PART IAPPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHYPAGEChapter I. The Practical Man and the Philosopher3§1.Is Philosophy a Merely Academic Interest?3§2.Life as a Starting-point for Thought4§3.The Practical Knowledge of Means8§4.The Practical Knowledge of the End or Purpose10§5.The Philosophy of the Devotee, the Man of Affairs, and the Voluptuary12§6.The Adoption of Purposes and the Philosophy of Life17Chapter II. Poetry and Philosophy24§7.Who is the Philosopher-Poet?24§8.Poetry as Appreciation25§9.Sincerity in Poetry. Whitman27§10.Constructive Knowledge in Poetry. Shakespeare30§11.Philosophy in Poetry. The World-view. Omar Khayyam36§12.Wordsworth38§13.Dante42§14.The Difference between Poetry and Philosophy48Chapter III. The Religious Experience53§15.The Possibility of Defining Religion53§16.The Profitableness of Defining Religion54§17.The True Method of Defining Religion56§18.Religion as Belief59§19.Religion as Belief in a Disposition or Attitude62§20.Religion as Belief in the Disposition of the Residual Environment, or Universe64§21.Examples of Religious Belief66§22.Typical Religious Phenomena. Conversion69§23.Piety72§24.Religious Instruments, Symbolism, and Modes of Conveyance74§25.Historical Types of Religion. Primitive Religions77§26.Buddhism78§27.Critical Religion79Chapter IV. The Philosophical Implications of Religion82§28.Résumé of Psychology of Religion82§29.Religion Means to be True82§30.Religion Means to be Practically True. God is a Disposition from which Consequences May Rationally be Expected85§31.Historical Examples of Religious Truth and Error. The Religion of Baal88§32.Greek Religion89§33.Judaism and Christianity92§34.The Cognitive Factor in Religion96§35.The Place of Imagination in Religion97§36.The Special Functions of the Religious Imagination101§37.The Relation between Imagination and Truth in Religion105§38.The Philosophy Implied in Religion and in Religions108Chapter V. Natural Science and Philosophy114§39.The True Relations of Philosophy and Science. Misconceptions and Antagonisms114§40.The Spheres of Philosophy and Science117§41.The Procedure of a Philosophy of Science120§42.The Origin of the Scientific Interest123§43.Skill as Free123§44.Skill as Social126§45.Science for Accommodation and Construction127§46.Method and Fundamental Conceptions of Natural Science. The Descriptive Method128§47.Space, Time, and Prediction130§48.The Quantitative Method132§49.The General Development of Science134§50.The Determination of the Limits of Natural Science135§51.Natural Science is Abstract136§52.The Meaning of Abstractness in Truth139§53.But Scientific Truth is Valid for Reality142§54.Relative Practical Value of Science and Philosophy143PART IITHE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHYChapter VI. Metaphysics and Epistemology149§55.The Impossibility of an Absolute Division of the Problem of Philosophy149§56.The Dependence of the Order of Philosophical Problems upon the Initial Interest152§57.Philosophy as the Interpretation of Life152§58.Philosophy as the Extension of Science154§59.The Historical Differentiation of the Philosophical Problem155§60.Metaphysics Seeks a Most Fundamental Conception157§61.Monism and Pluralism159§62.Ontology and Cosmology Concern Being and Process159§63.Mechanical and Teleological Cosmologies160§64.Dualism162§65.The New Meaning of Monism and Pluralism163§66.Epistemology Seeks to Understand the Possibility of Knowledge164§67.Scepticism, Dogmatism, and Agnosticism166§68.The Source and Criterion of Knowledge according to Empiricism and Rationalism. Mysticism168§69.The Relation of Knowledge to its Object according to Realism, and the Representative Theory172§70.The Relation of Knowledge to its Object according to Idealism175§71.Phenomenalism, Spiritualism, and Panpsychism176§72.Transcendentalism, or Absolute Idealism177Chapter VII. The Normative Sciences and the Problems of Religion180§73.The Normative Sciences180§74.The Affiliations of Logic182§75.Logic Deals with the Most General Conditions of Truth in Belief183§76.The Parts of Formal Logic. Definition, Self-evidence, Inference, and Observation184§77.Present Tendencies. Theory of the Judgment187§78.Priority of Concepts188§79.Æsthetics Deals with the Most General Conditions of Beauty. Subjectivistic and Formalistic Tendencies189§80.Ethics Deals with the Most General Conditions of Moral Goodness191§81.Conceptions of the Good. Hedonism191§82.Rationalism193§83.Eudæmonism and Pietism. Rigorism and Intuitionism194§84.Duty and Freedom. Ethics and Metaphysics196§85.The Virtues, Customs, and Institutions198§86.The Problems of Religion. The Special Interests of Faith199§87.Theology Deals with the Nature and Proof of God200§88.The Ontological Proof of God200§89.The Cosmological Proof of God203§90.The Teleological Proof of God204§91.God and the World. Theism and Pantheism205§92.Deism206§93.Metaphysics and Theology207§94.Psychology is the Theory of the Soul208§95.Spiritual Substance209§96.Intellectualism and Voluntarism210§97.Freedom of the Will. Necessitarianism, Determinism, and Indeterminism211§98.Immortality. Survival and Eternalism212§99.The Natural Science of Psychology. Its Problems and Method213§100.Psychology and Philosophy216§101.Transition from Classification by Problems to Classification by Doctrines. Naturalism. Subjectivism. Absolute Idealism. Absolute Realism217PART IIISYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHYChapter VIII. Naturalism223§102.The General Meaning of Materialism223§103.Corporeal Being224§104.Corporeal Processes. Hylozoism and Mechanism225§105.Materialism and Physical Science228§106.The Development of the Conceptions of Physical Science. Space and Matter228§107.Motion and its Cause. Development and Extension of the Conception of Force231§108.The Development and Extension of the Conception of Energy236§109.The Claims of Naturalism239§110.The Task of Naturalism241§111.The Origin of the Cosmos242§112.Life. Natural Selection244§113.Mechanical Physiology246§114.Mind. The Reduction to Sensation247§115.Automatism248§116.Radical Materialism. Mind as an Epiphenomenon250§117.Knowledge. Positivism and Agnosticism252§118.Experimentalism255§119.Naturalistic Epistemology not Systematic256§120.General Ethical Stand-point258§121.Cynicism and Cyrenaicism259§122.Development of Utilitarianism. Evolutionary Conception of Social Relations260§123.Naturalistic Ethics not Systematic262§124.Naturalism as Antagonistic to Religion263§125.Naturalism as the Basis for a Religion of Service, Wonder, and Renunciation265Chapter IX. Subjectivism267§126.Subjectivism Originally Associated with Relativism and Scepticism267§127.Phenomenalism and Spiritualism271§128.Phenomenalism as Maintained by Berkeley. The Problem Inherited from Descartes and Locke272§129.The Refutation of Material Substance275§130.The Application of the Epistemological Principle277§131.The Refutation of a Conceived Corporeal World278§132.The Transition to Spiritualism280§133.Further Attempts to Maintain Phenomenalism281§134.Berkeley's Spiritualism. Immediate Knowledge of the Perceiver284§135.Schopenhauer's Spiritualism, or Voluntarism. Immediate Knowledge of the Will285§136.Panpsychism287§137.The Inherent Difficulty in Spiritualism. No Provision for Objective Knowledge288§138.Schopenhauer's Attempt to Universalize Subjectivism. Mysticism290§139.Objective Spiritualism292§140.Berkeley's Conception of God as Cause, Goodness, and Order293§141.The General Tendency of Subjectivism to Transcend Itself297§142.Ethical Theories. Relativism298§143.Pessimism and Self-denial299§144.The Ethics of Welfare300§145.The Ethical Community302§146.The Religion of Mysticism303§147.The Religion of Individual Coöperation with God304Chapter X. Absolute Realism306§148.The Philosopher's Task, and the Philosopher's Object, or the Absolute306§149.The Eleatic Conception of Being309§150.Spinoza's Conception of Substance311§151.Spinoza's Proof of God, the Infinite Substance. The Modes and the Attributes312§152.The Limits of Spinoza's Argument for God315§153.Spinoza's Provision for the Finite317§154.Transition to Teleological Conceptions317§155.Early Greek Philosophers not Self-critical319§156.Curtailment of Philosophy in the Age of the Sophists319§157.Socrates and the Self-criticism of the Philosopher321§158.Socrates's Self-criticism a Prophecy of Truth323§159.The Historical Preparation for Plato324§160.Platonism: Reality as the Absolute Ideal or Good326§161.The Progression of Experience toward God329§162.Aristotle's Hierarchy of Substances in Relation to Platonism332§163.The Aristotelian Philosophy as a Reconciliation of Platonism and Spinozism335§164.Leibniz's Application of the Conception of Development to the Problem of Imperfection336§165.The Problem of Imperfection Remains Unsolved338§166.Absolute Realism in Epistemology. Rationalism339§167.The Relation of Thought and its Object in Absolute Realism340§168.The Stoic and Spinozistic Ethics of Necessity342§169.The Platonic Ethics of Perfection344§170.The Religion of Fulfilment and the Religion of Renunciation346Chapter XI. Absolute Idealism349§171.General Constructive Character of Absolute Idealism349§172.The Great Outstanding Problems of Absolutism351§173.The Greek Philosophers and the Problem of Evil. The Task of the New Absolutism352§174.The Beginning of Absolute Idealism in Kant's Analysis of Experience354§175.Kant's Principles Restricted to the Experiences which they Set in Order356§176.The Post-Kantian Metaphysics is a Generalization of the Cognitive and Moral Consciousness as Analyzed by Kant. The Absolute Spirit358§177.Fichteanism, or the Absolute Spirit as Moral Activity360§178.Romanticism, or the Absolute Spirit as Sentiment361§179.Hegelianism, or the Absolute Spirit as Dialectic361§180.The Hegelian Philosophy of Nature and History363§181.Résumé. Failure of Absolute Idealism to Solve the Problem of Evil365§182.The Constructive Argument for Absolute Idealism is Based upon the Subjectivistic Theory of Knowledge368§183.The Principle of Subjectivism Extended to Reason371§184.Emphasis on Self-consciousness in Early Christian Philosophy372§185.Descartes's Argument for the Independence of the Thinking Self374§186.Empirical Reaction of the English Philosophers376§187.To Save Exact Science Kant Makes it Dependent on Mind377§188.The Post-Kantians Transform Kant's Mind-in-general into an Absolute Mind380§189.The Direct Argument. The Inference from the Finite Mind to the Infinite Mind382§190.The Realistic Tendency in Absolute Idealism385§191.The Conception of Self-consciousness Central in the Ethics of Absolute Idealism. Kant386§192.Kantian Ethics Supplemented through the Conceptions of Universal and Objective Spirit388§193.The Peculiar Pantheism and Mysticism of Absolute Idealism390§194.The Religion of Exuberant Spirituality393Chapter XII. Conclusion395§195.Liability of Philosophy to Revision Due to its Systematic Character395§196.The One Science and the Many Philosophies396§197.Progress in Philosophy. The Sophistication or Eclecticism of the Present Age398§198.Metaphysics. The Antagonistic Doctrines of Naturalism and Absolutism399§199.Concessions from the Side of Absolutism. Recognition of Nature. The Neo-Fichteans401§200.The Neo-Kantians403§201.Recognition of the Individual. Personal Idealism404§202.Concessions from the Side of Naturalism. Recognition of Fundamental Principles405§203.Recognition of the Will. Pragmatism407§204.Summary and Transition to Epistemology408§205.The Antagonistic Doctrines of Realism and Idealism. Realistic Tendency in Empirical Idealism409§206.Realistic Tendency in Absolute Idealism. The Conception of Experience410§207.Idealistic Tendencies in Realism. The Immanence Philosophy412§208.The Interpretation of Tradition as the Basis for a New Construction413§209.The Truth of the Physical System, but Failure of Attempt to Reduce all Experience to it414§210.Truth of Psychical Relations but Impossibility of General Reduction to them415§211.Truth of Logical and Ethical Principles. Validity of Ideal of Perfection, but Impossibility of Deducing the Whole of Experience from it415§212.Error and Evil cannot be Reduced to the Ideal417§213.Collective Character of the Universe as a Whole419§214.Moral Implications of Such Pluralistic Philosophy. Purity of the Good420§215.The Incentive to Goodness422§216.The Justification of Faith423§217.The Worship and Service of God425§218.The Philosopher and the Standards of the Market-Place425§219.The Secularism of the Present Age427§220.The Value of Contemplation for Life428Bibliography431Index441