letter to Governor Sola, March 30, 1816, Soledad. Archbishop's Archive, III(1):23-24.

Marquinez, Marcelino

Letter to Governor Sola, May 26, 1816. Archbishop's Archive, III(1):41-42.

Martin, Juan

Visita a los Gentiles Tulareños, Apr. 26, 1815, San Miguel. Santa Barbara Archive, VI:85-89.

Martinez, Luís Antonio

Entrada en las Rancherias del Tular, May 29, 1816, San Luis Obispo. Archbishop's Archive, III(1):42-45.

McKinstry, George

Documents for the History of California, 1846-9. Presented by Dr. George McKinstry of San Diego, 1872.

Merriam, C. Hart

Manuscript collection in Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.

Moraga, Gabriel

Diario de la tercera expedicion echa por el Alferez Don Gabriel Moraga ... a los rios del norte; verificada en el mes de septiembre de el año de 1808. Original manuscript; also two typed copies.

Muñoz, Pedro

Diario de la Expnecha por D. Gabriel Moraga de la Compania de San Francisco a los nuevos descubrimientos del tular ... Nov. 2, 1806, San Francisco. Santa Barbara Archive, IV:1-47.

Ortega, Juan de

Diario que forma el SargtoDistdoDnJuan de Ortega segun los sitios qepor orn. del Sr. Govorde su mando registrar ... Dec. 2, 1815, San Juan Bautista. Original manuscript; also typed copy.

Pico, José Dolores

Diario formado prel SargtoJosé Dolores Pico de la expedicion que a echo prdispocion del ciudadano ... José Estudillo, Jan. 31, 1826. Original manuscript.

Piña, Joaquin

Quaderno de las Novedades Hoccuridas diariamente en la expedicion que marcha a las ordenes del ... Guadelupe Vallejo, June 13, 1829, Monterey. Original manuscript; also a copy in the California Manuscript series, no. E-88.

Rodriguez, Sebastián

Diario que forma yo el SargtoSebastian Rodriguez de la Campana nombrada el dia 17 de Abril de 1828 [dated May 8, 1828]. Original manuscript.Diario formado prel Sargento Sebastian Rodriguez desde el dia 26 de Mayo ... una expedicion al Tular por el rumbo de S. Miguel, June 22, 1828, Monterey. Manuscript.

Diario que forma yo el SargtoSebastian Rodriguez de la Campana nombrada el dia 17 de Abril de 1828 [dated May 8, 1828]. Original manuscript.

Diario formado prel Sargento Sebastian Rodriguez desde el dia 26 de Mayo ... una expedicion al Tular por el rumbo de S. Miguel, June 22, 1828, Monterey. Manuscript.

Sal, Hermenegildo

... Informe en el cual el teniente HermdoSal manifesta lo que ha adquirido de varios sugetos para comunicarlo al Governador dela Provincia; Jan. 31, 1796. Provincial State Papers, XIV:14-16.

Sanchez, José

Letter to Ignacio Martinez, May 10, 1826. State Papers, Missions and Colonization, II:15-20.

Savage, James

In H. Dixon, California Indians. MS 1875.

Viader, José

Diario, o noticia del viaje que acabo de hacer ... desde el 15 hasta el 28 de Agosto de 1810, Aug. 28, 1910, San Juan Bautista. Santa Barbara Archive, IV:73-84.Diario del P. Jose desde 19 hasta 27 de Octubre de 1810. Letter to the Padre Presidente, Oct. 19, 1810, San Jose. Santa Barbara Archive, IV:85-94.

Diario, o noticia del viaje que acabo de hacer ... desde el 15 hasta el 28 de Agosto de 1810, Aug. 28, 1910, San Juan Bautista. Santa Barbara Archive, IV:73-84.

Diario del P. Jose desde 19 hasta 27 de Octubre de 1810. Letter to the Padre Presidente, Oct. 19, 1810, San Jose. Santa Barbara Archive, IV:85-94.

Zalvidea, José Maria

Diario de una expedicion tierra adentro, 1806. Santa Barbara Archive, IV:49-68.

[TN: Click on maps for larger views.]

Map 1. This map covers the entire area under discussion, extending from the Cosumnes River to the Tehachapi. The smaller divisions, denoted by numbers and letters, represent the habitat areas considered in detail in the text. The succeeding maps, drawn to larger scale, show these same areas with the tribal divisions entered as far as possible. To accompany Cook, "Aboriginal Population of San Joaquin Valley," Univ. of Calif. Publ., Anthro. Rec. Vol. 16, No. 2.Map 1. This map covers the entire area under discussion, extending from the Cosumnes River to the Tehachapi. The smaller divisions, denoted by numbers and letters, represent the habitat areas considered in detail in the text. The succeeding maps, drawn to larger scale, show these same areas with the tribal divisions entered as far as possible.To accompany Cook, "Aboriginal Population of San Joaquin Valley," Univ. of Calif. Publ., Anthro. Rec. Vol. 16, No. 2.

Map 2. Habitat areas 1A-2: the southern Yokuts and peripheral tribes.Map 2. Habitat areas 1A-2: the southern Yokuts and peripheral tribes.

Map 3. Habitat areas 3A-4C: the basins of the Kaweah and Kings rivers, including the Yokuts and part of the Mono.Map 3. Habitat areas 3A-4C: the basins of the Kaweah and Kings rivers, including the Yokuts and part of the Mono.

Map 4. Habitat areas 5A-6B: the Yokuts, part of the Mono, and the Southern Miwok.Map 4. Habitat areas 5A-6B: the Yokuts, part of the Mono, and the Southern Miwok.

Map 5. Habitat areas 7A-14: the Northern Yokuts, Central and Northern Miwok.Map 5. Habitat areas 7A-14: the Northern Yokuts, Central and Northern Miwok.

Map 6. The Lower San Joaquin River and Delta areas (particularly areas 8 and 13).Map 6. The Lower San Joaquin River and Delta areas (particularly areas 8 and 13).

Transcriber's NotesRetained the spelling and punctuation inconsistencies of the original book, except for the following changes:Page52: Changed "haorses" to "horses".Orig.: southeast from Copicha and saw haorses from the rancheriaPage67: Changed "slighest" to "slightest".Orig.: there is not the slightest evidence in Viader's diariesPage73: Changed "manuscipt" to "manuscript".Orig.: Abella, Ramon ... Also original manuscipt.

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