Italian: Ariosto, A. F. Grazzini, M. Bandello, T. Tasso, Berni, Guarini.
French: Margaret of Navarre, C. Marot, Rabelais, Joachim du Bellay,Ronsard, Montaigne.
English: Lyndesay, Skelton, Wyatt, Surrey, anonymous poets in Tottel'sMiscellany, Sidney, E. Spenser, Donne, Lyly, Heywood, Kyd, Peele,Greene, Lodge, Nash, Marlowe.
German: Hans Sachs, Fischart, T. Murner, anonymous Till Eulenspiegel and Faustbuch, B. Waldis.
Spanish: The Picaresque novel, La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades.
Portuguese: Camoens.
As it is not my purpose to give even a sketch of literary history, but merely to illustrate the temper of the times from the contemporary belles lettres, only a few suggestive works of criticism can be mentioned here.
H. Hallam:Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries. 1838-9. (Old, but still useful).
J. A. Symonds:Italian Literature. 1888.
G. Lanson:Histoire de la littérature française.[9] 1906.
C. H. C. Wright:A History of French Literature. 1912.
C. Thomas:A History of German Literature. 1909.
E. Wolff:Faust und Luther. 1912.
The Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. iii, Renaissance and Reformation. 1908.
J. J. Jusserand:Histoire Littéraire du Peuple Anglais. Tome ii, De la Renaissance à la Guerre Civile. 1904. (Also English translation: a beautiful work).
Winifred Smith:The Commedia dell' Arte. 1912. (Notable).
A. Tilley:The Literature of the French Renaissance. 2 vols. 1904.
The purpose of the following list is not to give the titles of all general histories of the Reformation, but of those books and articles in which some noteworthy contribution has been made to the philosophical interpretation of the events. Many an excellent work of pure narrative character, and many of those dealing with some particular phase of the Reformation, are omitted. All the noteworthy historical works published prior to 1600 are listed in the bibliography to Chapter XII, section 2, and are not repeated here. The chronological order is here adopted, save that all the works of each writer are grouped together. In every case I enter the book under the year in which it first appeared, adding in parentheses the edition, if another, which I have used.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Essay lviii; also Essays i, iii, xxxv; Novum Organum Bk. i, aphorisms xv and lxv; Advancement of Learning, Bk. ix, and i.
Jacques-Auguste de Thou (Thuanus):Historiae sui temporis. 1604-20.
Hugo Grotius:Annales et historiae de rebus belgicis. 1657.(Written 1611 ff).
William Camden:Annales Rerum Anglicarnm et Hibernicarum regnanteElizabetha. Pars I, 1615; Pars II, 1625.
Agrippa d'Aubigné:Histoire Universelle. 1616-20.
Paolo Sarpi:Istoria del Concilio Tridentino. 1619. (P. Sarpi:Histoire du Concile du Trente, French translation by Amelot de laHoussaie. 1699).
Arrigo Caterino Davila:Storia delle guerre civili di Francia. 1630.
Giulio Bentivoglio:Guerra di Fiandria. 1632-39.
Famiano Strada:De bello belgico decades duo. 1632-47.
Francois Eudes, [called] de Mézeray:Histoire de France. 1643-51.
David Calderwood (1575-1650):History of the Kirk of Scotland, ed. T.Thompson, 1842-9.
Lord Herbert of Cherbury:Life and Reign of Henry VIII. 1649.
Thomas Fuller:Church History, 1655. (Ed. Brewer, 6 vols. 1845).
J. Harrington:Oceana, 1656. (Harrington's Works, 1700, pp. 69, 388).
Sforza Pallavicino:Istoria del Concilio di Trento. 1656-7.
Annales ecclesiastici . . . auctore Reynaldo, ed. J. D. Mansi. Tomi 33-35. Lucae. 1755. (Oderic Reynaldus, who died 1671, was a continuator of Baronius, covering the period in church history 1198-1565).
Jean Claude: Défense de la Réformation. . . . 1673. (English translation: An historical defense of the Reformation. 1683).
Gilbert Burnet:History of the Reformation of the Church of England. 3 vols. 1679, 1681, 1715. (Ed. by Pocock, 6 vols. 1865 ff).
Louis Maimbourg:Histoire du Luthéranisme. 1680.
Pierre Jurieu:Histoire du Calvinisme et celle du Papisme mises en parallèle. 1683. (English translation, 2 vols. 1823).
Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf:Commentarius historicus et apologeticus deLutheranismo. 1688-92.
Jacques Benigne Bossuet:Histoire des variations des églises protestantes. 1688. (I have used the editions of 1812 and 1841).
Pierre Bayle:Dictionnaire historique et critique, 1697., s.v."Luther," "Calvin," &c.
Gabriel Daniel:Histoire de France. 1703.
Jeremy Collier:Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols. 1708-14. (ed.Lathbury, 9 vols. 1852).
Rapin Thoyras:Histoire d'Angleterre. 1723ff.
Johann Lorenz Mosheim:Institutiones historiae christianae recentiores. 1741.
Montesquieu:Esprit des Lois, 1748, Livre xxiv, chaps. 2, 5, 25;Livre xxv, chap. 2, 6, 11.
Frederick II (called The Great) of Prussia:De la Superstition et de la Religion. 1749. (Oeuvres, 1846, i, 204 ff).
Voltaire:Essai sur les moeurs et l' esprit des nations, et sur les principaux faits de l' histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII. 1754. (Cf. also a passage in his Dictionnaire philosophique).
David Hume:History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688. The volumes on the Tudor period came out in 1759.
William Robertson:A History of Scotland. 1759.
William Robertson:History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. 1769.
Edward Gibbon:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 1776-88.(On the Reformation, chap. liv, end).
Encyclopédie, 1778, s.v. "Luthéranisme." (Anonymous article).
Johann Gottfried von Herder:Das Weimarische Gesangbuch, 1778,Vorrede.
Herder:Briefe das Studium der Theologie betreffend, 1784.(Sämtliche Werke, Teil 14).
Herder:Briefe zur Beförderung der Humanität, 1793-7. (SamtlicheWerke, Teil 14).
Michael Ignaz Schmidt:Geschichte der Deutschen. Aeltere Geschichte (to 1544), 1778 ff. Neuere Geschichte (1544-1660), 1785 ff.
Jakob Gottlieb Planck:Geschichte des protestantischen Lehrbegriffs, 6 vols. 1783-1800.
[M. J. A. N. de Caritat, Marquis] De Condorcet:Esquisse d'un tableau historique des Progrès de l' Ésprit humain. 1794. (I use the fourth edition, 1798, pp. 200 ff.)
F. A. de Chateaubriand:Essai historique sur les Révolutions, 1797.(Oeuvres, 1870).
Chateaubriand:Analyse raisonnée de l'histoire de France. (Oeuvres, 1865, Tome 8).
Friedrich von Hardenberg (called Novalis):Die Christenheit oderEuropa, 1799 (Novalis' Schriften hg. von Minor, 1907, Band ii. AlsoEnglish translation).
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832):Sämtliche Werke, Jubiläumsausgabe, no date, Stuttgart and Berlin, i, 242 and ii, 279, and other obiter dicta for which see the excellent index. See also Gespräche mit Eckermann, 1832, English translation in Bohn's library, p. 568.
Friedrich Schiller:Geschichte des Abfalles der Vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung. 1788. (2d ed., much changed, 1801; translation in Bohn's library). Cf. also Schiller's letter to Goethe, Sept. 17, 1800, in Schiller's Briefe, hg. von F. Jonas, 1895, vi, 200.
Christoph Martin Wieland (1733-1813). His opinion, in 1801 is given inDiary &c of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler, 3 vols., 1869, i, 109, and in "Charakteristik Lulhers," in Pantheon der Deutschen, 1794.
Charles de Villers:Essai sur l'esprit et l'influence de la Réforme deLuther. 1803. (English translation by James Mill, 1805).
William Roscoe:Life and Pontificate of Leo X. 1805.
J. G. Fichte:Reden an die deutsche Nation, 1808. Nr. 6.
Mme. de Staël:De l'Allemagne. 1813.
E. M. Arndt:Ansichten und Aussichten der deutschen Geschichte. 1814.
Arndt:Vom Worte und vom Kirchenliede. 1819.
Arndt:Christliches und Türkisches. 1828, pp. 255 ff.
Arndt:Vergleichende Völkergeschichte. 1814.
Friedrich von Schlegel:Geschichte der alten und neuen Literatur. 1815. (Sämtliche Werke, 1822, ii, 244 ff).
Schlegel:Philosophie der Geschichte. 1829. (English translation inBohn's Library).
Joseph de Maistre:De l'église gallicane. 1820, cap. 2. (Oeuvres, 1884, ii, 3 ff).
De Maistre:Lettres sur l'Inquisition espagnole. 1815 ff. (Oeuvres ii).
John Lingard:History of England, vols. 4, 5. 1820 ff.
G. W. F. Hegel:Philosophie der Geschichte. Lectures delivered first 1822-3, published as vol. ix of his Werke by E. Gans, 1837. (English translation by J. Sibree, 1857, in Bohn's Library).
Leopold von Ranke:Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1491-1535. Band i, (bis 1514). 1824. Appendix: Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber.
Ranke:Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im XVI. und XVII. Jahrhiindert. 1834-6. (Many editions and translations of this and other works of Ranke).
Ranke:Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation. 1839-47.
Ranke:Zwölf Bücher Preussischer Geschichte. Band i und ii, 1874.
Ranke:Die Osmannen und die Spanische Monarchie im 16. und 17.Jahrhundert. 1877.
C. H. de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon:Nouveau Christianisme,Oeuvres, 1869, vii, 100 ff. (written 1825).
Henry Hallam:Constitutional History of England from the accession ofHenry VII to the death of George II. 1827.
Hallam:Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries. 1837-9.
A. Thierry:Vingt-cinq letters sur l'histoire de France. 1827.
François-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot:Histoire de la civilisation enEurope. 1828. (English transl. by Hazlitt. 1846).
Guizot:Histoire de la civilisation en France. 4 vols. 1830.
Philipp Marheineke:Geschichte der deutschen Reformation. 4 vols. 1831-4.
Heinrich Leo:Geschichte der Niederlanden. 2 vols. 1832-5.
Leo:Lehrbuch der Universalgeschichte, 6 vols. 1835-44.
Friedrich von Raumer:Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des 15.Jahrhundert. 1832-50.
A. Vinet:Moralistes des 16. and 17. siècles. 1859 (Lectures given 1832-47).
H. Martin:Histoire de France. 1833-6.
Heinrich Heine:Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie inDeutschland. 1834.
Jules Michelet:Memoires de Luther écrits par lui-même, traduits et mis en ordre. 1835.
Michelet et Quinet:Les Jésuites. 1842.
Michelet:Histoire de France, vols. 8-10, 1855 ff.
J. H. Merle d'Aubigné:Histoire de la Réformation du 16. siècle. 5 vols. 1835-53. (English translation, 1846).
Thomas Babington Macauley: "On Ranke's History of the Popes," 1840, published in hisEssays, 1842. There are also remarks on the effect of the Reformation in hisHistory of England, 1848 ff.
John Carl Ludwig Gieseler:Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte. Band iii,Abteilung 1, 1840. (Many later editions, and an English translation).
Jaime Balmes:El protestantismo comparado con el catolicismo en sus relaciones con la civilizacion Europea. 4 vols. 1842-4. (English translation as, Protestantism and Catholicism compared, 2d ed. 1851).
Thomas Carlyle:Heroes and Hero-worship. 1842.
Philarète Chasle: "La Renaissance sensuelle: Luther, Rabelais, Skelton,Folengo,"Revue des deux Mondes, March, 1842.
Edgar Quinet:Le génie des religions. 1842.
Quinet: (see Michelet).
Quinet:Le Christianisme et la Révolution française. 1845.
Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger:Die Reformation. 3 vols. 1846-8.
Döllinger:Luther, eine Skizze. 1851.
Döllinger:Kirche und Kirchen. 1861, p. 386.
Döllinger:Vorträge über die Wiedervereinigungsversuche zwischen den christlichen Kirchen und die Aussichten einer künftigen Union. 1872.
F. C. Baur:Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte. 1847.
Baur:Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung. 1852.
Baur:Geschichte der christlichen Kirche, Band iv, 1863.
E. Forcade: "La Réforme et la Révolution,"Revue des Deux Mondes,Feb. 1849.
William Corbbett:A History of the Protestant "Reformation" in England and Ireland, showing how that event has impoverished and degraded the main body of the People in these countries. 1852.
Napoleon Roussel:Les nations catholiques et les nations protestantes comparées sous le triple rapport du bien-être, des lumières et de la moralité. 1854.
William H. Prescott:History of the Reign of Philip II, King ofSpain. 1855-72.
John Lothrop Motley:The Rise of the Dutch Republic. 1855.
Motley:History of the United Netherlands from the death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort. 1860-7.
Motley:Life and Death of John of Barneveldt. 1874.
James Anthony Froude:History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth. (Later: To the Spanish Armada). 1856-70.
Froude:Short Studies on Great Subjects. 1867-83.
Froude:The Divorce of Catharine of Aragon. 1891.
Froude:The Life and Letters of Erasmus. 1894.
Froude:Lectures on the Council of Trent. 1896.
Henry Thomas Buckle:History of Civilization in England. 1857-61.
Paul de Lagarde: "Ueber das Verhältnis des deutschen Staates zu Theologie, Kirche und Religion."Deutsche Schriften, 1886, pp. 48 ff. (Written in 1859, first printed 1873).
David Friedrich Strauss:Ulrich von Hutten. 1858.
Gustav Freytag:Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit. 1859-62.
Ferdinand Gregorovius:Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter. 1859-71.
Lord Acton: Many essays and articles, beginning about 1860, mostly collected in hisHistory of Freedom and Other Essays, 1906, andHistorical Essays and Studies, 1907.
Acton:Lectures on Modern History. 1906. (I use the 1912 edition; the lectures were delivered in 1899-1901).
Acton:Letters to Mary Gladstone, ed. H. Paul, 1904.
Jacob Burckhart:Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien. 1860.(English translation by S. G. C. Middlemore, 1878). Twentieth ed. byL. Geiger, 1919.
W. Stubbs:Lectures on European History. 1904. (Delivered 1860-70).
François Laurent:Études sur l'histoire de l'humanité. 18 vols. Vol. viii: La Réforme. (No date, circa 1862). Vol. xvii: La Religion de l'avenir. 1870. Vol. xviii: Philosophie de l'histoire. 1870. (pp. 340 ff).
John William Draper:History of the Intellectual Development ofEurope. 1863.
Draper:History of the Conflict of Science and Religion. 1874.
W. E. H. Lecky:History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit ofRationalism in Europe. 1865.
K. P. W Maurenbrecher:Karl V und die deutschen Protestanten. 1865.
Maurenbrecher:England im Reformationszeitalter. 1866.
Maurenbrecher:Studien und Skizzen zur Geschichte derReformationszeit. 1874.
Maurenbrecher:Geschichte der katholischen Reformation. 1880.
Henry Charles Lea:Superstition and Force. 1866.
Lea:Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy. 1867.
Lea:Chapters from the Religious History of Spain connected with theInquisition. 1890.
Lea:History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the LatinChurch. 1896.
Lea:History of the Inquisition in Spain. 1906-7.
Lea: "The Eve of the Reformation,"Cambridge Modern History, ii, 1902.
Ludwig Häusser:Geschichte des Zeitalters der Reformation. 1867-8.
Frederic Seebohm:The Oxford Reformers, 1867.
Seebohm:The Era of the Protestant Revolution. 1874.
H. H. Milman:Savonarola, Erasmus and other Essays. 1870.
Eichhoff: Dr. Martin Luther:100 Stimmen namhafter Männer aus 4Jahrhunderten. 1872.
George Park Fisher:The Reformation. 1873. (New ed. 1906).
John Richard Green:Short History of the English People. 1874.
Green:History of the English People, 4 vols. 1877-80.
John Addington Symonds:The Renaissance in Italy, 7 vols. 1875-86.
Symonds: "Renaissance," article inEncyclopaedia Britannica, 9th, 10th, 11th ed.
Johannes Janssen:Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters, 1876-88. (Twentieth ed. of vols. 1, 2; eighteenth ed. of vols. 3-8, by L. Pastor, 1913 ff).
Emile de Laveleye:Le protestantisme et le catholicisme dans leurs rapports avec la liberté et la prosperité des peuples, 1875.
Richard Watson Dixon:History of the Church of England from the abolition of the Roman jurisdiction, 6 vols. 1878-1902.
Friedrich Nietzsche:Menschliches, Allzumenschliches. 1878, p. 200.
Nietzsche:Die fröhliche Wissenschaft. 1882, Sections 35, 148, 149, 385. (And other obiter dicta, cf. Werke, vii, 401).
Pasquale Villari:Niccolò Machiavelli e i suoi tempi. 1878.(English transl., 1891).
Ludwig (von) Pastor:Die kirchliche Unionsbestrebungen unter Karl V, 1879.
Pastor:Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters, 7 vols. 1886-1920. (English translation of German vols. 1-5, making 12 vols, ed. by Antrobus and Kerr).
H. M. Baird:The Rise of the Huguenots in France. 1879.
Baird:The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. 1886.
Georg Christian Bernhard Pünjer:Geschichte der christlichenReligionsphilosophie seit der Reformation. 2 Bände. 1880-3.(English translation of the first volume as,History of the ChristianPhilosophy of Religion from the Reformation to Kant, by W. Hastie.1887).
J. E. Thorold Rogers:History of Agriculture and Prices in England, vol. iv, 1882, pp. 72 ff.
Rogers:The Economic Interpretation of History, 1888, pp. 83 ff.
K. W. Nitzsch:Geschichte des deutschen Volkes bis zum AugsburgerReligionsfriede, hg. von Matthäi, 1883-5.
Heinrich von Treitschke: "Luther und die deutsche Nation," 1883. (English translation inGermany, France, Russia and Islam, 1915, 227 ff. Other criticisms of the Reformation may be found in his other works, e.g.,Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert, 1 Teil,[5] 1895, pp. 86, 391).
Charles Beard:The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge. 1883.
A. Stern:Die Socialisten der Reformationszeit. 1883.
Matthew Arnold:St. Paul and Protestantism. 1883.
Adolf (von) Harnack:Martin Luther in seiner Bedeutung für dieGeschichte der Wissenschaft und der Bildung. 1883 (Fifth ed. 1910).
Harnack:M. Luther und die Grundlegung der Reformation. 1917.
Harnack:Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, Band iii, 1890. (Fourth ed. 1910, and English translation by Neil Buchanan, 1897).
Harnack:Das Wesen des Christentums. 1900. (English translation,What is Christianity? 1901).
Harnack: "Die Bedeutung der Reformation innerhalb der allgemeinenReligionsgeschichte,"Reden und Aufsätze, Baud ii, Teil ii, 1904.
Harnack: "Die Reformation,"Internationale Monatsschrift, xi, 1917.
M. Monnier:La Réforme, de Luther à Shakespeare. (Histoire de la littérature moderne). 1885.
Leo Tolstoy:Thoughts and Aphorisms. 1886-93. Tolstoy's Works,English, 1905, xix, 137 f.
Philip Schaff:History of the Christian Church. Vol. VI, The GermanReformation. 1888. Vol. VII, The Swiss Reformation. 1892.
F. von Bezold:Die Reformation. 1890. (In Oncken's AllgemeineGeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen).
F. von Bezold, E. Gotheim und R. Koser:Staat und Gesellschaft der neueren Zeit. 1908. (Die Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil ii, Abteilung V).
William Cunningham:Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the early and Middle Ages. 1890. (Fourth ed. 1905).
Cunningham:Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times. 1882. (3d ed. 1903).
Cunningham:Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects in AncientTimes. 1898.
Cunningham:Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects in ModernTimes. 1900. (I also have the advantage of having taken notes of Dr.Cunningham's lectures at Columbia University, November, 1914).
Rudolph Cristoph Eucken:Die Lebensanschauungen der grossen Denker. 1890. (7th ed. 1907: English translation,The Problem of Human Life, by W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, 1909).
F. Simmel:Soziale Differenzierung. 1890.
Robert Flint: History of the Philosophy of History. 1893.
C. Borgeaud:The Rise of Modern Democracy in Old and New England. Translated by Mrs. B. Hill. Preface by C. H. Firth. 1894. (First published in French periodicals 1890-1).
Herbert L. Osgood: "The Political Ideas of the Puritans,"PoliticalScience Quarterly, vi, 1 ff., 201 ff., 1891.
Wilhelm Dilthey: "Auffassung und Analyse des Menschen im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert."Archiv für die Geschichte der Philosophie, iv, (1891) 604 ff., v, (1892), 337 ff.
Dilthey: "Die Glaubenslehre der Reformatoren,"Preussiche Jahrbücher, lxxv, (1894), pp. 44 ff.
Dilthey: "Weltanschauung und Analyse des Menschen seit Renaissance undReformation."Gesammelte Schriften, ii, 1914.
E. A. Freeman: Historical Essays, 4th series, 1892.
Karl Lamprecht:Zum Verstãndnis der wirtschaftlichen und sozialenWandlungen in Deutschland vom. 14. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert. 1893.
Lamprecht:Deutsche Geschichte, Band 5, 1894-5.
Otto Pfleiderer:Philosophy and Development of Religion. (GiffordLectures at Edinburgh), 1894, vol. ii, pp. 321 ff.
Pfleiderer: "Luther as the founder of Protestant civilization." InEvolution and Theology, 1900, pp. 48-79. (Address given 1883).
E. Belfort Bax:German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages. 1894.
Bax:The Peasants' War in Germany. 1899.
Bax:The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists. 1903. (Large portions of the three works by Bax have been reprinted in hisGerman Culture Past and Present. 1915).
Brooks Adams:The Law of Civilisation and Decay. 1895.
Brooks Adams:The New Empire. 1902.
Karl Kautsky:Vorläufer des neuren Sozialismus, Band i, "DerKommunismus in der deutschen Reformation," 1895. (Communism in CentralEurope in the Time of the Reformation, transl. by J. L. and E. G.Mulliken. 1897).
A. Berger:Die Kulturaufgaben der Reformation. 1895. ([2] 1908).
Berger:M. Luther in kulturgeschichtlicher Darstellung, 3 parts, 1895, 1907, 1919.
Berger:Ursachen und Ziele der deutschen Reformation. 1899.
Berger:Sind Humanismus und Protestantismus gegensätzig?1899,
H. Hauser: "De l'humanisme et de la Réforme en France,"RevueHistorique, July-Aug. 1897.
Karl Sell: "Die wissenschaftliche Aufgaben einer Geschichte der christlichen Religion,"Preussische Jahrbücher, xcviii. (1899), 12 ff.
Sell:Christentum und Weltgeschichte seit der Reformation. 1910.
Sell:Der Zusammenhang von Reformation und politischer Freiheit. Abhandlungen in Theologischen Arbeiten aus dem rheinischen wissenschaftlichen Predigerverein. N. F. 12. 1910.
John Mackinnon Robertson:A Short History of Freethought. 1899. ([3] 1915).
Robertson:A Short History of Christianity. 1901. ([2] 1913).
S. N. Patten:The Development of English Thought. A Study in theEconomic Interpretation of History. 1899. (Fanciful).
Ferdinand Brunetière: "L'oeuvre littéraire de Calvin."Revue des DeuxMondes, Oct. 15, 1900.
Brunetière: "L'oeuvre de Calvin." (1901).Discours de Combat, ii, 1908, pp. 121 ff.
Williston Walker:The Reformation. 1900.
Walker:A History of the Christian Church. 1918.
A. Loisy: L'Évangile et l'Église. 1901. (Answer to Harnack's Wesen des Christentums).
A. Lang:History of Scotland, i, 1901, p. 382.
A. F. Pollard:Henry VIII. 1902.
A. F. Pollard:Thomas Cranmer. 1904.
Pollard:Political History of England 1547-1603. 1910.
James Gairdner:The English Church in the Sixteenth Century(1509-58). 1902.
J. Gairdner: Chapters in theCambridge Modern History, ii, 1902.
Gairdner:Lollardy and the Reformation. 4 vols. 1908 ff.
Mandell Creighton:A History of the Papacy, vol. 5, 1902.
E. Armstrong:The Emperor Charles V. 1902.
H. Lemonnier:Histoire de France(ed. par E. Lavisse), v, 1903-4.
James Harvey Robinson: "The Study of the Lutheran Revolt,"AmericanHistorical Review, viii, 205. 1903.
J. H. Robinson: "The Reformation,"Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911.
Auguste Sabatier:Les religions d'autorité et la religion de l'esprit. 1903. ([4] 1910. English translation 1904).
(H. M.) Alfred Baudrillart:L'Église catholique, la Renaissance, le Protestantisme. 1904. (English translation by Mrs. Philip Gibbs. 1908).
W. H. Frere:The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and JamesI, 1904.
H. A. L. Fisher:A Political History of England 1486-1547. 1904.
Fisher:The Republican Tradition in Europe, 1911, pp. 34 ff.
J. H. Mariéjol:Histoire de France(ed. par E. Lavisse), Tome vi, 1904.
E. P. Cheyney:The European Background of American History, 1904, p. 168.
O. Hegemann:Luther in katholischem Urteil. 1904.
Friedrich Heinrich Suso Denifle:Luther and Luthertum in der erstenEntwicklung, i, 1904; ii, hg. von A. M. Weiss, 1909.
Max Weber: "Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus,"Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, xx and xxi, 1905.
George Santayana:Reason in Religion, 1905, pp. 114-124.
Santayana:Winds of Doctrine, 1913, pp. 39-46.
Santayana:Egotism in German Philosophy, 1917, pp. 1 ff., 23.
P. Imbart de la Tour:Les Origines de la Réforme, 3 vols. 1905-13.
P. Imbart de la Tour: "Luther et l'Allemagne," inRevue de métaphysique et morale, 1918, p. 611.
David J. Hill:A History of Diplomacy in the International Development of Europe, vol. 2, 1906, pp. 422 f, 460.
A. W. Benn:A History of English Rationalism in the EighteenthCentury, 1906, pp. 76 f.
J. Mackinnon:A History of Modern Liberty, Vol. iii, The Age of theReformation, 1906.
T. M. Lindsay:A History of the Reformation. 2 vols. 1906-7.
H. Böhmer:Luther im Lichte der neueren Forschung. 1906. (2d. ed. 1909, 3d. 1913, 5th 1918, each much changed).
Ernst Troeltsch:Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung der modernen Welt. 1906. (2d ed. 1911; English translation, "Protestantism and Progress." 1912).
Troeltsch:Protestantisches Christentum und Kirche in der Neuzeit, 1906. (Kultur der Gegenwart, I, Teil iv, 1). 2d ed. 1909.
Troeltsch: "Protestantismus und Kultur," inDie Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1912.
Troeltsch:Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen, 1912.
Troeltsch: "Renaissance und Reformation,"Historische Zeitschrift, cx. 519 ff., 1913.
Troeltsch: "Die Kulturbedeutung des Kalvinimus,"InternationaleWochenschrift, iv, 1910.
Troeltsch: "Luther und der Protestantismus,"Neue Rundschau, Oct. 1917.
T. Brieger: "Die Reformation." InWeltgeschichte 1500-1648, ed.Pflugk-Harttung, 1907. (Published separately, enlarged, 1909).
F. Loofs:Luther's Stellung zum Mittelalter und zur Neuzeit. 1907.
Horst Stephan:Luther in den Wandlungen seiner Kirche. 1907.
A. Kalthoff:Das Zeitalter der Reformation. 1907.
Otto Pfleiderer:Die Entwicklung des Christentums. 1907.
Joseph Fabre:La pensée moderne, de Luther à Leibnitz. 1908.
F. Lepp:Schlagwörter des Reformationszeitalters. 1908.
Paul Sabatier:Les Modernistes, 1908 (Translated,Modernism, 1908, pp. 75 ff).
Paul Sabatier:L'Orientation religieuse de la France actuelle, 1911. (Translated,France Today, its Religious Orientation, 1913, pp. 49-51).
John Morley:Miscellanies, Fourth Series, 1908, pp. 120 ff.
R. Eckert:Luther im Urteil bedeutender Männer. 1908. (2d ed., expanded, 1917).
E. Boutroux:Science et religion dans la philosophie contemporaine, 1908, p. 13.
L. Zscharnack: "Reformation und Humanismus im Urteil der deutschenAufklärung,"Protestantische Monatshefte, 1908, xii, 81 ff, 153 ff.
F. Rachfahl: "Kalvinismus und Kapitalismus,"InternationaleWochenschrift, iii, 1909.
E. Fueter: "Die Weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Calvinismus."Wissen und Leben, ii, 1909, pp. 269 ff.
E. Fueter:Geschichte der neueren Historiographie. 1911. (French translation, 1916).
E. Fueter:Geschichte des Europäischen Staatensystems 1492-1559. 1919.
W. Windelband:Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie, p. 395. (Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil I, Abt. 5, 1909).
Solamon Reinach:Orpheus, 1909.
Jacob Salwyn Schapiro:Social Reform and the Reformation. 1909.
F. Katzer:Luther und Kant. 1910.
Emil Knodt:Die Bedeutung Calvins und des Calvinismus für die protestantische Welt. 1910.
Jaeger: "Germanisierung des Christentums,"Religion in Geschichte undGegenwart, 1910.
A. Dide:J. J. Rousseau, le Protestantisme et la Révolution française. (1910).
J. Rivain:Politique, Morale, Religion; Sur l'Esprit protestant;Protestantisme et progrès; l'Église et l'État. 1910.
C. Burdach: "Sinn und Ursprung der Worte Renaissance und Reformation." Königliche-preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften,Sitzungsberichte, 1910, pp. 594-646.
W. Köhler:Idee und Persönlichkeit in der Kirchengeschichte. 1910.
W. Köhler: "Luther," inMorgenrot der Reformation, hg. vonPflugk-Harttung, 1912.
W. Köhler:Martin Luther und die deutsche Reformation. 1916.
W. Köhler inReligion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1909. i, 2117 ff.
Köhler: "Erasmus," 1918. (Klassiker der Religion).
Köhler:Dr. M. Luther, der deutsche Reformator. 1917.
H. T. Andrews: "The Social Principles and Effects of the Reformation."InChrist and Civilization, ed. J. B. Patten, Sir P. W. Bunting andA. E. Garvie, 1910.
Fernand Mouret:Histoire générale de l'Église. Tome 5. LaRenaissance et la Réforme. 1910. ([2] 1914).
A. Humbert:Les Origines de la Théologie moderne, 1911.
Hartmann Grisar:Luther. 3 vols. 1911-13.
Preserved Smith:Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 1911.(Especially the preface to the second edition, 1914).
Preserved Smith: "Justification by Faith,"Harvard TheologicalReview, 1913.
Preserved Smith: "Luther,"International Encyclopaedia, 1915.
Preserved Smith: "The Reformation 1517-1917."Bibliotheca Sacra,Jan. 1918.
Preserved Smith: "English Opinion of Luther,"Harvard TheologicalReview, 1917.
Hillaire Belloc: "The Results of the Reformation."Catholic World,Jan. 1912.
P. Wernle:Renaissance und Reformation. 1912.
Alfred Plummer:The Continental Reformation. 1912.
Maxime Kowalewsky:Die ökonomische Entwicklung Europas bis zum Beginn der kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsform. Aus dem Russischen überstezt von A. Stein. Vol. vi, 1913, pp. 51 ff.
J. B. Bury:A History of Freedom of Thought. 1913.
G. L. Burr: "Anent the Middle Ages,"American Historical Review, 1913.
Burr: "The Freedom of History,"American Historical Review, Jan. 1917.
W. J. Ashley:Economic Organization of England, 1914, pp. 64 ff.
A. Elkan: "Entstehung und Entwicklung des Begriffs 'Gegenreformation,'"Historische Zeitschrift, cxii, pp. 473-93, 1914.
E. M. Hulme:The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution and theCatholic Reformation. 1914. (Second ed. 1915).
G. Wolf:Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgeschichte, 2 vols. 1915, 1916.
A. E. Harvey: "Economic Self-interest in the German Anti-clericalism of the 15th and 16th Centuries,"American Journal of Theology, 1915.
Harvey: "Economic Aspects of the Reformation,"Lutheran Survey, Aug. 1, 1917, pp. 459-64.
Harvey: "Martin Luther in the Estimate of Modern Historians,"AmericanJournal of Theology, July, 1918.
W. P. Paterson: "Religion," chap. 9 ofGerman Culture, ed. by W. P.Paterson, 1915.
John Dewey:German Philosophy and Politics. 1915.
H. Cohen:Deutschtum und Judentum. 1915.
G. Kawerau:Luther's Gedanken über den Krieg. 1916.
G. Monod: "La Réforme Catholique,"Revue Historique, cxxi, 1916, esp. pp. 314 f.
F. S. Marvin:Progress and History, 1916. (Essays by various authors).
Shailer Mathews:The Spiritual Interpretation of History, 1916, esp. pp. 57 ff.
Frank Puaux: "La Réformation jugée par Claude et Jurieu."Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme, Juillet-Sept. 1917.
L. Marchaud:La Réformation: ses causes, sa nature, ses consequences. 1917.
N. Weiss: "Pour le Quatrième Centénaire de la Réformation,"Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme, 1917, pp. 178 ff.
K. D. Macmillan:Protestantism in Germany. 1917.
Georg von Below:Die Ursachen der Reformation, 1917.
H. M. Gwatkin: "Reformation," inEncyclopaedia of Religion andEthics, 1917.
Alfred Fawkes: "Papacy,"ibid.
Max Lenz: "Luthers weltgeschichtliche Stellung,"PreussischeJahrbücher, clxx, 1917.
Chalfant Robinson: "Some Economic Aspects of the Protestant ReformationDoctrines."Princeton Theological Review, October 1917.
Arthur Cushman McGiffert: "Luther and the Unfinished Reformation."Address given at Union Seminary Oct. 31, 1917, published in theUnionSeminary Bulletin, 1918.
Revue de Métaphysique et Morale, Sept.-Dec., 1918. Special number on the Reformation with important articles by C. A. Bernouilli, Imbart de la Tour, N. Weiss, F. Buisson, F. Watson, Frederic Palmer, E. Doumergue and others.
W. K. Boyd: "Political and Social Aspects of Luther's Message,"SouthAtlantic Quarterly, Jan., 1918.
H. Scholz: "Die Reformation und der deutsche Geist."PreussischeJahrbücher, clxx, 1, 1918.
F. Heiler:Luther's Religionsgeschichtliche Bedeutung. 1918.
F. T. Teggart:The Processes of History, 1918, pp. 162 ff.
Lucy H. Humphrey: "French Estimates of Luther,"Lutheran Quarterly,April, 1918. (Interesting study).
J. Paquier:Luther et l'Allemagne. 1918.
Wilbur Cross Abbott:The Expansion of Europe 1415-1789. 2 vols. 1918.
H. E. Barnes: "History,"Encyclopaedia Americana, 1919.
George Foot Moore:History of Religions: Judaism, Christianity,Mohammedanism. 1919.
P. Hume Brown:Surveys of Scottish History. 1919. (Essays posthumously collected).
J. Haller:Die Ursachen der Reformation. 1919.
F. Arnold:Die deutsche Reformation in ihren Beziehungen zu denKulturverhältnissen des Mittelalters. 1919.
D. H. Bauslin:The Lutheran Movement of the Sixteenth Century. 1919.
{819}
Aalst, 264.Aberdeen, University of, 12.Abgarus, 585.Abyssinia, 405.Acontius, J., 627.Acton, Lord, 357, 377, 642, 737, 741.Adams, B., 726.Adrian VI, Pope,appeal to Germany, 84 f., 378.and Luther, 241, 378.and Inquisition, 242, 378, 415.pontificate, 378 f., 389.in Spain, 427.and art, 690.Aerschot, Duke of, 269.Aeschylus, 574.Aesop, 574.Africa, 10, 437, 441, 443, 445 f., 473, 525, 533, 616.Agriculture, 540 ff.Agrippa of Nettesheim, H. C., 420, 508, 510, 638 f.Aigle, 161.Aix-in-Provence, 203.Alamanni, L., 373.Albertinus, A., 453.Albertus Magnus, 612.Albigenses, 35.Albuquerque, A. d', 443.Alcalá, University of, 12, 400, 565, 673.Aleander, J., 78, 80, 191, 195, 241.Alençon, 195.Charles, Duke of, 189.Aleppo, 446.Alesius, A., 354.Alexander VI, Pope, 17 f., 407, 418, 435, 709.Algiers, 449.Allenstein, 618.Almeida, F. d', 442.Altdorf, 670.Alva, Duke of,defeats German Protestants, 120.besieges Metz, 200.regent of the Netherlands, 254, 257 ff., 672.and England, 332, 335, 339 f.art of war, 488.Amazon, 438.America, 275, 407, 416, 430, 435 ff., 457, 512, 523, 616, 651.gold and silver from, 473 ff.Amboise, 197.Tumult of, 210 f.Amboyna, 524.Ameaux, 175.Ammonius, A., 649.Amsterdam, 244, 257, 261 f., 275, 531.Amyot, 576.Anabaptists, 82.in Germany, 99 ff.and Melanchthon, 117.and polygamy, 120.in Sweden, 138.in Poland, 142.in Transylvania, 145.in Switzerland, 154 ff.in Netherlands, 237, 243 f., 248 f., 295.in England, 295, 308, 315.in Italy, 376, 417.and Council of Trent, 392.and Bible, 573.communism, 606.persecuted, 644 f.for toleration, 646.judged by Bax and Kautsky, 726.Andalusia, 433 f.Andelot, 205.Andrea del Sarto, 680.Anghierra, P. M. d', 702.Anjou, Francis, Dnke of, 269 f., 272, 274, 602.Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, 287, 290 f., 293,295, 298 f., 548, 588, 676.Anne of Cleves, Queen of England, 306 f.Anne, Queen of France, 182 f.Anthology, 574.Antwerp, 237, 239 ff., 245, 256 f., 260, 265, 284,355, 442, 454, 467, 472, 565.trade, 523 ff., 531 f., 537.charity, 559.art, 683.Appenzell, 146.Aquaviva, 410.Aquinas, T., 34, 43, 47, 163, 529, 590, 624.Arabs, 442 f., 448.Aragon, 428.Arbuthnot, A., 355.Archangel, 526.Arcimboldi, 136.Aretino, P., 694.Argyle, Earl of, 360.Ariosto, 11, 19, 374, 502, 508 ff., 628, 692.Aristarchus, 617.Aristophanes, 574.Aristotle, 49, 52, 63 f., 66, 513, 574, 590, 609, 612, 617, 623.reaction against, 636 f.Armentières, 256.Armstrongs, 505.Arndt, 718.Arras, League of, 271 ff.Art, 3, 674, 91. [Transcriber's note: 691?]Gothic, 7.rewards of artists, 472.history of, 582 f.painting, 674 ff.architecture, 685 ff.Reformation and Counter-reformation, 689 ff.Artois, 239.Arzila, 446.Ascham, R., 327, 497 f., 634 f., 667 f., 671, 692.Ashley, 729.Asia, 447 f., 474, 616.Aske, R., 304.Askewe, A., 309.Atahualpa, 440.Atlantic, 10, 442, 490, 523.Aubigné, M. d', 723.Aubigné, T. A. d', 600 f.Augsburg, 74, 113, 128, 454.Diet of (1518), 46, 67.Diet of (1530), 110, 116 ff.Diet of (1548), 129, 239.Diet of (1555), 130.Religious Peace of, 114, 130 ff., 255, 650.Confession, 116 f., 122, 130, 145, 299, 392.banks, 520 f., 527 f.pauperism, 559 f.Augustine, 34, 65, 584, 606.Augustinian Friars, 67, 240, 702, 708.Australia, 443.Austria, 74 ff., 79, 146, 158, 238.Rudolph IV, Duke of, 44.Don John of, 266 ff., 272.Matthew, Archduke of, 268 ff.Auvergne, 202.Avicenna, 513.Avignon, popes at, 14, 42.Azores, 435, 441.Aztecs, 438 f.
Babington, A., 338.Bacon, F., 392, 487, 591 f., 609, 623, 626, 650, 666, 669.on effect of the Reformation, 635 f.Baden, 157, 238.Badius, J., 471.Balboa, 438.Baldwin, J., 635.Bale, J., 578.Balearic Isles, 535.Baltic, 523, 526.Bamberg, 114, 658.Bandini, P. A., 377.Baptista Mantuanus, 667.Baptists, 102.Barbarossa, 449.Barbary, 535.Barcelona, 428, 535.University of, 12, 400.Barnabites, 397.Barnes, R., 308.Baronius, C., 585.Barton, E., 290.Basil III, Czar, 447.Baslejoins Swiss Confederacy, 146.center of humanism, 147, 150.Reformation, 156 f., 160, 162.Council of, 15 f., 40, 45, 147 f., 389.University of, 11, 149.Baur, F. C., 720 f.Bavaria, 44, 74, 114, 127, 406, 454.Bax, B., 725 f.Baxter, R., 656, 729.Bayard, 501.Beard, C., 739.Beaton, D., 356 f., 382.Beatus Rhenanus, 53.Becket, T., 59, 305.Beda, N., 161.Beirut, 446.Beham, B., 103, 628.Beham, H. S., 103, 628.Belgium, 76, 555.Belgrade, 449.Bellay, J. du, 576, 579.Bellay, M. du, 582, 704.Bellay, R. du, 196.Bellinis, 677.Below, G. von, 739.Bembo, P., 51, 374, 376.Benedict, St., 397.Bengal, 524.Ben Mosheh, G., 565.Benn, A. W., 742.Ber, L., 106.Berger, A. E., 728.Bernard, St., 34, 397.Berne, 146 ff., 153, 157 f., 160 f., 168 f., 179, 645.Berni, F., 376.Berquin, L. de, 193.Berthelier, P., 175.Berwick, 358.Berwickshire, 362.Besançon, University of, 672.Bessarion, 52.Beucklessen, 101 f.Beza, T., 172, 181, 213, 565, 585, 598, 647, 671.Bezold, 732.Biblefirst printed, 9.number of editions, 26.Vulgate, 26, 188, 392, 396, 566.French, 26, 175, 188, 196, 570.German, 26, 81, 86, 100, 111 f., 157, 569 f.English, 37 f., 243, 284, 289, 300, 329, 354 ff., 359, 566, 570 f.Swedish, 138.Polish, 142.Greek, 147, 188, 374, 420, 564 ff.Dutch, 243.Spanish, 245.new Latin translations, 374, 565 f.Italian, 374.Hebrew, 565.Complutensian Polyglot, 565 f.authority of, 35, 37 f., 40, 165 f., 392, 571 ff.exegesis and criticism of, 566 ff.by Valla, 49, 566 f.by Lefèvre, 52 f.by Colet, 53.by Reuchlin, 54.by Erasmus, 60, 564 ff.by Luther, 568 f.new translations condemned, 192, 203, 284, 309, 420 ff.price of, 468.popularity, 571 f.effect of bibliolatry, 573, 655 f.illustrated by Raphael, 679.Biblia Pauperum, 8, 26.Biel, G., 160, 743.Bijns, A., 246.Bion, 574.Blaurer, A., 179.Blaurer, T., 134.Blaurock, G., 645.Blois, 197, 210.States General, 222.Blue Laws, 171 ff., 482 ff.Boccaccio, 47 f., 422.Bodin, J., 222, 582, 601 f., 608, 623.on religion, 630.on witchcraft, 657, 659 f.Boece, H., 354.Bohemia, 38 ff., 74, 144, 290.Bohemian Brethren, 40 f., 142, 144.Böhm, H., 87.Böhmer, 739.Boiardo, 376.Bologna, 393.University of, 11, 603, 613, 618, 627.Concordat of, 42 f., 184, 230.Bolsec, J., 167, 176, 375.Bombasius, 564.Boniface VIII, Pope, 14, 23, 41 f.Bonivard, 168.Bonn, 657.Bonner, 604.Booksnumbers of, 9, 691 f.prices of, 468.royalties, 471 f.literature, 691-8.Borgeaud, C., 743.Borgia family, 15, 676.Caesar, 17, 590, 676.Lucretia, 17, 676.Borgia, F., 410.Borneo, 524.Borromeo, C., 386, 417.Borthwick, D., 355 note.Bossuet, 702 f.Botero, J., 608.Bothwell, Earl of, 366 ff.Boucher, J., 190, 600, 605.Bourbon, Anthony of, 205, 210, 213.Bourbon, Charles, Constable of, 185, 205, 380.Bourbon, Charles, Cardinal of, 223.Bourgeoisie, 5, 236, 278, 549 ff.Bourges, 195.University of, 11, 162.Pragmatic Sanction of, 42 f.Archbishop of, 227.Boyneburg, 313.Brabant, 245, 253, 255, 264, 269, 274.population, 454.Brahe, T., 623.Bramante, 686.Brandenburg, 74, 468, 540.population, 454.Joachim I, Elector of, 77.Joachim II, Elector of, 119, 127.Albert of, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 113, 139.John, Margrave of, 398.Brandenburg-Culmbach, Albert of, 130.Brant, S., 88.Ship of Fools, 54, 147.Brantôme, 211, 350, 582, 704.Brask, J., 137.Brazil, 405, 408, 435, 444.Breda, 251.Brederode, 257.Brentano, 729.Brenz, 645.Brescia, 455, 565, 658.Brethren of the Common Life, 12, 26, 32.Briçonnet, W., 180 ff.Brielle, 260.Bristol, 323.Brittany, 182, 195.Brothers of Mercy, 397.Browne, R., 345.Brück, G., 116.Bruges, 273, 559.Bruno, 507, 623, 639 f.Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, 120.Brussels, 235, 242, 245, 253, 255 ff., 264, 266, 268,272, 439, 502, 540.Bucer, M., 110, 120, 122, 164, 169, 312 f., 322, 375,508, 596, 645.Buchanan, G., 354, 579 f., 603, 703.Buckingham, Duke of, 280.Buckle, H. T., 722.Budé, W., 187, 190, 193 f., 667, 672.Bugenhagen, J., 137.Bullinger, H., 102, 123, 150, 160, 179, 299, 312,326, 356, 420, 587.Burckhardt, J., 732.Burghley, W. Cecil, Lord, 327, 333 f., 337 f., 554, 635.Burgos, 457.Burgundy, Free County of, 76, 234, 257, 455, 553.Philip the Good, Duke of, 234.Charles the Bold, Duke of, 235.Burgundy (France), 186.Burnet, G., 701.Burr, G. L., 732.Busleiden, J., 672.Butts, W., 470 f.
Cabot, S., 446. Cabral, 442. Cabrières, 203. Cadiz, 341, 524 f. Cairo, 446. Cajetan, T. de Vio, Cardinal, 46, 67 f., 393, 566, 605, 624. Calais, 200, 281, 302, 319, 332 Calcagnini, C., 620. Calderon, 433. Calendar, reform of the, 623 f. Calicut, 441 f. Calixtus III, Pope, 16. Calvin, G., 161. Calvin, I., 169. Calvin, J.: andGerman Theology, 32. doctrine of the eucharist, 110, 165 f. and Lutherans, 134. and Zwingli, 134, 159 f., 166. and Bohemian Brethren, 144. early life, 161 f. and Erasmus, 162, 164. and Luther, 162, 164 f. conversion, 162.Institutes of the Christian Religion, 162 ff., 169, 198, 208, 645. doctrine of predestination, 164 ff., 746. in Italy, 168, 376. in Geneva, 168 ff., 179. at Strassburg, 169. at Colloquy of Ratisbon, 169. marriage, 169. social reform, 170 ff., 483. persecutes, 175 ff., 645 f. and Servetus, 177 f. international position, 179 f. death and character, 180 f. and French Reformation, 189, 201, 230 f. and Rabelais, 194 f. and French Bible, 196. political theory, 211, 592, 596 f., 604. influence in Netherlands, 248. influence in England, 312, 326 f., 335. influence in Scotland, 359. and Bolsec, 375. and Council of Trent, 392. and Index, 420. on torture, 481. on amusements, 485. biblical exegesis, 569, 572. on usury, 609. and free thought, 626. and witchcraft, 656. and art, 690. judged by Gibbon, 710 f. judged by Christie, 731. Calvinism barred by Peace of Augsburg, 130. and Lutheranism, 134, 179 f. in Scandinavia, 138. in Poland, 142 f. international, 179 f. in France, 201 ff. in Netherlands, 247 ff. in Scotland, 353. in Spain, 416. in Italy, 417. political effect, 594, 707. and Capitalism, 728 f. Camden, 703. Cambrai Treaty of, 186. Archbishopric of, 252. Cambridge, University of, 56, 471, 604, 671, 687. and Reformation, 281 f. Cambridgeshire, 323. Camoens, 11, 444 f. Campanus, 626. Campeggio, 122. Canisius, P., 32, 406. Cano, S. del, 441. Canon Law, 43 f., 69, 71, 78. Canossa, 43. Cape of Good Hope, 10, 441. Cape Verde Islands, 435, 441. Capitalism, 3-5, 515-562. and Reformation, 515, 727 f., 748. origins, 515 ff. first great fortunes, 517 f. banking, 518 ff. mining, 522 f. commerce, 523 ff. manufacture, 536 ff. gilds, 537 ff. agriculture, 541 ff. bourgeoisie, 548 ff. proletariat, 552 ff. pauperism, 556 ff. Capito, W., 110, 150, 157, 189, 508, 645. Cappel First Peace of, 158. battle of, 158 f. Capuchins, 375, 397. Caracci, 689. Caracciolo, M., 78. Caraffa, J. P., see Paul IV. Cardan, J., 610 f., 614. Carlstadt, A. Bodenstein of, 69, 81, 83, 90, 108, 120, 136, 241, 420, 569. Carlyle, T., 718. Carpi, Berengar of, 613. Cartier, J., 446, 526. Cartwright, T., 343. Cassander, 248, 255. Castellio, S., 175, 646 f. Castiglione, B., 492, 501, 510. Castile, 412, 427 f. Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of, 200, 206, 372. Catechisms, 112, 142, 395, 406 f. Catharine of Aragon, Queen of England, 279, 286 f., 290 f., 321. Catharine Howard, Queen of England, 307. Catharine Parr, Queen of England, 307. Catharine de' Medici, Queen of France, marriage, 198 f. character, 211. policy, 211 ff. "flying squadron," 215. and St. Bartholomew, 217 f. as seen by Huguenots, 220 f. death, 224. and Pius V, 386. invents corsets, 497. and Machiavelli, 591. and art, 688. judged by Michelet, 717. Catholic Church (see also Papacy and Counter-reformation). revolt from, 4. history in later Middle Ages, 13-20. heir of the Roman Empire, 13, 747. abuses, 20 f. wealth, 21. temporal power, 29, 37, 70 f. attacked by Luther, 123, 388. intolerance, 641 ff. Celibacy, sacerdotal, effect on race, 13, 453. vow not kept, 25. rejected by Wyclif, 37. repudiated by Luther, 71, 81. in England, 306, 313. and Inquisition, 508. Cellarius, C., 561. Cellini, B., 504, 583, 653, 688. Censorship of the press, 417 ff., 423 f. Cerdagne, 426. Cerratani, B., 377. Cervantes, 433, 692. Ceuta, 446. Ceylon, 408, 524. Chambre Ardente, 203 f. Chancellor, R., 447. Chapuis, 288, 291. Charles V, Emperor, heir of Burgundy and Spain, 76, 126. elected emperor, 77. crowned, 78. religious policy, 79 ff., 116 ff., 121 f., 236, 322 note. conquers Tunis, 121. war with France, 121, 185 ff., 198, 427. Schmalkaldic War, 126, 383. abdicates, 132, 246. in Netherlands, 235, 238. suppresses rebellion of Ghent, 236 f. and England, 278 ff., 294, 317 f. and papacy, 378 ff. and Inquisition, 417. character, 427, 498. betrothed to Mary Tudor, 432. and Moors, 433. and Russia, 447. finance, 467. in Spain, 477. and Fuggers, 528. portrait, 678. Charles VIII, King of France, 17, 35. Charles IX, King of France, 143, 211 ff., 217 f. Charron, P., 633. Chartres, 227. Chateaubriand, Edict of, 204. Chaucer, G., 25. Cheshire, 323. Chesterton, G. K., 729. Cheyney, E. P., 742 f. Chieregato, F., 84, 377. Children, 510 f., 555. China, 443. Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 136. Christian III, King of Denmark, 119, 137. Christianity, 13, 583, 627, 744 f. Christie, R. C., 731. Cicero, 49, 488, 619. Ciceronians, 577 f. Cisneros, G. de, 401. Civita Vecchia, 535. Clement of Rome, 568. Clement V, Pope, 14. Clement VII, Pope, 186, 250. and Charles V, 236, 433. and Henry VIII, 287, 291 pontificate, 379 ff., 389. forbids duelling, 485 f. and Copernicus, 622. and art, 690. Clement VIII, Pope, 228. Clenoch, M., 325. Clergy morals, 25, 493 f. power of, 27 f. denounced by Wyclif, 37. attacked inGravamina, 45. assailed by Luther, 71. in Netherlands, 236. reform in England, 314. in Scotland, 353 f., 356. pay of, 470. position of, 493 ff. spoliation, 550 f. Cleves, 44. William, Duke of, 306. Clocks and watches, invention of, 7 f., 688. Cochin, D., 738. Cochin (India), 442. Cochin-China, 408. Cochlaeus, 284, 588, 702. Coeur, J., 460. Cognac, League of, 186. Cole of Faversham, 167. Colet, J., 26, 53, 57, 280 f., 510, 665, 667. Coligni, G. de, 199, 205, 214 ff., 261. Cologne, 44, 54, 74, 252, 454. University of, 77, 241, 655, 666, 670. reformation of, 120, 127, 283. counter-reformation of, 128. Colonna family, 16. Vittoria, 375. Columbus, C., 3, 10 f., 62, 430, 434 f., 614 f. Commerce, 442 ff., 523 ff. Communism, 94, 155. Como, 658. Compass, invention of, 7, 614 f. Compostella, 499. Condé, Prince of, 211, 214 f. Condorcet, 713. Congo, 405. Constance, Council of, ends Great Schism, 14. deals with heresy, 14, 39 f. reforms, 14 f., 45. memory of, 148, 389, 703. Constantinople, 9, 16, 448. Consubstantiation, 33, 108. Contarini, G., 117, 122, 377, 382, 393, 402. Coornheert, D. V., 249, 251. Cop, 172. Copenhagen, University of, 12. Copernicus, N. Bible quoted against, 573. economic theory, 608. trigonometry, 610. life, 618. astronomy, 3, 618 ff.De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium, 620. reception of his theory, 621 ff., 632. influence on philosophy, 637 ff. Cordus, E., 558. Correggio, 680. Corsica, 456. Cortez, H., 438 f. Cossacks, 139 f. Cotta, U., 63. Counter-reformation, 377-424. turns back Protestants, 388. Spanish Spirit, 389. and art, 690 f. origin of word, 721. Courtenay, W., 36. Coutras, battle of, 223. Coverdale, M., 299 f., 327, 355, 570 f. Cox, R., 508. Cracow,140, 144. University of, 618. Craig, J., 603. Cranach, L., 376, 683. Cranmer, T., 290, 299, 313 f., 322 f., 495. Creighton, M., 741. Crépy, Peace of, 121, 198. Crespin, 585. Cromwell, T. alliance with France, 187. and Reformation, 289, 295 ff., 299 ff., 306 f. death, 307. fortune, 518. and Machiavelli, 591. Cuba, 438. Cugnatis, I. de, 502. Cumberland, 304. Cunningham, W., 729. Cusa, N. of, 48, 617, 640.
Damascus, 446.Dancing, 500.Daniel, G., 704.Dante, 47, 423.Danzig, 140 f., 454.Darnley, Lord, 366 f.Dauphiné, 202.Davila, 704.Delft, 264.Demonology, 63, 653 ff.Demosthenes, 574.Denifle, 741.Denmarkand Lübeck, 118.early emigration, 135.Reformation, 136 ff.population, 458.church property, 551.Dessau, League of, 114.Deventer, school, 56, 662.Diaz, B., 10.Digby, E., 639.Digges, L., 614.Dillenburg, 251, 258.Dilthey, W., 730.Diodorus, 574.Dionysius the Areopagite, 50, 52 f.Dispensations, papal, 22 f.Dolet, S., 187, 203, 231, 629 f.Döllinger, I., 723 f.Dominic, St., 397, 399.Dominicans, 148, 407, 702, 708.Donatus, Latin grammar of, 8 f., 663.Dordrecht, 240.Doria, A., 449.Douai, 186, 672.Drake, F., 339 ff., 446.Dress, 496 f.Drinking, 485, 497 f.Dublin, 347.Dudley, Edmond, 279.Dudley, Guilford, 317, 518.Duelling, 485 f.Dundee, 354.Durand, 108.Dürer, A., 510.at Basle, 147.in Netherlands, 240, 454, 466 ff., 537.and Mexican spoils, 439.property, 472.art, 683 ff.
East Indies, 274 f., 409. Eck, J., 68 f., 77 f., 117 f., 122, 608. Eckhart, 30 f. Edinburgh, 355 f., 360, 367, 671. Treaty of, 361 f. Education, 661-73. method, 662 f., 667 f. curriculum, 663 f. effect of Reformation, 664 f., 670. Edward II, King of England, 296. Edward VI, King of England, foreign policy, 200. and Reformation, 286. birth, 299. reign, 310-7. and Scotland, 352. a law of, 483. and gilds, 540. and Bible, 572. schools, 666. accomplishments, 668. Edwards, J., 166 f. Egmont, L., Count of, 200, 251, 257, 259. Egmont, N. of, 240. Egypt, 449. Einsiedeln, 140, 150. Eisenach, 63, 81. Eleanor, Queen of France, 186. Elizabeth, Queen of England, and St. Bartholomew, 219. and Netherlands, 253, 267, 275. birth, 291. heir to the throne, 316 f. character, 324. religious policy, 324 ff., 336 ff. refuses to marry, 331. foreign policy, 332 ff. and popes, 335, 337 f., 386 f. and Ireland, 346, 348. and Knox, 361. and Mary, Queen of Scots, 368. censorship, 419. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. dancing, 500. commercial policy, 527. and Bible, 572. and liberty, 604 f. skepticism, 634. tolerance, 650. accomplishments, 668. and universities, 671. and art, 688. and Spenser, 693. Elizabeth of Valois, Queen of Spain, 226. Ely, H., 338. Elyot, T., 510, 667. Emden, 260. Emerson, R. W., 718. Empson, R., 279, 518. Emser, J., 702. England pays Peter's Pence, 21. church of, 41 f., 327, 330. literature, 135. and French Calvinists, 204, 214, 219. and Netherlands, 238, 248 f., 260, 275, 288, 339. foreign policy under Henry VIII, 277 ff., 288, 309. Reformation, 281 ff., 310 ff. Reformation Parliament, 288 ff. dissolution of monasteries, 296 f., 551. alliance with Schmalkaldic League, 300 f., 305 f. Pilgrimage of Grace, 302 ff. religious parties and statistics, 308, 311, 323, 325 f., 328. Book of Common Prayer, 312, 329 f., 344, 358. social disorders, 314 ff. Catholic reaction, 318 ff. war with France, 319, 332. conversion of masses to Protestantism, 327 f. Thirty-nine Articles, 329 f., 343. finances, 331 f., 522. war with Spain, 332, 339 ff., 433. rebellion of Northern Earls, 334 f., 550. buccaneers, 339 f., 533. Puritanism, 343 ff. and Scotland, 359, 361 f. censorship, 419. population, 453, 458. coinage, 462, 474. navy, 470, 490 f. criminal law, 481 f. army, 489. clergy, 494. brigandage, 505. commerce, 526 f., 532 ff. gilds, 540 f. inclosures, 543 ff. agriculture, 546 ff. serfs, 553. regulation of labor, 554. poor-relief, 561 f. and Polydore Vergil, 581. chronicles, 582. skeptics, 633 ff. witchcraft, 656, 658. schools, 665 f. universities, 671. Enzinas, F., 245. Epictetus, 574.Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum, 55. Erasmus, 51.Enchiridion Militis Christiani, 26, 57, 193, 684. on worship of saints, 28 f. and Colet, 53. early life and works, 56-61.Praise of Folly, 57. "philosophy of Christ," 58, 583, 698.Colloquies, 59 f., 667 f. Latin style, 60 f., 577 f. foresees Reformation, 61. and Luther, 104 ff., 134, 241, 649, 733.Diatribe on Free Will, 105, 167. edits New Testament, 147, 564 f. and Zwingli, 149 f., 153 f., 160. and Farel, 160 f. and Calvin, 162, 164. biblical criticism, 188. on persecution, 191, 642, 646 f. influence in France, 193. and Netherlands, 235, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 287 and English Reformation, 281 f. on polygamy, 287, 507. influence in Italy, 376. and Index, 420 ff. income, 471. on war, 488. on German inns, 499 f. anecdote, 502. on treatment of women, 509. political theory, 557, 592 f. edits Fathers, 575. on Roman capitol, 575. on books, 577. biographies, 582. and witchcraft, 655. on education, 667, 669, 672. portrait, 683. on hymn-singing, 690. wit, 693. Erastus, T., 594. Erfurt, 30, 82, 350, 454. University of, 63 f., 670. Eric XIV, King of Sweden, 138. Ermeland, 618. Esch, J., 242. Essex, 323. Earl of, 348. Esthonia, 139. Estienne family, 187, 203. Henry, 220. Henry, junior, 575. Robert, 565, 575 Eton, 662 f. Eucharist, doctrine of the, 86, 107 ff., 133, 160, 165 f., 206, 241, 301, 314, 711. Eucken, 740. Euclid, 574, 610. Eugene IV, Pope, 15. Euripides, 574. Exeter, 323. Exploration, 10 f., 434-50.Exsurge Domine, 77 f. Eyemouth, 362.