TABLE OF CONTENTS.DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY.ANCIENT HISTORY.Ethiopian History18–20Mongolian History.—The Chinese20–26Caucasian History.—Ancient India—Eastern Nations—The Egyptians—Arabians—Syria—The Phœnicians—Palestine—The Jews—The Assyrians and Babylonians—The Medes and Persians—States of Asia Minor—The Lydians—The Persian Empire26–53Grecian History.—Early History and Mythology—Religious Rites—Authentic History—Sparta—Lycurgus—Athens—Persian Invasion—Pericles—Alcibiades—Decline of Athenian Independence—Alexander the Great—Concluding Period53–78Roman History.—The Latins—The Kings—The Commonwealth—Struggle between the Patricians and Plebeians—Invasion of the Gauls—The Samnite Wars—The Punic Wars—The Revolutions of the Gracchi—Social Wars—Marius and Sulla—Pompey, Cicero, Cataline, Cæsar—Gallic Wars—Extinction of the Commonwealth—Civil Wars—Augustus—Dissemination of Christianity—Division of the Empire—Downfall of the Western Empire78–112MIDDLE AGES.—The Eastern Empire—Constantine—Julian the Apostate—Theodosius the Great—Justinian; his Code—Arabia—Mohammed—Empire of the Saracens—The Feudal System—Charlemagne—The New Western Empire—France—The German Empire—Italy—Spain—General state of Europe—The Crusades—Chivalry—Rise of new Powers—Wm. Tell—The Italian Republics—Commerce—The Turks—Fall of Constantinople—Rise of Civil Freedom112–145MODERN HISTORY.Great Britain and Ireland.—Conquest by the Romans; by the Saxons; by the Normans—Early Norman Kings—William the Conqueror—Henry—Richard Cœur de Lion—John—Magna Charta—Origin of Parliament—Edwards—Conquest of Scotland—RichardII—House of Lancaster—House of York—House of Tudor—HenryVIII—The Reformation—EdwardVI—Queen Mary; Elizabeth—Mary, Queen of Scots—The Stuarts—Gunpowder Plot—Revolution—Irish Rebellion—Oliver Cromwell—Trial and Execution of CharlesI—The Commonwealth—Subjugation of Ireland and Scotland—The Protectorate—The Restoration—CharlesII—Dutch War—Plague and Fire in London—The Rye House Plot—Death of CharlesII—JamesII—Expedition of Monmouth—Arbitrary Measures of the King—The Revolution—William and Mary—Establishment of the Bank of England—Queen Anne—Union of England and Scotland—Marlborough’s Campaigns—House of Hanover—GeorgeI—Rebellion of 1715–16—GeorgeII—Rebellion of 1745–46—GeorgeIII—American Stamp Act—American War of Independence—French Revolution—Rebellion in Ireland—Union with Great Britain—War with U. States—GeorgeIV—WilliamIV—Queen Victoria—War with Russia—Alliance with France—Attack on Odessa—Operations in the Baltic—The Crimea—Battle of the Alma—Sebastopol described—Allies opening Trenches—Bombardment—Explosion of French Batteries and Russian Powder Magazine—The Allied Fleet—Cannonade—Battle of Balaklava—The Turks—The Highlanders—The Russian Cavalry—Capt. Nolan—Battle of Inkermann—Morning of the Battle—The Attack—The Zouaves—Chasseurs—Night after the Battle—Council of War—Determination to Winter—Reinforcements demanded145–256History of France.—Clovis, A. D. 486; division of his Empire—The Merovingian Kings—The Carlovingians—Pepin—Charles Martel—Charlemagne; his Empire—Louis—Division of the Empire—Charles—Arnulf—Charles the Simple—Invasion of the Normans—Hugh Capet and his Successors—PhilipVIof Valois—Wars with England, 1328–1415—CharlesVI—Maid of Orleans—LouisXI—FrancisII—France during the War of Religion—Persecution of the Huguenots—Coligni—The Massacre ofSt.Bartholomew, 1572—HenryIII—HenryIV—Edict of Nantes—The Age of LouisXIV—Richelieu and Mazarin—Persecution of the Calvinists—Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685—The Last Days of Absolute Monarchy—LouisXV—LouisXVI—The French Revolution—National Assembly—Mirabeau, Dante, Marat, Robespierre—The 10th of August—Dethronement of the King—National Convention—Trial and Execution of the King—Jacobins and Girondists—Exclusion of the Girondists from the Convention—Execution of the Queen, Madame Elizabeth, and the Duke of Orleans—La Vendee—Fall of Danton and Camille Desmoulins—Overthrow of Robespierre and the Jacobins—Reconstruction of the Government—Napoleon Bonaparte—Italian Campaign—Expedition to Egypt and Syria—Return to France—The First Consulate—Consul for Life—Duke d’Enghein—Napoleon Emperor—Austrian Campaign—Russians—Battle of Austerlitz—Confederation of the Rhine—War with Prussia—Alliance of Prussia and Russia—Victory at Friedland—Peace of Tilsit—Occupation of Portugal—Spain—Annexation of the Roman States and imprisonment of the Pope—New war with Austria—Peace of Vienna—Marriage with Maria Louisa—Russian Campaign—Conflagration of Moscow—Retreat of the French—Alliance of Russia, Prussia, etc.—Congress of Prague—Austria—Battle of Leipsic—Retreat of the French—Invasion of France by the Allies—Abdication of Napoleon—LouisXVIII—Escape of Napoleon from Elba—Defeat at Waterloo—Death atSt.Helena—LouisXVIII—CharlesX—Abdication—Louis Philippe—Revolution—Louis Napoleon—War with Russia and alliance with England and Turkey256–302History of Spain.—Gothic Monarchy—The Moors—Castile—HenryIV—Ferdinand and Isabella—Conquest of Grenada—Christopher Columbus—Discovery of America—CharlesV—Hernando Cortez—Conquest of Mexico—Francis Pizarro—Conquest of Peru—Ignatius Loyola—PhilipII—War with England—Defeat of the Invincible Armada—PhilipIII—Banishment of the descendants of the Moors—PhilipIV—Accession of the House of Bourbon—CharlesIII—The Seven Years’ War—CharlesIV—Ferdinand—Joseph Bonaparte—Alliance of the Spaniards and English—Return of Ferdinand—IsabellaII302–312Germany and Austria.—Division of the Empire of Charlemagne, and formation of the German Empire—Succession of Henry the Fowler to the throne of Conrad of Franconia—The Germans build cities—Accession of Hildebrand—Pope GregoryIII—His Excommunication of HenryIV—Strife of Guelphs and Ghibelines—Pope AdrianIV—Tancred—RichardIIIof England—The House of Hapsburg succeeds that of Swabia—Death of Albert—CharlesIVissues the Golden Bull—Council of Constance—Martyrdom of John Huss and Jerome of Prague—Invention of Printing—Luther; the Reformation—Thirty Years’ War—Peace of Westphalia—Insurrection of Hungarians aided by Turks—The War of Succession—Prince Eugene—Maria Theresa—Pragmatic Sanction—Revolt of the Netherlands—Confederation of the Rhine—Congress of Vienna—Hungarian Revolution of 1848312–326History of Russia.—Russia rescued from the Tartars by John Basilowitz—Michael Theodorowitz, First of the House of Romanoff, Czar of Muscovy—Reorganization of Russia by Alexis—Reign of Peter the Great—Foundation and embellishment ofSt.Petersburg—Succession of the Czarina Catherine—CatherineII—Annexation of the Crimea—Dismemberment of Poland—Kosciusko—Suwarrow—Resignation of Stanislaus—Paul—War against the French Republic—Assassination of Paul—Alexander—Coalition against Napoleon, by Austria and England—Peace of Tilsit—Napoleon declares war against Russia—Smolensko—Burning of Moscow—Constantine—Nicholas—Extirpation of Poland—Siege of Sevastopol by France, England, and Turkey—Death of Nicholas—Succession of AlexanderII326–334HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.I.Colonial History.—Discoveries of Cabot—The Huguenots—Sir Walter Raleigh—Champlain—Henry Hudson—Virginia—Jamestown—John Smith—Pocahontas—Indian War—Gov. Berkeley—Nathaniel Bacon—New England Colonies—Puritans—Principles of their early Government—Quaker Persecution—Pequod Indian War—King Philip—Royal Governors—Salem Witchcraft—Connecticut—Rhode Island—Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam—Indian War—Annexation of New Amsterdam to the English Colonies, and change of name to N. York—Lord Baltimore—Civil War—Carolina—Wm. Penn—Indian Treaty—Frame of Government—Oglethorpe—Wesley—Whitfield—Principles and characteristics of the Colonists334–363II.Contest of France and England for America.—King William’s War—The French War—The Ohio Company—George Washington—Braddock—Gen.Wolfe—Rising Colonial prosperity363–368III.The Revolution.—Stamp Act—N. Y.Congress—War of publications against Britain—Boston Massacre—Tea Party—Lexington—Declaration of Independence—Franklin, Lafayette, Kosciusko—Trenton—Brandywine—Burgoyne’s Defeat—Alliance of France and America—Baron Steuben—D’Estaing—Stony Point—Arnold—Col. Hayne—Capitulation of Cornwallis—Treaty at Paris—Washington—Paralyzed condition of the Government—Massachusetts Rebellion 1786—Formation of Government by the Constitutional Convention368–394IV.Constitutional History.—Federalists and anti-Federalists—Defeat of Harmar andSt.Clair—Prohibition of the Slave Trade—Death of Washington—Purchase of Louisiana—War with Tripoli—Embargo Acts—War with England—Campaign of 1812—American Naval Victories—Perry’s victory on Lake Erie—Gen.Harrison—Treaty at Ghent—Battle of New Orleans—Seminole War—Lafayette—Tariff—U. S. Bank—Nullification—Compromise of 1820—Commercial Bankruptcy—Annexation of Texas—Mexican War—Discovery of Gold in California—Gadsden Treaty394–413BIOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENT.Hernando Cortez415William Penn441Benjamin Franklin467Peter the Great475Count Rumford498Nicholas Copernicus523Tycho Brahe526Galileo528Kepler531Sir Isaac Newton533Huygens536Halley537Ferguson539Sir William Herschel544Simon Bolivar547Francia, the Dictator554Alexander Wilson562James Watt569John Howard572Lord Byron598Percy Bysshe Shelley612Oliver Goldsmith615Edward Gibbon619David Hume623Alexander Pope627John Adams634Thomas Jefferson644Samuel Adams649James Otis651Fisher Ames653Aaron Burr655Alexander Hamilton657Patrick Henry660John Hancock664Ethan Allen665Benedict Arnold667Horatio Gates680Thaddeus Kosciusko681Nathaniel Green685Frederick William Augustus Steuben688Baron de Kalb689Richard Montgomery690Gilbert Motier Lafayette691Israel Putnam696Stephen Decatur698Isaac Hull700Oliver Hazard Perry702John Marshall704John Paul Jones706Andrew Jackson710Winfield Scott713Zachary Taylor714John E. Wool724Daniel Webster726Henry Clay732Levi Woodbury735Robert Rantoul737Franklin Pierce740Samuel Finley Breese Morse741M. Daguerre747Victor Hugo749Omar Pasha751Edward Everett753Washington Irving754William Cullen Bryant756George Bancroft756William Hickling Prescott758Hiram Powers759DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL.Historical Sketch of Naval Architecture761Early Maritime Discoveries774Christopher Columbus775Ferdinand Magellan800Sir Francis Drake802Henry Hudson804Le Maire and Schouten805Captain James806William Dampier811Captain Woodes Rogers814John Clipperton815Commodore Anson817Captain Byron823Captain Wallis829De Bougainville832Captain James Cook837Captains Portlock and Dixon864Monsieur De La Perouse870George Vancouver891Perry’s Voyages896Sir John Franklin920Travels in Africa—Parke, Denham, Clapperton, Lander and others927Samuel Hearne953John Lewis Burkhardt955James Bruce958John Ledyard966John Baptist Belzoni967George Forster974Edward Daniel Clarke976Richard Pococke979Overland Journey to India981
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