Economic rent,seeRent, CopyholdersEducation obtained by some peasants,134–135Enclosure—by agreement, between individuals,162–165" " better cultivation produced by,169–172" " early progress of in East and South-West,167–168,405" " Fitzherbert on,150,152–153,171" " Hales on,151, 167,171" " Lee on,151" " Moore on,167" " Norden on,150, 151,171" " no harm resulting from,152–153,172–173" " of arable land,157,162–165" " of meadow and pasture,157,161–162" " of whole village,156–158" " opposed by Court of Manor,159–162" " peasants' approval of,168–170by manorial authorities, attitude of Government to,seeActs, Council, Court" " " " counties most affected by,8–9,182,262–263" " " " in Middle Ages,180–182" " " " motives for,185–200" " " " of arable land,221–223" " " " of eighteenth century,183–184" " " " of meadow and pasture,219–221" " " " of peasants' holdings,150–173" " " " peasants' dislike of,147–150" " " " preceded by consolidation,222–223" " " " reaction of on peasants,231–280Encroachments—on lords' land,235–236on peasants' land,234–235on waste,87–89,285–287Engrossing—of corn,274of holdings,253–265Equality—of holdings, disappearance of in South and East,63–66" " influence of trade on,66,84–85" " maintained in dividing demesne,206–207" " survival of in North,63–66,189–190Escheats of freehold land unascertainable,30Eviction—liability to of copyholders,287–301" " leaseholders,282–287" " tenants at will,282–287number displaced by,260–265See alsoDepopulationExchange, the,186–187Exchanging of strips,164–165,395–396Exports of woollen piece goods,196–197" " corn,seeCornFamines—fear of,35local,112Farm,seeDemesne, FarmersFarmers—acreage occupied by large,212advantage to lord of letting land to large,213–216agents through whom agrarian change took place,201–202capitalists among,215–216consolidation of strips by,221–223,254–256conversion to pasture by,225–228demesnes leased to large,209–211disputes between peasants and,234–237economic conditions favouring,214–216enclosing practised by, of arable land,221–223" " " common meadow and pasture,219–221importance in sixteenth century of large,204manorial rights leased to,211peasant subtenants of,211soldiers recruited from,343–344subsidies collected from,344–347,415,418Feudal—conditions of land tenure, decay of in South,191–195" " " among freeholders,29–30" " " Harrington on decay of,38,191conditions of land tenure, survival of in North,190–191lords, character of,191–192Final concords in Staffordshire,392–393Financial,seeFiscalFines—for depopulation,391,419–421of copyholders, customs as to,127,295–301,411–412,413–415" " declared unreasonable by courts,296" " demand for reasonable,294, 307,335–336" " rise in prices, effect of on,308–309" " statistical analysis of,300" " upward movement in,305–310of freeholders,127Fiscal reasons for protecting peasants,344–347Fold-courses, cases as to,374, 395Forests—claim of Crown to under Charles I.,391enclosures of to be spared,335Freedom, growth of personal,seeVilleinageFreeholds—interference of Council with,399See alsoFreeholdersFreeholders—enclosing by,32–33,157–158,236eviction of in fifteenth century,37holdings of, statistics as to,32–33independence of,30,35–38large numbers of in Norfolk and Suffolk,24–27little affected by agrarian changes,28–29,134,406loss of rights of common by,250–253political interests of,121–122rents of,29–30rights of common of, how protected,247–249social importance of,34–37suits of Court due from,29statistics as to,25upward movement among in sixteenth century,37–40See alsoYeomenGentlemen—complaints of by peasants,193copyholders among,55–56distrust of by rebels,323–324part played in rebellions by,322–323yeomen made into,383Geographical distribution of enclosures,seeEnclosuresGermany—survival of serfdom in,43–44social distinctions in,187Reformation in,339German peasants—programme of,339revolt of,368Gilds—apprenticeship insisted on by,105–106exclusion of immigrants by,275–276loans by,109meadows belonging to,369Government, the,seeActs of Parliament, Council, CourtGrazier,seePastureGrazing,seePastureGreat Plague—effect of on land tenure,90–91,208–209,286" " population,138remembered in reign of Elizabeth,130Half-virgate,seeVirgatesHallmote tenants, land sublet to,81Hedges,seeEnclosureHeriots,43,53,126–131Holdings—added to demesne farm,257–258addition to, of demesne land,93–95" " of waste,87–89enclosing of,seeEnclosureequality of, in North,63–66,189exchanging of,164–165,395–396formation of compact,162–165growth in size of,70held by same family for many years,189inequality of in South and East,63–66,70–72of customary tenants, statistics as to,63–66" " freeholders,32–33" " land, basis of economic life of village,99–104rents of, on customary land,115–119,141–147" " on new encroachments,141–147services due from,76–77subdivision of,79–80subletting of,80–81use made of by peasants,105–108See alsoAgriculture, FarmersHorse and harness, tenure by,seeBorder tenureHospitality, meaning of,233Households, equipment of with land,seeHoldingsHusbandry,seeAgricultureImmigration—caused by enclosures,3–4,275from enclosed to open field villages,277–279into towns,275–277Imports,seeCommerceImport duties,seeCornIndenture, tenants by,seeLeaseholdersIndustry—backwardness of in North,63–66,189–190growth of in sixteenth century,185–188,192progress of in East and South,63–66,84–85See alsoCommerce, Woollen industryInequality—of holdings, absence of in North,63–66,189" " general in South and East,63–66" " effect of trade in producing,84–85" " transference of land,78–79,86Inmates, statute of,4,277,279Intensive cultivation,110–111,171Intimidation of tenants by landlords,7,251–253,263,302–304,325Judges—decisions of as to fines,296,299,307" " " foldcourses,395–396address of Lord Coventry to,398See alsoCourt.Juries—address of Hales to,366–367evidence as to depopulation before,263,366–367,385packed by landlords,263,385service of 40s. freeholders on,28,36,121Justices—of Assize, cases referred to,373–376" " action taken by,374–376of the Peace, actions taken by against depopulation in Lincolnshire,386,419–420of the Peace, actions taken by against depopulation in Nottinghamshire,386,418–419of the Peace, assessment of enclosed land by in Warwickshire,169" " failure of to administer Acts against depopulation,384–385,390of the Peace, letters of Council to,358,376" " orders of as to relief of poor in Cornwall,272" " presentments before of enclosers in Yorkshire,375" " returns sent to Government by,386" " social prejudices of,384–385" " views of as to enclosing in Nottinghamshire,418–449Kind, rent paid in,211–212King,seeCouncil, Court, and Index of PersonsKnight service, tenure by,29Labour,seeLabourersLabour services—Commutation of,52,58,93,98of copyholders,52–53Labourers—assessment of wages of,23,100,308at Axholme,104commons used by,247effect of enclosing on habits of,106immobility of,270–272immigration to towns of,275–277in Norfolk,21–22" Worcestershire,23" Yorkshire,22King’s estimate of number of,21on monastic estates,22scarcity of,100social unimportance of,342unemployment of,232–233Land—speculation in,78–86,381–382wide distribution of,99–104See alsoAgriculture, Arable land, Common land, Demesne, Holdings, Meadow land, Pasture, WasteLandholders,seePeasantsLandless population,seeLabourersLandlords,seeManorial authoritiesLand tenure,seeCopyholders, Freeholders, LeaseholdersLeasehold tenure—advantages of to lord,213–214competitive rents under,141–147early development of among peasants,80–81effect of plague on, 93–95. 208,286on demesne land,93–95,201–214on waste,87–89,141–144substitution of for copyhold tenure,301–304Leaseholders—division of demesne among small,93–95,204–209eviction of,283–287letting of demesne to large,210–211manorial rights held by,211rack-renting of,285statistics as to,25rents paid by,256See alsoLeasehold tenureLevellers, complaints by as to enclosing,149,320–321Leyrwite,53Lords of manors,seeManorial authoritiesManor, the—agricultural routine of,102changes in, produced by Great Plague,88–95,207–209classification of tenants on,25,48communism in,159–161,243–246,338copyholders kernel of,288court of,47,78–79,86,125,159–160,244–246,292custom of,47,124–131,292–301customs of, at Aldeburgh,411–412" " Bushey,126–128" " High Furness,101fiscal interests of lord in,76–77interpretation of documents relating to,75–78leased in sixteenth century,201–213part played in by authority and communal arrangements,92–93rigidity of exaggerated,76,89–90,172views of held by Maitland,244,305,433" " " Seebohm,163" " " Vinogradoff,77,92,244,290unprofitableness of to lord,304Manorial authorities, the—bargains made by with villagers,205–207bound by custom,128–129contemporary accounts of action of,6–8effect on of Tudor policy,191,197" " rise in prices,195–196" " growth of woollen industry,197–200enclosing by,seeEnclosureseviction by,seeEvictionidentity of interests of peasants with those of,229,257large enclosures made by,148–150,154–155,216–223leasing of demesne by,seeDemesne, Leasehold tenureopposition of to interference of Government,397–399" " " Somerset’s policy,367–368,370pasture-farming by,seePasturepermission to enclose given by,157petitions of copyholders to,302–304rack-renting by,141–147,285resumption of land by,285–287small control of over freeholders,29–30speculation in land by,381–382villeins claimed by,42–43Maps, consolidation of strips shown by,163,222–223,254–255Map—of Crendon,221" Edgeware,172" Maids' Moreton,221" Salford,163" Weedon Weston,222" Whadborough,223Markets—effect of growth of,215in Norfolk,22,111–112small development of,110–112Marriage, age of,104–106Meadow land—belonging to a gild,369–370divided among peasants,208enclosed by manorial authorities,219–221" " peasants,157Mercantile system, the,185,313–315Merchants,seeCommerceMerchet, immunity from claimed by peasants,53–54Middleman, the farmer a,234Midlands—chiefly affected by enclosure and conversion,8–9,167,262–263,405,416–417economic condition of,63–66,107granary of country,262legal classification of tenants on manors in,24–26Military defence, importance of peasants for,343–344,415,416,418Mobility of labour checked by law,270–272Monasteries—agriculture on estates of,225demesne lands of leased,203oppression of tenants by,43,382pasture-farming on estates of,225,382persons acquiring estates of,380political effects of dissolution of,383–384rebellions partly motived by,318–319,322–323social effects of dissolution of,380–384views of Aske on dissolution of,319,383" " Cobbett on dissolution of,382" " Hibbert on dissolution of,383" " Gasquet on dissolution of,383Money—increase in supply of in sixteenth century,197–200" " " effects of,199–200,304,308–310scarcity of,198Money rents—corn payments substituted for,198general in sixteenth century,211–212“Nativi,”seeVilleinageNew allotments—distinction between customary holdings and,95,284–287,289–290,293–294rents on,141–147resumption by lords of,285–287North of England—absence of demesne from some manors in,203administration of Acts against depopulation in,374–375copyhold tenure in,190–191customary of a manor in,101demands of rebels in,335–336,see alsoPilgrimage of Graceeconomic conservatism of,63–66,189–191enclosing by peasants in,157–158equality of holdings in,63–66,189eviction from a manor in,257–258importance of numerous tenantry in,189–191labour services on a manor in,52–53preponderance of customary tenants in,25–26rebellions in,seePilgrimage of Gracerelations between lords and tenants in,189–191size of enclosures in,154undermining of customary tenures in,303–305Open field system, the—advantage of, to peasants,103–104arrangement of demesne land under,222–223,254–256early decay of in Kent, Essex, and Devonshire,167,202–263,405gradual modification of by peasants,165–166,172ideas underlying,169–170inconvenience of,171–172picture of in maps,163–164,222–223prevalence of in seventeenth century,401–402uncertainty of boundaries under,235–236See alsoCommon Land, Enclosures, Maps, StripsPannage paid by copyholders in sixteenth century,53Parks—made by landlords,148,201spared in Pilgrimage of Grace,335Parliament—Act of to fix fines demanded,335Acts of, ineffectiveness of,352–353,355attitude of freeholders to,36,39,121–122debates in on Enclosures,343,387–388" " Poor Law,273–275" " subsidies,345–346petition of peasants to,251request to return member to refused,387See alsoActs of ParliamentPasture—acreage of held by customary tenants,107" " " farmers of demesnes,225–226" " on monastic estates,225administration of by village,102,159–161,243–246apportionment of to arable holdings,240–241,247conversion of arable to,223–230division of by peasants,157enclosure of by peasants,157,170" " manorial authorities,219–221importance of to peasants,235,239–242reconversion of to arable,367,391–393See alsoAgriculture, Common Land, FarmersPasture-farming,seeAgriculture, Common Land, Farmers, PasturePauperism,seePoor LawPeasants, the—agricultural methods of,105–112contemporary pictures of,132–134demands of,334–337education of,134–135effect of loss of common rights on,240–241,253enclosure by,151–173encroachments on waste by,87–89,284–287eviction of,253–265helplessness of,302–304,325importance of, fiscal,344–347" " military,343–344independence of,29–30,34–39,132–134,325–328leasing of demesne by,94–95,204–210national pride in,20–21,132–134pauperism among,270,273–279prosperity of,132–134,325protection of by Government,316–317,351–400rebellions of,317–340rents of,115–121,141–147size of holdings of,32–33,64–65upward movement among,72,75,81–84,96–98,136See alsoAgriculture, Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders, Tenants at willPilgrimage of Grace—agrarian demands put forward in,322–324,334–335classes taking part in,318–319,322–324Plague,seeGreat Plague, thePlantations, emigration to suggested,270Ploughmen, military importance of,343–344Policy, agrarian,seeCouncil, Court, Acts of ParliamentPoor Law, the—agrarian causes of,272–275debates in Parliament on,273–275expenditure on caused by depopulation,278–279,418Mackay’s view as to origin of,266–267mobility discouraged by,270–272Orders of 1631,279slow development of,269vagrancy chief problem of,268–269Population, checks upon,104–106Population, the manorial,seePeasants, Copyholders, Leaseholders, FreeholdersPoverty,seePoor LawPrices—effects of rise in,199,304,308–310regulation of,308Steffen’s statistics of,198Programme of peasants—in Pilgrimage of Grace,334–335" Norfolk,335–337Proletariat, peasants not a,102Protector, the—Act protecting tenants on demesne lands of,294,365attack of colleagues on,367–368,370Court of Requests used by,367difficulties of agrarian policy of,362–364fall of,370proclamation against enclosures issued by,367" pardoning rioters issued by,367Royal Commission appointed by,366See alsoCouncil, CourtRackrents,seeRents, FinesReaction, under Warwick against Somerset’s agrarian policy,367–368,370,372,380Reformation, the 339,380–384Rents—competitive, growth of,139–147fixed, demand for in Peasants' Revolt,146" effect of on landlords,199–200,304–310" " " peasants,117–121" neutralised by exorbitant fines,118,120,305–307" statistics as to,115–117fixing of by commissioners,354" " council,369paid in kind,211per acre of demesne land,256racking of, complaints as to,235,414reasonable, demand for,336Revolts, agrarian, the—conservative aims of,333,338–340counties affected by,318–320directed against landlords,323–324in North of England,318,322–324" Derbyshire,329" Norfolk,324,331–333objects of,333–337organised character of,325–326,330–332political importance of,329,340–341sixteenth century, last age of,318Riots, agrarian,seeRevoltsRoyal Commissions,seeCommissionsSalt silver, paid by copyholders,53Serf,seeVilleinsService,seeKnight serviceServices, labour,seeLabour servicesServants—number of, employed in agriculture,21–23scarcity of,21–23,100wages of,100Settlement laws—origin of,269,275–276popularity of,276Sewers, the Commission of,395Shack, common of,234Sheep—driving of,326number of kept by peasants,113slaughtering of,331,332Sheep-farming—Acts restricting,353–354,360by peasants,113–115by manorial authorities,223–228Slavery, legalisation of in 1547,44,269Socage—freeholders holding by,29tenants, rent of,29Sochemanni, large number of in East Anglia,26–27South of England—contrast between conditions of North and of,57,63–66,97,103,189holdings of peasants in,63–66Speculation—in land by peasants,78–81in monastic estates,380–382on money market,186Statutes,seeActs of ParliamentStinting of pastures,160,220,241Strikes, agrarian,131,330Strips—advantage of scattered,103–104difficulty of enclosing,162–163exchanging of,164–165formed into compact blocks by peasants,163–165" " " " manorial authorities,221–223inconvenience of to manorial authorities,254–255merged in demesne farm,256picture of, in maps,163,222–223Subletting of land by peasants,80–81Subsidiary income of peasants from woollen industry,114–115Subsidies—assessment of enclosed land to,169difficulty of collecting,346how assessed,344–345payment of by yeomen,345–346Subsistence, farming for,111–112Sub-tenants, taking of forbidden,275–276Surplus over rent retained by tenants,118–121,304–305Surveyors—account of agrarian conditions by,5attitude of in Northumberland,189–191unpopularity of,349Tallages,53–54Taxation,seeSubsidiesTenants,seeCopyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders, Tenants at will, PeasantsTenants at will—insecurity of,283landlord compelled to grant leases to,362meanings of phrase,47statistics of number of,48Textile industries, the,seeWoollen industry, theTillage,seeArable landTrade,seeCommerceTrade unionism among peasants,131,330Tramps,seeVagrancyTransferring, the, of land—facilities offered by court of manor for,86importance of in building up a middle class,78,85,97instances of,80–81Tudors, the,seeIndex of Persons, Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI., ElizabethUnemployment—caused by enclosure,232–233,273,278methods of coping with,269Uses, Statute of,323Usury,20,109,147,307,349Vagrancy, chief feature of pauperism in sixteenth century,268effect of on towns,275–277" " open field/villages,277–279obstacles in the way of,270–272punishment of,44,269Village community, the,seeManor, theVillagers,seePeasantsVilleinage—attitude of State towards,43,359compatible with considerable prosperity,43examples of in sixteenth century,42–43reference to in Somersett’s case,44traces of among copyholders,52–54views on of Fitzherbert,46" " Norden,46" " Savine,41" " Smith,46Virgates—aggregation of in fewer hands,59–60,66–70,72–75examples of arrangement of,66–67,73–74use of as a measure,67–68Virgators,seeVirgatesWages, assessment of,23,100,308Wage labour,seeLabourersWaste land of manor—enclosure of by manorial authorities,219–221encroachments on,87–89,285–287erection of cottages on,277–278great extent of,88–89improvement of under Statute of Merton,87,248insecurity of tenants on,285–287overstocking of,172,242–243reclamation of by capitalists,394–395rents of,140–147stinting of,160,220Wool,seeWoollen industryWoollen industry—chief manufacture in sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries,3,186effect of on agrarian conditions,195–197encouraged by Government,197expansion of in fifteenth century,113,196spread of in rural districts,114Schanz’s figures as to growth of,196