CONTENTS.CHAPTER I.INTRODUCTORY.PAGEThe Succession of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages—A Copper Age in America—Scriptural Notices of Bronze—Bronze preceded Iron in ancient Egypt—Bronze in ancient Greece—The Metals mentioned by Homer—Iron in ancient Greece—Bronzes among other ancient Nations—Use of Iron in Gaul and Italy—Disputes as to the three Periods—The Succession of Iron to Bronze—The Preservation of ancient Iron1CHAPTER II.CELTS.Origin of the word Celt—Views of early Antiquaries—Conjectures as to the Use of Celts—Opinions of modern Writers27CHAPTER III.FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS.Flat Celts from Cyprus and Hissarlik—Discoveries of Flat Celts in Barrows—Those ornamented on the Faces—Flanged Celts—Those from Arreton Down—And from Barrows—Decorated Flanged Celts—Flat Celts found in Scotland—Decorated Scottish Specimens—Flat Celts found in Ireland—Decorated Irish Specimens—Character of their Decorations—Flat Celts with Lateral Stops39CHAPTER IV.WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES.Origin of the term Palstave—Celts with a Stop-ridge—Varieties of Winged Celts—Transitional Forms—Palstaves with Ornaments on Face—With Central Rib on the Blade—Shortened by Wear—With a Transverse Edge—Looped Palstaves—With Ribs on Blade—With Shield-like Ornaments—With Vertical Ribs on Blade—With semicircular Side-wings hammered over—Iron Palstaves imitated from Bronze—Palstaves with two Loops—Scottish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves—Looped Irish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves with Transverse Edge—Comparison with Continental Forms70CHAPTER V.SOCKETED CELTS.Terms, “the Recipient” and “the Received”—Evolution from Palstaves—With“Flanches,” or curved Lines, on the Faces—Plain, with a Beading round the Mouth—Of a Gaulish type—With vertical Ribs on the Faces—With Ribs ending in Pellets—With Ribs and Pellets on the Faces—With Ribs and Ring Ornaments—Variously ornamented—Of octagonal Section—With the Loop on one Face—Without Loops—Of diminutive Size—Found in Scotland—Found in Ireland—Comparison with Foreign Forms—Mainly of Native Manufacture in Britain—Those formed of Iron107CHAPTER VI.METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS.The perforated Axes of Bronze—Celts in Club-like Handles—Their Hafts, as seen in Barrows—Hafting after the manner of Axes—Socketed Celts used as Hatchets—Hafted Celt found at Chiusi—Hafts, as seen at Hallstatt—Celts in some instances mounted as Adzes—No perforated Axe-heads in Britain—Hafting Celts as Chisels146CHAPTER VII.CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS.Simple form of Chisel rare—Tanged Chisels—Chisels with Lugs at sides—Socketed Chisels—Tanged Gouges—Socketed Gouges—Socketed Hammers—Irish Hammers—Method of Hafting Hammers—French Anvils—Saws and Files almost unknown in Britain—Tongs and Punches—The latter used in Ornamenting—Awls, Drills, or Prickers frequently found in Barrows—Awls used in Sewing—Tweezers—Needles—Fish-hooks165CHAPTER VIII.SICKLES.Method of Hafting—Sickles with Projecting Knobs—With Sockets—Sickles found in Scotland and Ireland—Found on the Continent194CHAPTER IX.KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC.The Socketed Form—Scottish and Irish Knives—Curved Knives—Knives with broad Tangs—With Lanceolate Blades—Of peculiar Types—Double-edged Razors—Scottish and Irish Razors—Continental Forms204CHAPTER X.DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES.Tanged Knives or Daggers—Knife-Daggers with three Rivets—Method of Hafting Daggers—Bone Pommels—Amber Hilt inlaid with Gold—Hilts with numerous Rivets—Inlaid and Ivory Hilts—Hilts of Bronze—Knife-Daggers with five or six Rivets—Knife-Daggers from Scotland—From Ireland—Daggers with Ornamented Blades—With Mid-ribs—With Ogival Outline—Rapier-shaped Blades—Rapiers with Notches at the Base—With Ribs on the Faces—Rapiers with Ox-horn and Bronze Hilts—Bayonet-like Blades222CHAPTER XI.TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS, AND MACES.Arreton Down type of Spear-heads—With Tangs and with Socket—Scandinavian and German Halberds—The Chinese Form—Irish Halberds—Copper Blades less brittle than Bronze—Broad Irish Form—Scottish Halberds—English and Welsh Halberds—The Form known in Spain—Maces, probably Mediæval257CHAPTER XII.LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS.Their Occurrence in British Barrows not authenticated—Occur with Interments in Scandinavia—The Roman Sword—British Swords—Disputes as to their Age—Hilts proportional to Blades—Swords with Central Slots in Hilt-plate—With many Rivet-holes—With Central Rib on Blade—Representation of Sword on Italian Coin—Those with Hilts of Bronze—Localities where found—Comparison with Continental Types—Swords found in Scotland—In Ireland—In France—Swords with Hilts of Bone—Decorated with Gold—Continental Types—Early Iron Swords273CHAPTER XIII.SCABBARDS AND CHAPES.Sheaths with Bronze Ends—Wooden Sheaths—Bronze Sheaths—Ends of Sword-Sheaths or Scabbard Ends—Chapes from England and Ireland—Spiked Chapes—Mouth-pieces for Sheaths—Ferrules on Sword-Hilts301CHAPTER XIV.SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC.Different Types—Leaf-shaped—With a Fillet along the Midrib—Ornamented on the Sockets—With Loops at the Sides—From Ireland—Decorated on the Blade—With Loops at the Base of the Blade—Of Cruciform Section near the Point—With Openings in the Blade—With Flanges at the Side of the Openings—With Lunate Openings in the Blade—Barbed at the Base—Ferrules for Spear-shafts—African Spear Ferrules—Continental Types—Early Iron Spear-heads310CHAPTER XV.SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS.Shields with numerous raised Bosses—With Concentric Ribs—With Concentric Rings of Knobs—Shields found in Scotland—In England and Wales—Wooden Bucklers—The Date of Circular Bucklers—Bronze Helmets—Their Date343CHAPTER XVI.TRUMPETS AND BELLS.Trumpets found in Ireland—Trumpets with Lateral Openings—The Dowris Hoard—Riveted Trumpets—The Caprington Horn—Trumpets found in England—Bells found in Ireland357CHAPTER XVII.PINS.Pins with Flat Heads—With Crutched Heads—With Annular Heads—Those of large Size—With Spheroidal Heads—With Ornamental Expanded Heads—From Scotland—From Denmark—Their Date difficult to determine365CHAPTER XVIII.TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.The Gaulish Torque—Gold Torques—Funicular Torques—Ribbon Torques—Those of the Late Celtic Period—Penannular Torques and Bracelets—Bracelets engraved with Patterns—Beaded and Fluted—Looped, with Cup-shaped Ends—Late Celtic Bracelets—Rings—Rings with others cast on them—Coiled Rings found with Torques—Finger-rings—Ear-rings—Those of Gold—Beads of Tin—Of Glass—Rarity of Personal Ornaments in Britain374CHAPTER XIX.CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.Difficulty in Determining the Use of some Objects—Looped Sockets and Tubes—Possibly Clasps—Perforated Rings forming a kind of Brooch—Rings used in Harness—Brooches—Late Celtic—Buttons—Circular Plates and Broad Hoops—Perforated Discs—Slides for Straps—Jingling Ornaments—Objects of Uncertain Use—Rod, with Figures of Birds upon it—Figures of Animals396CHAPTER XX.VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC.Fictile Vessels—Gold Cup—Bronze Vessels not found in Barrows—Caldrons found in Scotland—In Ireland—Some of an Etruscan Form—The Skill exhibited in their Manufacture407CHAPTER XXI.METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE.Composition of Bronze—Lead absent in early Bronze—Sources of Tin and Copper—Analyses of Bronze Antiquities—Cakes of Copper and Lumps of Metal—Tin discovered in Hoards of Bronze—Ingots of Tin—Methods of Casting—Moulds of Stone for Celts, Palstaves, Daggers, Swords, and Spear-heads—Moulds of Bronze for Palstaves and Celts—The Harty Hoard—Bronze Mould for Gouges—Moulds found in other Countries—Moulds formed of Burnt Clay—Jets or Runners—The Processes for Preparing Bronze Instruments for Use—Rubbers and Whetstones—Decoration—Hammering out and Sharpening the Edges415CHAPTER XXII.CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE.Inferences from number of Types—Division of Period into Stages—The Evidence of Hoards—Their different Kinds—Personal, Merchants’, and Founders’—Lists of Principal Hoards—Inferences from them—The Transition from Bronze to Iron—Its probable Date—Duration of Bronze Age—Burial Customs of the Period—Different Views as to the Sources of Bronze Civilisation—Suggested Provinces of Bronze—The Britannic Province—Comparison of British and Continental Types—Foreign Influences in Britain—Its Commercial Relations—Imported Ornaments—Condition of Britain during the Bronze Age—General Summary455
CONTENTS.CHAPTER I.INTRODUCTORY.PAGEThe Succession of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages—A Copper Age in America—Scriptural Notices of Bronze—Bronze preceded Iron in ancient Egypt—Bronze in ancient Greece—The Metals mentioned by Homer—Iron in ancient Greece—Bronzes among other ancient Nations—Use of Iron in Gaul and Italy—Disputes as to the three Periods—The Succession of Iron to Bronze—The Preservation of ancient Iron1CHAPTER II.CELTS.Origin of the word Celt—Views of early Antiquaries—Conjectures as to the Use of Celts—Opinions of modern Writers27CHAPTER III.FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS.Flat Celts from Cyprus and Hissarlik—Discoveries of Flat Celts in Barrows—Those ornamented on the Faces—Flanged Celts—Those from Arreton Down—And from Barrows—Decorated Flanged Celts—Flat Celts found in Scotland—Decorated Scottish Specimens—Flat Celts found in Ireland—Decorated Irish Specimens—Character of their Decorations—Flat Celts with Lateral Stops39CHAPTER IV.WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES.Origin of the term Palstave—Celts with a Stop-ridge—Varieties of Winged Celts—Transitional Forms—Palstaves with Ornaments on Face—With Central Rib on the Blade—Shortened by Wear—With a Transverse Edge—Looped Palstaves—With Ribs on Blade—With Shield-like Ornaments—With Vertical Ribs on Blade—With semicircular Side-wings hammered over—Iron Palstaves imitated from Bronze—Palstaves with two Loops—Scottish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves—Looped Irish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves with Transverse Edge—Comparison with Continental Forms70CHAPTER V.SOCKETED CELTS.Terms, “the Recipient” and “the Received”—Evolution from Palstaves—With“Flanches,” or curved Lines, on the Faces—Plain, with a Beading round the Mouth—Of a Gaulish type—With vertical Ribs on the Faces—With Ribs ending in Pellets—With Ribs and Pellets on the Faces—With Ribs and Ring Ornaments—Variously ornamented—Of octagonal Section—With the Loop on one Face—Without Loops—Of diminutive Size—Found in Scotland—Found in Ireland—Comparison with Foreign Forms—Mainly of Native Manufacture in Britain—Those formed of Iron107CHAPTER VI.METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS.The perforated Axes of Bronze—Celts in Club-like Handles—Their Hafts, as seen in Barrows—Hafting after the manner of Axes—Socketed Celts used as Hatchets—Hafted Celt found at Chiusi—Hafts, as seen at Hallstatt—Celts in some instances mounted as Adzes—No perforated Axe-heads in Britain—Hafting Celts as Chisels146CHAPTER VII.CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS.Simple form of Chisel rare—Tanged Chisels—Chisels with Lugs at sides—Socketed Chisels—Tanged Gouges—Socketed Gouges—Socketed Hammers—Irish Hammers—Method of Hafting Hammers—French Anvils—Saws and Files almost unknown in Britain—Tongs and Punches—The latter used in Ornamenting—Awls, Drills, or Prickers frequently found in Barrows—Awls used in Sewing—Tweezers—Needles—Fish-hooks165CHAPTER VIII.SICKLES.Method of Hafting—Sickles with Projecting Knobs—With Sockets—Sickles found in Scotland and Ireland—Found on the Continent194CHAPTER IX.KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC.The Socketed Form—Scottish and Irish Knives—Curved Knives—Knives with broad Tangs—With Lanceolate Blades—Of peculiar Types—Double-edged Razors—Scottish and Irish Razors—Continental Forms204CHAPTER X.DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES.Tanged Knives or Daggers—Knife-Daggers with three Rivets—Method of Hafting Daggers—Bone Pommels—Amber Hilt inlaid with Gold—Hilts with numerous Rivets—Inlaid and Ivory Hilts—Hilts of Bronze—Knife-Daggers with five or six Rivets—Knife-Daggers from Scotland—From Ireland—Daggers with Ornamented Blades—With Mid-ribs—With Ogival Outline—Rapier-shaped Blades—Rapiers with Notches at the Base—With Ribs on the Faces—Rapiers with Ox-horn and Bronze Hilts—Bayonet-like Blades222CHAPTER XI.TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS, AND MACES.Arreton Down type of Spear-heads—With Tangs and with Socket—Scandinavian and German Halberds—The Chinese Form—Irish Halberds—Copper Blades less brittle than Bronze—Broad Irish Form—Scottish Halberds—English and Welsh Halberds—The Form known in Spain—Maces, probably Mediæval257CHAPTER XII.LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS.Their Occurrence in British Barrows not authenticated—Occur with Interments in Scandinavia—The Roman Sword—British Swords—Disputes as to their Age—Hilts proportional to Blades—Swords with Central Slots in Hilt-plate—With many Rivet-holes—With Central Rib on Blade—Representation of Sword on Italian Coin—Those with Hilts of Bronze—Localities where found—Comparison with Continental Types—Swords found in Scotland—In Ireland—In France—Swords with Hilts of Bone—Decorated with Gold—Continental Types—Early Iron Swords273CHAPTER XIII.SCABBARDS AND CHAPES.Sheaths with Bronze Ends—Wooden Sheaths—Bronze Sheaths—Ends of Sword-Sheaths or Scabbard Ends—Chapes from England and Ireland—Spiked Chapes—Mouth-pieces for Sheaths—Ferrules on Sword-Hilts301CHAPTER XIV.SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC.Different Types—Leaf-shaped—With a Fillet along the Midrib—Ornamented on the Sockets—With Loops at the Sides—From Ireland—Decorated on the Blade—With Loops at the Base of the Blade—Of Cruciform Section near the Point—With Openings in the Blade—With Flanges at the Side of the Openings—With Lunate Openings in the Blade—Barbed at the Base—Ferrules for Spear-shafts—African Spear Ferrules—Continental Types—Early Iron Spear-heads310CHAPTER XV.SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS.Shields with numerous raised Bosses—With Concentric Ribs—With Concentric Rings of Knobs—Shields found in Scotland—In England and Wales—Wooden Bucklers—The Date of Circular Bucklers—Bronze Helmets—Their Date343CHAPTER XVI.TRUMPETS AND BELLS.Trumpets found in Ireland—Trumpets with Lateral Openings—The Dowris Hoard—Riveted Trumpets—The Caprington Horn—Trumpets found in England—Bells found in Ireland357CHAPTER XVII.PINS.Pins with Flat Heads—With Crutched Heads—With Annular Heads—Those of large Size—With Spheroidal Heads—With Ornamental Expanded Heads—From Scotland—From Denmark—Their Date difficult to determine365CHAPTER XVIII.TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.The Gaulish Torque—Gold Torques—Funicular Torques—Ribbon Torques—Those of the Late Celtic Period—Penannular Torques and Bracelets—Bracelets engraved with Patterns—Beaded and Fluted—Looped, with Cup-shaped Ends—Late Celtic Bracelets—Rings—Rings with others cast on them—Coiled Rings found with Torques—Finger-rings—Ear-rings—Those of Gold—Beads of Tin—Of Glass—Rarity of Personal Ornaments in Britain374CHAPTER XIX.CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.Difficulty in Determining the Use of some Objects—Looped Sockets and Tubes—Possibly Clasps—Perforated Rings forming a kind of Brooch—Rings used in Harness—Brooches—Late Celtic—Buttons—Circular Plates and Broad Hoops—Perforated Discs—Slides for Straps—Jingling Ornaments—Objects of Uncertain Use—Rod, with Figures of Birds upon it—Figures of Animals396CHAPTER XX.VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC.Fictile Vessels—Gold Cup—Bronze Vessels not found in Barrows—Caldrons found in Scotland—In Ireland—Some of an Etruscan Form—The Skill exhibited in their Manufacture407CHAPTER XXI.METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE.Composition of Bronze—Lead absent in early Bronze—Sources of Tin and Copper—Analyses of Bronze Antiquities—Cakes of Copper and Lumps of Metal—Tin discovered in Hoards of Bronze—Ingots of Tin—Methods of Casting—Moulds of Stone for Celts, Palstaves, Daggers, Swords, and Spear-heads—Moulds of Bronze for Palstaves and Celts—The Harty Hoard—Bronze Mould for Gouges—Moulds found in other Countries—Moulds formed of Burnt Clay—Jets or Runners—The Processes for Preparing Bronze Instruments for Use—Rubbers and Whetstones—Decoration—Hammering out and Sharpening the Edges415CHAPTER XXII.CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE.Inferences from number of Types—Division of Period into Stages—The Evidence of Hoards—Their different Kinds—Personal, Merchants’, and Founders’—Lists of Principal Hoards—Inferences from them—The Transition from Bronze to Iron—Its probable Date—Duration of Bronze Age—Burial Customs of the Period—Different Views as to the Sources of Bronze Civilisation—Suggested Provinces of Bronze—The Britannic Province—Comparison of British and Continental Types—Foreign Influences in Britain—Its Commercial Relations—Imported Ornaments—Condition of Britain during the Bronze Age—General Summary455