"Suffice it for the joy of the universe that we have not arrived at a wall, but at interminable oceans. Our life seems not present so much as prospective; not for the affairs on which it is wasted, but as a hint of this vast-flowing vigor. Most of life seems to be mereadvertisement of faculty; information is given us not to sell ourselves cheap; that we are very great. So, in particulars, our greatness is always in a tendency or direction, not in an action. It is for us to believe in the rule, not in the exception. The noble are thus known from the ignoble. So in accepting the leading of the sentiments, it is not what we believe concerning the immortality of the soul or the like, butthe universal impulse to believe, that is the material circumstance and is the principal fact in the history of the globe."[425:16]
"Suffice it for the joy of the universe that we have not arrived at a wall, but at interminable oceans. Our life seems not present so much as prospective; not for the affairs on which it is wasted, but as a hint of this vast-flowing vigor. Most of life seems to be mereadvertisement of faculty; information is given us not to sell ourselves cheap; that we are very great. So, in particulars, our greatness is always in a tendency or direction, not in an action. It is for us to believe in the rule, not in the exception. The noble are thus known from the ignoble. So in accepting the leading of the sentiments, it is not what we believe concerning the immortality of the soul or the like, butthe universal impulse to believe, that is the material circumstance and is the principal fact in the history of the globe."[425:16]
The Worship and Service of God.
§217. If God be rid of the imputation of moral evil and indifference, he may beintrinsically worshipful, because regarded under the form of the highest ideals. And if the great cause of goodness be in fact at stake, God may both command the adoration of men through his purity, and reënforce their virtuous living through representing to them that realization of goodness in the universe at large which both contains and exceeds their individual endeavor.
The Philosopher and the Standards of the Marketplace.
§218. Bishop Berkeley wrote in his "Commonplace Book":
"My speculations have the same effect as visiting foreign countries: in the end I return where I was before, but my heart at ease, and enjoying life with new satisfaction."
"My speculations have the same effect as visiting foreign countries: in the end I return where I was before, but my heart at ease, and enjoying life with new satisfaction."
If it be essential to the meaning of philosophy that it should issue from life, it is equally essentialthat it should return to life. But this connection of philosophy with life does not mean its reduction to the terms of life as conceived in the market-place. Philosophy cannot emanate from life, and quicken life, without elevating and ennobling it, and will therefore always be incommensurable with life narrowly conceived. Hence the philosopher must always be as little understood by men of the street as was Thales by the Thracian handmaiden. He has an innocence and a wisdom peculiar to his perspective.
"When he is reviled, he has nothing personal to say in answer to the civilities of his adversaries, for he knows no scandals of anyone, and they do not interest him; and therefore he is laughed at for his sheepishness; and when others are being praised and glorified, he cannot help laughing very sincerely in the simplicity of his heart; and this again makes him look like a fool. When he hears a tyrant or king eulogized, he fancies that he is listening to the praises of some keeper of cattle—a swineherd, or shepherd, or cowherd, who is being praised for the quantity of milk which he squeezes from them; and he remarks that the creature whom they tend, and out of whom they squeeze the wealth, is of a less tractable and more insidious nature. Then, again, he observes that the great man is of necessity as ill-mannered and uneducated as any shepherd, for he has no leisure, and he is surrounded by a wall, which is his mountain-pen. Hearing of enormous landed proprietors of ten thousandacres and more, our philosopher deems this to be a trifle, because he has been accustomed to think of the whole earth; and when they sing the praises of family, and say that some one is a gentleman because he has had seven generations of wealthy ancestors, he thinks that their sentiments only betray the dulness and narrowness of vision of those who utter them, and who are not educated enough to look at the whole, nor to consider that every man has had thousands and thousands of progenitors, and among them have been rich and poor, kings and slaves, Hellenes and barbarians, many times over."[427:17]
"When he is reviled, he has nothing personal to say in answer to the civilities of his adversaries, for he knows no scandals of anyone, and they do not interest him; and therefore he is laughed at for his sheepishness; and when others are being praised and glorified, he cannot help laughing very sincerely in the simplicity of his heart; and this again makes him look like a fool. When he hears a tyrant or king eulogized, he fancies that he is listening to the praises of some keeper of cattle—a swineherd, or shepherd, or cowherd, who is being praised for the quantity of milk which he squeezes from them; and he remarks that the creature whom they tend, and out of whom they squeeze the wealth, is of a less tractable and more insidious nature. Then, again, he observes that the great man is of necessity as ill-mannered and uneducated as any shepherd, for he has no leisure, and he is surrounded by a wall, which is his mountain-pen. Hearing of enormous landed proprietors of ten thousandacres and more, our philosopher deems this to be a trifle, because he has been accustomed to think of the whole earth; and when they sing the praises of family, and say that some one is a gentleman because he has had seven generations of wealthy ancestors, he thinks that their sentiments only betray the dulness and narrowness of vision of those who utter them, and who are not educated enough to look at the whole, nor to consider that every man has had thousands and thousands of progenitors, and among them have been rich and poor, kings and slaves, Hellenes and barbarians, many times over."[427:17]
It is not to be expected that the opinion of the "narrow, keen, little, legal mind" should appreciate the philosophy which has acquired the "music of speech," and hymns "the true life which is lived by immortals or men blessed of heaven." Complacency cannot understand reverence, nor secularism, religion.
The Secularism of the Present Age.
§219. If we may believe the report of a contemporary philosopher, the present age is made insensible to the meaning of life through preoccupation with its very achievements:
"The world of finite interests and objects has rounded itself, as it were, into a separate whole, within which the mind of man can fortify itself, and livesecurus adversus deos, in independence of the infinite. In thesphere ofthought, there has been forming itself an ever-increasing body of science, which, tracing out the relation of finite things to finite things, never finds it necessary to seek for a beginning or an end to its infinite series of phenomena, and which meets the claims of theology with the saying of the astronomer, 'I do not need that hypothesis.' In the sphere ofaction, again, the complexity of modern life presents a thousand isolated interests, crossing each other in ways too subtle to trace out—interests commercial, social, and political—in pursuing one or other of which the individual may find ample occupation for his existence, without ever feeling the need of any return upon himself, or seeing any reason to ask himself whether this endless striving has any meaning or object beyond itself."[428:18]
"The world of finite interests and objects has rounded itself, as it were, into a separate whole, within which the mind of man can fortify itself, and livesecurus adversus deos, in independence of the infinite. In thesphere ofthought, there has been forming itself an ever-increasing body of science, which, tracing out the relation of finite things to finite things, never finds it necessary to seek for a beginning or an end to its infinite series of phenomena, and which meets the claims of theology with the saying of the astronomer, 'I do not need that hypothesis.' In the sphere ofaction, again, the complexity of modern life presents a thousand isolated interests, crossing each other in ways too subtle to trace out—interests commercial, social, and political—in pursuing one or other of which the individual may find ample occupation for his existence, without ever feeling the need of any return upon himself, or seeing any reason to ask himself whether this endless striving has any meaning or object beyond itself."[428:18]
The Value of Contemplation for Life.
§220. There is no dignity in living except it be in the solemn presence of the universe; and only contemplation can summon such a presence. Moreover, the sessions must be not infrequent, for memory is short and visions fade. Truth does not require, however, to be followed out of the world. There is a speculative detachment from life which is less courageous, even if more noble, than worldliness. Such is Dante's exalted but mediæval intellectualism.
"And it may be said that (as true friendship between men consists in each wholly loving the other) the true philosopher loves every part of wisdom, and wisdomevery part of the philosopher, inasmuch as she draws all to herself, and allows no one of his thoughts to wander to other things."
"And it may be said that (as true friendship between men consists in each wholly loving the other) the true philosopher loves every part of wisdom, and wisdomevery part of the philosopher, inasmuch as she draws all to herself, and allows no one of his thoughts to wander to other things."
Even though, as Aristotle thought, pure contemplation be alone proper to the gods in their perfection and blessedness, for the sublunary world this is less worthy than that balance and unity of faculty which distinguished the humanity of the Greek.
"Then," writes Thucydides, "we are lovers of the beautiful, yet simple in our tastes, and we cultivate the mind without loss of manliness. Wealth we employ, not for talk and ostentation, but when there is a real use for it. To avoid poverty with us is no disgrace; the true disgrace is in doing nothing to avoid it. An Athenian citizen does not neglect the State because he takes care of his own household; and even those of us who are engaged in business have a very fair idea of politics. We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs not as a harmless, but as a useless character; and if few of us are originators, we are all sound judges, of a policy. The great impediment to action is, in our opinion, not discussion, but the want of that knowledge which is gained by discussion preparatory to action. For we have a peculiar power of thinking before we act, and of acting too, whereas other men are courageous from ignorance, but hesitate upon reflection."[429:19]
"Then," writes Thucydides, "we are lovers of the beautiful, yet simple in our tastes, and we cultivate the mind without loss of manliness. Wealth we employ, not for talk and ostentation, but when there is a real use for it. To avoid poverty with us is no disgrace; the true disgrace is in doing nothing to avoid it. An Athenian citizen does not neglect the State because he takes care of his own household; and even those of us who are engaged in business have a very fair idea of politics. We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs not as a harmless, but as a useless character; and if few of us are originators, we are all sound judges, of a policy. The great impediment to action is, in our opinion, not discussion, but the want of that knowledge which is gained by discussion preparatory to action. For we have a peculiar power of thinking before we act, and of acting too, whereas other men are courageous from ignorance, but hesitate upon reflection."[429:19]
Thus life may be broadened and deepened without being made thin and ineffectual. As the civilcommunity is related to the individual's private interests, so the community of the universe is related to the civil community. There is a citizenship in this larger community which requires a wider and more generous interest, rooted in a deeper and more quiet reflection. The world, however, is not to be left behind, but served with a new sense of proportion, with the peculiar fortitude and reverence which are the proper fruits of philosophy.
"This is that which will indeed dignify and exalt knowledge, if contemplation and action may be more nearly and straitly conjoined and united together than they have been; a conjunction like unto that of the two highest planets: Saturn, the planet of rest and contemplation, and Jupiter, the planet of civil society and action."[430:20]
"This is that which will indeed dignify and exalt knowledge, if contemplation and action may be more nearly and straitly conjoined and united together than they have been; a conjunction like unto that of the two highest planets: Saturn, the planet of rest and contemplation, and Jupiter, the planet of civil society and action."[430:20]
[402:1]Cf. Josiah Royce:The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, Lecture XII;The World and the Individual, Second Series.
[402:1]Cf. Josiah Royce:The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, Lecture XII;The World and the Individual, Second Series.
[403:2]Cf. Hugo Münsterberg:Psychology and Life. The more important writings of this school are:Die Philosophie im Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts, edited by Wilhelm Windelband, and contributed to by Windelband, H. Rickert, O. Liebmann, E. Troeltsch, B. Bauch, and others. This book contains an excellent bibliography. Also, Rickert:Der Gegenstand der Erkenntnis;Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung, and other works. Windelband:Präludien;Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft. Münsterberg:Grundzüge der Psychologie. Eucken:Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart.
[403:2]Cf. Hugo Münsterberg:Psychology and Life. The more important writings of this school are:Die Philosophie im Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts, edited by Wilhelm Windelband, and contributed to by Windelband, H. Rickert, O. Liebmann, E. Troeltsch, B. Bauch, and others. This book contains an excellent bibliography. Also, Rickert:Der Gegenstand der Erkenntnis;Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung, and other works. Windelband:Präludien;Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft. Münsterberg:Grundzüge der Psychologie. Eucken:Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart.
[403:3]Cf. F. A. Lange:History of Materialism, Book II, Chap. I, onKant and Materialism; also Alois Riehl:Introduction to the Theory of Science and Metaphysics. Translation by Fairbanks. The more important writings of this school are: Hermann Cohen:Kant's Theorie der Erfahrung;Die Logik der reinen Erkenntniss, and other works. Paul Natorp:Sozialpädagogik;Einleitung in die Psychologie nach kritischer Methode, and other works. E. Cassirer:Leibniz' System in seinen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen. Riehl:Der philosophische Kriticismus, und seine Bedeutung für die Positive Wissenschaft. Cf. also E. Husserl:Logische Untersuchungen.
[403:3]Cf. F. A. Lange:History of Materialism, Book II, Chap. I, onKant and Materialism; also Alois Riehl:Introduction to the Theory of Science and Metaphysics. Translation by Fairbanks. The more important writings of this school are: Hermann Cohen:Kant's Theorie der Erfahrung;Die Logik der reinen Erkenntniss, and other works. Paul Natorp:Sozialpädagogik;Einleitung in die Psychologie nach kritischer Methode, and other works. E. Cassirer:Leibniz' System in seinen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen. Riehl:Der philosophische Kriticismus, und seine Bedeutung für die Positive Wissenschaft. Cf. also E. Husserl:Logische Untersuchungen.
[404:4]Cf. J. M. E. McTaggart:Studies in Hegelian Cosmology, Chap. III.
[404:4]Cf. J. M. E. McTaggart:Studies in Hegelian Cosmology, Chap. III.
[404:5]Cf. Royce:The Conception of God, Supplementary Essay, pp. 135-322;The World and the Individual, First Series.
[404:5]Cf. Royce:The Conception of God, Supplementary Essay, pp. 135-322;The World and the Individual, First Series.
[405:6]This movement began as a criticism of Hegelianism in behalf of the human personality. Cf. Andrew Seth:Hegelianism and Personality;Man and the Cosmos;Two Lectures on Theism. G. H. Howison:The Limits of Evolution. The important writings of the more independent movement are: William James:The Will to Believe. H. Sturt, editor:Personal Idealism, Philosophical Essays by Eight Members of Oxford University. F. C. S. Schiller:Humanism. Henri Bergson:Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience;Matière et mémoire. This movement is closely related to that ofPragmatism. See under §203.
[405:6]This movement began as a criticism of Hegelianism in behalf of the human personality. Cf. Andrew Seth:Hegelianism and Personality;Man and the Cosmos;Two Lectures on Theism. G. H. Howison:The Limits of Evolution. The important writings of the more independent movement are: William James:The Will to Believe. H. Sturt, editor:Personal Idealism, Philosophical Essays by Eight Members of Oxford University. F. C. S. Schiller:Humanism. Henri Bergson:Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience;Matière et mémoire. This movement is closely related to that ofPragmatism. See under §203.
[406:7]Cf. Bertrand Russell:Principles of Mathematics, Vol. I. Among the more important writings of this movement are the following: Giuseppi Peano:Formulaire de Mathématique, published by theRivista di matematica, Tom. I-IV. Richard Dedekind:Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen?Georg Cantor:Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre. Louis Couturat:De l'Infini Mathématique, and articles inRevue de Metaphysique et de Morale. A. N. Whitehead:A Treatise on Universal Algebra. Heinrich Hertz:Die Prinzipien der Mechanik. Henri Poincaré:La Science et l'Hypothèse. For the bearing of these investigations on philosophy, see Royce:The Sciences of the Ideal, inScience, Vol. XX, No. 510.
[406:7]Cf. Bertrand Russell:Principles of Mathematics, Vol. I. Among the more important writings of this movement are the following: Giuseppi Peano:Formulaire de Mathématique, published by theRivista di matematica, Tom. I-IV. Richard Dedekind:Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen?Georg Cantor:Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre. Louis Couturat:De l'Infini Mathématique, and articles inRevue de Metaphysique et de Morale. A. N. Whitehead:A Treatise on Universal Algebra. Heinrich Hertz:Die Prinzipien der Mechanik. Henri Poincaré:La Science et l'Hypothèse. For the bearing of these investigations on philosophy, see Royce:The Sciences of the Ideal, inScience, Vol. XX, No. 510.
[407:8]The term used by Karl Pearson in hisGrammar of Science.
[407:8]The term used by Karl Pearson in hisGrammar of Science.
[408:9]The important English writings of the recent independent movement known aspragmatismare: C. S. Peirce:Illustrations of the Logic of Science, inPopular Science Monthly, Vol. XII. W. James:The Pragmatic Method, inJournal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, Vol. I;Humanism and Truth, inMind, Vol. XIII, N. S.;The Essence of Humanism, inJour. of Phil., Psych., and Sc. Meth., Vol. II (with bibliography);The Will to Believe. John Dewey:Studies in Logical Theory. W. Caldwell:Pragmatism, inMind, Vol. XXV., N. S. See also literature onpersonal idealism, §201. A similar tendency has appeared in France in Bergson, LeRoy, Milhaud, and in Germany in Simmel.
[408:9]The important English writings of the recent independent movement known aspragmatismare: C. S. Peirce:Illustrations of the Logic of Science, inPopular Science Monthly, Vol. XII. W. James:The Pragmatic Method, inJournal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, Vol. I;Humanism and Truth, inMind, Vol. XIII, N. S.;The Essence of Humanism, inJour. of Phil., Psych., and Sc. Meth., Vol. II (with bibliography);The Will to Believe. John Dewey:Studies in Logical Theory. W. Caldwell:Pragmatism, inMind, Vol. XXV., N. S. See also literature onpersonal idealism, §201. A similar tendency has appeared in France in Bergson, LeRoy, Milhaud, and in Germany in Simmel.
[410:10]Cf. Ernst Mach:Analysis of Sensation. Translation by Williams.
[410:10]Cf. Ernst Mach:Analysis of Sensation. Translation by Williams.
[411:11]Cf. F. H. Bradley:Appearance and Reality.
[411:11]Cf. F. H. Bradley:Appearance and Reality.
[413:12]Cf. Carstanjen:Richard Avenarius, and his General Theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. Translation by H. Bosanquet, inMind, Vol. VI, N. S. Also James:Does Consciousness Exist?andA World of Pure Experience, inJour. of Phil., Psych., and Sc. Meth., Vol. I;The Thing and its Relations,ibid., Vol. II.The standard literature of this movement is unfortunately not available in English. Among the more important writings are: R. Avenarius:Kritik der reinen Erfahrung;Der menschliche Weltbegriff, and other works. Joseph Petzoldt:Einführung in die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung. Ernst Mach:Die Analyse der Empfindung und das Verhältniss des Physischen zum Psychischen, 2. Auff.Wilhelm Schuppe:Grundriss der Erkenntnisstheorie und Logik. Friedrich Carstanjen:Einführung in die "Kritik der reinen Erfahrung"—an exposition of Avenarius. Also articles by the above, R. Willy, R. v. Schubert-Soldern, and others, in theVierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie.
[413:12]Cf. Carstanjen:Richard Avenarius, and his General Theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. Translation by H. Bosanquet, inMind, Vol. VI, N. S. Also James:Does Consciousness Exist?andA World of Pure Experience, inJour. of Phil., Psych., and Sc. Meth., Vol. I;The Thing and its Relations,ibid., Vol. II.
The standard literature of this movement is unfortunately not available in English. Among the more important writings are: R. Avenarius:Kritik der reinen Erfahrung;Der menschliche Weltbegriff, and other works. Joseph Petzoldt:Einführung in die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung. Ernst Mach:Die Analyse der Empfindung und das Verhältniss des Physischen zum Psychischen, 2. Auff.Wilhelm Schuppe:Grundriss der Erkenntnisstheorie und Logik. Friedrich Carstanjen:Einführung in die "Kritik der reinen Erfahrung"—an exposition of Avenarius. Also articles by the above, R. Willy, R. v. Schubert-Soldern, and others, in theVierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie.
[420:13]It is not, of course, denied that there may be other orders, such as,e. g., an æsthetic order; or that there may be definite relations between these orders, such as,e. g., the psycho-physical relation.
[420:13]It is not, of course, denied that there may be other orders, such as,e. g., an æsthetic order; or that there may be definite relations between these orders, such as,e. g., the psycho-physical relation.
[423:14]Quoted from George A. Gordon:The New Epoch for Faith, p. 27.
[423:14]Quoted from George A. Gordon:The New Epoch for Faith, p. 27.
[424:15]Cf. James:The Will to Believe, essay onThe Dilemma of Determinism, passim.
[424:15]Cf. James:The Will to Believe, essay onThe Dilemma of Determinism, passim.
[425:16]Essays, Second Series, p. 75.
[425:16]Essays, Second Series, p. 75.
[427:17]Plato:Theætetus, 174-175. Translation by Jowett.
[427:17]Plato:Theætetus, 174-175. Translation by Jowett.
[428:18]E. Caird:Literature and Philosophy, Vol. I, pp. 218-219.
[428:18]E. Caird:Literature and Philosophy, Vol. I, pp. 218-219.
[429:19]Translation by Jowett. Quoted by Laurie in hisPre-Christian Education, p. 213.
[429:19]Translation by Jowett. Quoted by Laurie in hisPre-Christian Education, p. 213.
[430:20]Bacon:Advancement of Learning, Book I.
[430:20]Bacon:Advancement of Learning, Book I.
The references contained in this bibliography have been selected on the score of availability in English for the general reader and beginning student of philosophy. But I have sought wherever possible to include passages from the great philosophers and men of letters. These are placed first in the list, followed by references to contemporary writers and secondary sources.
CHAPTER I, THE PRACTICAL MAN AND THE PHILOSOPHER.
Plato:Republic, especially Book VII. Translations by Jowett and Vaughan.Theaetetus, 172 ff. Translation by Jowett.
Aristotle:Ethics, Book X. Translation by Welldon.
Marcus Aurelius:Thoughts.Translation by Long.
Epictetus:Discourses.Translation by Long.
Bacon:The Advancement of Learning.
Emerson:Representative Men—Plato; or the Philosopher.Conduct of Life—Culture.Essays, Second Series—Experience.
Royce, Josiah:Spirit of Modern Philosophy.Introduction.
Hibben, J. G.:Problems of Philosophy.Introduction.
CHAPTER II, POETRY AND PHILOSOPHY.
Plato:Republic, Books II and III. Translation by Jowett. (Criticism of the poets as demoralizing.)
Wordsworth:Observations Prefixed to the Second Edition of the Lyrical Ballads.
Shelley:Defence of Poetry.
Everett, C. C.:Poetry, Comedy, and Duty.(discussion of the Philosophy of Poetry.)Essays, Theological and Literary.(On the Poetry of Emerson, Goethe, Tennyson, Browning.)
Caird, Edward:Literature and Philosophy.(Wordsworth, Dante, Goethe, etc.)
Royce, Josiah:Studies of Good and Evil.Essay onTennyson and Pessimism.
Santayana, George:Poetry and Religion.(Philosophy of poetry; Greek Poetry, Shakespeare, etc.)
Sneath, E. H.:Philosophy in Poetry: A Study of Sir John Davies's Poem, "Nosce Teipsum."
Chapters III and IV, Religion.
Plato:Republic, Book III. Translations by Jowett and Vaughan. (Criticism of religion from the stand-point of morality and politics.)
St. Augustine:Confessions.Translation by Pusey. (Document of religious experience.)
Thomas à Kempis:Imitation of Christ.Translation by Stanhope. (Mediæval programme of personal religion.)
Spinoza:Theological-political Treatise.Translation by Elwes. (One of the first great pleas for religious liberty and one of the first attempts to define theessentialin religion.)
Kant:Critique of Pure Reason—the Canon of Pure Reason. Translation by Max Müller.Critique of Practical Reason.Translation by Abbott inTheory of Ethics. (Defines religion as the province of faith, distinguishes it from knowledge, and relates it to morality.)
Schleiermacher:On Religion.Speeches to its Cultured Despisers.Translation by Oman. (Ponderous, dogmatic in its philosophy, but profound and sympathetic in its understanding of religion.)
Arnold:Literature and Dogma.(On the essence of religion as exemplified in Judaism and Christianity.)
Sabatier, A.:Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History.Translation by Seed.Religions of Authority and the Religion of the Spirit.Translation by Houghton. (These books emphasize the essential importance of the believer's attitude to God.)
James, William:The Varieties of Religious Experience.(A rich storehouse of religion, sympathetically interpreted.)
Everett, C. C.:The Psychological Elements of Religious Faith.(A study in the definition and meaning of religion.)
Caird, Edward:Evolution of Religion.(Indoctrinated with the author's idealistic philosophy.)
Fielding, H.:The Hearts of Men.(A plea for the universal religion. Special feeling for Indian religions.)
Harnack, A.:What is Christianity?Translation by Saunders. (Attempt to define theessenceof Christianity.)
Palmer, G. H.:The Field of Ethics, Chapters V and VI. (On the relation of ethics and religion.)
Brown, W. A.:The Essence of Christianity.(Special study of the definition of religion.)
Jastrow, M.:The Study of Religion.(Method of history and psychology of religion.)
Smith, W. Robertson:The Religion of the Semites.(Excellent study of tribal religions.)
Clarke, W. N.:What Shall We Think of Christianity?(An interpretation of Christianity.)
Leuba, J. H.:Introduction to a Psychological Study of Religion.InThe Monist, Vol. XI, p. 195.
Starbuck, E. D.:The Psychology of Religion.
CHAPTER V, THE PHILOSOPHICAL CRITICISM OF SCIENCE.[434:A]
Plato:Republic, Book VII, 526 ff. Translations by Jowett and Vaughan.Phaedo, 96 ff. Translation by Jowett.
Berkeley:Alciphron, the Fourth Dialogue.Siris, especially 234-264. (On the failure of the scientist to grasp the deeper truth respecting causes and substances.)
Descartes:Discourse on Method.Translation by Veitch.
Spinoza:On the Improvement of the Understanding.Translation by Elwes.
Kant:Critique of Pure Reason—Transcendental ÆstheticandTranscendental Analytic.Translation by Max Müller. (Studies of the Method of Science.)
Ward, James:Naturalism and Agnosticism.(Full but clear account of recent development of natural science, and criticism of its use as philosophy.)
Mach, Ernst:Science of Mechanics.(Historical and methodological.)
James, William:Principles of Psychology, Vol. II, Chap. xxviii. (Emphasizes the practical interest underlying science.)
Royce, Josiah:The World and the Individual, Second Series, Man and Nature.(Interpretation of the province of natural science from the stand-point of absolute idealism.)
Pearson, Karl:The Grammar of Science.(The limits of science from the scientific stand-point.)
Clifford, W. K.:Lectures and Essays: On the Aims and Instruments of Scientific Thought; The Philosophy of the Pure Sciences; On the Ethics of Belief.
Huxley, T. H.:Method and Results.(The positivistic position.)
Muensterberg, Hugo:Psychology and Life.(Epistemological limitations of natural science applied to psychology, from idealistic stand-point.)
Fullerton, G. E.:A System of Metaphysics, Part II.
Taylor, A. E.:Elements of Metaphysics, Book III.
CHAPTERS VI AND VII, THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY.
Plato:Dialogues, especiallyProtagorasandTheaetetus. Translation by Jowett. (The actual genesis of special problems.)
Kuelpe, Oswald:Introduction to Philosophy.Translation by Pillsbury and Titchener. (Full and accurate account of the traditional terms and doctrines of philosophy.)
Hibben, J. G.:Problems of Philosophy.(Brief and elementary.)
Sidgwick, Henry:Philosophy, its Scope and Relations.
Paulsen, Friedrich:Introduction to Philosophy.Translation by Thilly.
Baldwin, J. M.:Dictionary of Philosophy.(Full, and convenient for reference.)
Ferrier, J. F.:Lectures on Greek Philosophy.(Interpretation of the beginning and early development of philosophy.)
Burnet, J.:Early Greek Philosophy.Translation of the sources.
Fairbanks, A.:The First Philosophers of Greece.
Gomperz, Th.:Greek Thinkers, Vol. I. Translation by Magnus. (On the first development of philosophical problems.)
Palmer, G. H.:The Field of Ethics.(On the relations of the ethical problem.)
Puffer, Ethel:The Psychology of Beauty.(On the relations of the æsthetical problem.)
CHAPTER VIII, NATURALISM.[436:A]
Lucretius:On the Nature of Things.Translation by Munro. (Early materialism.)
Hobbes:Metaphysical System.Edited by Calkins.Leviathan, Part I. (Modern materialism.)
Buechner, Louis:Force and Matter.Translation by Collingwood. (Nineteenth century materialism.)
Janet, Paul:Materialism of the Present Day.Translation by Masson.
Lange, F. A.:History of Materialism.Translation by Thomas.
Haeckel, Ernst:The Riddle of the Universe.Translation by McCabe. ("Monism of Energy.")
Clifford, W. K.:Lectures and Essays: The Ethics of Belief; Cosmic Emotion; Body and Mind.(Positivism.)
Huxley, T. H.:Evolution and Ethics; Prolegomena.(Distinguishes between the moral and natural.)Science and Hebrew Tradition;Science and Christian Tradition. (Controversies of the naturalist with Gladstone and Duke of Argyle.)
Spencer, Herbert:First Principles.(The systematic evolutionary philosophy.)Principles of Ethics.(Ethics of naturalism.)The Nature and Reality of Religion.(Controversy with Frederick Harrison.)
Balfour, A. J.:Foundations of Belief, Part I. (On the religious, moral, and æsthetic consequences of naturalism.)
Pater, Walter:Marius the Epicurean.(Refined hedonism.)
Romanes, G. J.:Thoughts on Religion.(Approached from stand-point of science.)
Bentham, J.:Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.(Utilitarian.)
Stephen, L.:Science of Ethics.(Evolutionary and social.)
CHAPTER IX, SUBJECTIVISM.
Plato:Theaetetus.Translation by Jowett. (Exposition and criticism of Protagoras.)
Berkeley:Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous;Principles of Human Knowledge.
Hume:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
Schopenhauer:The World as Will and Idea.Translation by Haldane and Kemp.
Mill, J. S.:An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy, X-XIII.
Clifford, W. K.:Lectures and Essays: On the Nature of Things in Themselves.(Panpsychism.)
Deussen, Paul:Elements of Metaphysics.Translation by Duff. (Following Schopenhauer and Oriental philosophy.)
Paulsen, Fr.:Introduction to Philosophy.(Panpsychism.)
Strong, C. A.:Why the Mind Has a Body.(Panpsychism.)
James, William:Reflex Action and Theism, inThe Will to Believe. (Morality and religion of individualism.)
CHAPTER X, ABSOLUTE REALISM.
Parmenides:Fragments.Arrangement and translation by Burnet or Fairbanks.
Plato:Republic, Books VI and VII. Translations by Jowett and Vaughan.Symposium,Phædrus,Phædo,Philebus. Translation by Jowett.
Aristotle[437:A]:Psychology.Translations by Hammond and Wallace.Ethics.Translation by Welldon.
Spinoza:Ethics, especially Parts I and V. Translations by Elwes and Willis.
Leibniz:Monadology, and Selections. Translation by Latta.Discourse on Metaphysics.Translation by Montgomery.
Marcus Aurelius:Thoughts.Translation by Long.
Epictetus:Discourses.Translation by Long.
Caird, Edward:The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers.(The central conceptions of Plato and Aristotle.)
Joachim:A Study of the Ethics of Spinoza.
CHAPTER XI, ABSOLUTE IDEALISM.
Descartes:Meditations.Translation by Veitch.
Kant:Critique of Pure Reason.Translation by Max Müller.Critique of Practical Reason.Translation by Abbott, in Kant'sTheory of Ethics.
Fichte[437:A]:Science of Ethics.Translation by Kroeger.Popular Works: The Nature of the Scholar;The Vocation of Man;The Doctrine of Religion. Translation by Smith.
Schiller:Æsthetic Letters, Essays, and Philosophical Letters.Translation by Weiss. (Romanticism.)
Hegel[437:A]:Ethics.Translation by Sterrett.Logic.Translation, with Introduction, by Wallace.Philosophy of Mind.Translation, with Introduction, by Wallace.Philosophy of Religion.Translation by Spiers and Sanderson.Philosophy of Right.Translation by Dyde.
Green, T. H.:Prolegomena to Ethics.
Emerson:The Conduct of Life—Fate.Essays, First Series—The Over-Soul; Circles.Essays, Second Series—The Poet; Experience; Nature.(The appreciation of life consistent with absolute idealism.)
Wordsworth:Poems,passim.
Coleridge:Aids to Reflection.The Friend.
Royce, J.:Spirit of Modern Philosophy.(Sympathetic exposition of Kant, Fichte, Romanticism, and Hegel.)The Conception of God.(The epistemological argument.)The World and the Individual, First Series.(Systematic development of absolute idealism; its moral and religious aspects.)
Caird, Edward:The Critical Philosophy of Kant.(Exposition and interpretation from stand-point of later idealism.)
Everett, C. C.:Fichte's Science of Knowledge.
McTaggart, J. M. E.:Studies in Hegelian Dialectic.Studies in Hegelian Cosmology.
[434:A]For further contemporary writings on this topic, see foot-notes under §§199,200,203.
[434:A]For further contemporary writings on this topic, see foot-notes under §§199,200,203.
[436:A]For histories of philosophy, seesupplementary bibliographyat end.
[436:A]For histories of philosophy, seesupplementary bibliographyat end.
[437:A]The Metaphysics of Aristotle, Fichte, and Hegel must be found by the English reader mainly in the secondary sources.
[437:A]The Metaphysics of Aristotle, Fichte, and Hegel must be found by the English reader mainly in the secondary sources.
I.—GENERAL.
Rogers:Student's History of Philosophy.(Elementary and clear; copious quotations.)
Weber:History of Philosophy.Translation by Thilly. (Comprehensive and compact.)
Windelband:A History of Philosophy.Translation by Tufts. (Emphasis upon the problems and their development.)
Erdmann:History of Philosophy.Translation edited by Hough; in three volumes. (Detailed and accurate exposition.)
Ueberweg:A History of Philosophy.Translation by Morris and Porter, in two volumes. (Very complete; excellent account of the literature.)
II.—SPECIAL PERIODS.
Ferrier:Lectures on Greek Philosophy.(Excellent introduction.)
Marshall:Short History of Greek Philosophy.(Brief and clear.)
Windelband:History of Ancient Philosophy.Translation by Cushman. (Very accurate and scholarly; also brief.)
Zeller:Pre-Socratic Philosophy.Translation by Alleyne.Socrates and the Socratic Schools.Translation by Reichel. (Full and accurate.)
Gomperz:Greek Thinkers.Translated by Magnus, in four volumes. (Very full; especially on Plato. Goes no further than Plato.)
Burnet:Early Greek Philosophy.(Translations of fragments, with commentary.)
Fairbanks:The First Philosophers of Greece.(Translations of fragments, with commentary.)
Turner:History of Philosophy.(Excellent account of Scholastic philosophy.)
Royce:The Spirit of Modern Philosophy.(Very illuminating introductory exposition of modern idealism.)
Falckenberg:History of Modern Philosophy.
Hoeffding:History of Modern Philosophy.Translation by Meyer, in two volumes. (Full and good.)