Footnotes1.In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet on theAncient History of Kentucky, or Central North America, before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and western route of the Mexican nations.2.I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises, although the Lybian analogies are evident.3.In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks call itArabo-sité, Arabic corn, in Italy it is calledGrano-turco, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found quite wild in America.4.ThePonchois a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.5.E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men, pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N'K'BE or male and female. The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: although the commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing between consonants.6.Geological comments are not here required, my business is with mankind. Moses calls men besideAish,Anush,G'bforeign, and womenN'shim,Itath,Ashe,Ashth; which are perhaps as many names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM orElohim, XRBIMCherubim,Nahash, &c. If these primitive names will offer any analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out hereafter.Hueis the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the contrary.7.Yum.The MIM waters produced SH'R'TZ production—translated reptile! No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come from waters, and their motion. LOUF'F means both flying and flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This fine wordsoulhas been translated creature.8.Yum.The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24. R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. TheBemeare perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men, over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which represent also men! and were personified.1. SH'R'TZ, Production—Moses. LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of Poets.2. N'F'SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds,BemeandRmsh, which are the BEMUTH of Job,Behemothof Poets.7.The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.8.See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation, antidiluvian history and flood has been given.9.Lancawas according to the Hindus a big land under the equator, including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land ofLancathat many traditions place Adam, with several early events.TheSundaland was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca was separated from Siam by a strait.10.The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments. If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000 towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains. Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and will be obliterated ere long.—Seemy account of monumental sites, published in 1824.11.The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air, winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it, as in Egypt and Guinea.12.See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832, Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have collected a few more since.13.By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.; which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions. Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women, took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.14.The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like maize.15.The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.16.The physical changes undergone in America within late historical recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one connected body by historians or geologists.17.These two figures of speech,PersonificationandAnimalization, are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we mean all the English when we speak ofJohn Bull, the Russians by theNorthern Bear(a kind of animalization), all the Turks bythe Grand Turk&c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we substitute in our modern languages,WeandYouinstead of I or Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it when he called God, ALEIM ourElohimorthe Angels, and polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions; but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality of tribes.Animalizationpervades the whole of the fabulous periods of history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had theirCherubim, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the Turks inCherabiorChelabi, which meansLordsin the old Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in theEl-abi, now Arabians, which meantAngel-fathers, or our forefathers the angelic men.Elapimeansthe most manlyin Linapi!18.The wordOlumis remarkable, because it is analogous to theOlen, the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of the Druids and Irish were calledOcol,Callan,Ogham, the IrishOlamwere recorders and teachers.Olumdoes not properly mean a writing, sinceLekiis book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it impliesa record,a notched stick, an engraved piece of wood or bark. It comes fromOlhollow or graved record. Hekewelder says thatOluma-pisidwas in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on the river Susquehanna, who kept theOlumor records of the nation. It is probable these were part of them.19.These actualOlumwere at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822 were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in the original language; but no one could be found by me able to translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis, Ottawas, &c.20.This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days orYums. The word for angelsAngelatawiwak, is not borrowed, but real Linapi, put in the plural: thus the same as the GreekAngelos.21.Jin-wisis the AISH orAdamof all the Linapi tribes. W'IS is identic with ISH, W' being the articlehe, WI added to words is common, meaning buthe,sheandthey, the pluralwakmeansmany.22.Owinimay be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaningsuch-they-menor beings. O is the common article for pronounsOnandCeof the French, in Englishsuch,it,this,these, preserved in many Linapi dialects,NiandInimean bothme,I,myandmen. It must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this translation a difficult task.23.Here theOwinibecomeNi-jini, evidently the Jins of China and Iran; Jains of India.24.Wakonis the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic nations.Akonof Syria.25.Tulais the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in Asia: theTulanorTuranor Central Tartary. In Linapi the meaning isTurtleorTortoise, names derived fromThorturtle in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall.Tul-ap-inis the real tortoise of Linapi meaningstrong-manly-thing: the water soft turtle is calledUnami. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood.Nanaappears Noah; his title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest of feathers or hair on the head.26.The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaningthe most he.Eluthe root is probably akin to theAleimorElohimof Moses, andElaimeaning strong in Hebrew: also toHer-culesof the Latins,Hera-cleenof the Greek,Herprefixed meaning Lord.27.Here the people begin to be calledO-lini, this was probably their old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must have saidO-rini, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and Ottawas, sayO-nini. This will afford matter for many philological enquiries and comparisons.28.W'oken-apiproperly meanthe fathers manly.Shinakithe first seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the bigShinaki, the N. W. coast.29.It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.30.This southern land ofAkolaking, and the subsequentMinihaking, cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably the Oregon country.31.As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our era, we find a recorder of old events, by means ofOlum. CompareOlenandOlamof Celts.32.Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the east over the mountains. InOligon, we have the etymology of Oregon.33.Wisawanais either the Missouri or Yellowstone.34.ThisTamenendis famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many kings took that title afterwards. He is also theAmik-wior great beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.35.Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His festivals are calledGentiko, and known to many nations.36.Maskan-Sini, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard people throughout North America. The subsequent foesAkowiniappear to be theKowetas, theLowanuskiare the Esquimaux,Lowakonare the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go further east.37.The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the wars with theTalegas, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then united, since calledDelamatanandLamatan. The traditions of Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west of it at St. Louis &c.In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.38.Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the former wars with the Talegas.39.The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.40.This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes, and became their legislator.41.These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes,Lowakois a new invading tribe from the north.42.The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few. Hekewelder confirms these facts.43.Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both.Winakiwas the name of east Pennsylvania.44.By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear older by their traditions.By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event would be still later: he states that after separating from the western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—See Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.45.This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This famous name is spelt very variouslyTamanend,Tamany,Tamini&c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many songs and traditions on them.46.Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had also theirWach-queow. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of awhite womanwho came to America, married an American, had a son, who went to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160, rather than Madoc or a warlike band.47.The Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe, separated long before.48.This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.49.This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by theMahongwis(Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles. We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.50.Otaliis the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair: this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment. TheWasiotoare the Cumberland mountains, meaning theSouth Sioto. TheSiotoswere a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as theSiotoriver in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the Ottawas; probably akin to theOtosof Missouri. They bear the snake sign in the symbol.51.The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the arrival ofWapsior Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the head in these annals. 1.Jinwisand his wife by an aureole, 2. theAkoor snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. theJinsby a crown of rays, 4. theOwinisby a feather, 5. the kings by 3 feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.52.Mattanikumappears to be both theTinikumandMattahornof the Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to translate half the name. He was king in 1645.53.Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect Linapi would beAkoli, meaninguglyorsnake-looking; the prefixWin, means eitherthe beingsor snow, or may refer to Winaki.54.The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.55.This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn's treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is very different fromTatamiwho was king till 1748 at Welakamika or Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the three into one.56.Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandsonUnamiwitill 1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boyUnamiwiwas killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this was the cause of the wars till 1795.57.General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black Snake, because he beat the allied nations.58.These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the last treaty with the United States.59.The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The former names ofYankwishas only been preserved as our Yankees. The belief of their beingGishakisor children of the sun-land, at the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.60.Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are similar to vampyres.61.Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes, Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to theCapahaor Missouri group of nations.62.The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs; yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer.Mayo-banexname of their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by the Haytians, whence the blunder.63.Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.64.These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared analogies.Mamonais identic with theMammonof Africa and Asia.Liellahas analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of the east.Atabeirais identic withAtabyriusthe Jove of the Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaningUnic-beinghas analogies inAta-beiraall over the world.Atais one or first in many languages. CompareAtmonof Egypt,BaracataorParaxactathe nature or mother ofBramaof the Hindus.MamonawithVimanaeternal god of the Jains, theManitosof North America.Atéwas god in Thracian,Atain Brazil,EtuaandHeytain Polynesia. The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects isIan,Ion,Jauna,Jain,Janieva,Janugoieva&c. similar toJemao,JocanaandHiaunaof Hayti.65.Gua-ma-o-conwas such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic language of the Antilles. Compare withCon-el, and the gods of the Atlantes, Guanches &c.66.Compare the following words for winds withGua-banzex.VayajamSanscrit.Bandold Arabic.Watem,VatoZend.BanginBali.Bentusold Latin.VentusLatin.AndasEtruscan.AbkaAbask.SabamCeylon.67.It wasJaia,Khaya,Cayo,Hayin the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian. CompareAya,Ai,Eia,Ia,Gaya, in the Pelasgic dialects, since becomeAya,Yaia,Geain Greek.KahiEgyptian.AkhéZend.KayDeri of Iran.IyaSanscrit.Ca,AionPhenician.AyLybian.Ayaold Irish.Ayate,GaysAusonian and Oscan.In America numerous analogies are found,AyaBetoy,Ain Lulé,CatunTzuluki,AcutiMoxos &c.68.EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe, children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialectsRabu,Rahen,Muru &c.meant Son. CompareIlitribe in Persian,Zitlman in Circassian,LehOsset,LezLezghi.Lelein Pelasgian, UL in Turan, nowOgluin Turk—OlgosEolian,VulgusLatin,Chuliin Carthulan,Oleos,Laosin Greek,Eleuthin Mongol,Chulaold Spanish,AluCopt,BailEtruscan,CobaylBerber,Haialin D.Shiluh,UluAfgan,EliHungarian,Filiusandfam-iliaLatin &c. Even our wordsFellow,ChildandFolksderive from this ancient source, the oriental EL, IL, OL.—In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols &c.—Oloin Vilela,YoaleAbipon,ElesMexican &c.69.TheColsare perhaps the Chols, Olmecas,Colasof Florida,Collasof Peru &c. TheCarasmay be the ancient Caribs, or the Guaranis, theCarasof Peru, theCorasof Mexico &c.; compare with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.70.Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have so many allusions to the devilsTaras, and AmazonsAmayuna, that we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.71.CompareCazicwith the following names for king:Oriental Names.AchEgypt and Etruscan.Vasilof Greeks.Kasekin Sitka.Caziin Iran.Sheikin Arabic.ZicIberians and Sicules.Acalic,AgaziBerber.BazilikPelagian.CahinLybian.HazilCarian.CayZend.IzaTigreh.CazilMindanao island.CazisSocotora island.Izcanof Haikans.Izca,Kanof Turans.Casisof Syrians.American Names.Acachiof Totonacas.Wachilof Nachez.Zacof Muyzcas.Cathiof Pinindas.Ahaticof Huaztecas.Incaof Peruvians.Chiacaof Coras.Cuchiof Puncays.Kiuskaof Tzulukis.72.CompareZibawith the following names for stone:Hibanin Berber.Ubenin Hebrew.Abenin Syriac.KeibeCeltic.SiwaNukahiva island.Ripa,Rupesin Latin.SitabaPelasgian.Bahibaold Arabic.IbaSamoyed.BatuMalay.It is in America,Sibain Cahiri,Tabuin Yaoy;Saba,Tebu,Tobuin Galibi dialects,Tushubin Huasteca,Tepein Mexican,Tzacapuin Talasca &c.73.Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.Garcia givesMatalinoas a synonym,Mameans great, and thus it would be the greatTalino, the real greatAtalantis. The conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must be before the last flood.74.This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!75.But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were calledComekhonin Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to theComaguas,Comayaguas &c.who were previous settlers of Hayti, and descendants ofKon! theKhonsof Lybia? But it is strange that we find here theMyrmidonsof Grecian fable! and many affinities in the name of that tribe of ants.Mur-mekonin Pelagian and Greek,Umekonin Thracian,Formicain Latin,Camotin Bali,Mohurin Iran &c., while in AmericaComagenof Uraba,Camaxenof the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus traced also to America.76.Compare withAnaboriaorNaboritas(working men) the following names for vassals and laborers—Naboritiin Coyba,Labuyuof Caribs,Anaconasof Peru and Muyzcas,Naboriaof Mayas &c.—and in the east.Tabarain Turan.Burutisin Ausonian.Aborian,AbeirgonPelagic.Boor,BuraFrisic.Ambactosin Gaul.Manahunisin Tahiti.NerbaHindostani.BendarPehlvi.AbondasSaxon.Canabas, Knave Gothic.NebaraNepal.PariasIndia.77.It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. TheObiahor sortilege, andDupinghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.78.The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names indicate—Gua-tauvaimpliessuch goodness: whilePregonerois the devil of Cumana, under the names ofProruruorProguro.79.These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids; are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found inHubantesin Pelagic.Fayboof the Guanches.VatesAusonian and Gaul.Aobuin Aramic.BehotusDorian.Bedoold French.Phontoin Egypt.Purohitoin Sanscrit.Budanin Pelvi.Budhaof Budhists.BaharasNepal.HeotesSicanian &c.80.The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes and guns the prophecy was explained.Cochiofor dress and mantle has affinities with many ancient languages,Gonachenin Iran,Ahicoof Guanches,Ponchoof Peru and Chili,Cachacaof Gauls,Cochayaof Slavonians,Cotain Celtic &c.: whence our coat.81.This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaninggold of the house. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events, loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.82.The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent. Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.83.It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals; adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent, bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them: unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations of America may be connected with those by other links of languages, traditions &c.1.ZemisorChemes, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru.2.TuyrasorTaras, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.3.Guabanz, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?4.Khayas, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.5.HiguerasorHibueras, Compare Guaranis, they called manIbi, the Borias &c.6.Boinis, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South America.7.MarohusorMarocas, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas.8.Corocores, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico.9.Coles, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.10.Caracaraagain same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also Caribs?11.ManicosorManacos, the great Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.12.IcotasorHicoteas, Cotos Carib tribes.13.Cautasappear same asI-cota—IandHiare articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.14.CaanauorCaonas, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.15.GiagauorXaguas, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.16.Amayunas, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco.17.Machocha, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.18.Zibas, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.19.Khoboses, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco.20.GionasorAunas, Yana-conas of Peru.21.Kadrus, Aruacs of Guyana.22.Giahubas, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.23.Guaninis, Guanas all over South America.24.Tonas, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.25.AnacacorManati, Tamanacus of Guyana.26.Boras, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.27.Comos,ComisorCome-Khon, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.28.Goeiz, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.29.Aumatex, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.30.Guatauvas, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.31.Moretes, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.32.Caribas,Canibas,Canimas, The Calibis or Caribs.33.Timanis, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.34.Labouyous, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.35.CahirisCaris of South America.36.Eyeris, Yaros of Parana.37.Toas, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.38.Oumekwas, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.39.Mabuyas, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.40.Cofachis,Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?41.Apalachis, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.42.MayoriexorZiguayos, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.43.Cons, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas of South America.44.ElsorIli(children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that name of Antilia, which in their language would have beenAnti-ilisons of Antes, orAna-ti-iliflower-high-children. It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to theAntisor Anteus, the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
Footnotes1.In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet on theAncient History of Kentucky, or Central North America, before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and western route of the Mexican nations.2.I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises, although the Lybian analogies are evident.3.In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks call itArabo-sité, Arabic corn, in Italy it is calledGrano-turco, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found quite wild in America.4.ThePonchois a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.5.E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men, pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N'K'BE or male and female. The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: although the commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing between consonants.6.Geological comments are not here required, my business is with mankind. Moses calls men besideAish,Anush,G'bforeign, and womenN'shim,Itath,Ashe,Ashth; which are perhaps as many names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM orElohim, XRBIMCherubim,Nahash, &c. If these primitive names will offer any analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out hereafter.Hueis the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the contrary.7.Yum.The MIM waters produced SH'R'TZ production—translated reptile! No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come from waters, and their motion. LOUF'F means both flying and flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This fine wordsoulhas been translated creature.8.Yum.The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24. R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. TheBemeare perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men, over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which represent also men! and were personified.1. SH'R'TZ, Production—Moses. LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of Poets.2. N'F'SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds,BemeandRmsh, which are the BEMUTH of Job,Behemothof Poets.7.The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.8.See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation, antidiluvian history and flood has been given.9.Lancawas according to the Hindus a big land under the equator, including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land ofLancathat many traditions place Adam, with several early events.TheSundaland was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca was separated from Siam by a strait.10.The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments. If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000 towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains. Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and will be obliterated ere long.—Seemy account of monumental sites, published in 1824.11.The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air, winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it, as in Egypt and Guinea.12.See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832, Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have collected a few more since.13.By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.; which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions. Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women, took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.14.The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like maize.15.The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.16.The physical changes undergone in America within late historical recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one connected body by historians or geologists.17.These two figures of speech,PersonificationandAnimalization, are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we mean all the English when we speak ofJohn Bull, the Russians by theNorthern Bear(a kind of animalization), all the Turks bythe Grand Turk&c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we substitute in our modern languages,WeandYouinstead of I or Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it when he called God, ALEIM ourElohimorthe Angels, and polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions; but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality of tribes.Animalizationpervades the whole of the fabulous periods of history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had theirCherubim, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the Turks inCherabiorChelabi, which meansLordsin the old Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in theEl-abi, now Arabians, which meantAngel-fathers, or our forefathers the angelic men.Elapimeansthe most manlyin Linapi!18.The wordOlumis remarkable, because it is analogous to theOlen, the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of the Druids and Irish were calledOcol,Callan,Ogham, the IrishOlamwere recorders and teachers.Olumdoes not properly mean a writing, sinceLekiis book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it impliesa record,a notched stick, an engraved piece of wood or bark. It comes fromOlhollow or graved record. Hekewelder says thatOluma-pisidwas in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on the river Susquehanna, who kept theOlumor records of the nation. It is probable these were part of them.19.These actualOlumwere at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822 were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in the original language; but no one could be found by me able to translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis, Ottawas, &c.20.This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days orYums. The word for angelsAngelatawiwak, is not borrowed, but real Linapi, put in the plural: thus the same as the GreekAngelos.21.Jin-wisis the AISH orAdamof all the Linapi tribes. W'IS is identic with ISH, W' being the articlehe, WI added to words is common, meaning buthe,sheandthey, the pluralwakmeansmany.22.Owinimay be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaningsuch-they-menor beings. O is the common article for pronounsOnandCeof the French, in Englishsuch,it,this,these, preserved in many Linapi dialects,NiandInimean bothme,I,myandmen. It must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this translation a difficult task.23.Here theOwinibecomeNi-jini, evidently the Jins of China and Iran; Jains of India.24.Wakonis the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic nations.Akonof Syria.25.Tulais the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in Asia: theTulanorTuranor Central Tartary. In Linapi the meaning isTurtleorTortoise, names derived fromThorturtle in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall.Tul-ap-inis the real tortoise of Linapi meaningstrong-manly-thing: the water soft turtle is calledUnami. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood.Nanaappears Noah; his title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest of feathers or hair on the head.26.The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaningthe most he.Eluthe root is probably akin to theAleimorElohimof Moses, andElaimeaning strong in Hebrew: also toHer-culesof the Latins,Hera-cleenof the Greek,Herprefixed meaning Lord.27.Here the people begin to be calledO-lini, this was probably their old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must have saidO-rini, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and Ottawas, sayO-nini. This will afford matter for many philological enquiries and comparisons.28.W'oken-apiproperly meanthe fathers manly.Shinakithe first seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the bigShinaki, the N. W. coast.29.It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.30.This southern land ofAkolaking, and the subsequentMinihaking, cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably the Oregon country.31.As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our era, we find a recorder of old events, by means ofOlum. CompareOlenandOlamof Celts.32.Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the east over the mountains. InOligon, we have the etymology of Oregon.33.Wisawanais either the Missouri or Yellowstone.34.ThisTamenendis famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many kings took that title afterwards. He is also theAmik-wior great beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.35.Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His festivals are calledGentiko, and known to many nations.36.Maskan-Sini, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard people throughout North America. The subsequent foesAkowiniappear to be theKowetas, theLowanuskiare the Esquimaux,Lowakonare the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go further east.37.The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the wars with theTalegas, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then united, since calledDelamatanandLamatan. The traditions of Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west of it at St. Louis &c.In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.38.Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the former wars with the Talegas.39.The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.40.This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes, and became their legislator.41.These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes,Lowakois a new invading tribe from the north.42.The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few. Hekewelder confirms these facts.43.Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both.Winakiwas the name of east Pennsylvania.44.By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear older by their traditions.By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event would be still later: he states that after separating from the western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—See Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.45.This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This famous name is spelt very variouslyTamanend,Tamany,Tamini&c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many songs and traditions on them.46.Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had also theirWach-queow. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of awhite womanwho came to America, married an American, had a son, who went to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160, rather than Madoc or a warlike band.47.The Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe, separated long before.48.This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.49.This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by theMahongwis(Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles. We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.50.Otaliis the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair: this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment. TheWasiotoare the Cumberland mountains, meaning theSouth Sioto. TheSiotoswere a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as theSiotoriver in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the Ottawas; probably akin to theOtosof Missouri. They bear the snake sign in the symbol.51.The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the arrival ofWapsior Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the head in these annals. 1.Jinwisand his wife by an aureole, 2. theAkoor snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. theJinsby a crown of rays, 4. theOwinisby a feather, 5. the kings by 3 feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.52.Mattanikumappears to be both theTinikumandMattahornof the Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to translate half the name. He was king in 1645.53.Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect Linapi would beAkoli, meaninguglyorsnake-looking; the prefixWin, means eitherthe beingsor snow, or may refer to Winaki.54.The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.55.This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn's treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is very different fromTatamiwho was king till 1748 at Welakamika or Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the three into one.56.Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandsonUnamiwitill 1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boyUnamiwiwas killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this was the cause of the wars till 1795.57.General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black Snake, because he beat the allied nations.58.These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the last treaty with the United States.59.The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The former names ofYankwishas only been preserved as our Yankees. The belief of their beingGishakisor children of the sun-land, at the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.60.Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are similar to vampyres.61.Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes, Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to theCapahaor Missouri group of nations.62.The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs; yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer.Mayo-banexname of their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by the Haytians, whence the blunder.63.Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.64.These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared analogies.Mamonais identic with theMammonof Africa and Asia.Liellahas analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of the east.Atabeirais identic withAtabyriusthe Jove of the Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaningUnic-beinghas analogies inAta-beiraall over the world.Atais one or first in many languages. CompareAtmonof Egypt,BaracataorParaxactathe nature or mother ofBramaof the Hindus.MamonawithVimanaeternal god of the Jains, theManitosof North America.Atéwas god in Thracian,Atain Brazil,EtuaandHeytain Polynesia. The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects isIan,Ion,Jauna,Jain,Janieva,Janugoieva&c. similar toJemao,JocanaandHiaunaof Hayti.65.Gua-ma-o-conwas such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic language of the Antilles. Compare withCon-el, and the gods of the Atlantes, Guanches &c.66.Compare the following words for winds withGua-banzex.VayajamSanscrit.Bandold Arabic.Watem,VatoZend.BanginBali.Bentusold Latin.VentusLatin.AndasEtruscan.AbkaAbask.SabamCeylon.67.It wasJaia,Khaya,Cayo,Hayin the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian. CompareAya,Ai,Eia,Ia,Gaya, in the Pelasgic dialects, since becomeAya,Yaia,Geain Greek.KahiEgyptian.AkhéZend.KayDeri of Iran.IyaSanscrit.Ca,AionPhenician.AyLybian.Ayaold Irish.Ayate,GaysAusonian and Oscan.In America numerous analogies are found,AyaBetoy,Ain Lulé,CatunTzuluki,AcutiMoxos &c.68.EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe, children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialectsRabu,Rahen,Muru &c.meant Son. CompareIlitribe in Persian,Zitlman in Circassian,LehOsset,LezLezghi.Lelein Pelasgian, UL in Turan, nowOgluin Turk—OlgosEolian,VulgusLatin,Chuliin Carthulan,Oleos,Laosin Greek,Eleuthin Mongol,Chulaold Spanish,AluCopt,BailEtruscan,CobaylBerber,Haialin D.Shiluh,UluAfgan,EliHungarian,Filiusandfam-iliaLatin &c. Even our wordsFellow,ChildandFolksderive from this ancient source, the oriental EL, IL, OL.—In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols &c.—Oloin Vilela,YoaleAbipon,ElesMexican &c.69.TheColsare perhaps the Chols, Olmecas,Colasof Florida,Collasof Peru &c. TheCarasmay be the ancient Caribs, or the Guaranis, theCarasof Peru, theCorasof Mexico &c.; compare with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.70.Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have so many allusions to the devilsTaras, and AmazonsAmayuna, that we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.71.CompareCazicwith the following names for king:Oriental Names.AchEgypt and Etruscan.Vasilof Greeks.Kasekin Sitka.Caziin Iran.Sheikin Arabic.ZicIberians and Sicules.Acalic,AgaziBerber.BazilikPelagian.CahinLybian.HazilCarian.CayZend.IzaTigreh.CazilMindanao island.CazisSocotora island.Izcanof Haikans.Izca,Kanof Turans.Casisof Syrians.American Names.Acachiof Totonacas.Wachilof Nachez.Zacof Muyzcas.Cathiof Pinindas.Ahaticof Huaztecas.Incaof Peruvians.Chiacaof Coras.Cuchiof Puncays.Kiuskaof Tzulukis.72.CompareZibawith the following names for stone:Hibanin Berber.Ubenin Hebrew.Abenin Syriac.KeibeCeltic.SiwaNukahiva island.Ripa,Rupesin Latin.SitabaPelasgian.Bahibaold Arabic.IbaSamoyed.BatuMalay.It is in America,Sibain Cahiri,Tabuin Yaoy;Saba,Tebu,Tobuin Galibi dialects,Tushubin Huasteca,Tepein Mexican,Tzacapuin Talasca &c.73.Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.Garcia givesMatalinoas a synonym,Mameans great, and thus it would be the greatTalino, the real greatAtalantis. The conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must be before the last flood.74.This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!75.But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were calledComekhonin Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to theComaguas,Comayaguas &c.who were previous settlers of Hayti, and descendants ofKon! theKhonsof Lybia? But it is strange that we find here theMyrmidonsof Grecian fable! and many affinities in the name of that tribe of ants.Mur-mekonin Pelagian and Greek,Umekonin Thracian,Formicain Latin,Camotin Bali,Mohurin Iran &c., while in AmericaComagenof Uraba,Camaxenof the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus traced also to America.76.Compare withAnaboriaorNaboritas(working men) the following names for vassals and laborers—Naboritiin Coyba,Labuyuof Caribs,Anaconasof Peru and Muyzcas,Naboriaof Mayas &c.—and in the east.Tabarain Turan.Burutisin Ausonian.Aborian,AbeirgonPelagic.Boor,BuraFrisic.Ambactosin Gaul.Manahunisin Tahiti.NerbaHindostani.BendarPehlvi.AbondasSaxon.Canabas, Knave Gothic.NebaraNepal.PariasIndia.77.It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. TheObiahor sortilege, andDupinghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.78.The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names indicate—Gua-tauvaimpliessuch goodness: whilePregonerois the devil of Cumana, under the names ofProruruorProguro.79.These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids; are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found inHubantesin Pelagic.Fayboof the Guanches.VatesAusonian and Gaul.Aobuin Aramic.BehotusDorian.Bedoold French.Phontoin Egypt.Purohitoin Sanscrit.Budanin Pelvi.Budhaof Budhists.BaharasNepal.HeotesSicanian &c.80.The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes and guns the prophecy was explained.Cochiofor dress and mantle has affinities with many ancient languages,Gonachenin Iran,Ahicoof Guanches,Ponchoof Peru and Chili,Cachacaof Gauls,Cochayaof Slavonians,Cotain Celtic &c.: whence our coat.81.This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaninggold of the house. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events, loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.82.The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent. Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.83.It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals; adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent, bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them: unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations of America may be connected with those by other links of languages, traditions &c.1.ZemisorChemes, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru.2.TuyrasorTaras, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.3.Guabanz, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?4.Khayas, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.5.HiguerasorHibueras, Compare Guaranis, they called manIbi, the Borias &c.6.Boinis, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South America.7.MarohusorMarocas, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas.8.Corocores, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico.9.Coles, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.10.Caracaraagain same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also Caribs?11.ManicosorManacos, the great Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.12.IcotasorHicoteas, Cotos Carib tribes.13.Cautasappear same asI-cota—IandHiare articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.14.CaanauorCaonas, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.15.GiagauorXaguas, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.16.Amayunas, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco.17.Machocha, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.18.Zibas, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.19.Khoboses, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco.20.GionasorAunas, Yana-conas of Peru.21.Kadrus, Aruacs of Guyana.22.Giahubas, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.23.Guaninis, Guanas all over South America.24.Tonas, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.25.AnacacorManati, Tamanacus of Guyana.26.Boras, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.27.Comos,ComisorCome-Khon, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.28.Goeiz, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.29.Aumatex, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.30.Guatauvas, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.31.Moretes, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.32.Caribas,Canibas,Canimas, The Calibis or Caribs.33.Timanis, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.34.Labouyous, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.35.CahirisCaris of South America.36.Eyeris, Yaros of Parana.37.Toas, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.38.Oumekwas, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.39.Mabuyas, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.40.Cofachis,Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?41.Apalachis, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.42.MayoriexorZiguayos, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.43.Cons, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas of South America.44.ElsorIli(children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that name of Antilia, which in their language would have beenAnti-ilisons of Antes, orAna-ti-iliflower-high-children. It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to theAntisor Anteus, the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
Footnotes1.In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet on theAncient History of Kentucky, or Central North America, before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and western route of the Mexican nations.2.I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises, although the Lybian analogies are evident.3.In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks call itArabo-sité, Arabic corn, in Italy it is calledGrano-turco, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found quite wild in America.4.ThePonchois a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.5.E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men, pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N'K'BE or male and female. The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: although the commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing between consonants.6.Geological comments are not here required, my business is with mankind. Moses calls men besideAish,Anush,G'bforeign, and womenN'shim,Itath,Ashe,Ashth; which are perhaps as many names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM orElohim, XRBIMCherubim,Nahash, &c. If these primitive names will offer any analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out hereafter.Hueis the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the contrary.7.Yum.The MIM waters produced SH'R'TZ production—translated reptile! No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come from waters, and their motion. LOUF'F means both flying and flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This fine wordsoulhas been translated creature.8.Yum.The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24. R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. TheBemeare perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men, over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which represent also men! and were personified.1. SH'R'TZ, Production—Moses. LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of Poets.2. N'F'SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds,BemeandRmsh, which are the BEMUTH of Job,Behemothof Poets.7.The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.8.See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation, antidiluvian history and flood has been given.9.Lancawas according to the Hindus a big land under the equator, including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land ofLancathat many traditions place Adam, with several early events.TheSundaland was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca was separated from Siam by a strait.10.The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments. If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000 towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains. Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and will be obliterated ere long.—Seemy account of monumental sites, published in 1824.11.The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air, winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it, as in Egypt and Guinea.12.See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832, Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have collected a few more since.13.By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.; which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions. Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women, took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.14.The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like maize.15.The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.16.The physical changes undergone in America within late historical recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one connected body by historians or geologists.17.These two figures of speech,PersonificationandAnimalization, are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we mean all the English when we speak ofJohn Bull, the Russians by theNorthern Bear(a kind of animalization), all the Turks bythe Grand Turk&c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we substitute in our modern languages,WeandYouinstead of I or Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it when he called God, ALEIM ourElohimorthe Angels, and polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions; but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality of tribes.Animalizationpervades the whole of the fabulous periods of history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had theirCherubim, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the Turks inCherabiorChelabi, which meansLordsin the old Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in theEl-abi, now Arabians, which meantAngel-fathers, or our forefathers the angelic men.Elapimeansthe most manlyin Linapi!18.The wordOlumis remarkable, because it is analogous to theOlen, the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of the Druids and Irish were calledOcol,Callan,Ogham, the IrishOlamwere recorders and teachers.Olumdoes not properly mean a writing, sinceLekiis book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it impliesa record,a notched stick, an engraved piece of wood or bark. It comes fromOlhollow or graved record. Hekewelder says thatOluma-pisidwas in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on the river Susquehanna, who kept theOlumor records of the nation. It is probable these were part of them.19.These actualOlumwere at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822 were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in the original language; but no one could be found by me able to translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis, Ottawas, &c.20.This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days orYums. The word for angelsAngelatawiwak, is not borrowed, but real Linapi, put in the plural: thus the same as the GreekAngelos.21.Jin-wisis the AISH orAdamof all the Linapi tribes. W'IS is identic with ISH, W' being the articlehe, WI added to words is common, meaning buthe,sheandthey, the pluralwakmeansmany.22.Owinimay be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaningsuch-they-menor beings. O is the common article for pronounsOnandCeof the French, in Englishsuch,it,this,these, preserved in many Linapi dialects,NiandInimean bothme,I,myandmen. It must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this translation a difficult task.23.Here theOwinibecomeNi-jini, evidently the Jins of China and Iran; Jains of India.24.Wakonis the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic nations.Akonof Syria.25.Tulais the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in Asia: theTulanorTuranor Central Tartary. In Linapi the meaning isTurtleorTortoise, names derived fromThorturtle in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall.Tul-ap-inis the real tortoise of Linapi meaningstrong-manly-thing: the water soft turtle is calledUnami. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood.Nanaappears Noah; his title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest of feathers or hair on the head.26.The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaningthe most he.Eluthe root is probably akin to theAleimorElohimof Moses, andElaimeaning strong in Hebrew: also toHer-culesof the Latins,Hera-cleenof the Greek,Herprefixed meaning Lord.27.Here the people begin to be calledO-lini, this was probably their old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must have saidO-rini, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and Ottawas, sayO-nini. This will afford matter for many philological enquiries and comparisons.28.W'oken-apiproperly meanthe fathers manly.Shinakithe first seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the bigShinaki, the N. W. coast.29.It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.30.This southern land ofAkolaking, and the subsequentMinihaking, cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably the Oregon country.31.As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our era, we find a recorder of old events, by means ofOlum. CompareOlenandOlamof Celts.32.Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the east over the mountains. InOligon, we have the etymology of Oregon.33.Wisawanais either the Missouri or Yellowstone.34.ThisTamenendis famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many kings took that title afterwards. He is also theAmik-wior great beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.35.Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His festivals are calledGentiko, and known to many nations.36.Maskan-Sini, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard people throughout North America. The subsequent foesAkowiniappear to be theKowetas, theLowanuskiare the Esquimaux,Lowakonare the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go further east.37.The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the wars with theTalegas, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then united, since calledDelamatanandLamatan. The traditions of Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west of it at St. Louis &c.In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.38.Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the former wars with the Talegas.39.The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.40.This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes, and became their legislator.41.These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes,Lowakois a new invading tribe from the north.42.The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few. Hekewelder confirms these facts.43.Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both.Winakiwas the name of east Pennsylvania.44.By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear older by their traditions.By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event would be still later: he states that after separating from the western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—See Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.45.This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This famous name is spelt very variouslyTamanend,Tamany,Tamini&c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many songs and traditions on them.46.Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had also theirWach-queow. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of awhite womanwho came to America, married an American, had a son, who went to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160, rather than Madoc or a warlike band.47.The Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe, separated long before.48.This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.49.This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by theMahongwis(Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles. We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.50.Otaliis the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair: this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment. TheWasiotoare the Cumberland mountains, meaning theSouth Sioto. TheSiotoswere a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as theSiotoriver in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the Ottawas; probably akin to theOtosof Missouri. They bear the snake sign in the symbol.51.The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the arrival ofWapsior Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the head in these annals. 1.Jinwisand his wife by an aureole, 2. theAkoor snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. theJinsby a crown of rays, 4. theOwinisby a feather, 5. the kings by 3 feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.52.Mattanikumappears to be both theTinikumandMattahornof the Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to translate half the name. He was king in 1645.53.Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect Linapi would beAkoli, meaninguglyorsnake-looking; the prefixWin, means eitherthe beingsor snow, or may refer to Winaki.54.The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.55.This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn's treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is very different fromTatamiwho was king till 1748 at Welakamika or Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the three into one.56.Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandsonUnamiwitill 1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boyUnamiwiwas killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this was the cause of the wars till 1795.57.General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black Snake, because he beat the allied nations.58.These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the last treaty with the United States.59.The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The former names ofYankwishas only been preserved as our Yankees. The belief of their beingGishakisor children of the sun-land, at the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.60.Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are similar to vampyres.61.Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes, Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to theCapahaor Missouri group of nations.62.The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs; yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer.Mayo-banexname of their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by the Haytians, whence the blunder.63.Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.64.These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared analogies.Mamonais identic with theMammonof Africa and Asia.Liellahas analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of the east.Atabeirais identic withAtabyriusthe Jove of the Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaningUnic-beinghas analogies inAta-beiraall over the world.Atais one or first in many languages. CompareAtmonof Egypt,BaracataorParaxactathe nature or mother ofBramaof the Hindus.MamonawithVimanaeternal god of the Jains, theManitosof North America.Atéwas god in Thracian,Atain Brazil,EtuaandHeytain Polynesia. The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects isIan,Ion,Jauna,Jain,Janieva,Janugoieva&c. similar toJemao,JocanaandHiaunaof Hayti.65.Gua-ma-o-conwas such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic language of the Antilles. Compare withCon-el, and the gods of the Atlantes, Guanches &c.66.Compare the following words for winds withGua-banzex.VayajamSanscrit.Bandold Arabic.Watem,VatoZend.BanginBali.Bentusold Latin.VentusLatin.AndasEtruscan.AbkaAbask.SabamCeylon.67.It wasJaia,Khaya,Cayo,Hayin the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian. CompareAya,Ai,Eia,Ia,Gaya, in the Pelasgic dialects, since becomeAya,Yaia,Geain Greek.KahiEgyptian.AkhéZend.KayDeri of Iran.IyaSanscrit.Ca,AionPhenician.AyLybian.Ayaold Irish.Ayate,GaysAusonian and Oscan.In America numerous analogies are found,AyaBetoy,Ain Lulé,CatunTzuluki,AcutiMoxos &c.68.EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe, children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialectsRabu,Rahen,Muru &c.meant Son. CompareIlitribe in Persian,Zitlman in Circassian,LehOsset,LezLezghi.Lelein Pelasgian, UL in Turan, nowOgluin Turk—OlgosEolian,VulgusLatin,Chuliin Carthulan,Oleos,Laosin Greek,Eleuthin Mongol,Chulaold Spanish,AluCopt,BailEtruscan,CobaylBerber,Haialin D.Shiluh,UluAfgan,EliHungarian,Filiusandfam-iliaLatin &c. Even our wordsFellow,ChildandFolksderive from this ancient source, the oriental EL, IL, OL.—In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols &c.—Oloin Vilela,YoaleAbipon,ElesMexican &c.69.TheColsare perhaps the Chols, Olmecas,Colasof Florida,Collasof Peru &c. TheCarasmay be the ancient Caribs, or the Guaranis, theCarasof Peru, theCorasof Mexico &c.; compare with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.70.Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have so many allusions to the devilsTaras, and AmazonsAmayuna, that we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.71.CompareCazicwith the following names for king:Oriental Names.AchEgypt and Etruscan.Vasilof Greeks.Kasekin Sitka.Caziin Iran.Sheikin Arabic.ZicIberians and Sicules.Acalic,AgaziBerber.BazilikPelagian.CahinLybian.HazilCarian.CayZend.IzaTigreh.CazilMindanao island.CazisSocotora island.Izcanof Haikans.Izca,Kanof Turans.Casisof Syrians.American Names.Acachiof Totonacas.Wachilof Nachez.Zacof Muyzcas.Cathiof Pinindas.Ahaticof Huaztecas.Incaof Peruvians.Chiacaof Coras.Cuchiof Puncays.Kiuskaof Tzulukis.72.CompareZibawith the following names for stone:Hibanin Berber.Ubenin Hebrew.Abenin Syriac.KeibeCeltic.SiwaNukahiva island.Ripa,Rupesin Latin.SitabaPelasgian.Bahibaold Arabic.IbaSamoyed.BatuMalay.It is in America,Sibain Cahiri,Tabuin Yaoy;Saba,Tebu,Tobuin Galibi dialects,Tushubin Huasteca,Tepein Mexican,Tzacapuin Talasca &c.73.Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.Garcia givesMatalinoas a synonym,Mameans great, and thus it would be the greatTalino, the real greatAtalantis. The conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must be before the last flood.74.This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!75.But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were calledComekhonin Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to theComaguas,Comayaguas &c.who were previous settlers of Hayti, and descendants ofKon! theKhonsof Lybia? But it is strange that we find here theMyrmidonsof Grecian fable! and many affinities in the name of that tribe of ants.Mur-mekonin Pelagian and Greek,Umekonin Thracian,Formicain Latin,Camotin Bali,Mohurin Iran &c., while in AmericaComagenof Uraba,Camaxenof the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus traced also to America.76.Compare withAnaboriaorNaboritas(working men) the following names for vassals and laborers—Naboritiin Coyba,Labuyuof Caribs,Anaconasof Peru and Muyzcas,Naboriaof Mayas &c.—and in the east.Tabarain Turan.Burutisin Ausonian.Aborian,AbeirgonPelagic.Boor,BuraFrisic.Ambactosin Gaul.Manahunisin Tahiti.NerbaHindostani.BendarPehlvi.AbondasSaxon.Canabas, Knave Gothic.NebaraNepal.PariasIndia.77.It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. TheObiahor sortilege, andDupinghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.78.The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names indicate—Gua-tauvaimpliessuch goodness: whilePregonerois the devil of Cumana, under the names ofProruruorProguro.79.These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids; are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found inHubantesin Pelagic.Fayboof the Guanches.VatesAusonian and Gaul.Aobuin Aramic.BehotusDorian.Bedoold French.Phontoin Egypt.Purohitoin Sanscrit.Budanin Pelvi.Budhaof Budhists.BaharasNepal.HeotesSicanian &c.80.The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes and guns the prophecy was explained.Cochiofor dress and mantle has affinities with many ancient languages,Gonachenin Iran,Ahicoof Guanches,Ponchoof Peru and Chili,Cachacaof Gauls,Cochayaof Slavonians,Cotain Celtic &c.: whence our coat.81.This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaninggold of the house. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events, loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.82.The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent. Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.83.It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals; adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent, bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them: unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations of America may be connected with those by other links of languages, traditions &c.1.ZemisorChemes, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru.2.TuyrasorTaras, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.3.Guabanz, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?4.Khayas, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.5.HiguerasorHibueras, Compare Guaranis, they called manIbi, the Borias &c.6.Boinis, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South America.7.MarohusorMarocas, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas.8.Corocores, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico.9.Coles, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.10.Caracaraagain same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also Caribs?11.ManicosorManacos, the great Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.12.IcotasorHicoteas, Cotos Carib tribes.13.Cautasappear same asI-cota—IandHiare articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.14.CaanauorCaonas, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.15.GiagauorXaguas, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.16.Amayunas, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco.17.Machocha, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.18.Zibas, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.19.Khoboses, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco.20.GionasorAunas, Yana-conas of Peru.21.Kadrus, Aruacs of Guyana.22.Giahubas, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.23.Guaninis, Guanas all over South America.24.Tonas, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.25.AnacacorManati, Tamanacus of Guyana.26.Boras, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.27.Comos,ComisorCome-Khon, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.28.Goeiz, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.29.Aumatex, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.30.Guatauvas, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.31.Moretes, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.32.Caribas,Canibas,Canimas, The Calibis or Caribs.33.Timanis, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.34.Labouyous, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.35.CahirisCaris of South America.36.Eyeris, Yaros of Parana.37.Toas, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.38.Oumekwas, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.39.Mabuyas, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.40.Cofachis,Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?41.Apalachis, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.42.MayoriexorZiguayos, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.43.Cons, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas of South America.44.ElsorIli(children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that name of Antilia, which in their language would have beenAnti-ilisons of Antes, orAna-ti-iliflower-high-children. It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to theAntisor Anteus, the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.
Geological comments are not here required, my business is with mankind. Moses calls men besideAish,Anush,G'bforeign, and womenN'shim,Itath,Ashe,Ashth; which are perhaps as many names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM orElohim, XRBIMCherubim,Nahash, &c. If these primitive names will offer any analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out hereafter.Hueis the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the contrary.
7.Yum.The MIM waters produced SH'R'TZ production—translated reptile! No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come from waters, and their motion. LOUF'F means both flying and flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This fine wordsoulhas been translated creature.
8.Yum.The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24. R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. TheBemeare perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men, over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.
Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which represent also men! and were personified.
1. SH'R'TZ, Production—Moses. LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of Poets.
2. N'F'SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.
3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds,BemeandRmsh, which are the BEMUTH of Job,Behemothof Poets.
Lancawas according to the Hindus a big land under the equator, including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land ofLancathat many traditions place Adam, with several early events.
TheSundaland was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca was separated from Siam by a strait.
These two figures of speech,PersonificationandAnimalization, are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we mean all the English when we speak ofJohn Bull, the Russians by theNorthern Bear(a kind of animalization), all the Turks bythe Grand Turk&c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we substitute in our modern languages,WeandYouinstead of I or Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it when he called God, ALEIM ourElohimorthe Angels, and polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions; but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality of tribes.
Animalizationpervades the whole of the fabulous periods of history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had theirCherubim, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the Turks inCherabiorChelabi, which meansLordsin the old Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in theEl-abi, now Arabians, which meantAngel-fathers, or our forefathers the angelic men.Elapimeansthe most manlyin Linapi!
The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the wars with theTalegas, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then united, since calledDelamatanandLamatan. The traditions of Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west of it at St. Louis &c.
In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.
By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear older by their traditions.
By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event would be still later: he states that after separating from the western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—See Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.
Compare the following words for winds withGua-banzex.
VayajamSanscrit.Bandold Arabic.Watem,VatoZend.BanginBali.Bentusold Latin.VentusLatin.AndasEtruscan.AbkaAbask.SabamCeylon.
It wasJaia,Khaya,Cayo,Hayin the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian. CompareAya,Ai,Eia,Ia,Gaya, in the Pelasgic dialects, since becomeAya,Yaia,Geain Greek.
KahiEgyptian.AkhéZend.KayDeri of Iran.IyaSanscrit.Ca,AionPhenician.AyLybian.Ayaold Irish.Ayate,GaysAusonian and Oscan.
In America numerous analogies are found,
AyaBetoy,Ain Lulé,CatunTzuluki,AcutiMoxos &c.
CompareCazicwith the following names for king:
Oriental Names.
AchEgypt and Etruscan.Vasilof Greeks.Kasekin Sitka.Caziin Iran.Sheikin Arabic.ZicIberians and Sicules.Acalic,AgaziBerber.BazilikPelagian.CahinLybian.HazilCarian.CayZend.IzaTigreh.CazilMindanao island.CazisSocotora island.Izcanof Haikans.Izca,Kanof Turans.Casisof Syrians.
American Names.
Acachiof Totonacas.Wachilof Nachez.Zacof Muyzcas.Cathiof Pinindas.Ahaticof Huaztecas.Incaof Peruvians.Chiacaof Coras.Cuchiof Puncays.Kiuskaof Tzulukis.
CompareZibawith the following names for stone:
Hibanin Berber.Ubenin Hebrew.Abenin Syriac.KeibeCeltic.SiwaNukahiva island.Ripa,Rupesin Latin.SitabaPelasgian.Bahibaold Arabic.IbaSamoyed.BatuMalay.
It is in America,Sibain Cahiri,Tabuin Yaoy;Saba,Tebu,Tobuin Galibi dialects,Tushubin Huasteca,Tepein Mexican,Tzacapuin Talasca &c.
Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.
Garcia givesMatalinoas a synonym,Mameans great, and thus it would be the greatTalino, the real greatAtalantis. The conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must be before the last flood.
Compare withAnaboriaorNaboritas(working men) the following names for vassals and laborers—Naboritiin Coyba,Labuyuof Caribs,Anaconasof Peru and Muyzcas,Naboriaof Mayas &c.—and in the east.
Tabarain Turan.Burutisin Ausonian.Aborian,AbeirgonPelagic.Boor,BuraFrisic.Ambactosin Gaul.Manahunisin Tahiti.NerbaHindostani.BendarPehlvi.AbondasSaxon.Canabas, Knave Gothic.NebaraNepal.PariasIndia.
These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids; are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found in
Hubantesin Pelagic.Fayboof the Guanches.VatesAusonian and Gaul.Aobuin Aramic.BehotusDorian.Bedoold French.Phontoin Egypt.Purohitoin Sanscrit.Budanin Pelvi.Budhaof Budhists.BaharasNepal.HeotesSicanian &c.
It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals; adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent, bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them: unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations of America may be connected with those by other links of languages, traditions &c.
1.ZemisorChemes, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru.
2.TuyrasorTaras, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.
3.Guabanz, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?
4.Khayas, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.
5.HiguerasorHibueras, Compare Guaranis, they called manIbi, the Borias &c.
6.Boinis, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South America.
7.MarohusorMarocas, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas.
8.Corocores, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico.
9.Coles, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.
10.Caracaraagain same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also Caribs?
11.ManicosorManacos, the great Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.
12.IcotasorHicoteas, Cotos Carib tribes.
13.Cautasappear same asI-cota—IandHiare articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.
14.CaanauorCaonas, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.
15.GiagauorXaguas, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.
16.Amayunas, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco.
17.Machocha, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.
18.Zibas, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.
19.Khoboses, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco.
20.GionasorAunas, Yana-conas of Peru.
21.Kadrus, Aruacs of Guyana.
22.Giahubas, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.
23.Guaninis, Guanas all over South America.
24.Tonas, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.
25.AnacacorManati, Tamanacus of Guyana.
26.Boras, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.
27.Comos,ComisorCome-Khon, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.
28.Goeiz, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.
29.Aumatex, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.
30.Guatauvas, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.
31.Moretes, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.
32.Caribas,Canibas,Canimas, The Calibis or Caribs.
33.Timanis, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.
34.Labouyous, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.
35.CahirisCaris of South America.
36.Eyeris, Yaros of Parana.
37.Toas, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.
38.Oumekwas, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.
39.Mabuyas, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.
40.Cofachis,Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?
41.Apalachis, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.
42.MayoriexorZiguayos, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.
43.Cons, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas of South America.
44.ElsorIli(children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.
Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that name of Antilia, which in their language would have beenAnti-ilisons of Antes, orAna-ti-iliflower-high-children. It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to theAntisor Anteus, the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.