Conclusion.

FOOTNOTES:[408]Cf. also Yarrow, p. 178; Gibbs, (b), p. 201.[409]Gibbs, (a), p. 413.[410]See Museum negative nos. 44442, 1-3, and 44496, 5-9.[411]See Museum negative no. 44497, 5-10, taken from the north of east. See also pp.17and161. First mentioned in Smith, (g), VI.[412]See Smith and Fowke.[413]Lewis, p. 178; Galschet, p. 86; American Antiquarian, IV, 1882, p. 331.[414]See Museum negative no. 44513, 7-3, from the south in base of rock-slide on the north side of the Yakima River about a mile below the mouth of the Naches River, see p. 15.[415]Spinden, p. 181.[416]Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark. IV, pp. 366-7, 371, V, p. 99; Ross, (a), pp. 320-321; Cox, p. 105; Douglas, p. 339; Gibbs, (a), p. 405.[417]Spinden, p. 181.[418]Spinden, pp. 181 and 252.[419]See Museum negative no. 44520, 7-10, from the southwest, about a mile above the mouth of the Naches River, (p. 13).[420]See Museum negative no. 44519, 7-9. The same slide from the southwest (p. 13).[421]Pp. 35 and 36 of an article entitled "Extract from T. W. Davenport's, Recollections of an Indian agent (not yet published)." The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, March, 1904, Vol. V, No. 1.[422]Museum negative no. 44493, 5-6 of circle no. 14 from the east on the terrace northwest of the junction of the Yakima and the Naches Rivers (p. 15 and 157). Cf. also Museum negative no. 44522, 7-2.[423]Cf. Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark, II, pp. 139-140.[424]Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 369; Lewis, p. 190.[425]Museum negative no. 44516, 7-6, see grave no. 22, p. 160.[426]Spinden, pp. 182 and 252.[427]Cf. Spinden, p. 216.[428]Spinden, pp. 182 and 252.[429]Spinden, p. 182.[430]Spinden, p. 252.[431]Cf. Wounds, p. 82.

FOOTNOTES:

[408]Cf. also Yarrow, p. 178; Gibbs, (b), p. 201.

[409]Gibbs, (a), p. 413.

[410]See Museum negative nos. 44442, 1-3, and 44496, 5-9.

[411]See Museum negative no. 44497, 5-10, taken from the north of east. See also pp.17and161. First mentioned in Smith, (g), VI.

[412]See Smith and Fowke.

[413]Lewis, p. 178; Galschet, p. 86; American Antiquarian, IV, 1882, p. 331.

[414]See Museum negative no. 44513, 7-3, from the south in base of rock-slide on the north side of the Yakima River about a mile below the mouth of the Naches River, see p. 15.

[415]Spinden, p. 181.

[416]Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark. IV, pp. 366-7, 371, V, p. 99; Ross, (a), pp. 320-321; Cox, p. 105; Douglas, p. 339; Gibbs, (a), p. 405.

[417]Spinden, p. 181.

[418]Spinden, pp. 181 and 252.

[419]See Museum negative no. 44520, 7-10, from the southwest, about a mile above the mouth of the Naches River, (p. 13).

[420]See Museum negative no. 44519, 7-9. The same slide from the southwest (p. 13).

[421]Pp. 35 and 36 of an article entitled "Extract from T. W. Davenport's, Recollections of an Indian agent (not yet published)." The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, March, 1904, Vol. V, No. 1.

[422]Museum negative no. 44493, 5-6 of circle no. 14 from the east on the terrace northwest of the junction of the Yakima and the Naches Rivers (p. 15 and 157). Cf. also Museum negative no. 44522, 7-2.

[423]Cf. Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark, II, pp. 139-140.

[424]Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 369; Lewis, p. 190.

[425]Museum negative no. 44516, 7-6, see grave no. 22, p. 160.

[426]Spinden, pp. 182 and 252.

[427]Cf. Spinden, p. 216.

[428]Spinden, pp. 182 and 252.

[429]Spinden, p. 182.

[430]Spinden, p. 252.

[431]Cf. Wounds, p. 82.

The connection, nay partial identity, of this culture with that of the Thompson River region in the southern interior of British Columbia is supported by considerable evidence. Small heaps of fresh-water clam shells are found in both regions. The preponderance of chipped points over those ground out of stone, bone and antler; the presence of digging stick handles; pestles with flaring bodies and no striking heads, others with tops in the form of animal heads; celts; the sites of cache pits, of circular summer lodges marked by rings of stones; and of semi-subterranean houses with stones on the encircling ridge; pairs of arrow-shaft smoothers, and bone tubes, wereall found to be common to both regions. The simple pipe bowl found here, although with one exception not found among archaeological objects in the Thompson area is commonly used by the present Indians there. Tubular pipes, modern copper tubes or beads, incised designs consisting of a circle with a dot in it and engraved dentalium shells, each of a particular kind, besides pictographs in red, rock-slide sepulchres, modern graves walled up with parts of canoes, the marking of recent graves with sticks, and the custom of burying artifacts with the dead were also found to be common to both areas. Perforated slate tablets of gorget-form are unknown in both regions. Circles of stones which mark places where cremated human remains were found in this region sometimes indicate graves in the Thompson River region.

Frazer[432]mentions meeting Yakima Indians in the Lillooet Valley which shows that they travelled even beyond the Thompson River country and readily accounts for the dissemination of cultural elements.

On the other hand, many differences in culture are observable. Thus objects made of nephrite and mica which occur, the former being common in the Thompson River valley, were not found in the Yakima area. Quarries and terraced rock-slides such as were seen here are not known to us in the Thompson River region. The bone of the whale occasionally found in the Thompson River country is lacking in Yakima collections. That glassy basalt was not the chief material for chipped implements, as it was in the Thompson River region, is probably due to the scarcity of this material and its use is perhaps as rare in the Yakima valley as on the coast. Chipped implements were made of a greater variety of stone than in the interior of British Columbia, and a greater proportion were of the more beautifully colored materials. No harpoon points made of a unio (?) shell, such as the object found in the Thompson River region or other objects made of such a shell, were seen. Notched sinkers and large grooved sinkers were more commonly found than in the Thompson Valley, while sap scrapers which were common there, were not found in the Yakima district. A great number of pestles made from short cylindrical pebbles, forming a type rather rare in the Thompson River region; many long pestles, of which only four or five have been found in interior British Columbia; and one with a zigzag design not represented among the finds from that region, were found in the Yakima area. Saucer-shaped depressions marking summer lodge sites were not noted by the writer. Clubs made of stone were more numerous and all are of a different type. Clubs or other objects made of the bone of the whale or drilled pendants either circular orelongated were not found. Petroglyphs, pictographs in white, and representations of feather headdresses were not found among the archaeological objects in the Thompson region. Graves in knolls, some with a cyst made of thin slabs of stones constitute another distinct trait of the Yakima area.

There is relatively less evidence of contact with the prehistoric people of Puget Sound and the Pacific coast of Washington, and of southern British Columbia. Several kinds of sea shells, including dentalium, haliotis and pectunculus, which must have come from the coast, were found in the Yakima Valley. Small points chipped from beautiful material found in this region were occasionally seen on the coast, more particularly south of Puget Sound. Glassy basalt was used here perhaps about as much as on the coast. Net sinkers are also about as common here as on the coast from Gray's Harbor southward. The pestles found in the vicinity of Vancouver Island are similar to some of the short pestles found in the Yakima region. Short tubular pipes are found on the coast in the vicinity of the Saanich Peninsula and the Lower Frazer. The pipe previously described as clearly representative of the art of the Northwest coast must have been brought from there or made by a coast artist, not by one merelyfamiliarwith the art of the coast. A portion of the material indicative of coast culture that was found in the Yakima Valley may have come up the Cowlitz and down the Toppenish River.

The similarities mentioned are, however, outweighed by marked differences. Large shell heaps—the chief feature of Coastal archaeology—have not been found in the Yakima area, while quarries are unknown to us on the coast. Objects made of nephrite and whale's bone are lacking in the Yakima Valley. A very great number of points rubbed out of slate and bone are found on the coast, but none rubbed out of slate and only a few rubbed out of bone have been found on Yakima sites. Net sinkers are much more common than on the coast, where they are plentiful only from Gray's Harbor southward and in the Lower Columbia Valley. Long pestles with the tops carved to represent animal heads are distinctive of the Yakima area, while cylindrical pebbles used as pestles but slightly changed from the natural form, which are quite common in the Yakima Valley, are rarely found in the Coast country. One style of club made of stone commonly found in this vicinity has not been seen anywhere on the coast, although some clubs made of stone are like specimens from that region. Perforated slate tablets like Coastal gorgets are unknown to us from the Yakima area. Cairns common on the coast are not found in the Yakima country, while the reverse holds true of rock-slide burials. Graves in knolls are unknown on the Pacific, and artifacts are often found in the Yakima graves but they seldom, if ever, occur with ancient burials on the coast.

Much of the material from the Yakima region resembles that which I have seen from the general area including the Columbia Valley between Umatilla and The Dalles, and possibly extending further down the valley. There seems to be a greater similarity of the art products of the Yakima to those of the Thompson River region than to those of the Columbia Valley below the mouth of the Snake, so far as we understand the latter region at this time, and this according to Lewis[433]is certainly not contrary to the belief in an earlier occupancy of this region by the Salish. The culture here resembles that of the Nez Perce region to the east in that a considerable variety of material was used for chipped implements.[434]

Inter-tribal trade may have been a factor in the production of some observed similarities. It was seen that pipes of three types, one of which is found as far east as the Dakota, another as far north as the Thompson River country, and a third as far west as the Queen Charlotte Islands are all found in this region. It is clear that the ancient people from the Yakima region had extensive communications not only with the region southward as far as The Dalles, but also northward, as far as the more distant Thompson River tribes. If the products of the sea found in this region came up the Columbia, as may be inferred from Lewis,[435]it is a good illustration of how trade as a rule, follows the line of least physical resistance; although the migrations of the tribes do not always follow such lines because the lines of trade as a rule are thickly populated by people who resist the migration of their neighbors. Lewis[436]states that from the coast inward there was only one trade route of importance in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho region and this led up the Columbia River to The Dalles where was found the greatest trade center in the whole region and whither the tribes were wont to come from the north and south as well as from the east.[437]Klamath,[438]Cayuse, Nez Perce, Walla Walla and other Sahaptin and probably Salish tribes were all in the habit of going there to traffic. He also states that further east, the Sahaptin in their turn, traded with the Shoshone from whom they obtained buffalo robes and meat. The center for this trade at least in later times was the Grande Ronde in eastern Oregon;[439]but this later center probably came into being after the advent of the horse. The Okanogan are known to have crossed the mountains to Puget Sound to trade wild hemp for sea shells especially dentalia as well as for other small objects.[440]The Yakima also in later times crossed the mountains and traded with Puget Sound tribes according to Gibbs,[441]but if this trade were carried on in earlier times its effect in the Yakima Valley seems to have been slight as indicated by the few dentalium shells, the shell pendants shown in Figs.87-94and the pipe of coast art, shown inFig. 127. It is possible that this trade with the coast became customary only after the horse was introduced. There was a considerable amount of trade between the Yakima and the Thompson River and other tribes of British Columbia which was carried on chiefly through the Okanogan.[442]Lewis[443]states that the Walla Walla who lived to the south of the Yakima at least in later times visited as far north as the Thompson River region, and that certain Sahaptin tribes seem to have moved northward and westward and forced back the Salish tribes which at the time of Lewis and Clark's visit were on the north bank of the Columbia and on its tributaries.[444]These tribes were particularly the Klickitat and the Yakima, an assumption which Lewis states is supported by the definite assertions of the natives themselves. A number of old men positively assured Dr. Suckley that they had pushed their way into the country formerly occupied by the Salish.[445]The Klickitat, although living in a well wooded region on the southern slopes of Mt. Adams and Mt. St. Helens are thought to have been driven by the Cayuse from their earlier home which was further east and south. Later, they went further west into the Cowlitz Valley.[446]This may account for the circular pit surrounded by an embankment which I saw near Rochester in Thurston County and interpreted as the remains of a semi-subterranean winter house site. Lewis also states that the Yakima probably lived on the Columbia near the mouth of the river which now bears their name, and are in fact so located by Cox who places them on the north and east side of the Columbia. The pressure of neighboring tribes caused by the coming of the white race no doubt facilitated the adoption of new cultural details.

As late as 1854, the Palus, a tribe living further east on the Paloose River regarded themselves as a portion of the Yakima and the head chief of the Yakima as their chief.[447]The general similarity of the Walla Walla language to that of the Klickitat and Yakima rather than to that of the Nez Perce is mentioned by Lewis.

Cultural elements, especially those associated with the horse and with the new mode of life which it made possible, probably came from the regionto the southeast, and show a great similarity to the Plains type of culture. How much the Plains culture had influenced the Plateau type before the introduction of the horse, is a question.[448]On the Columbia River, near the mouth of the Yakima, were numerous Indians who were visited by Clark in 1805, but he says that while he saw a few horses, the Indians appeared to make but little use of them. If these were the Yakima Indians there must have been quite a change in their manner of living in the next few years.[449]This agrees very well with the time of the introduction of the horse among the Lower Thompson Indians towards the close of the eighteenth century, according to Teit.[450]All this would tend to show that the horse, while common in the Yakima country, about that time, had not yet affected the earlier customs of the natives.

The early culture throughout the great area of which this is a part, according to Lewis, was of a very simple and undeveloped character, which probably accounts for the rapidity with which eastern types were assimilated when once introduced.[451]

Summing up: the prehistoric culture of the Yakima area resembled that of its recent inhabitants, as it will be remembered was the case in the Thompson River region, the Lower Fraser Valley and the Puget Sound country including the coast from Comox on Vancouver Island to Olympia. As a typical plateau culture, being affiliated with the neighboring cultures to the north, east and south, it presented a sharp contrast to both the present and past cultures of the coast to the west. Compared with other branches of the Plateau culture area it must be considered inferior in complexity to its northern neighbor of the southern interior of British Columbia and also to the adjacent branch near The Dalles to the south. While each of these divisions has been influenced by the others more especially in the past, differentiations due to environment or specific historical conditions lead to local variations without obscuring an essential unity of cultural traits.

FOOTNOTES:[432]Fraser, p. 175.[433]Lewis, p. 196.[434]Spinden, p. 181.[435]Lewis, p. 193.[436]Lewis, p. 193.[437]Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 286; Ross, (b), p. 117.[438]Gatschet, p. 93.[439]Wilkes, IV, p. 394.[440]Ross, (a), p. 290; (b), I, p. 44.[441]Gibbs, (a), p. 408.[442]Cf. Teit, (a), p. 258.[443]Lewis, pp. 194-5.[444]Lewis and Clark, VI, pp. 115 and 119; Mooney, pp. 734-736.[445]Gibbs, (b), p. 224.[446]Swan, p. 323.[447]Stevens, XII, p. 200, Pacific R. R. Rept., Pt. I.[448]Lewis, p. 179.[449]Lewis, p. 184; Ross, (b), I, p. 19.[450]Teit, (a), p. 257.[451]Lewis, p. 180.

FOOTNOTES:

[432]Fraser, p. 175.

[433]Lewis, p. 196.

[434]Spinden, p. 181.

[435]Lewis, p. 193.

[436]Lewis, p. 193.

[437]Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 286; Ross, (b), p. 117.

[438]Gatschet, p. 93.

[439]Wilkes, IV, p. 394.

[440]Ross, (a), p. 290; (b), I, p. 44.

[441]Gibbs, (a), p. 408.

[442]Cf. Teit, (a), p. 258.

[443]Lewis, pp. 194-5.

[444]Lewis and Clark, VI, pp. 115 and 119; Mooney, pp. 734-736.

[445]Gibbs, (b), p. 224.

[446]Swan, p. 323.

[447]Stevens, XII, p. 200, Pacific R. R. Rept., Pt. I.

[448]Lewis, p. 179.

[449]Lewis, p. 184; Ross, (b), I, p. 19.

[450]Teit, (a), p. 257.

[451]Lewis, p. 180.

Bancroft, H. H.The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. 5 volumes. 1874-1882.Catlin, George.O-Kee-Pa. A religious Ceremony and other Customs of the Mandans. Philadelphia, 1867.Cox, Ross.Adventures on the Columbia River, etc. New York, 1832.De Smet, Father.Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, S.J., 1801-1873. Edited by Chittenden and Richardson. 4 volumes. New York, 1905.Douglas. D.Sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern part of the Continent of North America during the years 1824-27. (Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, 5-6, 1904-05.)Eells, Myron.The Stone Age in Oregon. (Smithsonian Report, for 1886, Washington, 1889, pp. 283-295.)Fraser, Simon.Journal of a Voyage from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast in 1802.Gatschet, Albert S.The Klamath Indians of Southwestern Oregon. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, II, parts I-II, Washington, 1890.)Gibbs, George.(a) Report on the Indian Tribes of the Territory of Washington. (Pacific Railroad Report, 1, pp. 402-436, Washington, 1855.)(b) Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, I, pp. 157-241, Washington, 1877.)Hale, Horatio.United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes. Vol. VI. Ethnology and Philology. Philadelphia, 1846.Jochelson, Waldemar.Material Culture and Social Organization of the Koryak. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1908, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 283-842.)Kane, Paul.Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America. London, 1859.Lewis, Albert Buell.Tribes of the Columbia Valley and the Coast of Washington and Oregon. (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 1, Part 2, 1906.)Lewis and Clark.Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. (Thwaites Edition.) New York, 1904.Lord, John Keast.The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island and British Columbia. 2 vols. London, 1866.Mallery, Garrick.Pictographs of the North American Indians. (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1886, pp. 3-256.)Mooney, James.The Ghost-dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. (Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Pt. 2, Washington, 1896.)Moorehead, Warren K.Prehistoric Implements. A description of the Ornaments, Utensils and Implements of Pre-Columbian Man in America. New York. 1900.Ross, Alexander.(a) Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River. London, 1849.(b) The Fur Hunters of the Far West. 2 vols. London, 1855.Schoolcraft, Henry R.Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Philadelphia, 1851-1857.Smith, Harlan I.andFowke, Gerard.Cairns of British Columbia and Washington. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1901, Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 55-75.)Smith, Harlan I.(a) Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1903, Vol. 4, Part 4, pp. 133-191.)(b) Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1907, Vol. 4, Part 6, pp. 301-441.)(c) Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 6, pp. 401-442.)(d) The Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1899, Vol. 2, Part 3, pp. 129-161.)(e) Archaeological Investigations on the North Pacific Coast in 1899. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 2, No. 3, July-September, 1900.)(f) New Evidence of the Distribution of Chipped Artifacts and Interior Culture in British Columbia. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 11, No. 3, July-September, 1909).(g) A Costumed Human Figure from Tampico, Washington. (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, 1904, Vol. 20, Article 16, pp. 195-203.)(h) A Remarkable Pipe from Northwestern America. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 8, No. 1, January-March, 1906, pp. 33-38.)Spinden, Herbert Joseph.The Nez Perce Indians. (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 2, Part 3, 1908, pp. 171-274.)Stevens, Isaac I.Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1854, pp. 181-254.Swan, James G.The Northwest Coast; or Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory, New York, 1857.Teit, James.(a) The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 4, pp. 163-392.)(b) The Lillooet Indians. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1906, Vol. 4, Part 5, pp. 193-300.)Whitman. Mrs. Marcus.Letters written by Mrs. Whitman from Oregon to her relations in New York. (Transactions of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1891, pp. 79-179, and 1893, pp. 53-219.)Wilkes, C.Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. 5 vols. Philadelphia, 1845.Yarrow, H. C.A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians. (First Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1881, pp. 91-203.)

Bancroft, H. H.The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. 5 volumes. 1874-1882.

Catlin, George.O-Kee-Pa. A religious Ceremony and other Customs of the Mandans. Philadelphia, 1867.

Cox, Ross.Adventures on the Columbia River, etc. New York, 1832.

De Smet, Father.Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, S.J., 1801-1873. Edited by Chittenden and Richardson. 4 volumes. New York, 1905.

Douglas. D.Sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern part of the Continent of North America during the years 1824-27. (Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, 5-6, 1904-05.)

Eells, Myron.The Stone Age in Oregon. (Smithsonian Report, for 1886, Washington, 1889, pp. 283-295.)

Fraser, Simon.Journal of a Voyage from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast in 1802.

Gatschet, Albert S.The Klamath Indians of Southwestern Oregon. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, II, parts I-II, Washington, 1890.)

Gibbs, George.(a) Report on the Indian Tribes of the Territory of Washington. (Pacific Railroad Report, 1, pp. 402-436, Washington, 1855.)

(b) Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, I, pp. 157-241, Washington, 1877.)

Hale, Horatio.United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes. Vol. VI. Ethnology and Philology. Philadelphia, 1846.

Jochelson, Waldemar.Material Culture and Social Organization of the Koryak. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1908, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 283-842.)

Kane, Paul.Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America. London, 1859.

Lewis, Albert Buell.Tribes of the Columbia Valley and the Coast of Washington and Oregon. (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 1, Part 2, 1906.)

Lewis and Clark.Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. (Thwaites Edition.) New York, 1904.

Lord, John Keast.The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island and British Columbia. 2 vols. London, 1866.

Mallery, Garrick.Pictographs of the North American Indians. (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1886, pp. 3-256.)

Mooney, James.The Ghost-dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. (Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Pt. 2, Washington, 1896.)

Moorehead, Warren K.Prehistoric Implements. A description of the Ornaments, Utensils and Implements of Pre-Columbian Man in America. New York. 1900.

Ross, Alexander.(a) Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River. London, 1849.

(b) The Fur Hunters of the Far West. 2 vols. London, 1855.

Schoolcraft, Henry R.Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Philadelphia, 1851-1857.

Smith, Harlan I.andFowke, Gerard.Cairns of British Columbia and Washington. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1901, Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 55-75.)

Smith, Harlan I.(a) Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1903, Vol. 4, Part 4, pp. 133-191.)

(b) Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1907, Vol. 4, Part 6, pp. 301-441.)

(c) Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 6, pp. 401-442.)

(d) The Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1899, Vol. 2, Part 3, pp. 129-161.)

(e) Archaeological Investigations on the North Pacific Coast in 1899. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 2, No. 3, July-September, 1900.)

(f) New Evidence of the Distribution of Chipped Artifacts and Interior Culture in British Columbia. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 11, No. 3, July-September, 1909).

(g) A Costumed Human Figure from Tampico, Washington. (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, 1904, Vol. 20, Article 16, pp. 195-203.)

(h) A Remarkable Pipe from Northwestern America. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 8, No. 1, January-March, 1906, pp. 33-38.)

Spinden, Herbert Joseph.The Nez Perce Indians. (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 2, Part 3, 1908, pp. 171-274.)

Stevens, Isaac I.Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1854, pp. 181-254.

Swan, James G.The Northwest Coast; or Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory, New York, 1857.

Teit, James.(a) The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 4, pp. 163-392.)

(b) The Lillooet Indians. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1906, Vol. 4, Part 5, pp. 193-300.)

Whitman. Mrs. Marcus.Letters written by Mrs. Whitman from Oregon to her relations in New York. (Transactions of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1891, pp. 79-179, and 1893, pp. 53-219.)

Wilkes, C.Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. 5 vols. Philadelphia, 1845.

Yarrow, H. C.A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians. (First Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1881, pp. 91-203.)

The following appendix contains a detailed account of graves with catalogue numbers of their contents and other finds, upon which the preceding descriptions are based.

Kennewick.

202-8114. Flint chip from the surface. No chips of this quality were found in the Thompson River region.202-8115. Chipped point made of buff jasper from the surface (PlateII, Fig. 1).202-8116. Large grooved pebble from the beach of the Columbia River.202-8117. Chipped pebble from the surface.202-8118. Broken pestle from the surface.202-8119. Chipped and battered hammerstone from the surface. (Fig. 43).202-8120. One half of a sculptured tubular steatite pipe, purchased from Mr. W. F. Sonderman who dug it up while building a flume near Kennewick (Fig. 105).

202-8114. Flint chip from the surface. No chips of this quality were found in the Thompson River region.

202-8115. Chipped point made of buff jasper from the surface (PlateII, Fig. 1).

202-8116. Large grooved pebble from the beach of the Columbia River.

202-8117. Chipped pebble from the surface.

202-8118. Broken pestle from the surface.

202-8119. Chipped and battered hammerstone from the surface. (Fig. 43).

202-8120. One half of a sculptured tubular steatite pipe, purchased from Mr. W. F. Sonderman who dug it up while building a flume near Kennewick (Fig. 105).

North Yakima.

202-8121. Sculptured handle of a digging stick made of the horn of a Rocky Mountain sheep purchased of Mr. W. Z. York, at Old Yakima, who bought it from an Indian woman living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. She, however, may have brought it from some other locality. (Fig. 126).202-8122. Tubular steatite pipe (Fig. 104).202-8123. Pestle made of stone. Presented by Mr. W. M. Gray of North Yakima. Found where the Moxie Ditch enters the flume, about 3 miles northeast of the mouth of the Naches River and southeast of the Yakima River.202-8124. Fragment of rock painted red. Part of a pictograph showing a human figure with feather headdress (PlateXIV, Fig. 1), taken from the basaltic cliffs southeast of the Naches River above the mouth of Cowiche Creek, about four miles northwest of North Yakima. Several other pictographs were photographed here from the north:PlateXV, Fig. 2(44480, 4-5), white human heads with feather headdresses and white and red double star figure;PlateXIV, Fig. 2(44483, 4-8), white human heads with feather headdresses, also (44484, 4-9),PlateXV, Fig. 1(44485, 4-10);PlateXVI, Fig. 1(44486, 4-11), andPlateXVI, Fig. 2(44487, 4-12), white and red human heads with feather headdresses.202-8125. Six parts of pebbles, from the surface of the flat on the east side of the Yakima River at "The Upper Gap" near the northern end of North Yakima, as samples of what could have been used as material for arrow points.

202-8122. Tubular steatite pipe (Fig. 104).

202-8123. Pestle made of stone. Presented by Mr. W. M. Gray of North Yakima. Found where the Moxie Ditch enters the flume, about 3 miles northeast of the mouth of the Naches River and southeast of the Yakima River.

202-8124. Fragment of rock painted red. Part of a pictograph showing a human figure with feather headdress (PlateXIV, Fig. 1), taken from the basaltic cliffs southeast of the Naches River above the mouth of Cowiche Creek, about four miles northwest of North Yakima. Several other pictographs were photographed here from the north:PlateXV, Fig. 2(44480, 4-5), white human heads with feather headdresses and white and red double star figure;PlateXIV, Fig. 2(44483, 4-8), white human heads with feather headdresses, also (44484, 4-9),PlateXV, Fig. 1(44485, 4-10);PlateXVI, Fig. 1(44486, 4-11), andPlateXVI, Fig. 2(44487, 4-12), white and red human heads with feather headdresses.

202-8125. Six parts of pebbles, from the surface of the flat on the east side of the Yakima River at "The Upper Gap" near the northern end of North Yakima, as samples of what could have been used as material for arrow points.

Fig. 129. Sketch Map of the Yakima Valley.Miss Ruth B. Howe Delin.

Numbers 202-8126 to 202-8136 are from the quarry shown inPlate III, Fig. 1(44488, 5-1 from the south, 44489, 5-2, and 44490, 5-3). This quarry is on the ridge top north of the Naches River, about two miles above its mouth (p. 16).202-8126. Stone, possibly a hammer.202-8127. Two river pebbles used as stone hammers.202-8128. Hammerstone (Fig. 40).202-8129. Pebble used as a hammer.202-8130. Fragment of a hammerstone, edge smooth.202-8131. Two fragments of hammerstones.202-8132. Four pieces of raw material for chipped implements.202-8133. Seven pieces of raw material for chipped implements possibly waste from pieces blocked out to be transported or possibly too small or of too poor a quality to be transported.202-8134. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps chipped.202-8135. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps too poor to be transported.202-8136. Thirty pieces of raw material, some very good, some very poor, all apparently waste of pieces blocked out to be transported. No finished or broken implements were found here.Grave No. 1.PlateVI, Fig. 3(1910) from north of west of the grave before it was disturbed (p. 14). This grave was about 50 feet up the gully from No. 2, and was excavated by us May 18. It was marked by a stick which was very dry but not yet fully decayed. It was located in the rock-slide on the east slope of the gully, a steep ravine going down from the south to a little flat southeast of the Yakima River. This ravine is on the north side of the hill on the east of the Yakima River at the mouth of the Naches River. The grave was about a mile northeast of the mouth of the Naches River, and about 80 feet above the Yakima. From the spot one can see out over the valley of the Yakima. The grave was on a slight, bench, terrace, or place that could be so interpreted. There were large pits and terraces in the slide above this grave, like those shown inPlateVII. Indications of very old charred cedar strips were found across the grave. Charcoal was found among the rocks, and the grave was bounded by a sort of circular balcony of rocks of the rock-slide and had a slight flat or depression in the center. On top, the stones were large, averaging the size of a man's head, some 30 pounds, some 100 pounds, some the size of a man's fist. Below, covering the body, the rocks were small and many were fine, being chipped small from the same rock by fire. All except this burned rock were the common irregular angular rock-slide material. In the bottom of the grave were found adult human bones, partly charred black, the parts not so charred were yellow. Numbers 202-8137 to 202-8152 were found in this grave.202-8137. Left half of a charred human jaw, parts are ivory black and parts yellowish gray.202-8138. Part of a human vertebra.

202-8126. Stone, possibly a hammer.

202-8127. Two river pebbles used as stone hammers.

202-8128. Hammerstone (Fig. 40).

202-8129. Pebble used as a hammer.

202-8130. Fragment of a hammerstone, edge smooth.

202-8131. Two fragments of hammerstones.

202-8132. Four pieces of raw material for chipped implements.

202-8133. Seven pieces of raw material for chipped implements possibly waste from pieces blocked out to be transported or possibly too small or of too poor a quality to be transported.

202-8134. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps chipped.

202-8135. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps too poor to be transported.

202-8136. Thirty pieces of raw material, some very good, some very poor, all apparently waste of pieces blocked out to be transported. No finished or broken implements were found here.

Grave No. 1.PlateVI, Fig. 3(1910) from north of west of the grave before it was disturbed (p. 14). This grave was about 50 feet up the gully from No. 2, and was excavated by us May 18. It was marked by a stick which was very dry but not yet fully decayed. It was located in the rock-slide on the east slope of the gully, a steep ravine going down from the south to a little flat southeast of the Yakima River. This ravine is on the north side of the hill on the east of the Yakima River at the mouth of the Naches River. The grave was about a mile northeast of the mouth of the Naches River, and about 80 feet above the Yakima. From the spot one can see out over the valley of the Yakima. The grave was on a slight, bench, terrace, or place that could be so interpreted. There were large pits and terraces in the slide above this grave, like those shown inPlateVII. Indications of very old charred cedar strips were found across the grave. Charcoal was found among the rocks, and the grave was bounded by a sort of circular balcony of rocks of the rock-slide and had a slight flat or depression in the center. On top, the stones were large, averaging the size of a man's head, some 30 pounds, some 100 pounds, some the size of a man's fist. Below, covering the body, the rocks were small and many were fine, being chipped small from the same rock by fire. All except this burned rock were the common irregular angular rock-slide material. In the bottom of the grave were found adult human bones, partly charred black, the parts not so charred were yellow. Numbers 202-8137 to 202-8152 were found in this grave.

202-8137. Left half of a charred human jaw, parts are ivory black and parts yellowish gray.

202-8138. Part of a human vertebra.

202-8139. Some charred and calcined bones of a dog with the joint end of the tibia showing the articulation pulled off as in youth. Ashes and black fine masses resembling pulverized charcoal were found in the bottom of the grave. The human bones found with these were probably of two skeletons, but all were much broken and charred. Some yellow brown mass, composed of rootlets, maggot sacks, etc., was found at the sides of the grave.202-8140. At the east side of the grave, a large piece of partly charred cedar about 8 inches wide by 2 inches thick was found.202-8141. Chipped point of obsidian with base broken off, showing that at least some of the contents of the grave were of prehistoric culture.202-8142. Finely chipped point made of brown chert found in fire refuse of this grave (PlateII, Fig. 5).202-8143. Scorched point made of bone (Fig. 9).202-8144. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.202-8145. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.202-8146. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.202-8147. Tube of rolled brass having the diameter of a lead pencil. Proving this grave to have been made since the prehistoric people were able to reach the whites in trade.202-8148. Tube similar to 202-8147 (Fig. 75).202-8149. Charred tube made of bone about 1-¼ inches long.202-8150. Tube similar to 202-8149 (Fig. 97).202-8151. Scorched tube made of bone and ornamented by incisions running from one end to the other in a spiral course. The tube is charred and about 1-¼ inches long (Fig. 98).202-8152. Slate disk perforated in the center and at each side. The object is about 1 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch thick (Fig. 77).Grave No. 2. Rock-slide grave, about 50 feet down the ravine from grave No. 1 and about 40 feet above the flume. It had grass growing in the center. The grave seemed caved in and as if thoroughly walled like a well. It contained nothing, apparently having been rifled. Before excavation this seemed to be more like a grave than No. 1. (See photograph taken from the southwest.)Grave No. 3. Rock-slide grave.99-4314. Bleached skull and jaw of an adult purchased of a boy who said it was from a rock-slide grave on the north side of the Yakima Ridge lying east of the Yakima River above the Upper Gap.Grave No. 4. Rock-slide grave about 6 feet southeast of grave No. 5 at Selah Canon. As this grave had been opened and the skeleton had been disturbed, no accurate description as to its position can be given. Some of the rock-slide material was quite large, weighing from 200 to 300 lbs; depth, 4 feet; diameter, 3 feet. Decayed wood was found in the grave and long poles on the side of the grave. The grave was probably not very old.99-4315. Part of skull and skeleton of a youth which was partly bleached. Found in Grave No. 4.

202-8140. At the east side of the grave, a large piece of partly charred cedar about 8 inches wide by 2 inches thick was found.

202-8141. Chipped point of obsidian with base broken off, showing that at least some of the contents of the grave were of prehistoric culture.

202-8142. Finely chipped point made of brown chert found in fire refuse of this grave (PlateII, Fig. 5).

202-8143. Scorched point made of bone (Fig. 9).

202-8144. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.

202-8145. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.

202-8146. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.

202-8147. Tube of rolled brass having the diameter of a lead pencil. Proving this grave to have been made since the prehistoric people were able to reach the whites in trade.

202-8148. Tube similar to 202-8147 (Fig. 75).

202-8149. Charred tube made of bone about 1-¼ inches long.

202-8150. Tube similar to 202-8149 (Fig. 97).

202-8151. Scorched tube made of bone and ornamented by incisions running from one end to the other in a spiral course. The tube is charred and about 1-¼ inches long (Fig. 98).

202-8152. Slate disk perforated in the center and at each side. The object is about 1 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch thick (Fig. 77).

Grave No. 2. Rock-slide grave, about 50 feet down the ravine from grave No. 1 and about 40 feet above the flume. It had grass growing in the center. The grave seemed caved in and as if thoroughly walled like a well. It contained nothing, apparently having been rifled. Before excavation this seemed to be more like a grave than No. 1. (See photograph taken from the southwest.)

Grave No. 3. Rock-slide grave.

99-4314. Bleached skull and jaw of an adult purchased of a boy who said it was from a rock-slide grave on the north side of the Yakima Ridge lying east of the Yakima River above the Upper Gap.

Grave No. 4. Rock-slide grave about 6 feet southeast of grave No. 5 at Selah Canon. As this grave had been opened and the skeleton had been disturbed, no accurate description as to its position can be given. Some of the rock-slide material was quite large, weighing from 200 to 300 lbs; depth, 4 feet; diameter, 3 feet. Decayed wood was found in the grave and long poles on the side of the grave. The grave was probably not very old.

99-4315. Part of skull and skeleton of a youth which was partly bleached. Found in Grave No. 4.

Grave No. 5. Rock-slide grave in Selah Canon and about 6 feet northwest of grave No. 4. Apparently this grave had been rifled. The adult skull lay to the west and was broken. The skeleton was flexed, the feet were toward the east and the knees south of the vertebrae, that is, the skeleton was on the right side. The grave which was about 75 feet up the hillside, and 1-½ miles east of the Yakima River on the south side of Selah Canon, was about 3-½ feet deep by 3-½ feet in diameter. Long poles lay on the side of the grave while decayed wood, leather thongs and dried flesh yet adhering to some of the bones, in this kind of a grave even in such a dry region as this, especially the last two, suggest the grave to be recent.99-4316. Jaw and skeleton of an adult. Found in grave No. 5.Grave No. 6. Rock-slide grave about 100 feet up the hillside at the top of a rock-slide on a point south of the Yakima River about 2 miles northeast and above the mouth of the Naches River. The bones were found in excavating an adjacent barren grave, 5 feet to the northeast and had probably been thrown out of this one on top of it. Pieces of cedar were scattered around the grave, which had been rifled. Its depth was 5 feet, diameter 5 feet.99-4317. Skull and one hip bone of an adult. Probably from grave No. 6.Grave No. 7. Rock-slide grave situated northeast of North Yakima and about half a mile northeast of grave No. 6. There is a road near the edge of the grave. The grave had been rifled and pieces of wood were found lying near it; the bones were scattered around and broken. None of them were in anatomical order. Numbers 202-8153 to 202-8156 were found in this grave.202-8153. One brass bell.202-8154. Three glass beads.202-8155. Two shell beads.202-8156. Three dentalium shells.Grave No. 8. Rifled rock-slide grave. The skeleton which had been wrapped in cedar bark had been taken away. Nothing besides the cedar bark was found. The grave was found near No. 7 and about a half mile northeast of No. 6. Wood was lying near by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had been rifled.Grave No. 9. Rock-slide grave found near No. 7 which was situated about half a mile northeast of No. 6. The grave contained nothing but charcoal. There was wood lying near by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had been rifled.Grave No. 10. Rock-slide grave excavated June 2, 1903. This grave was 150 feet up the hill from the Naches River, half a mile above its mouth and on the north side. It was 5 feet long by 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep and had been disturbed and many of the bones thrown out. Dry poles and cedar boards lay around the top. Numbers 99-4318, 202-8157 to 202-8169 were found in this grave.

99-4316. Jaw and skeleton of an adult. Found in grave No. 5.

Grave No. 6. Rock-slide grave about 100 feet up the hillside at the top of a rock-slide on a point south of the Yakima River about 2 miles northeast and above the mouth of the Naches River. The bones were found in excavating an adjacent barren grave, 5 feet to the northeast and had probably been thrown out of this one on top of it. Pieces of cedar were scattered around the grave, which had been rifled. Its depth was 5 feet, diameter 5 feet.

99-4317. Skull and one hip bone of an adult. Probably from grave No. 6.

Grave No. 7. Rock-slide grave situated northeast of North Yakima and about half a mile northeast of grave No. 6. There is a road near the edge of the grave. The grave had been rifled and pieces of wood were found lying near it; the bones were scattered around and broken. None of them were in anatomical order. Numbers 202-8153 to 202-8156 were found in this grave.

202-8153. One brass bell.

202-8154. Three glass beads.

202-8155. Two shell beads.

202-8156. Three dentalium shells.

Grave No. 8. Rifled rock-slide grave. The skeleton which had been wrapped in cedar bark had been taken away. Nothing besides the cedar bark was found. The grave was found near No. 7 and about a half mile northeast of No. 6. Wood was lying near by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had been rifled.

Grave No. 9. Rock-slide grave found near No. 7 which was situated about half a mile northeast of No. 6. The grave contained nothing but charcoal. There was wood lying near by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had been rifled.

Grave No. 10. Rock-slide grave excavated June 2, 1903. This grave was 150 feet up the hill from the Naches River, half a mile above its mouth and on the north side. It was 5 feet long by 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep and had been disturbed and many of the bones thrown out. Dry poles and cedar boards lay around the top. Numbers 99-4318, 202-8157 to 202-8169 were found in this grave.

99-4318. An adult skull and skeleton with abnormality on right malor and with one rib expanded, part of a young adult skeleton and part of a child's skeleton were found. Some of the bones were bleached. The adult and the child were on the bottom. These two bodies had been wrapped in bark and placed in a hole one foot deep in the ground below the slide. The adult's head was to the west southwest. On top and to the east northeast was the young adult. Human hair was also found in grave No. 10.202-8157. Four parts of the hearth of a fire drill, similar to that used in the Thompson River region. See Teit, (a) p. 203, for descriptions of fire drills (See alsoFig. 38.)202-8158. Wolf or dog bones, some of them bleached.202-8159. Part of a decorated wooden bow (Fig. 114).202-8160a, b. Two pieces of a basket. Doubtless of a finer stitch than those from the Thompson River Indians. See Teit, (a), Fig. 131a and Figs. 143 to 146.202-8161. Piece of coarse coil basket with splint foundation and bifurcated stitch (Fig. 17).202-8162. Piece of a stitched rush mat (p. 86).The bill of a saw-bill duck was found but not preserved.202-8163. Copper tubes with six beads, short sections of dentalium shells, which were found from the top to the bottom of the grave. These beads were strung.202-8164. Four bone tubes found near the bottom and mostly to the east northeast of the grave.202-8165. Point made of bone found to the west northwest in grave (Fig. 7).202-8166. A perforated cylinder made of steatite found at about the center of the grave (Fig. 99).202-8167. Fishbone.202-8168. Three pieces of yellow jasper (raw material).202-8169a, b, c. Three small arrow points, one found on center, one in east northeast part and one in south of grave.ais of brownish fissile jasper (PlateII. Fig. 2).Grave No. 11. Rock-slide grave located on the north side of the Naches River, a little over half a mile above its mouth. The place is about 600 feet west southwest of grave No. 10 and 150 feet above the river. It was 6 feet by 4 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep. Apparently it had been rifled as nothing was found in it except a skull and a few bones.99-4319. Skull, a lower jaw, and a few broken bones which were scattered among the rocks. The skull was found in the west southwest part of the grave with the face down. The lower jaw was found in the southern part of the grave about 1 foot higher up in the rocks.Grave No. 12. Bluff pebble grave. We examined a ring of river boulders on the twenty-acre farm of Mr. James McWhirter, a boy about fifteen years old, twelve miles up the Naches River on the crest of the foothill terrace north of the road, and overlooking the bottom along the north side of the Naches River. This grave was about 150 feet high above the river by about half a mile from it. At first it looked like alittle underground house site or a shallow cache pit. (Museum negative, no. 44441, 1-2 for general locality.) James, who called our attention to the pile of boulders, said that some one threw off part in an abandoned attempt to dig the grave. We thought the grave practically undisturbed and it proved to have been the least disturbed of any we had found up to this point. The outside of the ring was 10 feet east and west by 5 feet north and south. The inside of the ring or the space surrounded was 6 feet east and west by 4 feet north and south. Probably this grave was a boulder heap, the aspect of a ring being given by the removal of the stones, i.e., this central space may be where stones were thrown off. River boulders were found from top to bottom. The boulders varied in weight from about 7 to 30 pounds. Most of them were disk-shaped but some were oval. Numbers 99-4320 and 202-8170, 1 were found in this grave.99-4320. An adult skeleton was found 4 feet deep with the head towards the west, resting on its occiput. The skull which was broken, faced south by east, with the mouth open. The knees were north; the body was on its left side and flexed. Over the north side of the knees was an elliptically-shaped piece of cedar burned on the upper side. It was about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long. A few fragments of the skeleton of a child were found in the grave. All the bones in the grave were very soft and as the ends were broken off we discarded all but the skull and a few of the bones of the child. Two shell disks (202-8170,1) were found about 6 inches apart near the neck, one at the south shoulder, and one at the south side of the skull of the adult.202-8170. Pendant of disk shape made of oyster shell with one perforation near the edge (Fig. 94).202-8171 Pendant of disk shape made of shell with two perforations near one edge (Fig. 93).Grave No. 13. Cremation circle, similar to several of the others on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. This consisted of a ring of angular rocks among which were no river pebbles, resembling a small underground house site, 8 feet in diameter outside, 6 feet in diameter at the top of the rocks, 4-½ feet in diameter inside, both east-west and north-south. It is widest and built of largest stones on the side towards the lower part of the terrace, suggesting that the ring had slid down but the nearly level terrace would argue against this idea. This grave was like a rock-slide grave, filled with soil, but on a gently sloping terrace instead of a steep slide. Photograph no. 44495, 5-8, from the south shows a telegraph pole to left and a flume across the Yakima River to the right. See also graves No. 14 and 15. Child bones, found two feet deep in volcanic ash, were decayed and discarded. The tibiae were about 2-½ inches long.Grave No. 14. This cremation circle was situated on the terrace about 100 feet above the Naches River and about 250 yards north of the two bridges near its mouth.PlateIX, Fig. 1(photograph no. 44493, 5-6) shows this from the east with telegraph poles beyond. The stone circlemeasured 6 feet north and south inside (16 outside) by 7 feet east and west inside (14 outside). Our excavation here was 6 by 5 by 4 feet deep. Fragments of charred human bones, and some that seemed not to be charred, of six or seven individuals were found from about 1 foot deep down to 4 feet deep. Most of these were pieces of skulls, but pieces of many other bones were found. The bones which were most burned, were those found nearest the surface. Much charcoal was seen. A layer of ashes about 6 inches in thickness was found in the center. In the northwest part of the hole a skeleton was found lying on the left side flexed, the face east, and the head north. This may have been buried after the others. The bones were very much decomposed and the skull was broken into small pieces. Numbers 202-8172 to 202-8174 were found in this grave.202-8172. A shell ornament found on the east side of the skull.202-8173. Two dentalium shells found on the west side of the skull. Dentalium shells were found in all parts of the excavation but were most numerous in the northeastern parts.202-8174. A shell ornament.Grave No. 15. Cremation circle excavated on June 10, 11 and 12. Shown from the east in photograph No. 44494, 5-7. It is 56 feet west of grave No. 14 and further up the terrace. The outside circle of stones measured 15 feet north and south by 15 feet east and west. The next circle of stones measured 9 feet north and south by 9 feet east and west. The space inside the stone circle measured 7 feet north and south by 7 feet east and west. The depth varied from 2 feet 6 inches in the east and south parts to 4 feet in the north and west parts below all of which was a pitching layer of basaltic rocks. The three rings of stones surrounded a hollow. The inner row was about 12 inches lower than the outer ring. Several boulders were found in the grave. Ashes and lava composed the grave soil. The whole cremation circle seemed to have been the burned remains of a communal or family depository for the dead, probably a hut like an underground winter house walled around the edge of the roof with stones. Two skeletons were found on the bottom, apparently not burned, but much decayed. They were discarded. Numbers 202-8175 to 202-8182 were found in this grave.202-8175. Charcoal was abundant but most of it was found about 14 inches deep.202-8176. Broken and charred human bones of about twelve individuals were found throughout the grave in a space about 8 by 5 feet beginning at the east inner ring of stones and extending beyond the second circle on the west. They were found from 8 inches deep to parts of the bottom.202-8177. Dentalium shells were very abundant.202-8178. Engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 118).202-8179. Several kinds of shell ornaments were found in the northern and northwestern parts of the grave.202-8180. Several burned pieces of shell.202-8181. One piece of metal, probably copper.202-8182. Several pieces of shell of different kinds.

202-8157. Four parts of the hearth of a fire drill, similar to that used in the Thompson River region. See Teit, (a) p. 203, for descriptions of fire drills (See alsoFig. 38.)

202-8158. Wolf or dog bones, some of them bleached.

202-8159. Part of a decorated wooden bow (Fig. 114).

202-8160a, b. Two pieces of a basket. Doubtless of a finer stitch than those from the Thompson River Indians. See Teit, (a), Fig. 131a and Figs. 143 to 146.

202-8161. Piece of coarse coil basket with splint foundation and bifurcated stitch (Fig. 17).

202-8162. Piece of a stitched rush mat (p. 86).

The bill of a saw-bill duck was found but not preserved.

202-8163. Copper tubes with six beads, short sections of dentalium shells, which were found from the top to the bottom of the grave. These beads were strung.

202-8164. Four bone tubes found near the bottom and mostly to the east northeast of the grave.

202-8165. Point made of bone found to the west northwest in grave (Fig. 7).

202-8166. A perforated cylinder made of steatite found at about the center of the grave (Fig. 99).

202-8167. Fishbone.

202-8168. Three pieces of yellow jasper (raw material).

202-8169a, b, c. Three small arrow points, one found on center, one in east northeast part and one in south of grave.ais of brownish fissile jasper (PlateII. Fig. 2).

Grave No. 11. Rock-slide grave located on the north side of the Naches River, a little over half a mile above its mouth. The place is about 600 feet west southwest of grave No. 10 and 150 feet above the river. It was 6 feet by 4 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep. Apparently it had been rifled as nothing was found in it except a skull and a few bones.

99-4319. Skull, a lower jaw, and a few broken bones which were scattered among the rocks. The skull was found in the west southwest part of the grave with the face down. The lower jaw was found in the southern part of the grave about 1 foot higher up in the rocks.

Grave No. 12. Bluff pebble grave. We examined a ring of river boulders on the twenty-acre farm of Mr. James McWhirter, a boy about fifteen years old, twelve miles up the Naches River on the crest of the foothill terrace north of the road, and overlooking the bottom along the north side of the Naches River. This grave was about 150 feet high above the river by about half a mile from it. At first it looked like alittle underground house site or a shallow cache pit. (Museum negative, no. 44441, 1-2 for general locality.) James, who called our attention to the pile of boulders, said that some one threw off part in an abandoned attempt to dig the grave. We thought the grave practically undisturbed and it proved to have been the least disturbed of any we had found up to this point. The outside of the ring was 10 feet east and west by 5 feet north and south. The inside of the ring or the space surrounded was 6 feet east and west by 4 feet north and south. Probably this grave was a boulder heap, the aspect of a ring being given by the removal of the stones, i.e., this central space may be where stones were thrown off. River boulders were found from top to bottom. The boulders varied in weight from about 7 to 30 pounds. Most of them were disk-shaped but some were oval. Numbers 99-4320 and 202-8170, 1 were found in this grave.

99-4320. An adult skeleton was found 4 feet deep with the head towards the west, resting on its occiput. The skull which was broken, faced south by east, with the mouth open. The knees were north; the body was on its left side and flexed. Over the north side of the knees was an elliptically-shaped piece of cedar burned on the upper side. It was about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long. A few fragments of the skeleton of a child were found in the grave. All the bones in the grave were very soft and as the ends were broken off we discarded all but the skull and a few of the bones of the child. Two shell disks (202-8170,1) were found about 6 inches apart near the neck, one at the south shoulder, and one at the south side of the skull of the adult.

202-8170. Pendant of disk shape made of oyster shell with one perforation near the edge (Fig. 94).

202-8171 Pendant of disk shape made of shell with two perforations near one edge (Fig. 93).

Grave No. 13. Cremation circle, similar to several of the others on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. This consisted of a ring of angular rocks among which were no river pebbles, resembling a small underground house site, 8 feet in diameter outside, 6 feet in diameter at the top of the rocks, 4-½ feet in diameter inside, both east-west and north-south. It is widest and built of largest stones on the side towards the lower part of the terrace, suggesting that the ring had slid down but the nearly level terrace would argue against this idea. This grave was like a rock-slide grave, filled with soil, but on a gently sloping terrace instead of a steep slide. Photograph no. 44495, 5-8, from the south shows a telegraph pole to left and a flume across the Yakima River to the right. See also graves No. 14 and 15. Child bones, found two feet deep in volcanic ash, were decayed and discarded. The tibiae were about 2-½ inches long.

Grave No. 14. This cremation circle was situated on the terrace about 100 feet above the Naches River and about 250 yards north of the two bridges near its mouth.PlateIX, Fig. 1(photograph no. 44493, 5-6) shows this from the east with telegraph poles beyond. The stone circlemeasured 6 feet north and south inside (16 outside) by 7 feet east and west inside (14 outside). Our excavation here was 6 by 5 by 4 feet deep. Fragments of charred human bones, and some that seemed not to be charred, of six or seven individuals were found from about 1 foot deep down to 4 feet deep. Most of these were pieces of skulls, but pieces of many other bones were found. The bones which were most burned, were those found nearest the surface. Much charcoal was seen. A layer of ashes about 6 inches in thickness was found in the center. In the northwest part of the hole a skeleton was found lying on the left side flexed, the face east, and the head north. This may have been buried after the others. The bones were very much decomposed and the skull was broken into small pieces. Numbers 202-8172 to 202-8174 were found in this grave.

202-8172. A shell ornament found on the east side of the skull.

202-8173. Two dentalium shells found on the west side of the skull. Dentalium shells were found in all parts of the excavation but were most numerous in the northeastern parts.

202-8174. A shell ornament.

Grave No. 15. Cremation circle excavated on June 10, 11 and 12. Shown from the east in photograph No. 44494, 5-7. It is 56 feet west of grave No. 14 and further up the terrace. The outside circle of stones measured 15 feet north and south by 15 feet east and west. The next circle of stones measured 9 feet north and south by 9 feet east and west. The space inside the stone circle measured 7 feet north and south by 7 feet east and west. The depth varied from 2 feet 6 inches in the east and south parts to 4 feet in the north and west parts below all of which was a pitching layer of basaltic rocks. The three rings of stones surrounded a hollow. The inner row was about 12 inches lower than the outer ring. Several boulders were found in the grave. Ashes and lava composed the grave soil. The whole cremation circle seemed to have been the burned remains of a communal or family depository for the dead, probably a hut like an underground winter house walled around the edge of the roof with stones. Two skeletons were found on the bottom, apparently not burned, but much decayed. They were discarded. Numbers 202-8175 to 202-8182 were found in this grave.

202-8175. Charcoal was abundant but most of it was found about 14 inches deep.

202-8176. Broken and charred human bones of about twelve individuals were found throughout the grave in a space about 8 by 5 feet beginning at the east inner ring of stones and extending beyond the second circle on the west. They were found from 8 inches deep to parts of the bottom.

202-8177. Dentalium shells were very abundant.

202-8178. Engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 118).

202-8179. Several kinds of shell ornaments were found in the northern and northwestern parts of the grave.

202-8180. Several burned pieces of shell.

202-8181. One piece of metal, probably copper.

202-8182. Several pieces of shell of different kinds.

Grave No. 16. Shallow cremation circle, 13 feet north and south by 14 east and west (outside); 5 feet north and south by 7 feet east and west (inside). Charred human bones of a child about 10 years old were found.Grave No. 17. Cremation circle situated 58 feet west from grave No. 15 and 46 feet west from grave No. 16. Its diameter was 13 feet east and west by 14 feet north and south outside of all stones. The diameter was 5 feet east and west by 6 feet north and south inside. At the middle of the stone ring the diameter was 9 feet. The middle of the excavation was 3 feet deep in volcanic ash. No evidence of burning was found among the bones except the presence of charcoal at a depth of four feet. Parts of at least four skeletons, one adult, and children were found, all much broken and separated. The bones were mostly in the southwestern end of the excavation. No skull bones were found except a lower jaw, while in grave No. 13 most of the pieces found were of skulls. Numbers 202-8183 to 202-8185 were found here.202-8183. Three shell ornaments found in the northeastern part of the grave.202-8184. Two dentalium shells found in the western part of the excavation. These were the only two found in the whole grave.202-8185. Piece of copper found in the northwestern part of the grave.Grave No. 18. Cremation circle situated 84 feet south of grave No. 14. This grave had possibly been rifled. The stone circle was 15 feet in diameter outside and 9 feet in diameter inside. The excavation was 2 feet, 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches deep. Excavation 7 feet by 6 feet. Some fragments of human bones were found on the surface. There were more stones mixed in the earth than in the graves previously excavated here; viz: Nos. 13 to 17. Ashes were abundant especially at the bottom. Many pieces of much broken human bones were found but not as many as were seen in grave No. 15 and they were less burned than in that grave. Numbers 202-8186 to 202-8187 were found in this grave.202-8186. Two engraved dentalium shells.202-8187. Two dentalium shells of which one was crushed and discarded. A broken flat shell ornament which we also discarded, was found here.Graves Nos. 19-20. These cremation circles were of the usual construction, showed nothing new and contained no specimens.Grave No. 21. Cremation rectangle last explored on the terrace near the mouth of the Naches River and situated 300 feet northwest from the two bridges. The rectangular enclosure was bounded by a single row of stones, but on the south several rows were placed outside to conform with the slope of the hill covering a semi-circular area, while on the west was a second row of marking stones. It was 12 feet long north and south by 8 feet wide east and west and 3 feet, 6 inches deep. Part of a child's skull, two scapulae, two tibiae, and a piece of a femur of another child; bones of a young adult; a small piece of skull andpart of a femur of an adult were found. All the bones were in a poor state of preservation. Numbers 202-8188 to 202-8189 were found in this grave.202-8188. Dentalium shells.202-8189. A shell ornament was found in this excavation. A piece of beaver tooth and several pieces of decayed cedar were also found and discarded.99-4321. See graveNo. 25.Grave No. 22. Rock-slide grave located near the top of the slide and above the flume on the southern side of the Yakima Ridge on the northern side of the Yakima River about a mile eastward from the mouth of the Naches River. Traces of wrappings of stitched rush matting were seen in the grave.99-4322. Adult skeleton, partly bleached, flexed on back, head north as shown in situ after removing covering rocks in photograph (no. 44516, 7-6 from the south by west),PlateVIII, Fig. 2(pp.15and142).Grave No. 23. A grave 600 feet up on the plateau south of Oak Spring Canon, in a dome-shaped mound of volcanic ash left by the wind. It was not like a rock-slide grave. Somewhat angular stones unlike rock-slide material among which were no pebbles, formed a rectangular pile, 15 feet long by 12 feet wide. The grave contained many stones, several modern beads, evidently part of a rosary, two dentalium shells and a human lower jaw, but all were discarded.Grave No. 24. This grave was located in a dome of volcanic ash on the hill or plateau north of the Ahtanum River and northwest of Mr. A. D. Eglin's house near Tampico. It was marked by a rectangular group of rough and wind smoothed rocks (not rock-slide or river pebble) which extended down as in the crude cairns, 6 feet northeast and southwest by 4 feet wide northwest and southeast, the vault being 5 feet by 3 feet. Numbers 99-4323 and 202-8190 were found in this grave.99-4323. A skeleton of a child found in a very much decomposed condition. Some of the bones showed anchylosis. The skull was found in the southwest of the grave with part of the pelvis, two humerii and a scapula. The rest of the skeleton was scattered, the lower jaw being in the northwest corner of the grave with the femora,tibiae and fibulae. The skull faced northeast and rested on the occiput.202-8190. Bone point found at the side of the skull.99-4324. See graveNo. 27.Grave No. 25. Eglin stone grave located in a volcanic ash knoll left behind by wind and surrounded by 'scab land' on the bottom land about 18 miles up and west of North Yakima or nearly to Tampico, Yakima County, and on the north side of the river road, but east of the north and south branch road which is east of Mr. Sherman Eglin's place; about 600 feet north of the north branch of the Ahtanum river and about 15 feet above the water level. Over the grave was a stone heap ofangular basalt about 8 feet in diameter. At a depth of 3 feet, after finding stones all the way down, was a cyst (Negative, nos. 44498, 5-11 and 44499, 5-12, reproduced inPlateX, from the same station looking east), made up of slabs averaging 2 inches in maximum thickness with thin sharp edges about 2 feet by 18 inches and smaller. There were two such cover stones, some at the sides and ends. Sometimes two or three such slabs were found parallel or overlapping. There were no slabs or floor below the skeleton. This grave resembled very much the stone graves of Ohio and Kentucky except that the slabs were not of limestone and there was a pile of rocks over the stone cyst. Numbers 99-4321, and 202-8191 to 202-8195 were found in this grave.99-4321. In the cyst about on a level with the lower edges of the enclosing slabs was the skeleton of a child about six years old with head west, face north, and the knees flexed on the left side. The skull was slightly deformed by occipital pressure (PlateX).202-8191. Horizontally under the vertebrae was found an engraved slab of antler in the form of a costumed human figure with the engraved surface up (Fig. 121).202-8192. Dentalium shells were found under the body, from the neck to the pelvis.202-8193. Ten engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 117).202-8194. A bit of bone.202-8195. Charcoal found in this grave.The grave (No. 25) and its contents seem to antedate the advent of the white race in this region or at least show no European influence.99-4322 to 99-4323. See graves nos.22 to 24.Grave No. 26. Rock-marked grave in a dome left by the wind near the pasture gate on Mr. A. D. Eglin's place and about half a mile north of his house near Tampico. A heap of somewhat angular wind abraded rock some being smooth, (none being river pebbles or rock-slide material) marked the grave and extended below the surface about two feet. Then about 1 foot of earth intervened between them and thin rocks found around the bones of a very young child. The skull was in the northwest end of the grave and was disarticulated. The depth was 4 feet, the length of the excavation 4 feet, and the width 3 feet. The skeleton was found with the head northwest and the pelvis southeast. A grave with outward appearance resembling this except that it had river pebbles among the stones of the pile is shown inFig. 2, PlateIX, (Negative no. 44497, 5-10 taken from the north of east).Grave No. 27. Rock-marked grave in a dome of volcanic ash left by the wind located about half a mile north of Mr. A. D. Eglin's house near Tampico. This grave was like a rude cairn being rudely walled and found filled with earth and stones as well as covered by rocks of which eight or nine weighing about 15 or 20 pounds, showed above the surface of the ground. Its depth was 4 feet, length 5 feet, and itswidth, 3 feet 6 inches, extending west southwest and east northeast. A little charcoal was found in this grave also.99-4324. Adult skeleton found flexed on left side, facing northeast.Grave No. 28. Rock-slide grave located in a small irregular rock-slide on the north side of Cowiche Creek about 3 miles west of its mouth and about 40 feet above the road. The rocks were piled up in a crescent-shaped ridge on the lower side of the grave. Four sticks about four feet long were found planted upright among the stones. The grave extended east and west. Parts of a human skeleton were found. It was in a flexed position, head west, skull and the bones of the upper part of the body broken and decomposed. The bones of the lower part of the body were well preserved. The skeleton had been wrapped in matting or bark, several pieces of matting being found in the grave as well as parts of a basket. Numbers 202-8196a and 202-8196b were found in this grave.202-8196a. Chipped point of mottled quartz found near the skull (PlateII, Fig. 3).202-8196b. Chipped point of white quartz found near the skull (PlateII, Fig. 4).202-8197. Pestle or roller made of stone from the surface about a mile east of Fort Simcoe. This is of cylindrical shape tapering to both ends but to one more than to the other. Both ends are fractured (Fig. 37).Grave No. 29. Rock-marked grave located on a plateau above Wenas Creek near its mouth and about seven miles north of North Yakima. The rocks marking the grave covered a space 6 feet by 4 feet and extended down to the skeleton which was very much broken but not decomposed. No objects other than some charcoal were found in this grave.All the other graves in the vicinity of the mouth of Wenas Creek seem to have been rifled.202-8198. Broken ulna of a deer found at the mouth of Wenas Creek about 7 miles north of North Yakima.Numbers 202-8199 to 202-8204 were found on the surface at the mouth of Wenas Creek.202-8199. Small chipped point made of red jasper.202-8200a-c. Three chipped points made of white chert.202-8201. Broken and burned chipped point made of white chert.202-8202. Broken triangular chipped point made of white chert.202-8203. Chipped point made of reddish white chert (PlateII. Fig. 13).202-8204 a, b. Two chipped pieces of white chalcedony.Numbers 202-8205a-e to 202-8206f were found in the valley of Wenas Creek, on the surface near where the trail from North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses the creek, about 7 miles north of North Yakima.202-8205a-e. Five pieces of agate of reddish or amber color.202-8205f. Agate of whitish color202-8206a. A chip of stone.202-8206b-e. Four pieces of stone.202-8206f. Chip of stone.Numbers 202-8207 to 202-8209 were found on the surface at the mouth of Wenas Creek.

Grave No. 17. Cremation circle situated 58 feet west from grave No. 15 and 46 feet west from grave No. 16. Its diameter was 13 feet east and west by 14 feet north and south outside of all stones. The diameter was 5 feet east and west by 6 feet north and south inside. At the middle of the stone ring the diameter was 9 feet. The middle of the excavation was 3 feet deep in volcanic ash. No evidence of burning was found among the bones except the presence of charcoal at a depth of four feet. Parts of at least four skeletons, one adult, and children were found, all much broken and separated. The bones were mostly in the southwestern end of the excavation. No skull bones were found except a lower jaw, while in grave No. 13 most of the pieces found were of skulls. Numbers 202-8183 to 202-8185 were found here.

202-8183. Three shell ornaments found in the northeastern part of the grave.

202-8184. Two dentalium shells found in the western part of the excavation. These were the only two found in the whole grave.

202-8185. Piece of copper found in the northwestern part of the grave.

Grave No. 18. Cremation circle situated 84 feet south of grave No. 14. This grave had possibly been rifled. The stone circle was 15 feet in diameter outside and 9 feet in diameter inside. The excavation was 2 feet, 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches deep. Excavation 7 feet by 6 feet. Some fragments of human bones were found on the surface. There were more stones mixed in the earth than in the graves previously excavated here; viz: Nos. 13 to 17. Ashes were abundant especially at the bottom. Many pieces of much broken human bones were found but not as many as were seen in grave No. 15 and they were less burned than in that grave. Numbers 202-8186 to 202-8187 were found in this grave.

202-8186. Two engraved dentalium shells.

202-8187. Two dentalium shells of which one was crushed and discarded. A broken flat shell ornament which we also discarded, was found here.

Graves Nos. 19-20. These cremation circles were of the usual construction, showed nothing new and contained no specimens.

Grave No. 21. Cremation rectangle last explored on the terrace near the mouth of the Naches River and situated 300 feet northwest from the two bridges. The rectangular enclosure was bounded by a single row of stones, but on the south several rows were placed outside to conform with the slope of the hill covering a semi-circular area, while on the west was a second row of marking stones. It was 12 feet long north and south by 8 feet wide east and west and 3 feet, 6 inches deep. Part of a child's skull, two scapulae, two tibiae, and a piece of a femur of another child; bones of a young adult; a small piece of skull andpart of a femur of an adult were found. All the bones were in a poor state of preservation. Numbers 202-8188 to 202-8189 were found in this grave.

202-8188. Dentalium shells.

202-8189. A shell ornament was found in this excavation. A piece of beaver tooth and several pieces of decayed cedar were also found and discarded.

99-4321. See graveNo. 25.

Grave No. 22. Rock-slide grave located near the top of the slide and above the flume on the southern side of the Yakima Ridge on the northern side of the Yakima River about a mile eastward from the mouth of the Naches River. Traces of wrappings of stitched rush matting were seen in the grave.

99-4322. Adult skeleton, partly bleached, flexed on back, head north as shown in situ after removing covering rocks in photograph (no. 44516, 7-6 from the south by west),PlateVIII, Fig. 2(pp.15and142).

Grave No. 23. A grave 600 feet up on the plateau south of Oak Spring Canon, in a dome-shaped mound of volcanic ash left by the wind. It was not like a rock-slide grave. Somewhat angular stones unlike rock-slide material among which were no pebbles, formed a rectangular pile, 15 feet long by 12 feet wide. The grave contained many stones, several modern beads, evidently part of a rosary, two dentalium shells and a human lower jaw, but all were discarded.

Grave No. 24. This grave was located in a dome of volcanic ash on the hill or plateau north of the Ahtanum River and northwest of Mr. A. D. Eglin's house near Tampico. It was marked by a rectangular group of rough and wind smoothed rocks (not rock-slide or river pebble) which extended down as in the crude cairns, 6 feet northeast and southwest by 4 feet wide northwest and southeast, the vault being 5 feet by 3 feet. Numbers 99-4323 and 202-8190 were found in this grave.

99-4323. A skeleton of a child found in a very much decomposed condition. Some of the bones showed anchylosis. The skull was found in the southwest of the grave with part of the pelvis, two humerii and a scapula. The rest of the skeleton was scattered, the lower jaw being in the northwest corner of the grave with the femora,tibiae and fibulae. The skull faced northeast and rested on the occiput.

202-8190. Bone point found at the side of the skull.

99-4324. See graveNo. 27.

Grave No. 25. Eglin stone grave located in a volcanic ash knoll left behind by wind and surrounded by 'scab land' on the bottom land about 18 miles up and west of North Yakima or nearly to Tampico, Yakima County, and on the north side of the river road, but east of the north and south branch road which is east of Mr. Sherman Eglin's place; about 600 feet north of the north branch of the Ahtanum river and about 15 feet above the water level. Over the grave was a stone heap ofangular basalt about 8 feet in diameter. At a depth of 3 feet, after finding stones all the way down, was a cyst (Negative, nos. 44498, 5-11 and 44499, 5-12, reproduced inPlateX, from the same station looking east), made up of slabs averaging 2 inches in maximum thickness with thin sharp edges about 2 feet by 18 inches and smaller. There were two such cover stones, some at the sides and ends. Sometimes two or three such slabs were found parallel or overlapping. There were no slabs or floor below the skeleton. This grave resembled very much the stone graves of Ohio and Kentucky except that the slabs were not of limestone and there was a pile of rocks over the stone cyst. Numbers 99-4321, and 202-8191 to 202-8195 were found in this grave.

99-4321. In the cyst about on a level with the lower edges of the enclosing slabs was the skeleton of a child about six years old with head west, face north, and the knees flexed on the left side. The skull was slightly deformed by occipital pressure (PlateX).

202-8191. Horizontally under the vertebrae was found an engraved slab of antler in the form of a costumed human figure with the engraved surface up (Fig. 121).

202-8192. Dentalium shells were found under the body, from the neck to the pelvis.

202-8193. Ten engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 117).

202-8194. A bit of bone.

202-8195. Charcoal found in this grave.

The grave (No. 25) and its contents seem to antedate the advent of the white race in this region or at least show no European influence.

99-4322 to 99-4323. See graves nos.22 to 24.

Grave No. 26. Rock-marked grave in a dome left by the wind near the pasture gate on Mr. A. D. Eglin's place and about half a mile north of his house near Tampico. A heap of somewhat angular wind abraded rock some being smooth, (none being river pebbles or rock-slide material) marked the grave and extended below the surface about two feet. Then about 1 foot of earth intervened between them and thin rocks found around the bones of a very young child. The skull was in the northwest end of the grave and was disarticulated. The depth was 4 feet, the length of the excavation 4 feet, and the width 3 feet. The skeleton was found with the head northwest and the pelvis southeast. A grave with outward appearance resembling this except that it had river pebbles among the stones of the pile is shown inFig. 2, PlateIX, (Negative no. 44497, 5-10 taken from the north of east).

Grave No. 27. Rock-marked grave in a dome of volcanic ash left by the wind located about half a mile north of Mr. A. D. Eglin's house near Tampico. This grave was like a rude cairn being rudely walled and found filled with earth and stones as well as covered by rocks of which eight or nine weighing about 15 or 20 pounds, showed above the surface of the ground. Its depth was 4 feet, length 5 feet, and itswidth, 3 feet 6 inches, extending west southwest and east northeast. A little charcoal was found in this grave also.

99-4324. Adult skeleton found flexed on left side, facing northeast.

Grave No. 28. Rock-slide grave located in a small irregular rock-slide on the north side of Cowiche Creek about 3 miles west of its mouth and about 40 feet above the road. The rocks were piled up in a crescent-shaped ridge on the lower side of the grave. Four sticks about four feet long were found planted upright among the stones. The grave extended east and west. Parts of a human skeleton were found. It was in a flexed position, head west, skull and the bones of the upper part of the body broken and decomposed. The bones of the lower part of the body were well preserved. The skeleton had been wrapped in matting or bark, several pieces of matting being found in the grave as well as parts of a basket. Numbers 202-8196a and 202-8196b were found in this grave.

202-8196a. Chipped point of mottled quartz found near the skull (PlateII, Fig. 3).

202-8196b. Chipped point of white quartz found near the skull (PlateII, Fig. 4).

202-8197. Pestle or roller made of stone from the surface about a mile east of Fort Simcoe. This is of cylindrical shape tapering to both ends but to one more than to the other. Both ends are fractured (Fig. 37).

Grave No. 29. Rock-marked grave located on a plateau above Wenas Creek near its mouth and about seven miles north of North Yakima. The rocks marking the grave covered a space 6 feet by 4 feet and extended down to the skeleton which was very much broken but not decomposed. No objects other than some charcoal were found in this grave.

All the other graves in the vicinity of the mouth of Wenas Creek seem to have been rifled.

202-8198. Broken ulna of a deer found at the mouth of Wenas Creek about 7 miles north of North Yakima.

Numbers 202-8199 to 202-8204 were found on the surface at the mouth of Wenas Creek.

202-8199. Small chipped point made of red jasper.

202-8200a-c. Three chipped points made of white chert.

202-8201. Broken and burned chipped point made of white chert.

202-8202. Broken triangular chipped point made of white chert.

202-8203. Chipped point made of reddish white chert (PlateII. Fig. 13).

202-8204 a, b. Two chipped pieces of white chalcedony.

Numbers 202-8205a-e to 202-8206f were found in the valley of Wenas Creek, on the surface near where the trail from North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses the creek, about 7 miles north of North Yakima.

202-8205a-e. Five pieces of agate of reddish or amber color.

202-8205f. Agate of whitish color

202-8206a. A chip of stone.

202-8206b-e. Four pieces of stone.

202-8206f. Chip of stone.

Numbers 202-8207 to 202-8209 were found on the surface at the mouth of Wenas Creek.

202-8207. Pestle made of stone.202-8208. Pestle made of stone.202-8209. Broken pebble, battered on the side.202-8210. Fragment of a pestle made of stone of nearly square cross section. Found on the surface three miles north of Clemen's ranch, on Wenas Creek where the trail from North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses.202-8211. Pestle found about 28 miles north of North Yakima, on the trail to Ellensburg. It was in a dry creek in "Kittitass" Canon. This canon is probably the Manastash not the "Kittitass," as we were told.

202-8207. Pestle made of stone.

202-8208. Pestle made of stone.

202-8209. Broken pebble, battered on the side.

202-8210. Fragment of a pestle made of stone of nearly square cross section. Found on the surface three miles north of Clemen's ranch, on Wenas Creek where the trail from North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses.

202-8211. Pestle found about 28 miles north of North Yakima, on the trail to Ellensburg. It was in a dry creek in "Kittitass" Canon. This canon is probably the Manastash not the "Kittitass," as we were told.

Ellensburg.

202-8212. Base of a triangular chipped point made of jasper found on the surface near the town reservoir on the ridge east of Ellensburg.Numbers 202-8213 to 202-8222 were found on the surface of the bottom land west of Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg. The place was a village site and is on the farm of Mr. Bull near where an east and west road crosses the creek, and opposite where the creek touches on the east, the west base of the upland. At this point the creek comes up to the upland from the lowland to the north (p. 12).202-8213. Chipped boulder.202-8214. Notched boulder, or net sinker.202-8215. Battered pebble.202-8216. Four burned stones.202-8217. Gritstone, probably a whetstone.202-8218. Pebble.202-8219. Unio shells.202-8220. Six chips.202-8221. Scraper chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 52).202-8222. Chipped point of heart shape made of clove brown jasper. (PlateII, Fig. 12).Grave No. 30. Stone circle located on the crest of a western extension of the Saddle Mountains on Mr. Bull's farm, east of Cherry Creek and about seven miles south of Ellensburg. The place is east of the village site above-mentioned which is on the bottom land along the west side of the creek at this point. A circular ring of stones, 10 feet in diameter marked the grave. Smaller stones and earth in the middle extended 3 feet 6 inches down to the skeleton. No objects were found except a plentiful supply of charcoal.99-4325. The bones of an adult human skeleton which appeared as if it had been flexed were found very much out of anatomical order. It lay northeast and southwest in the southeast part of the grave. There was a large hole in the right frontal of the skull which lay facing the northwest. The lower jaw was found on top of the skull with its angle east. Fragments of the tibiae were blackened by fire.Grave No. 31. Rock-slide grave located in the rock-slide on the west side of the bluff, a western extension of the Saddle Mountains, east of Cherry Creekand about half a mile southwest of Mr. Bull's house. One small piece of decayed wood was found projecting above the rock-slide, and it was the only indication of the grave, there being no cavity over it. Among the rocks, four more posts were found, one at each corner of the grave. These had evidently rotted off even with the surface, having formerly, no doubt, extended above it. The depth of the grave was from 2 to 3 feet, according to the slope of the hill. Numbers 99-4326 and 202-8223 to 202-8228 were found in this grave.99-4326. Skeleton of a child with anchylosed neck vertebrae. Some of the bones were bleached. The bones were very much displaced, the skull being found in the middle of the grave and some of the vertebrae being found near the surface, but most of the bones were around the skull. The body dressed and wrapped in matting had been placed between four large boulders.202-8223. Fragments of leather or skin clothing.202-8224. Dentalium shells.202-8225. Glass beads.202-8226. Three bracelets made of iron (Fig. 96).202-8227. A bone disk with central perforation (Fig. 80).202-8228. A bit of a fresh water shell.Grave No. 32. Rock-slide grave located about 30 feet south southwest of grave No. 31 and in the same rock-slide. It had the same characteristics but had evidently been disturbed, the skull being missing. No artifacts were found in the grave.99-4327. Adult skeleton without skull and some bones of a little child. The bones of an adult were found in a heap except the vertebrae which lay extended full length; cervical vertebrae to the north. The bones of one ankle, a tibia, and fibula were diseased. The cervical vertebrae are anchylosed; and one of the ribs is abnormal. The bones of the knees are partly bleached. The bones of the child being found between the ribs and the pelvis suggest that it was foetal.Grave No. 33. Rock-slide grave located 40 feet south southwest from grave No. 31 in the same rock-slide with it. There was nothing on the surface to indicate this grave, but below the surface of the slide on the upper side of the grave, were three rows of sticks, about 3 feet long, standing vertically and close to each other. These seemed to be so placed that they would prevent the slide from further movement towards the grave. The grave cavity was 5 feet south southeast by 4 feet east northeast and 4 feet deep on one side, 3 feet on the other, or averaging about 3-½ feet deep, and extending into the soil below the slide. Numbers 99-4328 and 202-8229 to 202-8230 were found in this grave.99-4328. In the bottom of the grave the skeleton of a youth was found. It was in good condition, lying on its back, facing west, but having rolled westward. The legs were flexed so that the femora lay at right angles or to the southeast of the pelvis, and the tibiae and fibulae lay parallel to them. The arms lay extended at the sides of the body with the hands on the pelvis. Three of the arm bones and onepelvis bone are stained by copper. The tibia of a child was found with these.202-8229. Mat of twined rushes found under the pelvis. The rushes were stitched together in pairs with cord and each pair was twisted once between each stitch (Fig. 71).202-8230. Open twine matting of rushes held together with cords woven around them, skin with hair on it, and in this were copper beads strung with beads made of dentalium shells on a leather thong (Fig. 72).Grave No. 34. Rock-slide grave found 5 feet south southwest of grave No. 32. There were no surface indications of the grave. Posts of decayed wood were found extending from the surface down to about 6 inches from the bottom. The tops appeared to have been cut off and probably never extended above the surface. Numbers 99-4329 and 202-8231 to 202-8246 were found in this grave.99-4329. The skeleton of a young child with a persistent frontal suture was found at a depth of from 3 to 4 feet with the head east, trunk on back, femora at right angles to tibiae, and fibulae parallel to them, flexed to left or south.202-8231. Skin with the hair on found on body.202-8232. Matting.202-8233. Several rows of beads, some of copper, others of glass and still others of sections of dentalium shells were found at the neck, arms and legs. These are strung on pieces of thong, some of which are wound at the ends. Some of them are on coarse twisted, and others on fine twisted plant fibre (Fig. 74).202-8234a, b. Two pendants made of haliotis shell were found, one near the head and one at the pelvis (Fig. 91).202-8235a, b. Two copper pendants were found at the legs,bhas a thong in the perforation.202-8236a-d. Four bracelets made of copper found on the arms (Fig. 95).202-8237. Teeth of a rodent found in the grave.202-8238. A square pendant made of copper with a thong and bead made of copper (Fig. 78).202-8239. A pendant made of copper (Fig. 83).202-8240. A bit of wood bounding a knot hole.202-8241. Two dentalium shells.202-8242. A piece of iron.202-8243. Woodpecker feathers, some bound at the tips with fabric, one with feather, and fur or moss.202-8244. A copper ornament found among the rocks over this grave about 1 foot deep.202-8245. A pendant made of brass with thong and bead made of copper found among the rocks over this grave about 1 foot deep (Fig. 84).202-8246. A pendant made of copper with thong found about 1 foot deep among the rocks over this grave (Fig. 82).Grave No. 35. Rock-slide grave located in the same slide with Nos. 31, 32, 33 and 34, 8 feet to the south southwest of No. 34. The grave was 3 feet in diameter by 4 feet deep. Four posts of poplar were found at thecorners of this grave but these did not show above the surface being decayed down to within 6 or 8 inches of the ground under the rock-slide. Sticks had also been used to mark this grave on the surface. Numbers 99-4330 and 202-8247 to 202-8249 were found in this grave.99-4330. The skeleton of a youth was found resting on its back with the head to the east, arms at the sides, legs flexed at right angles, i.e., to the north. Two buttons, one of bone and one of pearl, or shell, and a bridle bit were found in the grave, but were discarded.202-8247. A bit of shell.202-8248. Thirteen cones made of iron (Fig. 86).202-8249. Two pendants made of iron (Fig. 85).Grave No. 36. A rock-enclosure burial located on the hill south of Mr. Bull's house near the gap south of Ellensburg and about 300 feet north of grave No. 30. This burial was the southwestern of a group of eight, all very close together and of which the southern circular enclosure of five had been rifled although the three oblong enclosures were intact. There were traces of human bones in all of the eight enclosures. The enclosure to the north contained a skeleton that had been burned. No. 36 differed from No. 30 in that the stones did not extend below the surface.99-4331. At a depth of 3 feet, in the grave pit 5 feet by 3 feet was the skeleton of an adult lying with the head north, face east, on the left side, arms extended to pelvis, legs flexed to left, i.e., to east. No specimens were found in this enclosure.Grave No. 37. A rock-slide grave was located about 10 feet west of grave No. 35 and was similar to it in general character. Numbers 99-4332 and 202-8250 to 202-8258 were found in this grave.99-4332. The very much decomposed skeleton of a child was found here. The broken skull was preserved.202-8250a, b. Two fragments of antler, perhaps part of an implement found about 1 inch above the pelvis.202-8251. A triangular copper object with two perforations found inside the skull.202-8252. A pendant or nose ornament made of haliotis shell and stained pink in places found on the lower jaw (Fig. 92).202-8253. Dentalium shells.202-8254. A long shell pendant with two perforations.202-8255. A pendant made of haliotis shell bearing a pink stain with a perforation and part of a second perforation (Fig. 90).202-8256. A long shell pendant with one perforation.202-8257a, b. Two triangular objects made of shell.202-8258. Pieces of shell found near the lower jaw.

202-8212. Base of a triangular chipped point made of jasper found on the surface near the town reservoir on the ridge east of Ellensburg.

Numbers 202-8213 to 202-8222 were found on the surface of the bottom land west of Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg. The place was a village site and is on the farm of Mr. Bull near where an east and west road crosses the creek, and opposite where the creek touches on the east, the west base of the upland. At this point the creek comes up to the upland from the lowland to the north (p. 12).

202-8213. Chipped boulder.

202-8214. Notched boulder, or net sinker.

202-8215. Battered pebble.

202-8216. Four burned stones.

202-8217. Gritstone, probably a whetstone.

202-8218. Pebble.

202-8219. Unio shells.

202-8220. Six chips.

202-8221. Scraper chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 52).

202-8222. Chipped point of heart shape made of clove brown jasper. (PlateII, Fig. 12).

Grave No. 30. Stone circle located on the crest of a western extension of the Saddle Mountains on Mr. Bull's farm, east of Cherry Creek and about seven miles south of Ellensburg. The place is east of the village site above-mentioned which is on the bottom land along the west side of the creek at this point. A circular ring of stones, 10 feet in diameter marked the grave. Smaller stones and earth in the middle extended 3 feet 6 inches down to the skeleton. No objects were found except a plentiful supply of charcoal.

99-4325. The bones of an adult human skeleton which appeared as if it had been flexed were found very much out of anatomical order. It lay northeast and southwest in the southeast part of the grave. There was a large hole in the right frontal of the skull which lay facing the northwest. The lower jaw was found on top of the skull with its angle east. Fragments of the tibiae were blackened by fire.

Grave No. 31. Rock-slide grave located in the rock-slide on the west side of the bluff, a western extension of the Saddle Mountains, east of Cherry Creekand about half a mile southwest of Mr. Bull's house. One small piece of decayed wood was found projecting above the rock-slide, and it was the only indication of the grave, there being no cavity over it. Among the rocks, four more posts were found, one at each corner of the grave. These had evidently rotted off even with the surface, having formerly, no doubt, extended above it. The depth of the grave was from 2 to 3 feet, according to the slope of the hill. Numbers 99-4326 and 202-8223 to 202-8228 were found in this grave.

99-4326. Skeleton of a child with anchylosed neck vertebrae. Some of the bones were bleached. The bones were very much displaced, the skull being found in the middle of the grave and some of the vertebrae being found near the surface, but most of the bones were around the skull. The body dressed and wrapped in matting had been placed between four large boulders.

202-8223. Fragments of leather or skin clothing.

202-8224. Dentalium shells.

202-8225. Glass beads.

202-8226. Three bracelets made of iron (Fig. 96).

202-8227. A bone disk with central perforation (Fig. 80).

202-8228. A bit of a fresh water shell.

Grave No. 32. Rock-slide grave located about 30 feet south southwest of grave No. 31 and in the same rock-slide. It had the same characteristics but had evidently been disturbed, the skull being missing. No artifacts were found in the grave.

99-4327. Adult skeleton without skull and some bones of a little child. The bones of an adult were found in a heap except the vertebrae which lay extended full length; cervical vertebrae to the north. The bones of one ankle, a tibia, and fibula were diseased. The cervical vertebrae are anchylosed; and one of the ribs is abnormal. The bones of the knees are partly bleached. The bones of the child being found between the ribs and the pelvis suggest that it was foetal.

Grave No. 33. Rock-slide grave located 40 feet south southwest from grave No. 31 in the same rock-slide with it. There was nothing on the surface to indicate this grave, but below the surface of the slide on the upper side of the grave, were three rows of sticks, about 3 feet long, standing vertically and close to each other. These seemed to be so placed that they would prevent the slide from further movement towards the grave. The grave cavity was 5 feet south southeast by 4 feet east northeast and 4 feet deep on one side, 3 feet on the other, or averaging about 3-½ feet deep, and extending into the soil below the slide. Numbers 99-4328 and 202-8229 to 202-8230 were found in this grave.

99-4328. In the bottom of the grave the skeleton of a youth was found. It was in good condition, lying on its back, facing west, but having rolled westward. The legs were flexed so that the femora lay at right angles or to the southeast of the pelvis, and the tibiae and fibulae lay parallel to them. The arms lay extended at the sides of the body with the hands on the pelvis. Three of the arm bones and onepelvis bone are stained by copper. The tibia of a child was found with these.

202-8229. Mat of twined rushes found under the pelvis. The rushes were stitched together in pairs with cord and each pair was twisted once between each stitch (Fig. 71).

202-8230. Open twine matting of rushes held together with cords woven around them, skin with hair on it, and in this were copper beads strung with beads made of dentalium shells on a leather thong (Fig. 72).

Grave No. 34. Rock-slide grave found 5 feet south southwest of grave No. 32. There were no surface indications of the grave. Posts of decayed wood were found extending from the surface down to about 6 inches from the bottom. The tops appeared to have been cut off and probably never extended above the surface. Numbers 99-4329 and 202-8231 to 202-8246 were found in this grave.

99-4329. The skeleton of a young child with a persistent frontal suture was found at a depth of from 3 to 4 feet with the head east, trunk on back, femora at right angles to tibiae, and fibulae parallel to them, flexed to left or south.

202-8231. Skin with the hair on found on body.

202-8232. Matting.

202-8233. Several rows of beads, some of copper, others of glass and still others of sections of dentalium shells were found at the neck, arms and legs. These are strung on pieces of thong, some of which are wound at the ends. Some of them are on coarse twisted, and others on fine twisted plant fibre (Fig. 74).

202-8234a, b. Two pendants made of haliotis shell were found, one near the head and one at the pelvis (Fig. 91).

202-8235a, b. Two copper pendants were found at the legs,bhas a thong in the perforation.

202-8236a-d. Four bracelets made of copper found on the arms (Fig. 95).

202-8237. Teeth of a rodent found in the grave.

202-8238. A square pendant made of copper with a thong and bead made of copper (Fig. 78).

202-8239. A pendant made of copper (Fig. 83).

202-8240. A bit of wood bounding a knot hole.

202-8241. Two dentalium shells.

202-8242. A piece of iron.

202-8243. Woodpecker feathers, some bound at the tips with fabric, one with feather, and fur or moss.

202-8244. A copper ornament found among the rocks over this grave about 1 foot deep.

202-8245. A pendant made of brass with thong and bead made of copper found among the rocks over this grave about 1 foot deep (Fig. 84).

202-8246. A pendant made of copper with thong found about 1 foot deep among the rocks over this grave (Fig. 82).

Grave No. 35. Rock-slide grave located in the same slide with Nos. 31, 32, 33 and 34, 8 feet to the south southwest of No. 34. The grave was 3 feet in diameter by 4 feet deep. Four posts of poplar were found at thecorners of this grave but these did not show above the surface being decayed down to within 6 or 8 inches of the ground under the rock-slide. Sticks had also been used to mark this grave on the surface. Numbers 99-4330 and 202-8247 to 202-8249 were found in this grave.

99-4330. The skeleton of a youth was found resting on its back with the head to the east, arms at the sides, legs flexed at right angles, i.e., to the north. Two buttons, one of bone and one of pearl, or shell, and a bridle bit were found in the grave, but were discarded.

202-8247. A bit of shell.

202-8248. Thirteen cones made of iron (Fig. 86).

202-8249. Two pendants made of iron (Fig. 85).

Grave No. 36. A rock-enclosure burial located on the hill south of Mr. Bull's house near the gap south of Ellensburg and about 300 feet north of grave No. 30. This burial was the southwestern of a group of eight, all very close together and of which the southern circular enclosure of five had been rifled although the three oblong enclosures were intact. There were traces of human bones in all of the eight enclosures. The enclosure to the north contained a skeleton that had been burned. No. 36 differed from No. 30 in that the stones did not extend below the surface.

99-4331. At a depth of 3 feet, in the grave pit 5 feet by 3 feet was the skeleton of an adult lying with the head north, face east, on the left side, arms extended to pelvis, legs flexed to left, i.e., to east. No specimens were found in this enclosure.

Grave No. 37. A rock-slide grave was located about 10 feet west of grave No. 35 and was similar to it in general character. Numbers 99-4332 and 202-8250 to 202-8258 were found in this grave.

99-4332. The very much decomposed skeleton of a child was found here. The broken skull was preserved.

202-8250a, b. Two fragments of antler, perhaps part of an implement found about 1 inch above the pelvis.

202-8251. A triangular copper object with two perforations found inside the skull.

202-8252. A pendant or nose ornament made of haliotis shell and stained pink in places found on the lower jaw (Fig. 92).

202-8253. Dentalium shells.

202-8254. A long shell pendant with two perforations.

202-8255. A pendant made of haliotis shell bearing a pink stain with a perforation and part of a second perforation (Fig. 90).

202-8256. A long shell pendant with one perforation.

202-8257a, b. Two triangular objects made of shell.

202-8258. Pieces of shell found near the lower jaw.

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