Chapter 54

[1]Seepostea, p. 40.[2]Butler, “Prehist. Wisconsin.”[3]“Preh. Copper Impl.,” Boston, 1879.[4]“Anc. Mon. of the Mississ. Valley,” p. 202.[5]“Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain,” Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7, cited by Slafter,op. cit., p. 13.[6]For notices of American copper instruments see, in addition to the works already quoted, Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 205, &c.; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 258, &c. See also an interesting article by Dr. Emil Schmidt, inArchiv. für Anth., vol. xi. p. 65.[7]A Peruvian chisel analyzed by Vauquelin gave ·94 of copper and ·06 of tin (Moore’s “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 42).[8]Ezra, ch. viii. v. 27.[9]Exod., ch. xxvi. v. 37.[10]Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22.[11]Ch. xxviii. v. 1, 2.[12]Genesis, ch. iv. v. 22.[13]Smith’s “Dict. of the Bible,”s. v.[14]“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p.[15]“Phönicier,” ii. 3.[16]“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. pp. 246, 247. See also “The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs,” p. 99.[17]“Etudes sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Egyptiennes,” &c., 1872, p. 69.[18]“Catalogue de Boulaq,” pp. 247, 248; Chabas, p. 54. See also Emil Soldi, “L’Art Egyptien,” 1879, p. 41.[19]Catal., No. 5410.[20]Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” page 14.[21]Day,op. cit., p. 32.[22]Wilkinson,op. cit., vol. iii. p. 247.[23]“Les Métaux dans les Inscrip. Egypt.,” 1877, p. 57.[24]“Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache,” &c., 1870, p. 114.[25]Op. cit., p. 67. Dr. Birch translatesba en pe“heavenly wood” or “stone” (Arch., vol. xxxviii. p. 377;Hierog. Dict.). See also a paper by the Rev. Basil Cooper inTrans. Devon. Assoc., vol. ii. p. 386, and Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” p. 41.[26]Chabas,op. cit., p. 47. Lepsius,op. cit., p. 57.[27]“Photii Bibliotheca,” ed. 1653, col. 1343.[28]“Herod.,” lib. ii. c. 152.[29]Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 5.[30]Soldi, “L’Art Egypt.,” p. 25.[31]Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν έλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς, τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους (Julius Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24).[32]“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., 1864, p. 229; Tylor’s “Anahuac,” 1861, p. 140.[33]“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., p. 231.[34]“Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,” vol. iii. pp. 498, 499.[35]The reference is to Millin, “Minéralogie Homérique,” pp. 126, 132.[36]“Metallurgy—Fuel, Fireclays, Copper,” &c., p. 6.[37]Moore, “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 57.[38]Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 97; Æsch. Agamem., v. 612. Professor Rolleston is inclined to refer the expression to the “tempering” of bronze (Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878).[39]Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 238.[40]“Æn.,” viii. 450.[41]“Iliad,” xviii. 474.[42]xi. 24.[43]xi. 34.[44]xviii. 574.[45]“Il.,” xviii. 612.[46]xxiii. 561. For these and other instances see Prof. Phillips in theArch. Journ., vol. xvi. p. 10.[47]Desor et Favre, “Bel Age du Bronze,” p. 16.[48]Holtzapffel, “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” vol. i. p. 271.[49]“Æneid,” vii. 743.[50]“Iliad,” iii. 363.[51]“Il.,” iii. 348, vii. 259.[52]M. Ch. Houssel inRev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 98.[53]“Il.,” xi. 24.[54]Arch. für Anthrop., vol. viii. p. 295; Müller, “Fragm. Hist. Græc.,” vol. i. p. 549.[55]“Il.,” xiii. 612.[56]“Odyss.,” i. v. 184.[57]Plin. “Hist. Nat.,” lib. vii. c. lvi. 6.[58]Lib. viii. c. 14, § 5.[59]Op. cit., lib. iii. c. 12, § 8.[60]Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 64.[61]Strabo, “Geog.,” lib. xiv. p. 935, ed. 1807.[62]Callimachus, “Hymn. in Del.,” l. 31.[63]“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 5.[64]Archiv für Anthrop., 1880, vol. xii. p. 293.[65]“Iliad,” lib. xxiii. v. 826.[66]“Troad.,” 143.[67]“Æn.,” lib. vii. 743.[68]“Op. et D.,” i. 150. Τοῖς δ̓ ἧν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα χάλκεοι δέ τέ οἶκοιΧαλκῷ δ̓  ἐιργάζοντο, μέλας δ̓  ὀυκ ἔσχε σίδηρος.[69]Lib. v. 1282,et seqq.[70]“Juv. Mundi,” 1869, p. 26.[71]“Scut. Hercul.,” v. 122-138.[72]“Theogon.,” v. 161.[73]“Op. et D.,” v. 741.[74]“Olymp.,” od. i. 123; “Nem.,” od. x. 113, &c.[75]Lib. i. c. 215.[76]Lib. iii. c. 23.[77]Lib. iv. c. 71.[78]Lib. vii. c. 85.[79]Lib. iii. p. 208, ed. 1707.[80]Bochart’s “Phaleg.,” p. 208, cited inArch. Æliana, vol. i. p. 52.[81]“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 4.[82]“Lacon.,” lib. iii. cap. iii.[83]Herod., lib. i. c. 67.[84]Plutarch, “Thes.,” p. 17,c.Ed. 1624.[85]“Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14.[86]See “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. ii, 1870, p. 131.[87]“Vit. Caii Marii,” 420,b.[88]“Bell. Gall.,” iii. 13; vii. 22.[89]Lib. v. 12.[90]Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 190. See alsoAnthrop. Rev., vol. iv. p. 76.[91]Trans. Eth. Soc., vol. v. p. 105; “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 18.[92]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 73.[93]See Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 205.[94]Cochet, “Le Tombeau de Childéric,” i. p. 17.[95]“Sammlung zu Sigmaringen,” p. 153.[96]Archiv. für Anthropol., vol. viii. p. 161.[97]Archiv., vol. ix. p. 127.[98]Op. cit., p. 141.[99]Op. cit., p. 185.[100]Arch. für Anthrop., vol. ix. p. 181.[101]A. f. A., vol. x. p. 27.[102]Arch. f. Anthrop., vol. x. pp. 41, 63.[103]Mortillet, “Fonderie de Larnaud,” 32, 33.[104]Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878.[105]Cap. xix. v. 24.[106]P. 329, l. 23. NEQVE HIC ATRAMENTVM, VEL PAPYRVS, AVT MEMBRANA VLLA ADHVC, SED MALLEOLO ET CELTE LITERATVS SILEX. This inscription is said to have been found at Pola, in Istria.[107]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 396.[108]Rev. John Dow inArchæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199. See also Pegge in theArch., vol. ix. p. 88, and Whitaker’s “Hist. of Manchester,” vol. i. p. 24.[109]Epig. xxxiii. l. 1.[110]Vol. iii. p. 418.[111]P. 354.[112]P. 265.[113]“Itin.,” vol. iii. p. 7.[114]“Britannia,” ed. 1637, p. 188.[115]“Thoresby’s Correspondence,” vol. ii. p. 211.[116]“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” 1686, p. 403.[117]“Mus. Lud. Moscard.”, Padua, 1656, fol. 305, lib. iii. c. 174.[118]“Nat. Hist. of Staff.,” p. 403.[119]P. 86.[120]Arch., vol. v. p. 110.[121]“Ants. of Cornwall,” p. 263.[122]Count de Caylus has, however, engraved two which are said to have been found at Herculaneum. He thought that they were chisels (Rec. d’Ant., vol. ii. pl. xciii. fig. 2; xciv. fig. 1).[123]Arch., vol. v. p. 106.[124]Vol. ix. p. 84.[125]“Nænia Britannica” (1793), p. 153.[126]Arch., vol. xiv. p. 98.[127]“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. 1812, p. 203.[128]Arch., vol. xix. p. 102.[129]Archæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199.[130]Archæol. Æliana, vol. i. p. 17.[131]Arch., vol. xxviii. p. 418.[132]Arch. Journ., vol. iv. pp. 1 and 327.[133]Arch. Assoc. Journ., 1853, vol. ix. p. 63.[134]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 64.[135]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 148,et seq.[136]Jour. Roy. Un. Service Inst., vol. xiii., 1869.[137]P. 43,et seqq.188.[138]See Revue de la Numis. Belge, 5th Ser., vol. vi. p. 290.[139]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 392.[140]“Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” pp. 367, 395 (Etruscan Coll., Berlin, No. 3244).[141]“Horæ Ferales,” p. 136;Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 169.[142]“Catal. M. R.I.A.,” p. 366.[143]“Troy and its Remains,” p. 330, &c.[144]“Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 346.Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, May, 1870.[145]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 437.[146]Kenner, “Arch. Funde,” 1867, p. 29.[147]Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 178.[148]“Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.[149]“Cong. préh.,” Buda Pest vol. i. p. 227.[150]Bull. Soc. de Borda, Dax, 1878, p. 57.[151]“Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 484.[152]Morlot,Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord, 1866-71, p. 25.[153]“British Barrows,” p. 188. The cut is Fig. 38.[154]Figs. 369 and 370, p. 407.[155]“Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 34. “Catalogue,” p. 75.Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. vii. p. 217.[156]Vol. vii. p. 217, pl. xix.[157]Vol. xliii. p. 445.[158]“Vest. of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 48.[159]P. 74, No. 11.[160]See “Catal.,” p. 32, No. 29.[161]Arch., vol. ix. p. 85.[162]Vol. xxii. p. 277.[163]“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” tab. xxiii. p. 403.[164]Allies, p. 151, pl. iv. 11.[165]Arch. Journ., vol. vii. p. 179.[166]Op. cit., vol. xviii. p. 158.[167]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.[168]P. S. A., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.[169]Vol. v. pl. vii. i. p. 106.[170]Arch., vol. ix. p. 378.[171]Pl. ii. 1, 2, 3.[172]“La Seine Inf.,” p. 552.[173]“Matériaux,” vol. iv. p. 525.[174]“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 2, 3.[175]“Die ehernen Streitkeile” (1842), Taf. i. 1.[176]“First Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of Man,” pl. iv. 2.[177]“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi.[178]Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.[179]“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. “Catal.,” p. 75, No. 18.[180]“Grave-mounds,” fig. 187.[181]Pl. iv. No. 4.[182]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. pp. 235, 250.[183]Arch. Journ., vol. xix. p. 363.[184]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 159.[185]Arch., vol. v. p. 135, pl. viii. 14.[186]Trans. Devon Assoc., vol. v. p. 82.[187]3rd edit., 4to, 1818, pl. ii.[188]Proc. Soc. Ant., 1st S., vol. i. p. 83;Arch., vol. xxxi. p. 496;Proc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst., vol. i. p. 26.[189]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 369.[190]Vol. xxxvi. p. 329.[191]Arch., vol. v. p. 113.[192]For the loan of these cuts I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.[193]Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346. The scale of the cuts is there erroneously stated to be ½.[194]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi;Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.[195]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209, pl. xxix.[196]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90;Cran. Brit., xi. 7, where these objects are figured.[197]Suss. Arch. Coll., vol. ii. p. 268.[198]Chantre, “Album,” pl. iv. 2, 3. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 352.[199]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. xiii. Pl. i. fig. H.[200]Arch. Journ., vol. xxi. 100. Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 28, fig. 17.[201]Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” tab. xiii. 7.[202]Die ehernen Streitkeile, Taf. i. 5.[203]“Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 6.[204]“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 6.[205]Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 42. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.[206]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428, pl. i. fig. 1.[207]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 167. Chichester vol. ofArch. Inst., p. 62, whence this cut is taken.[208]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 207.[209]“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 2.[210]Arch. Journ., vol. xii. p. 278, xviii. p. 167.[211]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[212]4th S., vol. vi. p. 70. Cat. p. 1.[213]“Album,” pl. iii. 1.[214]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. p. 20.[215]Ibid.[216]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. iii. p. 245.[217]P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 187, and ix. p. 431.[218]P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 380.[219]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 182.[220]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 430.[221]Arch. Scot., vol. iii. App. II. p. 32;P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 431.[222]“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.[223]Vol. ii. p. 6.[224]Op. cit., p. 7.[225]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 428.[226]“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 6, 7.[227]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 105.[228]P. S. A. S., vol. iii. p. 245.[229]“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.[230]Engraved inArch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. pl. vi. 4, p. 21.[231]P. S. A. S., vol. vi. p. 41.[232]“Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 1. No. 1.[233]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 601. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut.[234]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 5.[235]Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 7. See also “Ant. Tidsk.,” 1861-3, p. 24.[236]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 602.[237]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiii. p. 120. I am indebted to the Council for the loan of this cut.[238]Wilde, p. 361.[239]Vol. xxvii. p. 308.[240]Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 410. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.[241]See Wilde, Fig. 249, 266.[242]Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 295.[243]See Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 389et seq.; “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. x. 9.[244]Chantre, “Album,” pl. 1. 9, 10.[245]Nord. Oldsager, No. 176.[246]Carapanos, “Dodone,” pl. liv. 7.[247]Vol. vii. p. 74.[248]London, 1849, p. 25.[249]P. 59.[250]See Nilsson, “Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invånare,” p. 92.[251]“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 382.[252]Baker’s “Hist. of North.,” p. 558.[253]“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.[254]Arch. Journ., vol. v. p. 324.[255]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[256]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. ii. p. 21.[257]“Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 25.[258]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.[259]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. v. p. 13.[260]Meyrick’s “Cardigansh.” and “Ancient Arm.,” by Skelton, pl. xlvii. 1.[261]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxxiii. p. 118.[262]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[263]“La Seine Inf.,” p. 272.[264]Lindenschmit, “Alt. uns. heidn. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft. i. Taf. iv. 43.[265]Vol. ii. p. 268, No. 11.[266]Arch., vol. x. pl. x. 2, p. 132.

[1]Seepostea, p. 40.[2]Butler, “Prehist. Wisconsin.”[3]“Preh. Copper Impl.,” Boston, 1879.[4]“Anc. Mon. of the Mississ. Valley,” p. 202.[5]“Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain,” Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7, cited by Slafter,op. cit., p. 13.[6]For notices of American copper instruments see, in addition to the works already quoted, Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 205, &c.; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 258, &c. See also an interesting article by Dr. Emil Schmidt, inArchiv. für Anth., vol. xi. p. 65.[7]A Peruvian chisel analyzed by Vauquelin gave ·94 of copper and ·06 of tin (Moore’s “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 42).[8]Ezra, ch. viii. v. 27.[9]Exod., ch. xxvi. v. 37.[10]Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22.[11]Ch. xxviii. v. 1, 2.[12]Genesis, ch. iv. v. 22.[13]Smith’s “Dict. of the Bible,”s. v.[14]“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p.[15]“Phönicier,” ii. 3.[16]“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. pp. 246, 247. See also “The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs,” p. 99.[17]“Etudes sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Egyptiennes,” &c., 1872, p. 69.[18]“Catalogue de Boulaq,” pp. 247, 248; Chabas, p. 54. See also Emil Soldi, “L’Art Egyptien,” 1879, p. 41.[19]Catal., No. 5410.[20]Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” page 14.[21]Day,op. cit., p. 32.[22]Wilkinson,op. cit., vol. iii. p. 247.[23]“Les Métaux dans les Inscrip. Egypt.,” 1877, p. 57.[24]“Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache,” &c., 1870, p. 114.[25]Op. cit., p. 67. Dr. Birch translatesba en pe“heavenly wood” or “stone” (Arch., vol. xxxviii. p. 377;Hierog. Dict.). See also a paper by the Rev. Basil Cooper inTrans. Devon. Assoc., vol. ii. p. 386, and Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” p. 41.[26]Chabas,op. cit., p. 47. Lepsius,op. cit., p. 57.[27]“Photii Bibliotheca,” ed. 1653, col. 1343.[28]“Herod.,” lib. ii. c. 152.[29]Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 5.[30]Soldi, “L’Art Egypt.,” p. 25.[31]Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν έλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς, τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους (Julius Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24).[32]“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., 1864, p. 229; Tylor’s “Anahuac,” 1861, p. 140.[33]“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., p. 231.[34]“Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,” vol. iii. pp. 498, 499.[35]The reference is to Millin, “Minéralogie Homérique,” pp. 126, 132.[36]“Metallurgy—Fuel, Fireclays, Copper,” &c., p. 6.[37]Moore, “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 57.[38]Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 97; Æsch. Agamem., v. 612. Professor Rolleston is inclined to refer the expression to the “tempering” of bronze (Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878).[39]Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 238.[40]“Æn.,” viii. 450.[41]“Iliad,” xviii. 474.[42]xi. 24.[43]xi. 34.[44]xviii. 574.[45]“Il.,” xviii. 612.[46]xxiii. 561. For these and other instances see Prof. Phillips in theArch. Journ., vol. xvi. p. 10.[47]Desor et Favre, “Bel Age du Bronze,” p. 16.[48]Holtzapffel, “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” vol. i. p. 271.[49]“Æneid,” vii. 743.[50]“Iliad,” iii. 363.[51]“Il.,” iii. 348, vii. 259.[52]M. Ch. Houssel inRev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 98.[53]“Il.,” xi. 24.[54]Arch. für Anthrop., vol. viii. p. 295; Müller, “Fragm. Hist. Græc.,” vol. i. p. 549.[55]“Il.,” xiii. 612.[56]“Odyss.,” i. v. 184.[57]Plin. “Hist. Nat.,” lib. vii. c. lvi. 6.[58]Lib. viii. c. 14, § 5.[59]Op. cit., lib. iii. c. 12, § 8.[60]Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 64.[61]Strabo, “Geog.,” lib. xiv. p. 935, ed. 1807.[62]Callimachus, “Hymn. in Del.,” l. 31.[63]“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 5.[64]Archiv für Anthrop., 1880, vol. xii. p. 293.[65]“Iliad,” lib. xxiii. v. 826.[66]“Troad.,” 143.[67]“Æn.,” lib. vii. 743.[68]“Op. et D.,” i. 150. Τοῖς δ̓ ἧν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα χάλκεοι δέ τέ οἶκοιΧαλκῷ δ̓  ἐιργάζοντο, μέλας δ̓  ὀυκ ἔσχε σίδηρος.[69]Lib. v. 1282,et seqq.[70]“Juv. Mundi,” 1869, p. 26.[71]“Scut. Hercul.,” v. 122-138.[72]“Theogon.,” v. 161.[73]“Op. et D.,” v. 741.[74]“Olymp.,” od. i. 123; “Nem.,” od. x. 113, &c.[75]Lib. i. c. 215.[76]Lib. iii. c. 23.[77]Lib. iv. c. 71.[78]Lib. vii. c. 85.[79]Lib. iii. p. 208, ed. 1707.[80]Bochart’s “Phaleg.,” p. 208, cited inArch. Æliana, vol. i. p. 52.[81]“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 4.[82]“Lacon.,” lib. iii. cap. iii.[83]Herod., lib. i. c. 67.[84]Plutarch, “Thes.,” p. 17,c.Ed. 1624.[85]“Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14.[86]See “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. ii, 1870, p. 131.[87]“Vit. Caii Marii,” 420,b.[88]“Bell. Gall.,” iii. 13; vii. 22.[89]Lib. v. 12.[90]Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 190. See alsoAnthrop. Rev., vol. iv. p. 76.[91]Trans. Eth. Soc., vol. v. p. 105; “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 18.[92]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 73.[93]See Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 205.[94]Cochet, “Le Tombeau de Childéric,” i. p. 17.[95]“Sammlung zu Sigmaringen,” p. 153.[96]Archiv. für Anthropol., vol. viii. p. 161.[97]Archiv., vol. ix. p. 127.[98]Op. cit., p. 141.[99]Op. cit., p. 185.[100]Arch. für Anthrop., vol. ix. p. 181.[101]A. f. A., vol. x. p. 27.[102]Arch. f. Anthrop., vol. x. pp. 41, 63.[103]Mortillet, “Fonderie de Larnaud,” 32, 33.[104]Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878.[105]Cap. xix. v. 24.[106]P. 329, l. 23. NEQVE HIC ATRAMENTVM, VEL PAPYRVS, AVT MEMBRANA VLLA ADHVC, SED MALLEOLO ET CELTE LITERATVS SILEX. This inscription is said to have been found at Pola, in Istria.[107]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 396.[108]Rev. John Dow inArchæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199. See also Pegge in theArch., vol. ix. p. 88, and Whitaker’s “Hist. of Manchester,” vol. i. p. 24.[109]Epig. xxxiii. l. 1.[110]Vol. iii. p. 418.[111]P. 354.[112]P. 265.[113]“Itin.,” vol. iii. p. 7.[114]“Britannia,” ed. 1637, p. 188.[115]“Thoresby’s Correspondence,” vol. ii. p. 211.[116]“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” 1686, p. 403.[117]“Mus. Lud. Moscard.”, Padua, 1656, fol. 305, lib. iii. c. 174.[118]“Nat. Hist. of Staff.,” p. 403.[119]P. 86.[120]Arch., vol. v. p. 110.[121]“Ants. of Cornwall,” p. 263.[122]Count de Caylus has, however, engraved two which are said to have been found at Herculaneum. He thought that they were chisels (Rec. d’Ant., vol. ii. pl. xciii. fig. 2; xciv. fig. 1).[123]Arch., vol. v. p. 106.[124]Vol. ix. p. 84.[125]“Nænia Britannica” (1793), p. 153.[126]Arch., vol. xiv. p. 98.[127]“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. 1812, p. 203.[128]Arch., vol. xix. p. 102.[129]Archæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199.[130]Archæol. Æliana, vol. i. p. 17.[131]Arch., vol. xxviii. p. 418.[132]Arch. Journ., vol. iv. pp. 1 and 327.[133]Arch. Assoc. Journ., 1853, vol. ix. p. 63.[134]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 64.[135]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 148,et seq.[136]Jour. Roy. Un. Service Inst., vol. xiii., 1869.[137]P. 43,et seqq.188.[138]See Revue de la Numis. Belge, 5th Ser., vol. vi. p. 290.[139]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 392.[140]“Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” pp. 367, 395 (Etruscan Coll., Berlin, No. 3244).[141]“Horæ Ferales,” p. 136;Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 169.[142]“Catal. M. R.I.A.,” p. 366.[143]“Troy and its Remains,” p. 330, &c.[144]“Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 346.Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, May, 1870.[145]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 437.[146]Kenner, “Arch. Funde,” 1867, p. 29.[147]Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 178.[148]“Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.[149]“Cong. préh.,” Buda Pest vol. i. p. 227.[150]Bull. Soc. de Borda, Dax, 1878, p. 57.[151]“Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 484.[152]Morlot,Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord, 1866-71, p. 25.[153]“British Barrows,” p. 188. The cut is Fig. 38.[154]Figs. 369 and 370, p. 407.[155]“Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 34. “Catalogue,” p. 75.Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. vii. p. 217.[156]Vol. vii. p. 217, pl. xix.[157]Vol. xliii. p. 445.[158]“Vest. of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 48.[159]P. 74, No. 11.[160]See “Catal.,” p. 32, No. 29.[161]Arch., vol. ix. p. 85.[162]Vol. xxii. p. 277.[163]“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” tab. xxiii. p. 403.[164]Allies, p. 151, pl. iv. 11.[165]Arch. Journ., vol. vii. p. 179.[166]Op. cit., vol. xviii. p. 158.[167]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.[168]P. S. A., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.[169]Vol. v. pl. vii. i. p. 106.[170]Arch., vol. ix. p. 378.[171]Pl. ii. 1, 2, 3.[172]“La Seine Inf.,” p. 552.[173]“Matériaux,” vol. iv. p. 525.[174]“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 2, 3.[175]“Die ehernen Streitkeile” (1842), Taf. i. 1.[176]“First Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of Man,” pl. iv. 2.[177]“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi.[178]Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.[179]“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. “Catal.,” p. 75, No. 18.[180]“Grave-mounds,” fig. 187.[181]Pl. iv. No. 4.[182]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. pp. 235, 250.[183]Arch. Journ., vol. xix. p. 363.[184]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 159.[185]Arch., vol. v. p. 135, pl. viii. 14.[186]Trans. Devon Assoc., vol. v. p. 82.[187]3rd edit., 4to, 1818, pl. ii.[188]Proc. Soc. Ant., 1st S., vol. i. p. 83;Arch., vol. xxxi. p. 496;Proc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst., vol. i. p. 26.[189]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 369.[190]Vol. xxxvi. p. 329.[191]Arch., vol. v. p. 113.[192]For the loan of these cuts I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.[193]Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346. The scale of the cuts is there erroneously stated to be ½.[194]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi;Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.[195]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209, pl. xxix.[196]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90;Cran. Brit., xi. 7, where these objects are figured.[197]Suss. Arch. Coll., vol. ii. p. 268.[198]Chantre, “Album,” pl. iv. 2, 3. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 352.[199]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. xiii. Pl. i. fig. H.[200]Arch. Journ., vol. xxi. 100. Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 28, fig. 17.[201]Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” tab. xiii. 7.[202]Die ehernen Streitkeile, Taf. i. 5.[203]“Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 6.[204]“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 6.[205]Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 42. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.[206]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428, pl. i. fig. 1.[207]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 167. Chichester vol. ofArch. Inst., p. 62, whence this cut is taken.[208]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 207.[209]“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 2.[210]Arch. Journ., vol. xii. p. 278, xviii. p. 167.[211]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[212]4th S., vol. vi. p. 70. Cat. p. 1.[213]“Album,” pl. iii. 1.[214]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. p. 20.[215]Ibid.[216]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. iii. p. 245.[217]P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 187, and ix. p. 431.[218]P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 380.[219]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 182.[220]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 430.[221]Arch. Scot., vol. iii. App. II. p. 32;P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 431.[222]“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.[223]Vol. ii. p. 6.[224]Op. cit., p. 7.[225]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 428.[226]“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 6, 7.[227]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 105.[228]P. S. A. S., vol. iii. p. 245.[229]“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.[230]Engraved inArch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. pl. vi. 4, p. 21.[231]P. S. A. S., vol. vi. p. 41.[232]“Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 1. No. 1.[233]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 601. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut.[234]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 5.[235]Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 7. See also “Ant. Tidsk.,” 1861-3, p. 24.[236]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 602.[237]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiii. p. 120. I am indebted to the Council for the loan of this cut.[238]Wilde, p. 361.[239]Vol. xxvii. p. 308.[240]Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 410. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.[241]See Wilde, Fig. 249, 266.[242]Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 295.[243]See Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 389et seq.; “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. x. 9.[244]Chantre, “Album,” pl. 1. 9, 10.[245]Nord. Oldsager, No. 176.[246]Carapanos, “Dodone,” pl. liv. 7.[247]Vol. vii. p. 74.[248]London, 1849, p. 25.[249]P. 59.[250]See Nilsson, “Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invånare,” p. 92.[251]“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 382.[252]Baker’s “Hist. of North.,” p. 558.[253]“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.[254]Arch. Journ., vol. v. p. 324.[255]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[256]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. ii. p. 21.[257]“Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 25.[258]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.[259]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. v. p. 13.[260]Meyrick’s “Cardigansh.” and “Ancient Arm.,” by Skelton, pl. xlvii. 1.[261]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxxiii. p. 118.[262]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[263]“La Seine Inf.,” p. 272.[264]Lindenschmit, “Alt. uns. heidn. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft. i. Taf. iv. 43.[265]Vol. ii. p. 268, No. 11.[266]Arch., vol. x. pl. x. 2, p. 132.

[1]Seepostea, p. 40.[2]Butler, “Prehist. Wisconsin.”[3]“Preh. Copper Impl.,” Boston, 1879.[4]“Anc. Mon. of the Mississ. Valley,” p. 202.[5]“Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain,” Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7, cited by Slafter,op. cit., p. 13.[6]For notices of American copper instruments see, in addition to the works already quoted, Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 205, &c.; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 258, &c. See also an interesting article by Dr. Emil Schmidt, inArchiv. für Anth., vol. xi. p. 65.[7]A Peruvian chisel analyzed by Vauquelin gave ·94 of copper and ·06 of tin (Moore’s “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 42).[8]Ezra, ch. viii. v. 27.[9]Exod., ch. xxvi. v. 37.[10]Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22.[11]Ch. xxviii. v. 1, 2.[12]Genesis, ch. iv. v. 22.[13]Smith’s “Dict. of the Bible,”s. v.[14]“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p.[15]“Phönicier,” ii. 3.[16]“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. pp. 246, 247. See also “The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs,” p. 99.[17]“Etudes sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Egyptiennes,” &c., 1872, p. 69.[18]“Catalogue de Boulaq,” pp. 247, 248; Chabas, p. 54. See also Emil Soldi, “L’Art Egyptien,” 1879, p. 41.[19]Catal., No. 5410.[20]Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” page 14.[21]Day,op. cit., p. 32.[22]Wilkinson,op. cit., vol. iii. p. 247.[23]“Les Métaux dans les Inscrip. Egypt.,” 1877, p. 57.[24]“Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache,” &c., 1870, p. 114.[25]Op. cit., p. 67. Dr. Birch translatesba en pe“heavenly wood” or “stone” (Arch., vol. xxxviii. p. 377;Hierog. Dict.). See also a paper by the Rev. Basil Cooper inTrans. Devon. Assoc., vol. ii. p. 386, and Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” p. 41.[26]Chabas,op. cit., p. 47. Lepsius,op. cit., p. 57.[27]“Photii Bibliotheca,” ed. 1653, col. 1343.[28]“Herod.,” lib. ii. c. 152.[29]Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 5.[30]Soldi, “L’Art Egypt.,” p. 25.[31]Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν έλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς, τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους (Julius Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24).[32]“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., 1864, p. 229; Tylor’s “Anahuac,” 1861, p. 140.[33]“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., p. 231.[34]“Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,” vol. iii. pp. 498, 499.[35]The reference is to Millin, “Minéralogie Homérique,” pp. 126, 132.[36]“Metallurgy—Fuel, Fireclays, Copper,” &c., p. 6.[37]Moore, “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 57.[38]Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 97; Æsch. Agamem., v. 612. Professor Rolleston is inclined to refer the expression to the “tempering” of bronze (Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878).[39]Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 238.[40]“Æn.,” viii. 450.[41]“Iliad,” xviii. 474.[42]xi. 24.[43]xi. 34.[44]xviii. 574.[45]“Il.,” xviii. 612.[46]xxiii. 561. For these and other instances see Prof. Phillips in theArch. Journ., vol. xvi. p. 10.[47]Desor et Favre, “Bel Age du Bronze,” p. 16.[48]Holtzapffel, “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” vol. i. p. 271.[49]“Æneid,” vii. 743.[50]“Iliad,” iii. 363.[51]“Il.,” iii. 348, vii. 259.[52]M. Ch. Houssel inRev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 98.[53]“Il.,” xi. 24.[54]Arch. für Anthrop., vol. viii. p. 295; Müller, “Fragm. Hist. Græc.,” vol. i. p. 549.[55]“Il.,” xiii. 612.[56]“Odyss.,” i. v. 184.[57]Plin. “Hist. Nat.,” lib. vii. c. lvi. 6.[58]Lib. viii. c. 14, § 5.[59]Op. cit., lib. iii. c. 12, § 8.[60]Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 64.[61]Strabo, “Geog.,” lib. xiv. p. 935, ed. 1807.[62]Callimachus, “Hymn. in Del.,” l. 31.[63]“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 5.[64]Archiv für Anthrop., 1880, vol. xii. p. 293.[65]“Iliad,” lib. xxiii. v. 826.[66]“Troad.,” 143.[67]“Æn.,” lib. vii. 743.[68]“Op. et D.,” i. 150. Τοῖς δ̓ ἧν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα χάλκεοι δέ τέ οἶκοιΧαλκῷ δ̓  ἐιργάζοντο, μέλας δ̓  ὀυκ ἔσχε σίδηρος.[69]Lib. v. 1282,et seqq.[70]“Juv. Mundi,” 1869, p. 26.[71]“Scut. Hercul.,” v. 122-138.[72]“Theogon.,” v. 161.[73]“Op. et D.,” v. 741.[74]“Olymp.,” od. i. 123; “Nem.,” od. x. 113, &c.[75]Lib. i. c. 215.[76]Lib. iii. c. 23.[77]Lib. iv. c. 71.[78]Lib. vii. c. 85.[79]Lib. iii. p. 208, ed. 1707.[80]Bochart’s “Phaleg.,” p. 208, cited inArch. Æliana, vol. i. p. 52.[81]“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 4.[82]“Lacon.,” lib. iii. cap. iii.[83]Herod., lib. i. c. 67.[84]Plutarch, “Thes.,” p. 17,c.Ed. 1624.[85]“Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14.[86]See “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. ii, 1870, p. 131.[87]“Vit. Caii Marii,” 420,b.[88]“Bell. Gall.,” iii. 13; vii. 22.[89]Lib. v. 12.[90]Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 190. See alsoAnthrop. Rev., vol. iv. p. 76.[91]Trans. Eth. Soc., vol. v. p. 105; “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 18.[92]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 73.[93]See Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 205.[94]Cochet, “Le Tombeau de Childéric,” i. p. 17.[95]“Sammlung zu Sigmaringen,” p. 153.[96]Archiv. für Anthropol., vol. viii. p. 161.[97]Archiv., vol. ix. p. 127.[98]Op. cit., p. 141.[99]Op. cit., p. 185.[100]Arch. für Anthrop., vol. ix. p. 181.[101]A. f. A., vol. x. p. 27.[102]Arch. f. Anthrop., vol. x. pp. 41, 63.[103]Mortillet, “Fonderie de Larnaud,” 32, 33.[104]Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878.[105]Cap. xix. v. 24.[106]P. 329, l. 23. NEQVE HIC ATRAMENTVM, VEL PAPYRVS, AVT MEMBRANA VLLA ADHVC, SED MALLEOLO ET CELTE LITERATVS SILEX. This inscription is said to have been found at Pola, in Istria.[107]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 396.[108]Rev. John Dow inArchæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199. See also Pegge in theArch., vol. ix. p. 88, and Whitaker’s “Hist. of Manchester,” vol. i. p. 24.[109]Epig. xxxiii. l. 1.[110]Vol. iii. p. 418.[111]P. 354.[112]P. 265.[113]“Itin.,” vol. iii. p. 7.[114]“Britannia,” ed. 1637, p. 188.[115]“Thoresby’s Correspondence,” vol. ii. p. 211.[116]“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” 1686, p. 403.[117]“Mus. Lud. Moscard.”, Padua, 1656, fol. 305, lib. iii. c. 174.[118]“Nat. Hist. of Staff.,” p. 403.[119]P. 86.[120]Arch., vol. v. p. 110.[121]“Ants. of Cornwall,” p. 263.[122]Count de Caylus has, however, engraved two which are said to have been found at Herculaneum. He thought that they were chisels (Rec. d’Ant., vol. ii. pl. xciii. fig. 2; xciv. fig. 1).[123]Arch., vol. v. p. 106.[124]Vol. ix. p. 84.[125]“Nænia Britannica” (1793), p. 153.[126]Arch., vol. xiv. p. 98.[127]“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. 1812, p. 203.[128]Arch., vol. xix. p. 102.[129]Archæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199.[130]Archæol. Æliana, vol. i. p. 17.[131]Arch., vol. xxviii. p. 418.[132]Arch. Journ., vol. iv. pp. 1 and 327.[133]Arch. Assoc. Journ., 1853, vol. ix. p. 63.[134]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 64.[135]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 148,et seq.[136]Jour. Roy. Un. Service Inst., vol. xiii., 1869.[137]P. 43,et seqq.188.[138]See Revue de la Numis. Belge, 5th Ser., vol. vi. p. 290.[139]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 392.[140]“Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” pp. 367, 395 (Etruscan Coll., Berlin, No. 3244).[141]“Horæ Ferales,” p. 136;Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 169.[142]“Catal. M. R.I.A.,” p. 366.[143]“Troy and its Remains,” p. 330, &c.[144]“Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 346.Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, May, 1870.[145]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 437.[146]Kenner, “Arch. Funde,” 1867, p. 29.[147]Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 178.[148]“Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.[149]“Cong. préh.,” Buda Pest vol. i. p. 227.[150]Bull. Soc. de Borda, Dax, 1878, p. 57.[151]“Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 484.[152]Morlot,Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord, 1866-71, p. 25.[153]“British Barrows,” p. 188. The cut is Fig. 38.[154]Figs. 369 and 370, p. 407.[155]“Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 34. “Catalogue,” p. 75.Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. vii. p. 217.[156]Vol. vii. p. 217, pl. xix.[157]Vol. xliii. p. 445.[158]“Vest. of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 48.[159]P. 74, No. 11.[160]See “Catal.,” p. 32, No. 29.[161]Arch., vol. ix. p. 85.[162]Vol. xxii. p. 277.[163]“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” tab. xxiii. p. 403.[164]Allies, p. 151, pl. iv. 11.[165]Arch. Journ., vol. vii. p. 179.[166]Op. cit., vol. xviii. p. 158.[167]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.[168]P. S. A., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.[169]Vol. v. pl. vii. i. p. 106.[170]Arch., vol. ix. p. 378.[171]Pl. ii. 1, 2, 3.[172]“La Seine Inf.,” p. 552.[173]“Matériaux,” vol. iv. p. 525.[174]“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 2, 3.[175]“Die ehernen Streitkeile” (1842), Taf. i. 1.[176]“First Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of Man,” pl. iv. 2.[177]“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi.[178]Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.[179]“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. “Catal.,” p. 75, No. 18.[180]“Grave-mounds,” fig. 187.[181]Pl. iv. No. 4.[182]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. pp. 235, 250.[183]Arch. Journ., vol. xix. p. 363.[184]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 159.[185]Arch., vol. v. p. 135, pl. viii. 14.[186]Trans. Devon Assoc., vol. v. p. 82.[187]3rd edit., 4to, 1818, pl. ii.[188]Proc. Soc. Ant., 1st S., vol. i. p. 83;Arch., vol. xxxi. p. 496;Proc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst., vol. i. p. 26.[189]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 369.[190]Vol. xxxvi. p. 329.[191]Arch., vol. v. p. 113.[192]For the loan of these cuts I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.[193]Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346. The scale of the cuts is there erroneously stated to be ½.[194]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi;Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.[195]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209, pl. xxix.[196]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90;Cran. Brit., xi. 7, where these objects are figured.[197]Suss. Arch. Coll., vol. ii. p. 268.[198]Chantre, “Album,” pl. iv. 2, 3. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 352.[199]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. xiii. Pl. i. fig. H.[200]Arch. Journ., vol. xxi. 100. Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 28, fig. 17.[201]Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” tab. xiii. 7.[202]Die ehernen Streitkeile, Taf. i. 5.[203]“Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 6.[204]“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 6.[205]Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 42. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.[206]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428, pl. i. fig. 1.[207]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 167. Chichester vol. ofArch. Inst., p. 62, whence this cut is taken.[208]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 207.[209]“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 2.[210]Arch. Journ., vol. xii. p. 278, xviii. p. 167.[211]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[212]4th S., vol. vi. p. 70. Cat. p. 1.[213]“Album,” pl. iii. 1.[214]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. p. 20.[215]Ibid.[216]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. iii. p. 245.[217]P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 187, and ix. p. 431.[218]P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 380.[219]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 182.[220]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 430.[221]Arch. Scot., vol. iii. App. II. p. 32;P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 431.[222]“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.[223]Vol. ii. p. 6.[224]Op. cit., p. 7.[225]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 428.[226]“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 6, 7.[227]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 105.[228]P. S. A. S., vol. iii. p. 245.[229]“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.[230]Engraved inArch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. pl. vi. 4, p. 21.[231]P. S. A. S., vol. vi. p. 41.[232]“Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 1. No. 1.[233]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 601. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut.[234]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 5.[235]Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 7. See also “Ant. Tidsk.,” 1861-3, p. 24.[236]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 602.[237]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiii. p. 120. I am indebted to the Council for the loan of this cut.[238]Wilde, p. 361.[239]Vol. xxvii. p. 308.[240]Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 410. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.[241]See Wilde, Fig. 249, 266.[242]Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 295.[243]See Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 389et seq.; “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. x. 9.[244]Chantre, “Album,” pl. 1. 9, 10.[245]Nord. Oldsager, No. 176.[246]Carapanos, “Dodone,” pl. liv. 7.[247]Vol. vii. p. 74.[248]London, 1849, p. 25.[249]P. 59.[250]See Nilsson, “Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invånare,” p. 92.[251]“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 382.[252]Baker’s “Hist. of North.,” p. 558.[253]“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.[254]Arch. Journ., vol. v. p. 324.[255]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[256]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. ii. p. 21.[257]“Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 25.[258]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.[259]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. v. p. 13.[260]Meyrick’s “Cardigansh.” and “Ancient Arm.,” by Skelton, pl. xlvii. 1.[261]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxxiii. p. 118.[262]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.[263]“La Seine Inf.,” p. 272.[264]Lindenschmit, “Alt. uns. heidn. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft. i. Taf. iv. 43.[265]Vol. ii. p. 268, No. 11.[266]Arch., vol. x. pl. x. 2, p. 132.

[1]Seepostea, p. 40.

[2]Butler, “Prehist. Wisconsin.”

[3]“Preh. Copper Impl.,” Boston, 1879.

[4]“Anc. Mon. of the Mississ. Valley,” p. 202.

[5]“Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain,” Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7, cited by Slafter,op. cit., p. 13.

[6]For notices of American copper instruments see, in addition to the works already quoted, Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 205, &c.; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 258, &c. See also an interesting article by Dr. Emil Schmidt, inArchiv. für Anth., vol. xi. p. 65.

[7]A Peruvian chisel analyzed by Vauquelin gave ·94 of copper and ·06 of tin (Moore’s “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 42).

[8]Ezra, ch. viii. v. 27.

[9]Exod., ch. xxvi. v. 37.

[10]Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22.

[11]Ch. xxviii. v. 1, 2.

[12]Genesis, ch. iv. v. 22.

[13]Smith’s “Dict. of the Bible,”s. v.

[14]“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p.

[15]“Phönicier,” ii. 3.

[16]“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. pp. 246, 247. See also “The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs,” p. 99.

[17]“Etudes sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Egyptiennes,” &c., 1872, p. 69.

[18]“Catalogue de Boulaq,” pp. 247, 248; Chabas, p. 54. See also Emil Soldi, “L’Art Egyptien,” 1879, p. 41.

[19]Catal., No. 5410.

[20]Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” page 14.

[21]Day,op. cit., p. 32.

[22]Wilkinson,op. cit., vol. iii. p. 247.

[23]“Les Métaux dans les Inscrip. Egypt.,” 1877, p. 57.

[24]“Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache,” &c., 1870, p. 114.

[25]Op. cit., p. 67. Dr. Birch translatesba en pe“heavenly wood” or “stone” (Arch., vol. xxxviii. p. 377;Hierog. Dict.). See also a paper by the Rev. Basil Cooper inTrans. Devon. Assoc., vol. ii. p. 386, and Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” p. 41.

[26]Chabas,op. cit., p. 47. Lepsius,op. cit., p. 57.

[27]“Photii Bibliotheca,” ed. 1653, col. 1343.

[28]“Herod.,” lib. ii. c. 152.

[29]Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 5.

[30]Soldi, “L’Art Egypt.,” p. 25.

[31]Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν έλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς, τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους (Julius Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24).

[32]“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., 1864, p. 229; Tylor’s “Anahuac,” 1861, p. 140.

[33]“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., p. 231.

[34]“Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,” vol. iii. pp. 498, 499.

[35]The reference is to Millin, “Minéralogie Homérique,” pp. 126, 132.

[36]“Metallurgy—Fuel, Fireclays, Copper,” &c., p. 6.

[37]Moore, “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 57.

[38]Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 97; Æsch. Agamem., v. 612. Professor Rolleston is inclined to refer the expression to the “tempering” of bronze (Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878).

[39]Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 238.

[40]“Æn.,” viii. 450.

[41]“Iliad,” xviii. 474.

[42]xi. 24.

[43]xi. 34.

[44]xviii. 574.

[45]“Il.,” xviii. 612.

[46]xxiii. 561. For these and other instances see Prof. Phillips in theArch. Journ., vol. xvi. p. 10.

[47]Desor et Favre, “Bel Age du Bronze,” p. 16.

[48]Holtzapffel, “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” vol. i. p. 271.

[49]“Æneid,” vii. 743.

[50]“Iliad,” iii. 363.

[51]“Il.,” iii. 348, vii. 259.

[52]M. Ch. Houssel inRev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 98.

[53]“Il.,” xi. 24.

[54]Arch. für Anthrop., vol. viii. p. 295; Müller, “Fragm. Hist. Græc.,” vol. i. p. 549.

[55]“Il.,” xiii. 612.

[56]“Odyss.,” i. v. 184.

[57]Plin. “Hist. Nat.,” lib. vii. c. lvi. 6.

[58]Lib. viii. c. 14, § 5.

[59]Op. cit., lib. iii. c. 12, § 8.

[60]Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 64.

[61]Strabo, “Geog.,” lib. xiv. p. 935, ed. 1807.

[62]Callimachus, “Hymn. in Del.,” l. 31.

[63]“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 5.

[64]Archiv für Anthrop., 1880, vol. xii. p. 293.

[65]“Iliad,” lib. xxiii. v. 826.

[66]“Troad.,” 143.

[67]“Æn.,” lib. vii. 743.

[68]“Op. et D.,” i. 150. Τοῖς δ̓ ἧν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα χάλκεοι δέ τέ οἶκοι

Χαλκῷ δ̓  ἐιργάζοντο, μέλας δ̓  ὀυκ ἔσχε σίδηρος.

[69]Lib. v. 1282,et seqq.

[70]“Juv. Mundi,” 1869, p. 26.

[71]“Scut. Hercul.,” v. 122-138.

[72]“Theogon.,” v. 161.

[73]“Op. et D.,” v. 741.

[74]“Olymp.,” od. i. 123; “Nem.,” od. x. 113, &c.

[75]Lib. i. c. 215.

[76]Lib. iii. c. 23.

[77]Lib. iv. c. 71.

[78]Lib. vii. c. 85.

[79]Lib. iii. p. 208, ed. 1707.

[80]Bochart’s “Phaleg.,” p. 208, cited inArch. Æliana, vol. i. p. 52.

[81]“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 4.

[82]“Lacon.,” lib. iii. cap. iii.

[83]Herod., lib. i. c. 67.

[84]Plutarch, “Thes.,” p. 17,c.Ed. 1624.

[85]“Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14.

[86]See “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. ii, 1870, p. 131.

[87]“Vit. Caii Marii,” 420,b.

[88]“Bell. Gall.,” iii. 13; vii. 22.

[89]Lib. v. 12.

[90]Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 190. See alsoAnthrop. Rev., vol. iv. p. 76.

[91]Trans. Eth. Soc., vol. v. p. 105; “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 18.

[92]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 73.

[93]See Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 205.

[94]Cochet, “Le Tombeau de Childéric,” i. p. 17.

[95]“Sammlung zu Sigmaringen,” p. 153.

[96]Archiv. für Anthropol., vol. viii. p. 161.

[97]Archiv., vol. ix. p. 127.

[98]Op. cit., p. 141.

[99]Op. cit., p. 185.

[100]Arch. für Anthrop., vol. ix. p. 181.

[101]A. f. A., vol. x. p. 27.

[102]Arch. f. Anthrop., vol. x. pp. 41, 63.

[103]Mortillet, “Fonderie de Larnaud,” 32, 33.

[104]Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878.

[105]Cap. xix. v. 24.

[106]P. 329, l. 23. NEQVE HIC ATRAMENTVM, VEL PAPYRVS, AVT MEMBRANA VLLA ADHVC, SED MALLEOLO ET CELTE LITERATVS SILEX. This inscription is said to have been found at Pola, in Istria.

[107]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 396.

[108]Rev. John Dow inArchæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199. See also Pegge in theArch., vol. ix. p. 88, and Whitaker’s “Hist. of Manchester,” vol. i. p. 24.

[109]Epig. xxxiii. l. 1.

[110]Vol. iii. p. 418.

[111]P. 354.

[112]P. 265.

[113]“Itin.,” vol. iii. p. 7.

[114]“Britannia,” ed. 1637, p. 188.

[115]“Thoresby’s Correspondence,” vol. ii. p. 211.

[116]“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” 1686, p. 403.

[117]“Mus. Lud. Moscard.”, Padua, 1656, fol. 305, lib. iii. c. 174.

[118]“Nat. Hist. of Staff.,” p. 403.

[119]P. 86.

[120]Arch., vol. v. p. 110.

[121]“Ants. of Cornwall,” p. 263.

[122]Count de Caylus has, however, engraved two which are said to have been found at Herculaneum. He thought that they were chisels (Rec. d’Ant., vol. ii. pl. xciii. fig. 2; xciv. fig. 1).

[123]Arch., vol. v. p. 106.

[124]Vol. ix. p. 84.

[125]“Nænia Britannica” (1793), p. 153.

[126]Arch., vol. xiv. p. 98.

[127]“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. 1812, p. 203.

[128]Arch., vol. xix. p. 102.

[129]Archæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199.

[130]Archæol. Æliana, vol. i. p. 17.

[131]Arch., vol. xxviii. p. 418.

[132]Arch. Journ., vol. iv. pp. 1 and 327.

[133]Arch. Assoc. Journ., 1853, vol. ix. p. 63.

[134]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 64.

[135]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 148,et seq.

[136]Jour. Roy. Un. Service Inst., vol. xiii., 1869.

[137]P. 43,et seqq.188.

[138]See Revue de la Numis. Belge, 5th Ser., vol. vi. p. 290.

[139]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 392.

[140]“Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” pp. 367, 395 (Etruscan Coll., Berlin, No. 3244).

[141]“Horæ Ferales,” p. 136;Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 169.

[142]“Catal. M. R.I.A.,” p. 366.

[143]“Troy and its Remains,” p. 330, &c.

[144]“Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 346.Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, May, 1870.

[145]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 437.

[146]Kenner, “Arch. Funde,” 1867, p. 29.

[147]Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 178.

[148]“Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.

[149]“Cong. préh.,” Buda Pest vol. i. p. 227.

[150]Bull. Soc. de Borda, Dax, 1878, p. 57.

[151]“Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 484.

[152]Morlot,Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord, 1866-71, p. 25.

[153]“British Barrows,” p. 188. The cut is Fig. 38.

[154]Figs. 369 and 370, p. 407.

[155]“Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 34. “Catalogue,” p. 75.Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. vii. p. 217.

[156]Vol. vii. p. 217, pl. xix.

[157]Vol. xliii. p. 445.

[158]“Vest. of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 48.

[159]P. 74, No. 11.

[160]See “Catal.,” p. 32, No. 29.

[161]Arch., vol. ix. p. 85.

[162]Vol. xxii. p. 277.

[163]“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” tab. xxiii. p. 403.

[164]Allies, p. 151, pl. iv. 11.

[165]Arch. Journ., vol. vii. p. 179.

[166]Op. cit., vol. xviii. p. 158.

[167]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.

[168]P. S. A., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.

[169]Vol. v. pl. vii. i. p. 106.

[170]Arch., vol. ix. p. 378.

[171]Pl. ii. 1, 2, 3.

[172]“La Seine Inf.,” p. 552.

[173]“Matériaux,” vol. iv. p. 525.

[174]“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 2, 3.

[175]“Die ehernen Streitkeile” (1842), Taf. i. 1.

[176]“First Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of Man,” pl. iv. 2.

[177]“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi.

[178]Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.

[179]“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. “Catal.,” p. 75, No. 18.

[180]“Grave-mounds,” fig. 187.

[181]Pl. iv. No. 4.

[182]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. pp. 235, 250.

[183]Arch. Journ., vol. xix. p. 363.

[184]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 159.

[185]Arch., vol. v. p. 135, pl. viii. 14.

[186]Trans. Devon Assoc., vol. v. p. 82.

[187]3rd edit., 4to, 1818, pl. ii.

[188]Proc. Soc. Ant., 1st S., vol. i. p. 83;Arch., vol. xxxi. p. 496;Proc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst., vol. i. p. 26.

[189]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 369.

[190]Vol. xxxvi. p. 329.

[191]Arch., vol. v. p. 113.

[192]For the loan of these cuts I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[193]Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346. The scale of the cuts is there erroneously stated to be ½.

[194]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi;Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.

[195]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209, pl. xxix.

[196]“Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90;Cran. Brit., xi. 7, where these objects are figured.

[197]Suss. Arch. Coll., vol. ii. p. 268.

[198]Chantre, “Album,” pl. iv. 2, 3. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 352.

[199]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. xiii. Pl. i. fig. H.

[200]Arch. Journ., vol. xxi. 100. Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 28, fig. 17.

[201]Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” tab. xiii. 7.

[202]Die ehernen Streitkeile, Taf. i. 5.

[203]“Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 6.

[204]“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 6.

[205]Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 42. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.

[206]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428, pl. i. fig. 1.

[207]Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 167. Chichester vol. ofArch. Inst., p. 62, whence this cut is taken.

[208]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 207.

[209]“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 2.

[210]Arch. Journ., vol. xii. p. 278, xviii. p. 167.

[211]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.

[212]4th S., vol. vi. p. 70. Cat. p. 1.

[213]“Album,” pl. iii. 1.

[214]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. p. 20.

[215]Ibid.

[216]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. iii. p. 245.

[217]P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 187, and ix. p. 431.

[218]P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 380.

[219]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 182.

[220]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 430.

[221]Arch. Scot., vol. iii. App. II. p. 32;P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 431.

[222]“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.

[223]Vol. ii. p. 6.

[224]Op. cit., p. 7.

[225]P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 428.

[226]“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 6, 7.

[227]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 105.

[228]P. S. A. S., vol. iii. p. 245.

[229]“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.

[230]Engraved inArch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. pl. vi. 4, p. 21.

[231]P. S. A. S., vol. vi. p. 41.

[232]“Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 1. No. 1.

[233]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 601. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut.

[234]Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 5.

[235]Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 7. See also “Ant. Tidsk.,” 1861-3, p. 24.

[236]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 602.

[237]Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiii. p. 120. I am indebted to the Council for the loan of this cut.

[238]Wilde, p. 361.

[239]Vol. xxvii. p. 308.

[240]Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 410. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[241]See Wilde, Fig. 249, 266.

[242]Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 295.

[243]See Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 389et seq.; “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. x. 9.

[244]Chantre, “Album,” pl. 1. 9, 10.

[245]Nord. Oldsager, No. 176.

[246]Carapanos, “Dodone,” pl. liv. 7.

[247]Vol. vii. p. 74.

[248]London, 1849, p. 25.

[249]P. 59.

[250]See Nilsson, “Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invånare,” p. 92.

[251]“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 382.

[252]Baker’s “Hist. of North.,” p. 558.

[253]“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.

[254]Arch. Journ., vol. v. p. 324.

[255]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.

[256]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. ii. p. 21.

[257]“Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 25.

[258]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.

[259]Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. v. p. 13.

[260]Meyrick’s “Cardigansh.” and “Ancient Arm.,” by Skelton, pl. xlvii. 1.

[261]Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxxiii. p. 118.

[262]Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.

[263]“La Seine Inf.,” p. 272.

[264]Lindenschmit, “Alt. uns. heidn. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft. i. Taf. iv. 43.

[265]Vol. ii. p. 268, No. 11.

[266]Arch., vol. x. pl. x. 2, p. 132.

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